Isla del Coco, on Cocos Plate, converges with Isla de

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North American
plate
20
Caribbean
plate
Pacific
plate
25 mm/yr
Cocos
plate
East
Pacific
rise
LIBE
ISCO
SANO
Panama
block
0
Galapagos
spreading
center
South American
plate
Nazca
plate
110
100
10
90
80
70
60
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C31D%KD(V=HB(H0)=(9'&:94&*(#*(c#64$(]#7(a346*bA(]'i(/'&*#%&%&@(0)=($4/4%E4$,(94*(M#/W#@4,($#G%'(3%&W(#&G(M'`4$(D:MM37(
a$%@>*bA
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C31D%LD%F$H("#M(#&G(#4$%#3(M>'*'@$#M>D(D>'`%&@(3'/#*%'&('6(
D%*4D(V=HB(#&G(HBHBA(F8H(D%*4(G4D/$%M*%'&(6'$(9'&:94&*(
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M3#*4D(%&(V_I8;QQO(#$4(`433(W&'`&A(R'`4E4$,(
9'*%'&D('6(*>4(H'/'D(#&G(H#$%CC4#&(M3#*4D(#$4(
&'*( /'&D*$#%&4G( #D( `433( #D( '*>4$( M3#*4DA( L6*4$(
M$4D4&*%&@(*>4(E43'/%*7(6'$(*>4(&4`(H0)=(D*#P
*%'&( V=HB,( `4( `%33( G%D/:DD( *>4( 9'*%'&( '6( VD3#(
G43( H'/'( #&G( *>4( H'/'D( )3#*4( $43#*%E4( *'( *>4(
H#$%CC4#&()3#*4A
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a+XX!bA(_>4D4(4#$3%4$(D*:G%4D($4M'$*4G('&37($43#P
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&4G( #*( #( $#*4( '6( NQeZ99f7$( a?%i'&( +XX!b( '$(
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!N
_L]\g(+
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L1%9:*>(%D(94#D:$4G(/3'/W`%D4(6$'9(&'$*>A
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VD3#(G4(H'/'
VD3#(G4(H'/'
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V=HB
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PONAQZZO
POZA[;[X
PO+AN+ZN
g#D*
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Z+ANe+AX
XAQe+AZ
+;AQeQA+
hXe;99f7$,( %&G%/#*%&@( *>#*( *>4( 4#$37( D*:G%4D(
:D%&@(+XOOP+XX+(G#*#(>#G(&'(D%@&%6%/#&*(C%#D4DA
!"#$%&'#%()*)%;)/';',.%8$"'&%),%!5(G>%
c4( M$'/4DD4G( /'&*%&:':D( G#*#( 6$'9( V=HB( 6'$(
*>4( M4$%'G( "#7( ;Q,( ;Q++( *'( "#$/>( ;[,( ;Q+;A((
?#*#( M$'/4DD%&@( `#D( G'&4( #*( *>4( 04'M>7D%/#3(
V&D*%*:*4,( J&%E4$D%*7( '6( L3#DW#( #*( 8#%$C#&WD(
North (mm)
40
K'$*>
N;AOeQAh
N[AOeQAN
+OA+eQAX
hAOeQA+
R4%@>*
P+Ahe+Ah
P+A[e[A;
P!AZe;AO
QA;eQA;
I#*4
OOAZe+A+
XQAXe;AQ
;QA;e+AZ
+!AOeQA+
L1%9:*>
!Zq
!Zq
;hq
hQq
:D%&@( *>4( M'%&*( M'D%*%'&%&@( #MM$'#/>( %G4&*%/#3(
*'(*>#*(G4D/$%C4G(#C'E4(6'$(*>4(/#9M#%@&(G#*#A(
L( D%*4( '&( VD3#( =#&( L&G$jD( %&( *>4( H#$%CC4#&(
a=LKQb( %D( %&/3:G4G( #9'&@( *>4( 9#&7( $4@%'&#3(
D*#*%'&D(%&/3:G4G(%&(4#/>(G#%37(D'3:*%'&A
_%94( D4$%4D( 6'$( *>4( K=,( gc( #&G( E4$*%/#3(
/'9M'&4&*D( '6( 9'*%'&( #*( V=HB( #$4( D>'`&( %&(
8%@:$4(ZA("'*%'&(%D(@%E4&($43#*%E4(*'(V_I8;QQOA(
Nort: rate 74.8 ± 0.7 mm/yr, scatter 3 mm
20
0
-20
-40
East (mm)
40
East: rate 51.7 ± 1.9 mm/yr, scatter 10 mm
0
-40
Height (mm)
80
Heigth: rate -1.4 ± 4.2 mm/yr, scatter 16 mm
40
0
-40
-80
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
2011
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
2012
C31D%MD(_%94(D4$%4D('6(V=HB(9'*%'&(%&(V_I8;QQOA
!O
!"#$%&'()$%*+(,$%-./0$%1$%*+(,$%&'()$%.22345567488779%:()$%;5%-2<,,)$%69=%6647>?%3(#"@A"+%B5>B
D%*4D( %&( K'$*>( L94$%/#( #&G( g:$'M4,( M$'C#C37(
