Siyaset

Barry, Norman P.
Modern Siyaset Teorisi
An Introduction to Modern Political Theory, 4th edition (2000)
1. Siyaset Bilimi - Tarih 2. Siyaset Bilimi - Felsefe
Çevirenler: Mustafa Erdoğan ve Yusuf Şahin
ISBN 13: 978-975-6201-68-8
Liberte Yayınları® / 101
3. Baskı: Aralık 2012, 2. Baskı: Mart 2004, 1. Baskı: Şubat 2003
© 2012, 2002; Liberte Yayınları®
© 2000, 1995, 1989, 1981; Norman P. Barry
Bu kitap ilk olarak İngilizcede, Macmillan Publishers Limited’in bir markası olan Palgrave
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Özet İçindekiler
1
SIYASET FELSEFESI VE SIYASÎ DÜŞÜNCE . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 29
2
HUKUK VE SOSYAL KONTROL
. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . ..
75
3DEVLET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4
OTORITE VE IKTIDAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5
SIYASÎ İLKELER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6ADÂLET. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 241
7EŞITLIK . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 293
8ÖZGÜRLÜK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9HAKLAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
10
REFAH VE REFAH DEVLETI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
11
KAMU YARARI VE DEMOKRASI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Detaylı İçindekiler
NORMAN P. BARRY ANISINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
TÜRKÇE BASKI IÇIN ÖNSÖZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
TAKDIM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1 Siyaset Felsefesi ve Siyasî Düşünce
29
1. Siyaset Teorisinin Bugünkü Durumu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2. Dil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3. Liberal Bireycilik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4. Siyasî Liberalizm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5. Marksizmin Gerilemesi ve Toplumculuğun Yükselişi . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6. Feminizm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2 Hukuk ve Sosyal Kontrol 75
1. Hukuk ve Toplum Felsefesi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2. Tabiî Hukuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3. Emir Olarak Hukuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4. Hukukî Gerçekçilik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5. Kural Sistemleri Olarak Hukuk Sistemleri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6. İlkeler, Kurallar ve Hukuk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7. Hukukun Üstünlüğü. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
8. Radikal Hukuk Doktrinleri ve Hukukun Üstünlüğü. . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3Devlet
119
1. Siyaset Felsefesinde Devlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2. Devletin Tahlili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3. Devletin Ekonomik Teorisi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4. Devletin Organik Teorisi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5. Anarşizm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6. Devlet Hakkındaki Çağdaş Tartışma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4 Otorite ve iktidar
159
1. Otorite, İktidar ve Cebir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
2. Otoritenin Mahiyeti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3. İktidarla İlgili Bazı Problemler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4. İktidar Hakkındaki Sosyal Teoriler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5 Siyasî İlkeler
199
1. Siyasî İlkeler ve Siyaset Felsefesi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
2. Evrenselleştirilebilirlik ve Ahlâkî Çoğulculuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
3. Sözleşmecilik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4. Faydacılık . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5. Bireycilik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6. Feminist Ahlâk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
6Adâlet
241
1. Adâlet Problemi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
2. Adâletin Anlamı . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
3. Usûlî Adâlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4. Sosyal Adâlet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
