Space Fence System Overview

Space Fence System Overview
International Symposium on Ensuring Stable Use of Outer Space
Tokyo, Japan
3-4 March 2016
Joseph A. Haimerl – Space Fence Chief Architect
Gregory P. Fonder – Space Fence Lead System Analyst
Lockheed Martin MST
199 Borton Landing Road, Moorestown, NJ 08057 USA
Distribution Statement A - Cleared for public release by 66ABG PA,
Case Number: 66ABG-2016-0022
Overview
• Agenda
– Need for Space Fence
– Space Fence Solution Movie
– System Concept
– Evolution and Trades
– Program Status
– Detailed Modeling and Simulation (M&S)
– End-to-End Prototype
– Integration Test Bed (ITB)
– Summary
• Key Messages
– Space Fence Will Provide Unprecedented Capability for Space Situation Awareness
– Solution Optimized for Performance and Affordability
– Extensive Modeling, Simulation and Prototyping Completed
– Program On-Track to 2018 Initial Operational Capability
2
Need for Space Fence
2007
IRIDIUM 33 / Cosmos
2251 Collision
Fengyun-1C
ASAT Debris
3000+ Cataloged Fengyun-1C ASAT Debris
Threaten Space Operations
Number of Countries in Space and Number of Objects in Orbit Continue to Grow
(Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 18, Issue 1, January 2014 and
Volume 13, Issue 1, January 2009)
(Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 18, Issue 1, January 2014)
2008
2009
STS-126 Window Damage from Micrometeoroid or Orbital Debris –
Particle Estimated 0.15mm Diameter
IRIDIUM 33 / Cosmos 2251 Collision Creates 700+
Cataloged Objects
(Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 13, Issue 2, January 2009)
2014
ISS Makes 5 Debris Avoidance Maneuvers
in 2014
(Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 19, Issue 1, January 2015)
(Source: NASA Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 13, Issue 2, January 2009)
Effective Tracking/Cataloging Needed to Handle
the Growing Number of Objects in Orbit
3
Space Fence Solution Movie
4
System Concept
• Element-level digital beamforming
(DBF) enables simultaneous
surveillance and tracking
• Site footprints minimized with compact
system design
• Hardware designed for easy
maintenance while operating
• Astro-Standards based code for high
TRL and compatibility with JSpOC / JMS
• Net-centric controls provide rapid
response to external tasking
• Automatic uncorrelated target (UCT)
processing for initial orbit
determination (IOD)
• FOSS based GUIs for low cost and
MOSA support / upgrades
Surveillance
Tracking
Sensor Site #1 (SS1):
Kwajalein @ IOC
Sensor Site #2 (SS2):
Australia @ FOC
Space Fence
Operations Center (SOC)
@ IOC
Space Fence Uses Advanced S-Band DBF Radars to
Provide Unprecedented Space Situation Awareness
GIG /
DoDIN
JSpOC/JMS, SSN,
Authorized Users
5
Evolution and Trades
2007
2008
2009
Concept Development
2010
2011
SDR Phase
Concept Development
SDR Phase
2012
2013
PDR Phase
PDR Phase
2014
2015
EMDPD Phase
EMDPD Phase
System
Configuration
• SOC plus 3 SS
• SOC plus 3 SS
• SOC plus 2 SS
• SOC plus 2 SS
Array Size
• All SS identical
• 78K Tx / 300K Rx
Elements
• Architecture selection:
digital array, separate
Tx & Rx
Elements:
• SS1 36K Tx / 100K Rx
• SS2 18K Tx / 51K Rx
• Cost / performance
trades used to refine
driving requirements
• PDR
Elements:
• SS1 36K Tx / 86K Rx
• SS2 17K Tx / 86K Rx
Studies &
Reviews
• All SS identical
• 65K Tx / 217K Rx
Elements
• Incorporated initial
prototyping results
• SRR
• SDR
Affordability
• Affordability and
maintenance concepts
development
• Matured LCCE model
• Affordability and
assumption challenges
• CDR
• 100% Facility Design
• Opportunity realizations
based on CDR prototype
measurements
System Design Evolution Provides Affordable,
Optimized and Proven Design to Meet All Mission Needs
6
Key Trade: Element-Level DBF Architecture
Sequentially transmit multiple RFs within receiver band.
