Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide

Transcription

2013 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape
Integrated Management Guide
Commodity Editor
Bill Cline (North Carolina State University)
Section Editors
Pathology; Bill Cline (North Carolina State University)
Entomology; Dan Horton (University of Georgia), Frank Hale (University of Tennessee)
and Hannah Burrack (North Carolina State University)
Weed Science; Wayne Mitchem and Katie Jennings (North Carolina State University)
Vertebrate Management; David Lockwood (University of Tennessee)
Grape Culture; Bill Cline (North Carolina State University) and Gerard Krewer (University of Georgia)
Pesticide Stewardship and Safety: Paul Smith (University of Georgia)
Calibration: Paul Sumner (University of Georgia)
Senior Editors
Phil Brannen (University of Georgia)
Powell Smith (Clemson University)
Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and extension field tests.
Because environmental conditions and grower application methods vary widely, suggested use does not imply that performance of the pesticide
will always conform to the safety and pest control standards indicated by experimental data.
This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and these are subject to
change at any time. Always refer to and read the pesticide label before making any application! The pesticide label supercedes any information
contained in this guide, and it is the legal document referenced for application standards.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pesticide Emergencies (contacts)
2
Pesticide Liability and Stewardship
4
Sprayer Calibration (boom)
5
Sprayer Calibration (air blast)
6
Integrated Management Guide (Insect and Disease Control)
8
Cultural Practices
23
Fungicide Efficacy Chart
27
Weed Management Guide
28
Herbicide Resistance Management Information
28
1
PESTICIDE EMERGENCIES
PESTICIDE POISONINGS
1-800-222-1222
This number automatically connects you with a local Poison Control Center from anywhere in the United States.
•
•
•
Tightening of the chest, mental confusion, blurred vision, rapid pulse, intense thirst, vomiting, convulsions, and unconsciousness are serious
symptoms! Dial 911!
Pesticides with ‘DANGER’ or ‘DANGER/POISON’ on the product label can cause severe injuries or death very quickly. Take immediate action!
Other symptoms of pesticide poisoning: headache, fatigue, weakness, restlessness, nervousness, profuse sweating, nausea, diarrhea, or irritation of the skin/
eyes/nose/throat. Consult the product Material Data Safety Sheet (MSDS) for symptoms associated with a particular pesticide
Pesticide on Skin
•
•
•
•
Immediately wash pesticide from skin as quickly and as thoroughly as possible with any available water that does not contain pesticides.
Remove protective clothing and any contaminated clothing.
Rewash contaminated skin with soap and water as soon as possible.
If the victim experiences any symptom(s) of poisoning, consult a physician. Take the pesticide label with you, but take care not to cause contamination of
vehicles or exposure to others if you must take the container with you.
Pesticide in Eyes
•
•
Rinse eye(s) gently with clean water for at least 15 minutes.
If eye remains irritated or vision is blurry after rinsing, seek medical attention right away! Take the pesticide label with you.
Pesticide in Mouth or Swallowed
•
•
•
•
•
Provide / drink large amounts of water or milk to drink - DO NOT GIVE LIQUIDS TO A PERSON WHO IS UNCONSCIOUS OR IS CONVULSING!
Consult the label BEFORE vomiting is induced. The label may advise against inducing vomiting. Do not induce vomiting with emulsifiable concentrate (E,
EC) formulations.
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING IF A PERSON IS UNCONSCIOUS OR IS CONVULSING!
Seek medical attention. Take the pesticide label with you.
If the pesticide was not swallowed, rinse mouth thoroughly with clean water. If mouth is burned or irritated, consult a physician.
Pesticide Inhaled
•
•
•
•
•
Move victim to fresh air immediately!
Warn others in the area of the danger.
Loosen tight clothing.
Administer artificial respiration if necessary, but try to determine if the person also may have swallowed any pesticide - avoid any pesticide or vomit that may
be around the victim's mouth.
Seek medical attention. Take the pesticide label with you.
Heat Stress
•
•
Move the victim to a cooler area, remove protective clothing, and pour cool water over the person.
Give cool liquids to drink - DO NOT GIVE LIQUIDS TO AN UNCONSCIOUS OR A CONVULSING PERSON!
2
•
Pesticide poisoning may mimic heat illness. Seek medical attention if the person is unconscious or if the person is not fully recovered within 15 minutes of
cooling down and drinking liquids.
Signal Words
•
The pesticide signal word will appear on the pesticide label. It provides information about the acute risks of the pesticide to people.
o DANGER/POISON: less than a teaspoon can kill an adult.
o DANGER: pesticide can cause severe eye and/or skin injury.
o WARNING: two tablespoons or less can kill an adult.
o CAUTION: an ounce or more is required to kill an adult.
Understand that the signal word does not provide information about chronic pesticide exposure risks (e.g., cancer) or allergic effects. Minimize your exposure to
all pesticides. The signal word does not indicate environmental toxicity or other environmental effects.
PESTICIDE SPILLS OR OTHER EMERGENCIES
Spills on public roads (In many cases you can call CHEMTREK at 1-800-424-9300 or 911.)
STATE
Georgia
AGENCY
Georgia State Patrol
North Carolina Regional Response Team (RRT)
For spills not on public road ways, contact the Pesticide Section of NCDA&CS
South Carolina South Carolina Highway Patrol
---------------------------------------
PHONE NUMBER
Cell: call *GSP
or 911
911 or your RRT
(919) 733-3556 or (800) 662-7956 during
non-business hours
Cell: call *HP
------------------1-888-481-0125
(Toll Free)
South Carolina DHEC Emergency Response Section
Tennessee
Virginia
Tennessee Emergency Management Agency (TEMA) State Emergency Operations Center 1-800-262-3300
Virginia Emergency Operations Center
804-674-2400
Environmental emergencies (contamination of waterways, fish kills, bird kills, etc.)
STATE
Georgia
AGENCY
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Response Team
North Carolina North Carolina Div. of Water Quality
South Carolina South Carolina DHEC
Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency
Tennessee
Virginia Emergency Operations Center
Virginia
PHONE NUMBER
1-800-241-4113
1-800-858-0368
1-888-481-0125 (Toll Free)
1-615-781-6643
804-674-2400
3
PESTICIDE LIABILITY and STEWARDSHIP
The applicator, the supervisor, and the business owner may face severe criminal and/or civil penalties if pesticides are misused – knowingly or accidentally.
The pesticide label. Federal and state laws require pesticide applicators to follow the directions on the pesticide label exactly. Do not exceed maximum label rates,
apply a pesticide more frequently than stated on the label, or apply a pesticide to a site that is not indicated on the label. Labels change; review them regularly.