5. Rawls’un Adâlet Teorisi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
7Eşitlik
293
1. Eşitlik İlkesi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
2. İnsan Doğası ve Eşitlik. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
3. Fırsat Eşitliği. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
4. Eşitlik, Piyasalar ve Kaynaklar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
5. Eşitlik, Aile ve Feminizm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
8Özgürlük
327
1. Siyaset Felsefesinde Özgürlük. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
2. Özgürlüğün Anlamı. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
3. Negatif ve Pozitif Özgürlük. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
4. Özerklik Olarak Özgürlük . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
5. John Stuart Mill ve Özgürlüğün Değeri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
6. Hukuk, Ahlâk ve Paternalizm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
9Haklar
379
1. Siyaset Teorisinde Haklar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
2. Hakların Tahlili. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
3. Hakların Eleştirisi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
4. İnsan Hakları, İktisadî ve Sosyal Haklar ve Refah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
5. Hayvan Hakları ve Hayvanların İyiliği . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
10 Refah ve Refah Devleti
425
1. Refah Teorisinin Kökleri ve Doğuşu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
2. Çağdaş Refah Argümanları. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
3. Piyasa ve Refah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
4. Eşitlik, Özgürlük ve Refah Devleti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
11 Kamu Yararı ve Demokrasi
459
1. Kamu Yararı. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
2. Demokrasi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
3. Usûlî Demokrasi ve Kamu Yararı. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
4. Liberal Demokrasinin Radikal Eleştirisi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
KAYNAKÇA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
1. Siyaset Teorisinin Bugünkü
Durumu
S
iyaset teorisi konusuna girişin başlıca zorluğu bununla
uğraşanlar arasında konunun ne
olduğu hakkında pek anlaşma olmamasıdır. Başlangıçtan beri son derece
tartışmalı metodolojik sorunlarla ilgili olmak bütün sosyal bilimlerin konuları için doğru olmakla beraber –o
kadar ki, sosyal bilim kavramları “özü
bakımından tartışmalı” kavramlar olarak anılmaktadır (bkz. aşağıya)– siyaset teorisinin zorluğu söz gelişi iktisat
teorisininkinden daha büyük görünmektedir. İktisatçılar, özellikle makro
ekonomide, şiddetli metodolojik tartışmalara girerken, yine de öğrenciler
için bir giriş kitabının muhtevası hakkında önemli ölçüde bir anlaşma vardır. En azından, bu gibi kitapların köklü
biçimde birbirinden farklı malzemeyi
1.
Bölüm
Siyaset
Felsefesi
ve
Siyasî
Düşünce
NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI
29
30 Birinci Bölüm
ele alması ihtimâli yoktur ve Batı dünyasının sınırları içinde
bunun yerden yere çok farklılaşması da söz konusu değildir.
Fakat siyaset teorisinde bu durum sâdece siyasî düşüceler tarihi dersleri bakımından doğrudur. Bu alandaki kitaplar
büyük ölçüde belirli siyaset felsefelerinin tasviri ile konunun
Platon’dan günümüze kadar gelişmesinin tarihsel bir anlatımından oluşur. Bu gibi araştırmalar önemli ölçüde sofistikasyon içermekle beraber, bir bütün olarak siyasî düşünceler
tarihinin diğer sosyal bilimlerin olduklarını iddia edebilecekleri anlamda sahici bir teorik disiplin olduğu düşünülmez.
Siyaset felsefesinin büyük eserlerinde –genellikle siyasî istikrar için gerekli olan şartlarla ilgili olarak– sosyolojik türden
genelleştirmeler bulunduğu iddia edilmiş olsa da, bu eserler
genellikle daha farklı bir nedenle incelenirler. Bu neden, onların belirli türden kanunların ve kurumların arzu edilirliğine ilişkin normatif önermeler içermeleri ve bu tür tavsiyeleri
rasyonel muhakeme ile desteklemeleridir. Siyaset felsefesinin
“klâsikleri”nin insan ve toplum hakkında felsefî olarak düşünen herkesi her zaman ilgilendiren hakikatler ve derin kavrayışlar (insights) içerdikleri düşünülür.
