SHOKI AL-DOBAI, Ph.D. Pesticide Directorate, GDPP Ministry of

SHOKI AL-DOBAI, Ph.D. Pesticide Directorate, GDPP Ministry of

SHOKI AL‐DOBAI, Ph.D.
Pesticide Directorate, GDPP
Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation, Yemen
Problems of vector‐borne diseases
y Malaria;
y Leishmaniasis;
y Rift Valley Fever; y Dengue Fever;
y Other vectors/ Pest of Public Health importance.
Available methods for vector control
y Chemical Control (residual house spraying, outdoor fumigation, long‐lasting insecticide residual bed nets, larvaciding and personal protection);
y Environmental Management;
y Biological Control. Chemical control is the main method
‰Pesticides that are used to control pests of public health significance.
‰They include:
• vector control pesticides (Mosquitoes, Flies, etc.);
• household insecticides (Flies, Cockroaches, Bed Bugs, etc.);
• professional pest management pesticides (Termites and structural pests in homes, commercial and industrial premises, and public areas).
(A)
Countries
which have
eliminated
malaria
(B)
Countries with
very limited
malaria
transmission
in residual foci
(C)
Countries with low
Malaria burden
limited to certain
Areas and with
effective malaria
programmes
(D)
Countries with
moderate/ high
malaria burden,
weak health system
and/or complex
emergencies
y A: Countries: Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libyan Jamahiriya, Palestine, Qatar, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates
y B: Countries:
Egypt, Morocco, Oman and Syrian Arab Republic
y C: Countries: Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia
y D: Countries: Afghanistan, Djibouti, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen
Malaria Cases at the Regional Level
y 15 Millions case of malaria annually.
y 47000 cases of death annually.
y 90% of the cases just in 5 countries (Sudan, Yemen, Somalia, Afghanistan and Djibouti) Situation of malaria in the Arabian Peninsula
y Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab Emirates are malaria free. y Oman eliminated malaria.
y Saudi Arabia has endemic foci in Jazan province bordering Yemen. y Yemen is highly endemic with malaria. Long-lasting insecticidal bed nets Indoor residual spraying
Governorate
Area
Date
Insecticide
Conc.
Exposure
Time
Hodeidah
Hodeidah
Elmaraiq
Khalifa
(W. Siham)
Sensitivity
No.
10.2.2004
Temephos
0.125ppm
24h
100
100%
8.3.2004
Temephos
0.125ppm
24h
105
100%
0.125ppm
24h
50
100%
24h
30
100%
Taiz
AlAmra dam
12.6.2004
Temephos
Taiz
AlMakasses
20.6.2004
Temephos
Hodeidah
Khalifa
(W. Siham)
3.6.2004
Lambdacyhalothrine
0.05%
1h
15
100%
Taiz
AlMakasses
3.6.2004
Lambdacyhalothrine
0.05%
1h
30
100%
Hajjah
Aslam
Abyan
0.125ppm
22.3.2005
Temephos
0.125ppm
24h
100
100%
Bataees
8.4.2005
Temephos
0.125ppm
24h
105
100%
Taiz
AlAmra dam
2.6.2005
Temephos
0.125ppm
24h
50
100%
Taiz
AlMakasses
3.6.2005
Temephos
24h
30
100%
Hodeidah
Hodeidah
22.2.2005
Deltamethrin
0.05%
1h
75
100%*
Hodeidah
Hodeidah
22.2.2005
DDT
4%
4h
73
83 %*
0.125ppm
Malaria in Yemen
y 60% of Yemen’s population is vulnerable to malaria infection. y 233,299 malaria cases reported in Yemen in 2007. y WHO estimates that the annual malaria incidence in Yemen ranges between 800,000 and 900,000
malaria cases.
y Annual deaths from malaria are around 1% of the infected cases 8000‐9000 persons die annually.