Restricted Use Pesticides (RUP). These pesticides are clearly labeled “Restricted Use Pesticide” in a box at the top of the front label. To purchase, apply, or
supervise the application of an RUP, an applicator must be certified or licensed through the pesticide regulatory agency in their state. Some states have mandatory
licensing for certain pesticide use categories whether or not RUPs are applied.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Anyone handling or applying pesticides must wear the PPE indicated on the pesticide label. The Worker Protection
Standard requires applicators to wear the label PPE and requires agricultural employers to supply the label PPE and ensure that the PPE is worn correctly by
applicator employees. Do not wear PPE items longer than it has been designed to protect you. Clean, maintain and properly store PPE. Do not store PPE with your
pesticides.
EPA Worker Protection Standard (WPS). Growers who employ one or more non-family members must comply with the WPS
(http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/twor.html). This standard requires agricultural employers to protect applicator employees and agricultural worker employees from
pesticides exposure in the workplace by providing specified pesticide safety training, providing specific information about pesticide applications made on the
agricultural operation, providing and ensuring that applicators wear label PPE, providing decontamination facilities for potential pesticide and pesticide residue
exposures, and providing timely access to medical assistance in the event of a suspected pesticide exposure. These protections apply to both Restricted Use and
general use pesticides used in agricultural plant production.
Pesticide Recordkeeping. You must keep records of all RUP applications for at least two years under the Federal (USDA) Pesticide Recordkeeping Requirement if
your state does not have its own pesticide recordkeeping requirements. Some states require records be kept for longer than the federal requirement. Maintaining
records of all pesticide applications, not just RUP applications, indefinitely, cannot only help troubleshoot application problems, but also allows you to reference
successful applications and can help protect against future liability. Consult your local Extension Service for details.
Be prepared for emergencies. Store pesticides securely and clean empty containers. Develop and provide written plans and training to prepare your employees,
and family members, for pesticide fires, spills, and other emergencies. Assign responsibilities to be carried out in the event of pesticide emergencies. Keep copies
of the pesticide labels and MSDS away from the area where pesticides are stored. Provide copies of product MSDSs to your community first responders. Consult
your local Extension office and insurance company for assistance.
Properly dispose of clean empty pesticide containers and unwanted pesticides as soon as possible. Containers can often be recycled in a pesticide container
recycling program. Unwanted pesticides may pose a risk of human exposure and environmental harm if kept for long periods of time. Consult your local Extension
office for assistance.
4
SPRAYER CALIBRATION
Sprayers should be calibrated often to guard against using excess pesticides due to nozzle wear, speed increases, etc. Failing to calibrate often costs money, may
cause crop damage, and is unsafe.
CALIBRATION DISTANCES TO BE USED BASED ON
Broadcast Herbicide Sprayer Calibration
NOZZLE SPACING
The following procedure will give the gallons (total volume) of material applied per acre
on a broadcast basis. Calibrate with clean water only. The uniformity of nozzles across
the boom should be checked. Collect from each nozzle for a known time period. Each
nozzle should be within 10% of the average. Replace nozzles with output above 10% with
new nozzles and recheck output.
Nozzle Spacing
(Inches)
Calibration
Distance (Feet)
40
102
36
113
32
128
1. Determine appropriate calibration distance from table. Measure and adjust nozzles to
an even spacing. Find spacing in table and read the corresponding calibration distance.
28
146
Example: For 18-inch spacing, the distance would be 227 feet.
24
170
2. Measure and mark calibration distance in a typical portion of the field to be sprayed.
20
204
3. Determine the number of seconds it takes to travel the calibration distance. Travel at
full operating speed the full length of the calibration distance. Note RPM and gear
18
227
setting.
16
255
4. With sprayer sitting still and operating at same throttle setting or engine RPM as used
in step 3, adjust pressure to desired setting.
14
292
5. Collect spray from one nozzle for the number of seconds required to travel the
12
340
calibration distance.
6. Measure the amount of liquid collected in fluid ounces. Number of ounces collected
10
408
is the gallons per acre. For example, if you collect 18 ounces, the sprayer will apply
8
510
18 gallons per acre on a broadcast coverage basis. Adjust applicator speed, pressure,
nozzle size, etc. to obtain recommended rate.
7. To determine the amount of pesticide to put into a sprayer or applicator tank, divide the To determine distance for spacing, divide the spacing expressed in
total number of gallons of mixture to be made (tank capacity for a full tank) by the
feet into 340.3, example: for a 13” band, the calibration distance
gallons per acre rate from Step 6 and use recommended amount of pesticide for this
would be 340.3/(13/12) = 314.
number of acres.
8. Sprayers should be checked for proper calibration every 4-8 hours of use. Simply
repeat steps 5 and 6. If there is a difference of more than 10% of original calibration, check the system.
5
Air Blast Sprayer Calibration
Sprayers need to be calibrated to meet the coverage needs of the planting and to facilitate precise dosing of each material. A sprayer should be set up to apply a
gallon per acre rate at a desired speed and pressure. In-field calibration frequently indicates a need for adjustments to achieve the target gallons per acre.
Speed of travel of a sprayer is a vital factor in obtaining the number of gallons of spray per acre desired. Change in gallons per acre (GPA) applied is inversely
proportional to the change in speed. If speed is doubled, the gallons per acre will be halved. Thus, if nozzles have been installed and pressure set to provide a
gallon per acre rate at a certain speed, the sprayer should apply the GPA rate at that speed.
To determine the travel speed, measure a known distance. A distance over 200 feet and a tank at least half full are recommended. Travel the distance determined at
your normal spraying speed and record the elapsed time in seconds. Repeat this step and take the average of the two measurements. Use the following equation to
determine the travel speed in miles per hour:
Travel Speed ( MPH ) =
Distance( feet ) x 0.68
Time( Seconds )
(0.68 is a constant to convert feet/second to miles/hour)
Check gallons per minute output:
The gallons per minute output required for a sprayer covering a swath of known width, for a desired gallon per acre rate can be calculated with the following
equation:
Spray Swath is the distance between spray tractor paths (example: 12 feet if every aisle is traveled or 24 feet if alternate row middle spraying is conducted)
GPM ( req ) =
GPA × MPH × Row Spacing ( ft )
495( spraying one side )
GPA = Gallons per Acre
MPH = Miles per Hour
To check actual output:
1. Fill sprayer with water. Note the level of fill. If a material with considerably different flow characteristics than water is to be sprayed fill the sprayer with
this material.
2. Operate the sprayer at the pressure that will be used during application for a measured length of time. A time period of several minutes will increase
accuracy over a time period of 1 minute.
3. Measure the gallons of liquid required to refill sprayer to the same level it was prior to the timed spray trial with the sprayer in the same position as when it
was filled initially. The actual GPM can be calculated as follows:
GPM (actual ) =
Gallons to refill sprayer
Minutes of spray time
6
4. Calculate the GPA being applied by the sprayer.
GPA =
GPM (actual) × 495(spraying from both sides)
MPH × Row Spacing (ft)
If the actual GPA is slightly different from the required GPA, the actual GPA can be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing spray pressure on sprayer
models that have provisions for adjusting pressure. Only small output changes should be made by adjusting pressure. Major changes in output should be done
by changing nozzles.
RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT
Insects, weeds, and disease-causing organisms are all capable of developing resistance to pesticides. To minimize the likelihood of resistance
development against your material of choice:
1. Only use pesticides when necessary: When the damage caused by the pest you are controlling is greater than (the cost of the pesticide +
application costs) and no other, effective options are available.
2. Use the appropriate material for the pest.
3. Use the recommended rate of the material. Do not use a lower or higher rate than listed on the label.
4. If more than one treatment is needed against the same pest, rotate pesticide mode of action (MOA) between treatments.
Three organizations have developed tools to aid in selecting rotational tools. The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC, www.frac.info),
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC, www.irac-online.org), and Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC,
www.hracglobal.com) have grouped pesticides into MOA categories, which are listed in this guide.
7
Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide
Introduction
The muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia, syn. Muscadinia rotundifolia) is a thick-skinned native grape species found in the southeastern United States. The fruit
ripens in late summer/early fall and is generally harvested as single berries rather than in bunches. In the wild, muscadines vines are usually either male or
female, while cultivated varieties (cultivars) are either female or perfect-flowered (male + female). Most wild vines have dark fruit while cultivated (improved)
cultivars are available in many shades of bronze, purple or red. Cultivars have been developed for both fresh fruit and for winemaking. As the species name
implies, the leaves are round and unlobed, though serrated at the edge.
Diseases – See text in each section below for specific comments. Muscadines can be grown in warm, humid areas where bunch grapes cannot, are resistant to
the Pierce’s Disease bacterium (Xylella fastidiosa) and are not affected by some major fungal diseases like grape downy mildew or botrytis bunch rot. However,
muscadines can still suffer extensive losses if diseases like powdery mildew, bitter rot, black rot and ripe rot are left unchecked. Fruit rotting diseases reduce
yields and make berries unmarketable for either wine or fresh sales.
Insects – See text in each section below for specific comments. Grape root borers are an important pest of muscadine vines. Aphids occur on new shoots but
often do not require control. Grape berry moth occurs sporadically. Japanese beetles may feed on foliage and flowers in early summer. Insects feeding on ripe
fruit include June beetles, as well as wasps, yellowjackets and other stinging insects that can pose a risk to pickers. The risk of infestation by spotted-wing
drosophilia (SWD) is not known, but the thick skins of muscadine grapes may provide a physical barrier.
Dormant
Winter pruning – Proper pruning aids in disease management. Hedge or hand prune vines, leaving only 3-4” stubs (spurs) of 1-yr-old wood protruding from
the main cordon or previous season’s wood. Selectively thin these spurs or spur clusters to space them approximately 4-6” along the cordon. As the vines age,
remove some of the older spur clusters when crowding occurs. Young vines (1-4 yrs old) require special attention to remove grape tendrils that wrap around the
new cordon. If not removed, these tendrils will girdle and kill the newly-trained arm. After the 3rd or 4th year, the cordon becomes too thick for tendrils to wrap
around it, and this girdling ceases to be a threat. Late winter is the best time to prune muscadines in areas subject to winter injury.
Pest/Problem
Fruit rots and
foliage diseases
Management
Options
Sanitation and
pruning, canopy
management
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
+++
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
Comments and Precautions
Prune to remove dead wood and old fruit pedicels
that can harbor diseases. Control weeds under
vines with chemicals or mowing; trim vines if
needed, so shoots terminate at least 18-24” from
the ground. This will promote air movement and
drying under vines.
8
Prebloom (Bud break till bloom)
Angular leafspot – (Mycosphaerella angulata) has great potential to limit yield. It causes leaf spotting that leads to rapid defoliation. When a muscadine vine
defoliates prior to harvest, development of fruit ceases and grapes may fail to ripen. Total crop loss may occur. Fortunately, angular leafspot is easy to control
with either mancozeb or captan. In wet seasons, however, control may be expensive due to the need for repeated fungicide applications.
Dieback “dead arm” diseases – Fungal dieback diseases (caused by Botryosphaeria, Phomopsis, Fusicoccum, etc.) can quickly kill even mature plants. These
diseases are often observed on plants as they come out of dormancy or following initial fruit swell. Symptoms are rapid death of the plant from the growing
cordon tips back towards the main trunk. These fungi reside in pruning or other wounds, and they are generally present on all muscadines. Plant stress triggers
disease. Any actions to reduce plant stress throughout the year will be helpful (irrigation, proper fertilization, etc.). Cold injury may also trigger these “dead
arm” diseases by causing wounds to trunks and cordons. Spraying with fungicides immediately following each day of pruning may help to reduce the ingress of
pathogens in pruning wounds (recommended for bunch grapes), but there is not enough information on whether this works well for muscadines. If a dieback
disease is observed, the cordon must be severed at least 6” below the area of dead and dying tissue. Severe pruning (back to the trunk; or even to the ground, a
few inches above ground level) is sometimes necessary to remove dieback; healthy new growth is then trained to re-establish the vine on the trellis.
Aphids in muscadines are typically cool-season, spring pests. Natural enemies often moderate aphid numbers as the weather warms. Treat if aphids are abundant
and new shoot tips or foliage are becoming malformed.
Leafhoppers are sucking pests that may be very abundant, causing colorless, cleared stippling on leaves; heavy infestations can cause defoliation. Leafhoppers
may be present through much of the growing season, but often in numbers that appear to do no harm. Provisional treatment thresholds are 10 leafhopper nymphs
or adults per leaf based on samples from 10 vines per acre, or when leafhoppers and injury are seen (stippling and weak, unthrifty growth).
Flea beetles are foliage feeders that eat holes in the leaves. Less than 10% foliar injury is unlikely to be harmful. Treat if flea beetles are abundant and injury is
evident. Grape flea beetles may also feed on developing buds; suggested treatment threshold is 5% damaged buds in a sample of 10 vines per acre.
Prebloom (Bud break till bloom)
Pest/Problem
Black rot
Bitter rot
Angular leaf spot
Powdery mildew
(continued on
next page)
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
myclobutanil
(Rally 40W)
3-5 oz
++++
thiophanate-methyl
(Topsin M 70WSB)
0.75-1.5 lb
+++
Management
Options
REI
PHI
FRAC
Code
[3]
24 hrs
14 days
Do not apply more than 1.5 lb of Rally 40W per
acre per year. Interval for repeat applications
should not exceed 14 days.
FRAC
Code
[1]
2 days
7 days
Apply when foliage first develops and repeat at 14
to 21 day intervals or as needed. Do not apply
more than 4 lb. product (2.8 lb ai)/acre/season.