Mamafih, tarzı itibariyle analitik olan ve metodolojiyle,
kavramların aydınlatılmasıyla (açıklanmasıyla) ve –daha önceki pozitivizme zıt olarak– siyasî değerlendirme mantığıyla
ilgili bulunan, siyaset teorisi denen bir ölçüde felsefî bir konu
gelişmiştir. Bu kitap esas itibariyle bu tarzda yazılmıştır. Esasen, bunun 40 yıl önce var olandan çok daha zengin bir damar olduğu belirtilmelidir, o zaman bu tarz analitik siyaset
teorisinde çok az ilginç eser vardı. Savaş sonrası dönemin
başlarında sâdece hukuk felsefesinde yeni ve analitik teknikler
toplumu inceleyenler için ilginç sonuçlar getiriyordu. Bunun-
Siyaset Felsefesi ve Siyasî Düşünce
la beraber, son otuz yılda –başkaları yanında– Rawls (1972),
Nozick (1974), Dworkin (1977), Walzer (1983), MacIntyre
(1981) ve Raz (1986) (ve politik iktisadın kimi temel ilkelerinden yararlanan çalışmalar) disipline yeni soluk getirmişlerdir, öyle ki bir zamanlar güvenle söylendiği gibi siyaset
felsefesinin öldüğünü söylemek bugün büyük bir abartma
olur. Özel olarak önemli nokta, siyaset felsefesinde geleneksel
yöntemin–sözleşmeciliğin– canlanmasıdır. Bundan başka, bu
yaklaşımların bir kısmının aşırı bireyciliği insanın sosyal tabiatını vurgulayan düşünürlerin heyecanlı tepkisine yol açmıştır:
İnsan toplumsal bağlarından çözülemez ve farazî bir sözleşme
yoluyla soyut bir kural seçici yapılamaz. Bu toplumculuğun
(communitarianism) temelidir. Bu mülâhazalardan açıklık kazanmış olmalıdır ki, siyaset teorisi çeşitli disiplinlerden yararlanan eklektik bir konudur. Münhasıran siyaset teorisine ait
olarak tasnif edilebilecek bir bilgi bütünü ve analiz yöntemi
yoktur. Bu kitabın geri kalan kısmında siyasetin birkaç farklı
alanla ve metodolojik yaklaşımlarla ilişkisini ele alacağız. Dolasıyıyla, kitap politikayla ilgili olduğu kadar felsefe, hukuk,
etik ve iktisatla da ilgili olacaktır.
2. Dil
Siyaset teorisyenleri dille bugün eskiden olduğundan daha
fazla ilgililerdir. Mamafih, dil üstündeki bu vurgu fazla abartılmış olabilir. Biçimsel felsefedeki durum nasıl görülürse görülsün, özellikle Mantıkî Pozitivizmin etkisi altındaki
İngiltere’de, siyaset felsefesinin problemleri hiçbir zaman
kavramların aydınlatılmasından ibaret olmamıştır. Bunun
nedeni, kısmen, siyaset felsefecilerinin daha ziyâde adâlet,
haklar, özgürlük ve devlet üzerindeki sınırlar gibi daha büyük
31 Kaynakça
Ackerman, R. (1980) Social Justice in the Liberal State (Yale University Press).
Aiken, H. D. (1948) Hume’s Moral and Political Philosophy (New York: Hafner).
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Kaynakça
Rothbard, M. (1970) Power and Market (California: Institute for Humane Studies).
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535 536 Norman P. Barry | Modern Siyaset Teorisi
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Wasserstrom, R. (1971) ‘Rights, Human Rights and Racial Discrimination’, içinde
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Wilson, J. (1966) Equality (Londra: Hutchinson).
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537 Dizin