Map of Yemen
COMPOUND
CLASS
FORMUL‐
ATION
CONCEN‐
TRATION
Lambdacyhalothrin
Pyrethroid
WP
10%
Indoor residual
spraying
Malaria
Temephos
Organophosphate
EC
50%
Larviciding
Malaria
Temephos
Organophosphate
GR
1%
Larviciding
malaria
Deltamethrin
Pyrethroid
EC
2.5%
Space spraying
Malaria
Deltamethrin
Pyrethroid
ULV
1%
Space spraying
Malaria
Lambdacyhalothrin
Pyrethroid
WP
10 %
Indoor residual
spraying
Malaria
Temephos
Organophospate
EC
50 %
Larviciding
Malaria
Temephos
Organophosphate
GR
1%
Larviciding
Malaria
Dengue
Malaria
Dengue
Malaria
Dengue
TYPE OF APPLICATION FOR CONTROL OF
Deltamethrin
Pyrethroid
Ec
2.5%
Space spraying,
treatment of
mosquito nets
Deltamethrin
Pyrethroid
ULV
1%
Space spraying
Organizations & partners involved in Malaria control
y WHO, the Global Fund, y Gulf Cooperation Council states,
y Substantial support from Saudi Arabia, cooperation between malaria control programs in both countries has led to joint implementation of malaria control interventions along their borders. Arabian Peninsula Free of Malaria Initiative
y The “Arabian Peninsula Free of Malaria by 2015”
initiative called for by WHO’s Eastern Mediterranean regional director and it is supported by GCC nations and Saudi Arabia to help Yemen in vector control of Malaria. WHO recommended insecticides for indoor residual spraying against malaria vectors
Insecticide compounds and formulations (1)
Class group
(2)
Mode of action
Duration of
effective action
(months)
DDT WP
Malathion WP
Fenitrothion WP
Pirimiphos‐methyl WP & EC
Bendiocarb WP
Propoxur WP
Alpha‐cypermethrin WP & SC
Bifenthrin
Cyfluthrin WP
Deltamethrin WP, WG
Etofenprox WP Lambda‐cyhalothrin WP, CS
OC
OP OP OP
C C
P
P P P
P
P
Contact
Contact
contact & airborne
contact & airborne
contact & airborne
contact & airborne
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
contact
>6
2‐3
3‐6
2‐3
2‐6
3‐6
4‐6
3‐6
3‐6
3‐6
3‐6
3‐6
(1) CS: capsule suspension; EC = emulsifiable concentrate; WP = wettable powder.
(2) OC= Organochlorines; OP= Organophosphates; C= Carbamates; P= Pyrethroids
WHO recommended long‐lasting insecticidal mosquito nets
Product name
Product type
Status of
WHO recommendation
DawaPlus® 2.0
Duranet®
Deltamethrin coated on polyester
Alpha‐cypermethrin incorporated into polyethyle
Lambda‐cyhalothrin 10% CS + binder
Alpha‐cypermethrin coated on polyester
Deltamethrin incorporated into polyethylene
Permethrin incorporated into polyethylene
Deltamethrin coated on polyester
Deltamethrin coated on polyester with strengthened border
Combination of Deltamethrin coated on polyester with strengthened border (side panels) and Deltamethrin and PBO incorporated into polyethylene (roof)
Interim
Interim
ICON® MAXX
Interceptor®
Netprotect®
Olyset®
PermaNet® 2.0
PermaNet® 2.5
PermaNet® 3.0
http://www.who.int/whopes/recommendations/wgm/en/
http://www.who.int/whopes/quality/en/
Interim
Interim
Interim
Full
Full
Interim
Interim
Pesticide products under WHOPES laboratory and or field testing and evaluation
Product
Application
Manufacturer
DawaPlus 2.0
Deltamethrin (coated)
Deltamethrin (coated) Malaria prevention
Malaria prevention
Malaria prevention
Malaria prevention
Malaria prevention
Malaria prevention
Tana Netting, Thailand
LN Tianjin Yorkool, China LGS‐Fujian Yamei (China)
Clarke Mosquito Control, USA
BASF, USA
Intelligent Insect Control, France
Sumitomo, Japan
Clarke Mosquito Control, USA
LN
Duranet*
Interceptor*
Netprotect*
Olyset**
Spinosad EC
Malaria prevention
Mosquito larviciding
Household Insecticides Used in Yemen and GCCC
y Insecticide Formulations
y
FOGGERS y
AEROSOLS y
y
Aerosol mists Aerosol sprays y
LIQUIDS y
DUSTS y
BAITS and BAIT TRAPS y
TAPE y
FUMIGANTS y
REPELLENTS y INSECTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
y Lambda‐Cyhalothrin
y Chlorpyrifos
y Pyrethrins (or synthetic pyrethroids) y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
d‐trans‐allethrin
resmethrin
Propoxur
Diazinon
Malathion
Fipronil
Pirimiphos‐methyl
Silica gel Boric acid
Synergists (piperonyl butoxide)