Use only in combination or alternation with a
labeled non-benzimidazole fungicide.
9
Prebloom (Bud break till bloom) -- continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
Black rot
Bitter rot
Angular leaf spot
Powdery mildew
(continued)
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
azoxystrobin
(Abound 2.08SC)
10-15.5 fl oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
4 hrs
14 days
Do not make more than four applications of
Abound per acre per year, or more than two
sequential sprays before alternating with other
fungicides having a different mode of action.
trifloxystrobin
(Flint 50WG)
2-3 oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
12 hrs
14 days
Do not apply more than 24 oz of Flint per acre per
season, or more than six times per season. Do not
apply more than two applications of Flint before
switching to a non-strobilurin fungicide. DO NOT
APPLY to CONCORD GRAPES or crop injury
may occur.
pyraclostrobin +
boscalid
(Pristine WG)
8-12.5 oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11+7]
12 hrs
(5 days
for vine
turning,
tying)
14 days
Do not make more than three applications of
Pristine or related fungicides (strobilurin or
carboxamide) per season. Do not make more than
two sequential applications before alternating with
a fungicide with a different mode of action. Do
not use on CONCORD and related grapes
(Worden, Fredonia, Niagara).
kresoxim-methyl
(Sovran 50 WG)
3.2-4.8 oz
++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
12 hrs
14 days
Sovran per acre per year, or more than two
sequential sprays before alternating with other
fungicides having a different mode of action.
Dithane M45
1.5-4 lb
+++
FRAC
24 hrs
66 days
Manzate Pro-Stick
1.5-4 lb
+++
Code
24 hrs
66 days
Do not apply more than 24 lb of Dithane M45,
Manzate 200DF, Maneb 80WP or Penncozeb
75DF per acre per season. Repeat applications at
7 to 10 day intervals.
Maneb 75DF
1.5-4 lb
+++
[M3]
24 hrs
66 days
Penncozeb 75DF
1.5-4 lb
+++
24hrs
66 days
Management
Options
10
Prebloom (Bud break till bloom) – continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
Black rot
Bitter rot
Angular leaf spot
ONLY
Powdery mildew
ONLY
Aphids
Leafhoppers
(continued on
next page)
Management
Options
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
Ziram 76 DF
3-4 lb
+++
48 hrs
21 days
captan
(Captan 50WP)
captan
(Captan 4L)
wettable sulfur
(Microthiol, various
brands, 80 to 92% S)
4 lb
+++
48 hrs
0 day
0.75-2 qt
+++
FRAC
Code
[M3]
FRAC
Code
[M4]
48 hrs
0 day
3 to 10 lb
++++
FRAC
Code
[M2]
24 hrs
--
malathion 57EC
1.5 pt
++++
IRAC
Code
[1B]
24 hrs
(72 hrs
for vine
tying)
3 days
Treat if aphids are abundant and terminals or
foliage are becoming malformed. Aphids rarely
reach damaging levels.
imidacloprid
(Admire Pro)
7 to 14 fl oz
++++
IRAC
Code
30 days
Applied via drip irrigation. Will generally not
control insects feeding on flowers or fruit.
imidacloprid
(Provado 1.6F)
malathion 57EC
3 to 4 fl oz
++++
[4B]
0 days
Do not apply Provado by air.
1.5 pt
++++
IRAC
Code
[1B]
24 hrs
(72 hrs
for vine
tying)
3 days
carbaryl
(Sevin 80S)
1.25 to 2.5 lb
+++
IRAC
Code
[1A]
12 hrs
7 days
Leafhopper injury is seen as colorless, cleared
stippling on leaves; heavy infestations can cause
defoliation. Provisional treatment thresholds
suggest treating for 10 leafhopper nymphs or
adults per leaf or when leafhoppers and injury are
evident (weak, unthrifty growth.)
phosmet
(Imidan 70W)
1.33 to 2.12 lb
++++
IRAC
Code
[1B]
14 days
14 days
Repeat Captan applications at 7 to 14 day
intervals. Do not apply 50WP by air.
Must be applied every 7-10 days. Dilute in 100
gal of water per acre. Corrosive to sprayers and
trellis wires. OMRI listed for organic growers. Do
not apply within two weeks of oil or oil-based
products, or at temperatures above 90 F. May
injure Concord and other Vitis labrusca cultivars.
11
Prebloom (Bud break till bloom) – continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
Management
Options
Leafhoppers
(continued)
fenpropathrin
(Danitol 2.4EC)
imidacloprid
(Admire Pro) or
(Provado)
thiamethoxam
(Platinum) or
(Actara)
Grape flea beetles
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
EffectIveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
5 to 10 fl oz
+++
IRAC
Code
[3A]
24 hrs
21 days
IRAC
Code
[4B]
12 hrs
30 days
0 days
12 hrs
60 days
5 days
12 hrs
28 days
1 day
Only one soil application allowed per season.
12 hrs
7 days
Flea beetles chew holes in the foliage. Less than
10% foliar injury is unlikely to be harmful. Treat
if flea beetles are abundant and injury is evident.
12 hrs
3 days
++++
7 to 14 fl oz
3 to 4 fl oz
8 to 17 oz
1.5 to 3 oz
dinotefuran
(Venom)
5 to 6 oz soil
1 to 3 oz foliar
carbaryl
(Sevin 80WSP)
1.25 to 2.5 lb
++++
Malathion 57EC
1.5 pt
+++
phosmet
(Imidan 70W)
1.33 to 2.12 lb
++++
IRAC
Code
[4A]
IRAC
Code
[1A]
IRAC
Code
[1B]
IRAC
Code
[1B]
14 days
14 days
Admire Pro is applied via drip irrigation, Provado
by foliar spray. No aerial application.
Platinum is soil applied, Actara by foliar spray.
Actara can be applied by ground or air.
Grape flea beetle larvae also feed on buds.
Treatment is recommended if 5% of vines exhibit
bud damage.
12
Bloom (Do Not Apply Insecticides During Bloom)
Pest/Problem
Black rot
Bitter rot
Ripe rot
Angular leaf spot
Powdery mildew
(Continued on next
page)
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
EffectIveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
myclobutanil
(Rally 40W)
3-5 oz
++++
FRAC
Code
[3]
24 hrs
14 days
Do not apply more than 1.5 lb. of Rally 40W per
thiophanate-methyl
(Topsin M 70WSB)
.75-1.5 lb
+++
FRAC
Code
[1]
2 days
7 days
more than 4 lb. product (2.8 lb. ai)/acre/season.