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri 15, 26, 91,
95, 129, 171, 192, 235, 245,
294
A
acı 213, 216, 217, 376, 417, 430
adâlet
anlamı 247, 248, 251–256
eşitlik ve 219, 222, 228, 235
fayda ve 223
liberal adâlet teorisi 209
problemi 241–251, 255
Rawsl’un adâlet teorisi 205, 208
sosyal adâlet 17, 37, 113, 135,
200, 228, 231, 242, 256–262,
267–275, 285, 289, 297, 431,
447
usûlî 256–258, 270, 281, 314, 324
âdil fırsat eşitliği ilkesi 281, 287
Amerikan gerçekçiliği 92–95
Amerikan liberalizmi 290
analitik-sentetik ayrımı 35, 40
anarşizm 16, 151
anayasa
anayasacılık 184, 478
anayasa hukuku 76, 84, 90
anayasal demokrasi 485, 508, 518
anayasal haklar 251, 296, 384
anayasal reform 508, 509
ve kanun 93–95
ve kurallar sistemi 183
antropomorfizm 132
ahlâkî çoğulculuk 202
apartheid 81
ahlâkî durum 388
ahlâkî haklar 370, 383–385, 397, 399
Aquinas, St. Thomas 380
ahlâkî kurallar 50, 210, 277
Arendt, Hannah 181
ahlâkî tehlike 19, 430, 434, 438, 442,
445
Aristoteles 247, 248
Arnavutluk 354
aile 321–323
Arrow, Kenneth 249, 496–504
Alman Sosyal Demokrat Partisi 488
Austin, J. 83–91, 98
Almanya 190
Avrupa Topluluğu / Birliği 16, 99, 101,
NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI
539
540 NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI
130, 444
Britanya. Bkz Birleşik Krallık
Avrupa Toplulukları Kanunu 100
Buchanan, Allen 61
Axelrod, Robert 141
Buchanan, James 143, 210, 212, 276,
504–507
B
Burke, Edmund 402
Bachrach, Peter 194
bürokrasi 491, 513– 516
Burns, J. H. 482
Baratz, Morton S. 194
Barry, Brian 169, 183, 206–208, 242,
279, 296, 434, 462, 472, 507
C-Ç
Barry, Norman P. 37, 48, 52, 63, 69, 70,
99, 109, 125, 137, 146, 189,
200, 212, 231, 241, 265, 324,
368, 427–431, 440–443, 450,
455, 466, 468, 473
Campbell, Tom 382
basının gücü 187
cebir tekeli 121, 125, 137, 154
Becker, Gary 322
belirsizlik 412
bencillik 277
faydacılık ve 216
Benn, S. 339, 341
Bentham, Jeremy 80, 83, 86, 215,
216, 220–224, 244, 335, 341,
347, 398, 417, 422, 446, 465,
493, 494
cebir 53, 119, 125, 131, 137, 142, 153,
162, 165, 169, 180, 186, 200,
214, 256, 328, 357, 373, 411,
426, 507
Checkland, E. 430
Checkland, S. 430
Cheung, Steven 143, 470
Coase, Ronald 144
Cohen, Gerald 334
common law 52, 78, 81, 85, 94, 99,
104, 109, 111, 113, 148, 257,
342, 367, 373
Berlin, Isaiah 18, 206, 208, 296, 330,
347–357, 362
Condorcet, M. J. A. N., Marquis de 499
Beveridge, William 435
Cranston, Maurice 382, 408–410
bilmezlik perdesi 18, 277, 278, 279,
283, 284
Crenson, Matthew 195
bireycilik 43, 148, 156, 227–231, 234,
256, 269, 381, 406, 427, 461
Birleşik Krallık 91, 93, 130, 229, 361
Connolly, William 38, 40, 164, 330
cumhuriyetçilik 427, 428
çocuklar 307, 322–325, 333, 384, 390
boşanma 323–325, 372
çoğulculuk 104, 193, 202, 205, 207,
228, 269, 355, 357, 360, 377,
416, 483
Bowles, Roger 134
çoğunlukçuluk 481–483
Brennan, Geoffrey 509–511
çok-kültürcülük 68
Bismarck, Otto von 431
DIZIN
D
damla damla akma etkisi 428
davranışçılık 23, 46, 95, 194
de facto otorite 174, 175
değiş-tokuş 207, 322, 323
de jure otorite 174, 175
demokrasi
doğrudan demokrasi 480, 495,
517