Simultaneously receive all.
Tx
Rx
Time
Instantaneous
Receiver Band
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
Element-Level vs. Subarrayed DBF
Element-Level DBF:
unconstrained
instantaneous FoR
North South Scan
Frequency Multiplexing
1-D Subarrayed DBF:
instantaneous FoR
constrained in one
dimension
Frequency
Frequency Multiplexing enables multiple radar functions
simultaneously for efficient time/energy management
Sequential Operation Across Wide Field-of-Regard
East/West Scan
2-D Subarrayed DBF:
instantaneous FoR
constrained in both
dimensions
Element-Level DBF enables simultaneous beams anywhere in
Field of Regard (FoR) for efficient time/energy management
Sequential Tx and Simultaneous Rx Across Wide FoR
Compress
Element-level DBF and Frequency Multiplexing Allow Efficient Timeline
Utilization and Minimize Power-aperture, Cost, and Power Usage
7
Program Status
Space Fence becomes operational
in 2018. Second site planned 2021.
(Source Image: US Army Reagan Test Site Media)
(Source Image: US Army Reagan Test Site Media)
Groundbreaking on Kwajalein for Sensor Site 1 (Feb 2015)
Conducted Critical Design
Review and Prototype
Demonstrations (March 2015)
Space Fence Program On-Track to 2018 Initial Operational Capability
8
Program Status (continued)
Construction of Building Foundations and Radome Ring-wall on Kwajalein for Sensor Site 1 (December 2015)
Space Fence Program On-Track to 2018 Initial Operational Capability
9
Detailed Modeling & Simulation (M&S)
High Fidelity M&S
Component
External World
(USAF / MIT LL)
SF Operations
Center (SOC)
High Fidelity M&S Components
Name
Perf. Assessment
Simulator (PAS)
SOC Mission
Processing
Description
Government provided satellite / C2
simulators and data validation
Tactical software and functionality for
multi-site control and data processing
Tactical software and functionality for SS
control and processing (e.g., tasking,
tracking, association)
Tactical software and functionality for
the radar (e.g., tracker, beam scheduler)
SS Mission
Processing
Space Fence (SF) Radar Control
Sensor Site (SS) Processing
Radar Antennas
and Signal
Processing
Surveillance
Probability of Observation > 99%
(plot contains a single dot
for each crossing object)
Search
Captures orbital
uncertainty
Origin
GFE / GFI
Lockheed
Martin
Lockheed
Martin
Lockheed
Martin
Effects-based model of the radar
Lockheed
performance (e.g., sensitivity, accuracy) Martin
Track
SS Tracks
(Side View)
Catalog Buildup
LM scenario (using 2030 NASA debris catalog)
demonstrated multi-day run, continued
database buildup and > 90% correlation
success on initial passes of UCTs
Object Database
Buildup
Detect
Miss
Known
Objects
Number of
UCT long
arc tracks
Over 90%
Successful
Correlation
Time
Key Functional Threads Operational in End-to-End System Modeling and Simulation Environment
(Independently Assessed by USAF and MIT/Lincoln Laboratory)
10
End-to-End Prototype
Prototype Antenna Building
Flexible Coverage Demonstration
Prototype Mission Operations Center
CDR Demonstration
Space X Dragon and ISS Rendezvous
CDR Demonstration
Key Radar Technologies Operational Since 2011 in End-to-End System Prototype
(Assessed by USAF as TRL 7 / MRL 7 at CDR)
11
Integration Test Bed (ITB)
• Scaled-down end-to-end system with end-item cabinets,
electronics and antenna support structure
• Used for:
―Form/Fit check
―Hardware, software, firmware integration and test
―System test
―Requirements verification
―Training
―Extended operational test
―Maintainability demonstrations
―Remote resolution support of sensor site integration issues
• On-track to be operational in Q1 2016
Installation of Radar Hardware (December 2015)
Constructing Integration Test Bed to Reduce Sensor Site 1 Integration Risk
12
Summary
• Space Fence Will Provide Unprecedented Capability for Space
Situation Awareness
• Solution Optimized for Performance and Affordability
• Extensive Modeling, Simulation and Prototyping Completed
• Program On-Track to 2018 Initial Operational Capability
13