Use only in combination or in an alternating
application program with a labeled nonbenzimidazole fungicide.
azoxystrobin
(Abound 2.08SC)
10-15.5 fl oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
4 hrs
14 days
Abound per acre per year. Do not apply more
than two sequential sprays of Abound. Alternate
applications with other fungicides which have a
different mode of action.
pyraclostrobin +
boscalid
(Pristine WG)
8-12.5 oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11+7]
12 hrs
(5 days
for vine
turning,
tying)
14 days
Do not make more than five applications of
two sequential applications of Pristine before
alternating with a fungicide with a different mode
of action (neither strobilurin or carboxamide).
kresoxim-methyl
(Sovran 50 WG)
3.2-4.8 oz
++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
12 hrs
14 days
Sovran per acre per year. Do not apply more than
two sequential sprays of Sovran. Alternate
Management
Options
13
Bloom (Do Not Apply Insecticides During Bloom) – continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
Management
Options
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
EffectIveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
The disease Ripe rot (caused by Colletotrichum sp. fungi) is one of the most difficult fungal pathogens to control on muscadine grapes. Most bronze-fruited
cultivars are susceptible, while most purple-fruited muscadines are resistant. Fungicidal control has been most successful when strobilurin-type fungicides
[FRAC code 11] are combined or alternated with fungicides having a different mode of action. Sprays should begin at bloom or immediately following bloom
(first cover). Ripe rot is most severe in wet harvest seasons and when fruit is left hanging too long on the vine. Timely harvest and rapid cooling of harvested
fruit aids in control.
Black rot
Bitter rot
Ripe rot
Angular leaf spot
Powdery mildew
(continued)
Powdery mildew
ONLY
Dithane M45
1.5-4 lb
+++
FRAC
24 hrs
66 days
Manzate ProStick
1.5-4 lb
+++
Code
24 hrs
66 days
Maneb 75DF
1.5-4 lb
+++
[M3]
24 hrs
66 days
Penncozeb 75DF
1.5-4 lb
+++
24 hrs
66 days
Ziram 76 DF
3-4 lb
+++
48 hrs
21 days
captan
(Captan 50WP)
4 lb
+++
48 hrs
0 day
captan
(Captan 4L)
wettable sulfur
(Microthiol, various
brands, 80 to 92% S)
0.75-2 qt
+++
48 hrs
0 day
3-10 lb
++++
24 hrs
--
FRAC
Code
[M3]
FRAC
Code
[M4]
FRAC
Code
[M2]
Do not apply more than 24 lb Dithane M45,
7 to 10 day intervals.
intervals. Do not apply 50WP by air.
Must be applied every 7-10 days. Dilute sulfur in
100 gal of water per acre. Sulfur is corrosive to
sprayers and trellis wires. Do not apply within two
weeks of oil or oil-based products, or at
temperatures above 90 F. May injure Concord
and other Vitis labrusca cultivars.
14
First Cover (post-bloom)
Pest/Problem
Aphids
Leafhoppers
Flea beetles
Black rot
Bitter rot
Ripe rot
Angular leaf spot
Powdery mildew
(Continued on
next page)
Management
Options
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Acton
Code
REI
PHI
Same as sprays for
Prebloom
Base treatments on scouting and scout regularly in
areas with a history of injury
myclobutanil
(Rally 40W)
3-5 oz
++++
FRAC
Code
[3]
24 hrs
14 days
Do not apply more than 1.5 lbs of Rally 40W per
thiophanate-methyl
(Topsin M 70WSB)
0.75-1.5 lb
+++
FRAC
Code
[1]
2 days
7 days
more than 4 lb. product (2.8 lb. ai)/acre/season.
Use only in combination or in an alternating
application program with a labeled nonbenzimidazole fungicide.
azoxystrobin
(Abound 2.08SC)
10-15.5 fl oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
4 hrs
14 days
applications with other fungicides having a
trifloxystrobin
(Flint 50WG)
2-3 oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
12 hrs
14 days
Do not apply more than 8 oz Flint per acre per
season. Do not make more than four applications
of Flint per season. Do not apply more than two
applications of Flint before switching to a nonstrobilurin fungicide.
pyraclostrobin +
boscalid
(Pristine WG)
8-12.5 oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11+7]
12 hrs
(5 days
for vine
turning,
tying)
14 days
15
First Cover (post-bloom) – continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
Black rot
Bitter rot
Ripe rot
Angular leaf spot
Powdery mildew
(continued)
Powdery mildew
ONLY (Sulfur will
not control other
diseases)
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
kresoxim-methyl
(Sovran 50 WG)
3.2-4.8 oz
++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
12 hrs
14 days
Sovran per acre per year. Do not apply more than
two sequential sprays of Sovran. Alternate
Dithane M45
1,5-4 lb
+++
FRAC
24 hrs
66 days
Manzate ProStick
1.5-4 lb
+++
Code
24 hrs
66 days
Maneb 75DF
1.5-4 lb
+++
[M3]
24 hrs
66 days
Penncozeb 75DF
1.5-4 lb
+++
24 hrs
66 days
Do not apply more than 24 lb Dithane M45,
7 to 10 day intervals. **Note PHI of 66 days –
cannot be used post-bloom for early-ripening
cultivars
Ziram 76DF
3-4 lb
+++
48 hrs
21 days
captan
(Captan 50WP)
4 lb
+++
48 hrs
0 day*
captan
(Captan 4L)
0.75-2 qt
+++
48 hrs
0 day*
wettable sulfur
(various brands, 80 to
92% S)
2-5 lbs
++++
24 hrs
--
Management
Options
FRAC
Code
[M4]
FRAC
Code
[M2]
intervals. Label allows application up to day of
harvest; however; note 48 hr re-entry interval.
Must be applied every 7-10 days. Dilute sulfur in
100 gal of water per acre. Sulfur is corrosive to
sprayers and trellis wires. Do not apply within two
weeks of oil or oil-based products, or at
temperatures above 90 F. May injure Concord
and other Vitis labrusca cultivars.
16
First Cover (post-bloom) – continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
Management
Options
Sooty blotch
(Primarily seen on
the cultivar ‘Fry’)
captan
(Captan 50WP)
(Captan 4L)
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
+++
FRAC
Code
[M4]
48 hrs
0 days
*Label allows application up to day of harvest;
however; note 48 hr re-entry interval.