müzakereci demokrasi 511, 517
temsilî demokrasi 39, 220, 488,
495
demokrasinin ekonomik teorisi 33,
42, 48
demokrasi teorisi 485, 489
demokratik teori 475–478, 490, 512,
520
Dowding, Keith 165
Downs, Anthony 499, 500
Doyall, Len 272
Duncan, Graeme 475
düşünmeye dayalı denge 276, 284
düzeltme ilkesi 266
Dworkin, Ronald 16, 31, 65, 101–106,
110, 313–319, 328, 380, 404
E
eğitim 69, 136, 157, 193, 268,
306–309, 406, 425, 434, 441,
448, 450
Eleştirel Hukuk Araştırmaları 111–116
emeklilik 425, 441, 452–456
emotivizm 56, 201, 231
demos 480
empirisizm 46, 94, 193
Demsetz, Harold 470
Engels, Friedrich 62
deontolojik ahlâk 224
epistemoloji 46, 365
devletin ekonomik teorisi 133, 135,
140–145
Erh-Soon Tay, Alice 382
devletin organik teorisi 124, 146
evlilik 18, 35, 321–325
devletsiz toplumlar 127, 128
evrenselleştirilebilirlik 202–205
etik. Bkz ahlâk, ilkeler
Devlin, Patrick (Lord) 374–377
Dicey, Albert V. 89, 100
diğerkamlık 440, 510
F
dil 31
Factortame Davası 100
doğal haklar 380, 381, 384, 391,
395–402
farklılık ilkesi 312
doğal hukuk 36, 78, 380, 381
faydacılık 115, 213–215, 219–227,
244, 262, 283, 398, 400, 446
doğal kabiliyetler 299
Feinberg, Joel 385, 396
doğal yetenekler 57, 275, 282, 283,
289, 312–318
fırsat
fırsat eşitliği 18, 71, 236, 279, 281,
287, 294, 302–307
fırsat mâliyeti 310, 359, 449
doğa ve konvansiyon 305
541 542 NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI
Finnis, John N. 76
Flew, Antony G. N. 294, 299
Frankena, William K. 247
Freeden, Michael 43, 385
Frey, Bruno 448
Frey, Raymond 419, 420
Friedman, David 155
Friedman, Milton 16, 231, 439–444
Friedrich, C. J. 178, 180
Fuller, Lon 80–82
G
Gallie, W. B. 39
Gary (Indiana) 195, 196
H
Hailsham, Lord 508
hak edişler 258, 262, 278, 297, 309,
314
hak etme / hak ediş 67, 217, 242,
251–261, 274, 283, 297, 314
hak iddiası 416
Hamlin, Alan 202, 211, 410
Hamowy, Ronald 343
Hare, R. M. 202–204, 209
Harris, David 414, 415
Hart, H. L. A. 16, 42, 49, 82, 93, 96–101,
209, 375, 386, 392, 407, 421
Harvey, David 113
Gauthier, David 210
Hayek, F. A. 16, 17, 24, 109, 111, 234,
258–271, 291, 305, 342
geleneksel otorite 172
hayırseverlik 389, 410, 439, 440
genel haklar 392
hayvan hakları 20, 383, 416, 419–421
gerçekçilik 92–96, 112, 290, 488
haz 203, 215–218, 227, 422
Gewirth, Alan 411, 414, 415
Hegel, G. W. F. 124, 147
Gilligan, Carol 115
Held, David 475, 518, 519
Glazer, Nathan 445
Hitler, Adolf 173, 224
Goodin, R. E. 413, 449
Hobbes, Thomas 89, 92, 127, 140,
170–172, 186, 210, 332, 340,
386, 403
‘Görünmez El’ 153, 154, 217
Graham, Kevin 475, 492
Hohfeld, Wesley 385, 389
Gray, John 38, 196, 222, 330, 355–361,
Holden, Brry 475
370, 436
Holmes, O. W. 93, 94
Green, David 429
Green, Leslie 177
Green, T. H. 350
güç 332, 334, 344, 386, 395
güç transferi 512, 514
Güney Afrika 81, 311
hukuk
ahlâk ve paternalizm 372
devlet ve 67, 68
doğal hukuk 36, 78, 380, 381
emir teorisi 34, 76, 83, 96, 343, 398
felsefesi 75
hukuk önünde eşitlik 69
hukukun üstünlüğü 71, 80, 106,
DIZIN
109–111, 115, 130, 148, 164,
244, 518
özgürlük ve 374
J. Bentham 446
J.J Rousseau 516
J. Schumpeter 492