C4/#:D4('6(*>4(3#$@4(#9':&*(#&G(E#$%#C%3%*7('6(
`#*4$( E#M'$( %&( *>4( #*9'DM>4$4( %&( *>%D( *$'M%/#3(
%D3#&G(4&E%$'&94&*A
_>4( 'CD4$E4G( >'$%1'&*#3( /'9M'&4&*D( '6( *>4(
E43'/%*7( E4/*'$( 6'$( V=HB( $4D:3*( %&( #( *'*#3(
DM44G('6(XQAXe+AZ99f7$(%&(*>4(K!Z'g(G%$4/*%'&(
a_#C34( +bA(_>%D( 4D*%9#*4( G%664$D( C7( '&37( ;99f
7$( 6$'9( *>4( 4D*%9#*4( C#D4G( '&( *>4( /#9M#%@&(
G#*#,( `>%/>( %D( `%*>%&( *>4( 4D*%9#*4G( 94#D:$4P
94&*(:&/4$*#%&*%4DA(V=HB(D:CD%G4D(#*(#($#*4('6(
+e[99f7$A( 0%E4&( *>4( E4$7( D>'$*( H0)=( *%94(
M4$%'G,(%*(%D(&'*(D:$M$%D%&@(*>#*(*>4(E4$*%/#3($#*4(
%D(&'*(D%@&%6%/#&*($43#*%E4(*'(*>4(:&/4$*#%&*7A(_>4(
D/#**4$('6(*>4(G#%37(D'3:*%'&D(#C':*(*>4(C4D*P6%*(
*$4&G(%D(a+Q,(!,(+hb(99(6'$(*>4(4#D*,(&'$*>(#&G(
>4%@>*( /'9M'&4&*D,( $4DM4/*%E437A( _>4( D/#**4$(
%&( *>4( G#*#( %D( l:%*4( 3#$@4( /'9M#$4G( *'( 9'D*(
()*)"N($0388'$,% *),/'01',*'>% c4(
:D4( *>4( H0)=( D*#*%'&( $:&&%&@( #*( VD3#( G4( =#&(
L&G$jD(a=LKQb,(M$4D:94G(*'(3%4('&(*>4(D*#C34(
H#$%CC4#&( )3#*4,( #&G( M$4D4&*( >4$4( *>4( 6%$D*(
H0)=(94#D:$494&*('6(H'/'DPH#$%CC4#&(M3#*4(
/'&E4$@4&/4( a8%@A( hbA( _>4( V=HBP=LKQ( C#D4P
3%&4(%D(kXN!W9(3'&@(#&G(>#D(#(K!hAZ'g('$%4&P
*#*%'&,( #39'D*( M#$#3343( *'( H'/'D( )3#*4( 9'*%'&(
G%$4/*%'&( %&( V_I;QQO( #&G( *>4( '$%4&*#*%'&( '6(
ISCO relative to SANO (973km)
East (mm)
50
East: rate 39 mm/yr, scatter 11.5 mm
0
-50
North (mm)
Nort: rate 68 mm/yr, scatter 4 mm
50
0
Height (mm)
100
Heigth: rate -1.6 mm/yr, scatter 18 mm
50
0
-50
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
2011
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
2012
C31D%OD(_%94(D4$%4D('6(/'&*$#/*%'&('6(*>4(V=HBP=LKQ(C#D43%&4A
!"#$%&'()$%*+(,$%-./0$%1$%*+(,$%&'()$%.22345567488779%:()$%;5%-2<,,)$%69=%6647>?%3(#"@A"+%B5>B
!X
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C#D43%&4(/$'DD4D(*>4(*$4&/>A((
B:$($4D:3*D(D>'`(/'&*$#/*%'&('6(*>4(C#D43%P
&4(#*(NOe+99f7$,(%&(#@$4494&*(`%*>(*>4("BIP
-g\( 4D*%9#*4( '6( NhA[e;AZ( 99f7$( a?4"4*D(
!"# $%&( ;Q+QS( '&3%&4( /#3/:3#*'$( #*( >**Mdff```A
@4'D/%4&/4A`%D/A4G:fk/>:/Wf"BI-g\bA( V&(
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OhA[( 99f7$( /'&*$#/*%'&( 6'$( *>%D( C#D43%&4,( #&G(
KJ-g\P+L( M$4G%/*D( OZAN( 99f7$( a?4"4*D( !"#
$%&,(+XX[bA("BI-g\($4M$4D4&*D(#&(#E4$#@4('6(
M3#*4(9'*%'&D('E4$(*>4(3#D*(NOQ,QQQ(74#$D,(`>%34(
*>4( '3G4$( 9'G43D( $4M$4D4&*( k!( 9%33%'&( 74#$(
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3#D*(NOQ,QQQ(74#$DA(
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%&*4$6#/4(a\:&G@$4&(!"#$%&(+XXXS(V%&:9#(!"#$%&,(
;QQ[S( \#849%&#( !"# $%&,( ;QQXbA( ?%i'&( a+XX!b(
4D*%9#*4G(#(3#$@4$($#*4('6(#39'D*(;Q99f7$A(_>%D(
G%664$4&/4( 9%@>*( $4D:3*( 6$'9( #( 94#D:$494&*(
C%#D,(C:*(#3D'(/':3G(%&G%/#*4(*49M'$#3(/>#&@4D(
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%&E'3E%&@( /$44M( '&( M#$*( '6( *>4( M3#*4( %&*4$6#/4(
>#E4( C44&( 'CD4$E4G( #*( *>4( K%/'7#( )4&%&D:3#(
aB:*4$C$%G@4( !"# $%&,( ;Q+Qb,( `>%/>( 94#&D( *>4(
$#*4(43#D*%/(G46'$9#*%'&('CD4$E4G(%&(/#9M#%@&(
G#*#( `%33( G4M4&G( '&( `>4*>4$( '$( &'*( D3'`( D3%M(
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