2.0-4.0 lb
0.75-2.0 qt
azoxystrobin
(Abound 2.08SC)
10.0-15.5 fl oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
4 hrs
14 days
trifloxystrobin (Flint
50WG)
2-3 oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11]
12 hrs
14 days
Do not apply more than 8 oz Flint per acre per
season. Do not make more than four applications
of Flint per season. Do not apply more than two
applications of Flint before switching to a nonstrobilurin fungicide.
pyraclostrobin +
boscalid (Pristine)
8.0-12.5 oz
+++++
FRAC
Code
[11+7]
12 hrs
(5 days
for vine
turning,
tying)
14 days
17
Summer cover (post-bloom) sprays until harvest
Fruit rots: Bitter rot and black rot – These rots are usually controlled by fungicide applications pre-bloom to first cover. Proper pruning and removal of
infected berries, leaves and old fruit stems from the previous winter may reduce disease. If bitter rot is very heavy, fungicides can be applied at shoot
emergence, 3-5 inches, 8-10 inches and at 7-10 day intervals until fruit set. Black rot-susceptible varieties can be sprayed with fungicide every 14 days from the
start of new growth until after bloom. Black rot control is particularly needed on highly susceptible cultivars such as Carlos and Cowart. Ripe rot – Ripe rot
can be particularly severe on susceptible cultivars such as Higgins, Magnolia, Summit, Watergate, Carlos, Fry, Dixieland, and Scuppernong. Abound and other
QoI fungicides are the materials of choice in vineyards where ripe rot is a problem. Sooty blotch causes a dark, superficial discoloration on the surface of
otherwise healthy fruit; the disease is common on the cultivar Fry. Macrophoma rot – control can be improved with early cover sprays of Captan, particularly
on susceptible cultivars such as Chowan, Fry, Higgins, Summit and Triumph.
Cover spray insecticides are often not needed in muscadines due to moderate insect pressure. Growers should rely on “as-needed” applications, while using the
IPM approach of scouting frequently for insect damage, including detailed plant examination of 10 vines per acre for insect or mite pests.
Grape berry moth is somewhat sporadic, but if present can be very damaging. This moth has several generations per season, beginning around bloom. In
muscadines, grape berry moth is normally a mid- to late-season pest. Eggs are laid on the berry clusters, and young larvae enter berries at the stem end; their
feeding, webbing and frass can damage multiple berries within a cluster. Spray promptly if infested clusters are seen or if a vineyard has a history of grape berry
moth infestations.
Grape curculio is a small weevil (snout beetle) that typically emerges in mid-June (in GA). Grape curculio initially feeds on the underside of leaves in a
shallow zigzag pattern before beginning to lay eggs in the berries. Spray if grape curculio are present or if either foliar or fruit injury are seen. This is a sporadic
pest that is sometimes a problem in unmanaged vineyards where weeds and wild hosts thrive.
Green June beetle and Japanese beetle populations can get out of hand rapidly. Moderate defoliation is seldom damaging, but in some years these insects can
be found feeding on flowers, and this can greatly reduce the crop. Fruit feeding is serious, so do not allow these pests to feed heavily on and become abundant
in blocks with ripe fruit. Beware of heavy emergence and migration to blocks with ripe fruit after rains. Multiple applications are often necessary to maintain
control if populations are allowed to build up. Ripening fruit and aggregation pheromone may quickly attract ‘new’ beetles to your vineyard after successful
applications.
Wasps,hornets, yellowjackets and imported fire ants may be attracted to ripening fruit. Feeding injury or the presence of insect debris in harvested fruit can
be damaging, and stinging insects discourage pick-your-own customers. Pre-harvest insecticide options are limited; monitor and treat only as needed.
Spider mites and others – Mites are capable of explosive population growth. Treat if more than 10 mites per leaf are found or if mites are present and leaves
are webbed or bronzed. Drought and heavy crop load aggravate mite injury, especially early in a growing season. Two treatments at 1 week intervals may be
needed if using a material that only kills adult mites. Brevipalpid mites (flat mites) cause russeting around leaf veins and at the stem end of berries in NC, and
this mite may occasionally warrant control.
Stink bugs – The impact of stink bugs and other piercing/sucking insects in muscadine grapes is unclear, but their feeding may cause fruit to shrivel, spot or
abort. No threshold has been developed for these pests.
18
Summer cover (post-bloom) sprays until harvest– continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
Black rot
Bitter rot
Ripe rot
Macrophoma rot
Angular leaf spot
Sooty blotch
Stink bugs
Japanese beetle
(continued on next
page)
Management
Options
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
Same as sprays for
First Cover
Phosmet
(Imidan 70W)
1.33-2.125 lb
+++++
fenpropathrin
(Danitol 2.4EC)
10-21 fl oz
+++++
carbaryl
(Sevin 80WSP)
1.25-2.5 lbs
++++
carbaryl
(Sevin XLR Plus)
1-2 qt
++++
fenpropathrin
(Danitol 2.4EC)
10-21 fl oz
+++++
acetamiprid
(Assail 30SG)
2.5 oz
+++
imidacloprid
(Provado)
clothianidin
(Clutch)
3 to 4 fl oz
3 oz
Manzate products can only be used in early season
applications. These products are very effective,
but use is limited by the 66 day preharvest
interval. Other effective cover sprays should
include tank mixes of Topsin M or Rally with
Captan or Captec, OR an alternation of Topsin M
or Rally with Abound, Pristine or Flint.
Imidan seldom prompt outbreaks of secondary
pests such as mites.
IRAC
Code
[1B]
IRAC
Code
[3A]
14 days
14 days
24 hrs
21 days
Danitol is effective against a broad array of insects
and is the material of choice for stink bugs.
Danitol is a pyrethroid, its use may prompt
rebound of mite numbers later in the season.
IRAC
Code
[1A]
12 hrs
7 days
Use of Sevin may encourage mites.
Do not concentrate spray on clusters or visible
residue may result.
Do not apply more than 12 ½ lb/acre per year.
12 hrs
7 days
Repeat applications as necessary up to a total of 5
times but not more often than once every 7 days.
Do not apply more than 10 qt/acre per year.
24 hrs
21 days
Danitol is a pyrethroid, its use may prompt
rebound of mite numbers later in the season.
12 hrs
7 days
Do not make more than two applications per
season.
++++
12 hrs
0 days
Do not apply by air.
+++
12 hrs
0 days
season.
IRAC
Code
[3A]
IRAC
Code
[4A]
19
Summer cover (post-bloom) sprays until harvest – continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
(continued)
Japanese beetle
Grape berry moth
Spider mites
Management
Options
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
Surround
25-50 lbs
+++
none
4 hrs
0 days
carbaryl
(Sevin 80WSP)
2.5 lbs
++++
IRAC
Code
[1A]
12 hrs
7 days
carbaryl
(Sevin XLR Plus)
2 qt
++++
12 hrs
7 days
clothianidin
(Clutch)
spinosad
(Entrust)
3 oz
+++
12 hrs
0 days
4 hrs
7 days
Treatments should be timed to egg hatch. Entrust
is OMRI listed.
Treatments should be timed to egg hatch.
Surround coats leaves and fruit, rendering them
unattractive to Japanese beetles. Surround may
also decrease other pest activity. Surround is
OMRI listed for use by organic growers.
Use of Sevin may encourage mites.
Do not concentrate spray on clusters or visible
residue may result.