J. S. Mill 494
metodolojik bireycilik ve 48
refah devleti ve 447
ve eşitlik 298
hukukî gerçekçilik 92, 112
hukukî haklar 100, 115, 384, 391, 399
hukukîleştirilebilme 412, 413
Hume, David 24, 54, 66, 82, 121, 167,
225, 236, 242, 306, 426
İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannâmesi
383, 406
Husami, Zyad 272
İrlanda 87, 372, 481
hürriyet. Bkz özgürlük / hürriyet
İrlanda Hükümeti Kanunu 87
istek tatmini 218, 335, 336
İ-J
İsveç 444
içebakış 48
işgücünde cinsiyet ayrımcılığı 322,
325
ihtiyaçlar
hak ediş 67, 242, 251–261, 274,
283, 297, 314
objektif ihtiyaçlar 269, 271, 434
Jasay, Anthony de 143
ikincil kurallar 79, 175
iktidar eliti teorileri 162, 193
iktidar hakkındaki sosyal teoriler 191
iktisadî bireycilik 229, 231
iktisadî güç 519
iktisadî haklar 404–409
iktisadî özgürlük 328, 361, 369–371
iktisat
hukukî iktisat 113
siyasal iktisat 124, 152, 228
ilk durum 276, 284
insan doğası / tabiatı 46, 48, 82, 116,
121, 151, 168, 190, 210, 297,
386, 431, 444, 487, 492, 494,
516, 520
demokratik teoriler 520
H.L.A. Hart 83
Hobbes 386
iktisat teorisi ve 47
Johnson, Lyndon 442
K
Kamenka, Eugène 382
kamusal mallar 52, 134, 135, 178, 473
Kamu Tercihi 143, 145, 506–511, 519
kamu yararı 129, 150, 217, 393, 416,
459–474, 482, 484, 492–507,
515, 519
kan tedariki 447
Kant, Immanuel 24, 122, 227, 251
kapitalizm 16, 58–62, 65, 81, 152, 155,
264, 286, 351, 428
karizmatik otorite 172, 173
katılım 477–482, 485, 488, 491, 510,
514, 517
katılımcı demokrasi 515, 518
kendine hâkim olma 348, 353
Kennedy, Duncan 113
543 544 NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI
kışkırtıcı tanımlar 34
Littlechild, Stephen 189
kirlilik 138, 144, 195, 196, 471
Lively, Jack 475
Kirzner, Israel 264, 311
Lloyd, Dennis 94
kişisel ahlâk 375
Locke, John 24, 125, 210, 233, 260,
342, 380, 394
klâsik liberalizm. Bkz liberal bireycilik
kolektif kurumlar 53, 54
kolektif refah 227, 435, 450, 460, 474
kolektif tercih 21, 473, 474, 497, 498,
504. Ayrıca bkz kamu yararı
Arrow problemi 498, 504
sınırlı devlet 125, 154, 382, 472,
520
kolektivizm 58, 61, 152, 156, 431
komünizm 59, 62, 111, 230
koordinasyonun kuralları 260
korumacılık 465, 468
kuralların içselleştirilmesi 50, 179
kuşaklar arası sözleşme 454, 455
Kuzey İrlanda 87, 131, 481, 500
kürtaj 57, 105, 405
Lomasky, Loren 509, 510
Lucas, J. R. 160, 247, 266, 514
Lukes, Steven 161, 164, 194–196
Lyons, David 224
M
Macaulay, T. B. 495
MacCallum, Gerald 345
Machiavelli, Niccoló 163, 427
MacIntyre, Alasdair 31, 65, 66, 69, 403
Mackinnon, Catharine A. 72
Macpherson, C. B. 512–514
Mahkûmların İkilemi 53, 138–141,
150, 179, 213, 503, 508
Mandeville, Bernard 427, 446
L
Marcuse, Herbert 350, 351
Le Grand, Julian 413, 449
Marksizm 58, 62, 64, 113, 272, 398
gerilemesi 58
Lesser, H. 39
liberal bireycilik 43, 55, 61, 291, 381,
461, 472
liberal demokrasi 229, 354, 370, 475,
482, 504
liberalizm 43, 54–56, 61, 66, 69, 208,
229, 236, 436, 472
Amerikan liberalizmi 290
eşitlikçi liberalizm 66
klâsik liberalizm 15, 24–26, 55, 61,
148, 166, 254, 356, 434–443,
461, 469, 472
siyasî liberalizm 43, 55, 436
Marx, Karl 24, 32, 58–62, 152, 191,
352, 361, 401, 425
Mead, Lawrence 443, 444
Meisel, James 486, 487
meritokrasi / liyakât sistemi 17, 242,
254, 265, 484
merkezîleşme
devlet otoritersinin merkezîleşmesi
129, 131
iktidarın merkezîleşmesi 192
merkezî plânlamalı ekonomiler 60,
261, 371
DIZIN
meta-etik teoriler 209, 214
Niskanen, William A. 507
metafizik 85, 92, 120, 190, 215, 220,
229, 347, 384, 398, 460, 463
nominalizm 38, 161
Michels, Robert 488, 489, 517
normatif önermeler 30, 51
Miller, David 34, 151, 256, 316, 511
Mill, James 347, 493, 494, 495, 496
Mill, John Stuart 71, 214, 222, 290,
347, 359–376, 446, 482,
494–496, 511, 516
Mills, C. Wright 192, 193
nomotetik kanunlar 40
Nozick, Robert 16, 24, 31, 153, 262,
263–267, 271, 289, 316, 380,
403
O-Ö
minimal devlet 154
O’Connor, D. J. 79
monizm 352
Okin, Susan Moller 321–325
Mosca, Gaetano 192, 486, 487, 488,
489, 508, 517
Okun, A. M. 294
muhafazakârlık 55, 65, 229
Mulhall, Stephen 65
olması gerekenin olabilirliği ima
etmek 408
Murray, Charles 442–444
Olson, Mancur 468
mutlak haklar 396, 405
Oppenheim, Felix E. 328, 463, 473,
474
mübadele 49, 71, 97, 134, 140, 143,
157, 168, 188, 190, 229, 232,
245, 254, 260, 263–267, 281,
310, 319, 340, 350, 369, 393,
396, 429, 512
müeyyideler 34, 50, 76, 83–85, 88, 91,
127, 166, 170, 184–188, 216,
331, 339, 399
mükemmeliyetçilik 356
mülkiyet hakları 49, 78, 109, 139,
143–145, 153, 189, 196, 226,
229, 234, 242, 250, 257, 260,
264, 304, 394, 469–472, 475
N
oligarşinin tunç kanunu 489, 517
ortak insanlık 301
ortak malların trajedisi 470
otorite 16, 35, 51, 90–92, 98, 106, 120,
130, 146–150, 153, 159–162,
167–184, 197, 259, 271, 311,
331, 342, 360, 381, 408, 478
geleneksel 172
karizmatik 173
rasyonel-hukukî 172
otoriteryanizm 181
oy vermenin “ifade edici” işlevi 509
oy verme paradoksu 496, 498
Negatif Gelir Vergisi 442
ödevler
haklar ve ödevler 72, 243, 399, 511
sosyal ödevler 414, 432, 443
Nelson, William N. 475
ödev-yükleyen kurallar 87
Ng, Yew-Kwang 134
öncelik kuralı 208, 279, 283, 394
545 546 NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI
örgütlenme özgürlüğü 383
parti rekabeti 474, 493, 499–502
örtüşen mutabakat 290
Pateman, Carole 514
ötenazi 397, 398
paternalizm 269, 302, 364, 375, 433,
441, 453
özcülük 32
özel ahlâk 374
özel haklar 18, 110, 392, 470
özel hakları 421
özel sigorta 431, 450
özel ve kamusal 148, 372, 464, 472
özerklik 18, 19, 56, 65, 67, 71, 95, 113,
122, 190, 265, 319, 353–361,
370, 388–391, 398, 407, 419,
437, 518
özgürlük / hürriyet
basın özgürlüğü 339
din özgürlüğü 20, 280
ifade özgürlüğü 20, 57, 280, 335,
351, 354, 365–369, 383, 394
negatif özgürlük 347–350,
354–358, 360
otorite ve 331, 335, 342, 352, 380,
408
pozitif özgürlük 18, 348–357
seyahat özgürlüğü 20, 331
sözleşme özgürlüğü 190, 350
tercih özgürlüğü 164, 169, 183,
187, 230, 272
patriarşi 72, 73
paylaşılan anlamlar 231, 272, 273
Peacock, A. 233
Pennock, J. R. 475
Peters, R. 174
Pettit, Philip 138, 511
Phelps Brown, H. 320
Pigou, Arthur Cecil 135
piyasa
başarısızlığı 143, 234, 439, 451
bireyciliği 229, 233, 272
ekonomisi 69, 134, 153, 188, 190,