Do not apply more than 12 ½ lb/acre per year.
Repeat applications as necessary up to a total of 5
times but not more often than once every 7 days.
Do not apply more than 10 qt/acre per year.
spinosad
(Spintor)
spinetoram
(Delegate)
methoxyfenozide
(Intrepid)
4-8 fl oz
+++
4 hrs
7 days
3-5 oz
+++
4 hrs
7 days
4-8 fl oz
+++
4 hrs
30 days
Treatments should be timed to egg hatch.
Fenbutatin-oxide
(Vendex 50WP)
1 lb
+++
48 hrs
28 days
Do not retreat with Vendex for 21 days. Restricted
Use Pesticide
dicofol
(Kelthane 50WP)
1-2 lb
+++
48 hrs
7 days
season.
12 hrs
7 days
Nexter is an excellent miticide for European red
mite.
pyridaben
(Nexter 75WP)
(continued on
next page)
+++
1.25-2.5 oz
IRAC
Code [4]
IRAC
Code
[5]
++++
4.4 oz
IRAC
Code
[18]
IRAC
Code
[12B]
IRAC
Code
[UN]
IRAC
Code
[21]
20
Summer cover (post-bloom) sprays until harvest – continued from previous page
Pest/Problem
(continued)
Spider mites
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
bifenazate
(Acramite 50WS)
0.75-1 lb
+++++
IRAC
Code
[UN]
12 hrs to
5 days
14 days
Acaramite provides excellent twospotted spider
mite control. Fujimite and Acramite kill eggs,
larvae and adult spider mites. After one week,
scout before considering a second application.
abamectin
(Abba 0.15 EC)
8 – 16 fl oz
+++++
IRAC
Code
[6]
12 hrs
28 days
Abamectin products are long residual miticides.
They should be applied with a non-ionic
surfactant. Test for possible cultivar-specific
phytotoxicity prior to spraying entire blocks. Do
not reapply within 21 days of initial application.
Do not apply by air. Do not make more than two
applications per season. abamectin is an adulticide
and will not impact eggs or larvae. Restricted Use
Pesticide.
fenpropathrin
(Danitol 2.4EC)
5.3–10.6 fl oz
+++
IRAC
Code
[3A]
24 hrs
21 days
Danitol is a pyrethroid insecticide/miticide. It is a
good choice when both mites and insects need to
be controlled; however, rebounds in mite
abundance are often associated with using
pyrethroid materials.
fenpyroximate
(FujiMite 5EC)
2 pt
++++
IRAC
Code
[21]
12 hrs
14 days
Fujimite and Acramite kill eggs, larvae and adult
spider mites. After one week, scout before
considering a second application. Do not make
more than two applications per season.
Management
Options
21
Grape root borer control
Grape root borers – Left unchecked, borers can kill grapevines. Borers tunnel inside vines at or below ground level, weakening or killing the vines. All grapes
(bunch, muscadine and vinifera) are susceptible. There are two control options. Mounding provides cultural control, and Lorsban treatment provides chemical
control. Neither control system is without flaw. Mounding uses layers of soil to make it more difficult for young larvae to reach the roots or adults to emerge.
Use clean cultivation, and mound soil 1 foot high and 1½ feet out from the base of each vine to cover the entire area around the base of each vine. This practice
will inhibit adult emergence from the soil when well timed; the time for this function will vary by location (early to mid-June for Georgia but 1 August for North
Carolina, as examples), so check with your county agent for the appropriate time for your location. It is equally important to knock these mounds back down
between early November and late December. Alternatively, one may use plastic mulch to cover the soil. To determine whether to use Lorsban treatment,
examine vines on a block by block basis during September or October for damage, borers or cast pupal skins. Look at 100 vines in each vineyard block. Treat
the following year if 2% or more of the vines are infested or damaged. If possible, treat before adult borers emerge, at least 35 days before harvest.
Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) 4E can be used at a rate of 4.5 pints per acre. Apply 2 quarts of a dilute mixture to the soil at the base of the vine. Make a single
application 35 days before harvest. Spray should not contact fruit or foliage. Application can be made with flood nozzles and low pressure (40 to 60 psi).
Pest/Problem
Grape root borer
Management
Options
Amount of
Formulation
per acre
Mounding
chlorpyrifos
(Lorsban 4E)
Effectiveness
(+)
Mode of
Action
Code
REI
PHI
+++
4.5 pt/100 gals
water, apply 2
qt of mixture/
vine
++++
Mounding is an organically acceptable practice.
IRAC
Code
[1B]
24 hrs
35 days
Apply 2 qt. of the dilute spray mixture to the soil
surface on a 15 square foot area around the base of
each vine or apply in strip as for herbicide. Do
not allow spray to contact fruit or foliage.
Apply Lorsban before the pest emerges, but at
least 35 days prior to harvest.
Fire ant control
Fire ants – Fire ants may be controlled through the use of bait products. These products are often not fast-acting, but operate by sterilizing the colony (the
queen lays sterile eggs). They must be applied when the ants are actively foraging -- test for foraging behavior by placing food (hot dog pieces, potato chips,
sardines, etc.) and checking 30 min later for ant activity. Apply during dry weather; moisture reduces the effectiveness of bait products.
Insecticides applied for control of other insect pests will also aid in suppression of fire ants. Fire ant populations are at their highest in young vineyards, but the
number of mounds drops rapidly after the vines develop a mature canopy that shades the vineyard floor
Imported Fire Ant
Pyriproxyfen
1.5-2.0 lbs
++++
IRAC
12 hrs
1 day
For grapes do not exceed 0.22 lbs active
(Esteem Ant Bait)
Code
ingredient (ai, pyriproxyfen) per season.
[7C]
Methoprene
1.0 to 1.5 lbs ++++
IRAC
4 hrs
0 day
Labeled for use on “cropland”
(Extinguish
Code
Professional Fire Ant
[7A]
Bait)
22
Cultural Practices
Establishment – The most productive muscadine vineyards are on sites that have well-drained soils. Soils that stay wet during the winter months
or that flood regularly are not satisfactory for muscadines. To improve drainage, bed rows 4-12” high and four feet wide. Provisions for drainage
must be made prior to planting. Land preparation should begin the year before planting; have the soil tested, correct any deficiencies in P and K
levels, and adjust the pH to 6.5 with dolomitic limestone. Use contact or systemic herbicides to clean up infestations of johnsongrass,
bermudagrass, or nutsedge in the year before vines are set. Use a single-wire trellis and space rows 10 to 12 feet apart; set posts 20 ft apart within
rows and plant one vine beside each post (rather than halfway between posts). This positioning will help protect the vine and minimize fruit loss
during harvest, especially if mechanical harvest is planned. Plant in late April or early May (N.C and Ga./S.C. Piedmont) after danger of spring
freezes has passed, or during the winter in South Georgia. Commercial grow tubes (24-36” long and 3-4” in diameter) will accelerate growth and
protect vines in the first growing season, but grow tubes may delay the development of vine cold hardiness in the fall, and for this reason they
should be removed in late September/early October.