200, 255, 257, 266, 294, 311,
387, 405, 428, 467
Piyasa ve Refah 437
piyasa verimliliği 467
Plamenatz, J. P. 490
Plant, Raymond 39, 270, 410
Platon 30, 32, 303
Polsby, Nelson W. 193
Ponting, Clive 120
Popper, Karl R. 32, 36
P-Q
pornografi 369
Paine, Thomas 428
pozitif hukuk 57, 76, 90, 380, 386, 389
Pareto-optimalitesi kriteri 134
pozitivizm 30, 59, 78, 80, 94, 101, 114,
201, 209
Pareto, Vilfredo 134–137, 192,
232–234, 281, 438, 486–489,
497, 508, 517
parlamento egemenliği 98–100, 175,
385
Parry, Geraint 514
Posner, R. A. 110, 111
psikolojik baskı 184, 332
Quebec 69
DIZIN
R
radikal hukuk doktrinleri 111
Sidgwick, Henry 223, 347, 348
Singer, Peter 417, 421, 422
Raphael, D. D. 382
sivil toplum 69, 73, 124, 156, 157, 401,
425, 429, 432, 435, 444, 519
ve refah 429, 444
rasyonel-hukukî otorite 172
siyasal katılma 280
Rawls, John 17, 24, 31, 203–213,
245–249, 274, 275–291, 295,
312–315, 436, 455, 511
siyasî kurallar 51, 370, 413
Raz, Joseph 31, 356–361
Smith, Adam 138, 139, 217, 243, 426
rant 156, 313–317, 446
Rees, C. J. 305
refah devleti 61, 125, 229, 271, 350,
409, 413–415, 426, 429– 450,
456, 513
reklam 187, 188
rıza 171, 258, 373, 395
Robinson, R. 450
Rothbard, Murray 155
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 210, 304,
305, 349, 352, 479, 485, 515
siyasî özgürlük 338, 512
Smart, J. J. C. 224
Sorauf, F. 461
sosyal kontrol 88, 93, 106
sosyal ödev 414, 432, 443
sosyal sigorta 426, 431–435, 444, 450,
453, 454
Sovyetler Birliği 58, 402, 406
sözleşmecilik 31, 210–212
Spencer, Herbert 94, 254, 347
Stalin, Josef 224, 402
Rowley, Charles 233, 504
Steiner, H. 340
S-Ş
Sugden, R. 141
stek tatmini 207, 222, 278, 462
sağlık hizmeti 436, 449–452
sübjektivizm 65, 112, 113, 230–232,
273, 433, 434
Sandel, Michael 70, 518
Swift, A. 65
Sartori, Giovanni 475, 477, 489
Szasz, Thomas 391
Schumpeter, Joseph 20, 489–492,
503, 504
şirketler, büyük 70
Scruton, Roger 65, 147
Sen, Amartya 213, 227, 267, 313
T
serbest piyasa 15, 71, 149, 200, 266,
310, 319
Tahıl Kanunları 465
sınırlar, coğrafî 129
tâlî yasama organları 87
sınırlı devlet 125, 128, 154, 382, 472,
506, 520
tanıma kuralı 97–103, 106
tarafsızlık 38, 203, 216, 237, 302
547 548 NORMAN P. BARRY | MODERN SIYASET TEORISI
tarihselcilik 168
uyuşturucu 329, 349, 350, 376
Tawney, R. H. 293, 294, 311
Taylor, Charles 69, 157, 354, 360
Taylor-Gooby, P. 39
Taylor, J 71
Taylor, J. 69, 157, 354, 360
tek zirveli tercih sıralamaları 498
temel kural 55, 103, 128, 278
tercih
kolektif tercih 473, 497, 504, 511,
514
özgürlük ve 122, 397
Titmuss, R. M. 350, 448
toplum felsefesi 75
Trakman, L. 142
W
Walzer, Michael 31, 272–274, 436
Weber, Max 172–174
West, Robin 115
Whynes, D. 134
Williams, Bernard 213, 224, 227, 300
Wolfenden Raporu 372, 374
Wolff, R. P. 122
Wollstonecraft, Mary 71
Y
Tuck, Richard 403
Yoksulluk Kanunu 429–431
Tullock, Gordon 504–507
Young, Michael 307
tümdengelim 168, 203, 276, 494
yükümlülükler 92, 147, 148, 211, 323,
390, 399, 402, 454
U
ultraminimal devlet 154
Z
Ulusal Sağlık Hizmeti 449
zarar ilkesi 367, 373
Usher, P. 503
zihinsel hastalık 391
zorunluluklar 68, 83