Fertilization – North Carolina
Preplant: Liming, phosphate (P2O5 ) and potash (K20) should be adjusted based on a soil test.
Young vines: broadcast 1/4 pound of 10-10-10 in a circle, staying at least 1.5 ft away from the trunk, after new growth starts (late April to early
May). Repeat in June and July.
Second year: Double the fertilizer rate for the first year and apply ½ pound of 10-10-10 per vine per application in March, May and July (but no
later than mid-July as winter injury may occur). Do not put the fertilizer too close to the trunk.
Third year: In the third growing season, if the vines have grown off well, apply 0.75 pounds of premium grade 10-10-10 fertilizer or its equivalent
per vine in March, in May and again in July (but no later than mid-July). Do not put the fertilizer too close to the trunk. Alternatively, for wellestablished 3-year old vines with good yield potential, growers may wish to adapt the Georgia fertility program (below), and consider applying 1.5
pounds (not 2 pounds ) of 10-10-10 fertilizer or its equivalent per vine in March, plus one pound of 10-10-10 fertilizer per vine in May. These
fertilizer applications are evenly spread in a band 4-5 feet wide centered on the row.
Mature vines: In the fourth growing season, apply 1.5 pounds of premium grade 10-10-10 fertilizer or its equivalent per vine in late March (near
bud break), plus one pound of 10-10-10 fertilizer per vine in May. Evenly spread these applications along the row in a band 4-5 feet wide. At 218
vines per acre (10 ft x 20 ft), this program will provide a total of about 55 pounds of nitrogen per acre (with the equivalent of 0.15 pounds of
nitrogen per vine being provided in March, and 0.10 pounds in May). Annual soil sampling and mid-June foliar analysis should be conducted each
year to determine nutrient levels in the soil and in the vines and make adjustments to the fertilization program (see the appropriate levels of
nutrients below). The desired amount of vegetative growth per year is about 3 feet. If growth exceeds 4 feet, reducing the amount of nitrogen
applied in future years may be advisable. Maintain soil pH at 6 or above with dolomitic lime. Spray annually just before bloom with 1 lb Solubor
(20% B) in 100 gallons of water per acre.
23
Fertilization – North Carolina (continued)
Grapes have a relatively high magnesium requirement. You may want to apply Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) in July at 4 lbs per 100 gallons of
water (roughly 1 Tablespoon per gallon) or by sprinkling around the vines at 2 to 4 oz per vine for young vines and 4 to 6 oz per vine for mature
vines to prevent or correct a magnesium deficiency.
In eastern NC, an alternative fertilizer to 10-10-10 that shows promise involves the application of 6-6-18 tobacco fertilizer because it contains
several micronutrients in addition to N, P, and K. Application is made in late March and then again in late June, at ¼ lb per vine on first-year
plantings and ½ lb per vine in the second year. Mature vines may require up to 2 to 3 lb at each application. An application of calcium nitrate may
also be needed in mid-May at 6 to 7 oz per vine. AS ALWAYS, the best fertility regime is based on soil testing – fertility needs can vary
significantly from site-to-site and even within the same field. Leaf samples can be taken in mid June to determine the actual nutritional status of
mature vines.
Foliar tissue analysis is recommended. Leaf tissue testing can become a valuable tool to help growers eliminate much of the guesswork associated
with deciding on amounts and timing of fertilizer applications. Foliar analysis determines the actual nutritional status of the plants during critical
periods of growth. In North Carolina, take leaf samples in mid-June and early July. Collect a double fist full of mature leaves, one from each
shoot, choosing only the leaves located opposite a fruit cluster on fruiting shoots. Place the leaves in a paper bag and allow them to dry. Send
samples to the Agronomic Division, North Carolina Department of Agriculture. To be most effective, continue the practice from year to year to
help establish trends and changes in nutrient levels. Appropriate levels of nutrients based on whole-leaf nutrient concentration are shown below:
Appropriate levels of nutrients based on foliar analysis:
Element (Unit)
Nitrogen (%)
Phosphorus (%)
Potassium (%)
Calcium (%)
Magnesium (%)
Sulfur (%)
Boron (ppm)
Copper (ppm)
Iron (ppm)
Manganese (ppm)
Molybdenum (ppm)
Zinc (ppm)
Optimal Range
1.65 to 2.15
0.12 to 0.18
0.80 to 1.20
0.70 to 1.10
0.15 to 0.25
0.15 to 0.25
15 to 25
5 to 10
60 to 120
60 to 150
0.14 to 0.35
18 to 35
24
Fertilization -- Georgia
Fertilization should be based on a soil test. However, if a soil test is not available follow these general recommendations:
For the first growing season apply two ounces of premium grade 10-10-10 fertilizer or its equivalent per vine starting after growth begins in the
spring and repeated at four to six week intervals, if at least four inches of rain or overhead irrigation have been received since the last fertilization.
Apply the fertilizer fairly evenly in a circle 2.5 feet in diameter with the vine in the center. This is equivalent to about 1000 pounds per acre if the
fertilizer was broadcast. Be careful to avoid placing too much fertilizer within six inches of the trunk so as to not burn the young roots. The total
number of fertilizer applications for the year will probably be four to five in south Georgia and three to four in north Georgia. Do not fertilize the
vines after late August in south Georgia and late July in north Georgia. Slow release nursery fertilizers also give good results with fewer fertilizer
applications. Follow the manufacturer’s directions on the bag.
Second year: During the second year timing and method of applications should be similar to the year before. However, the rate should be doubled
to four ounces of premium grade 10-10-10 or its equivalent and the diameter of the broadcast circle should be increased to three to four feet. This
is equivalent to about 1000 pounds per acre if the fertilizer was broadcast.
Third year: In the third growing season, if the vines have grown off well, apply two pounds of premium grade 10-10-10 fertilizer or its equivalent
per vine in March, plus one pound of 10-10-10 fertilizer per vine in May. Evenly spread these applications along the row in a four feet wide band.
Established vines: To fertilize an established vineyard take a soil sample and follow the recommendations. Muscadines usually need about 50-60
pounds of nitrogen per acre (0.3 pounds of nitrogen per vine at 181 vines per acre) applied near bud break followed by about 30-40 pounds of
nitrogen after fruit set (0.17 pounds of nitrogen per vine at 181 vines per acre). Phosphorus and potassium should be applied according to the soil
test. If a soil test is not available apply 3 to 4 pounds of premium grade 10-10-10 fertilizer or its equivalent per plant near bud break. Spread the
10-10-10 fertilizer evenly in a band five to six feet wide centered on the plant row. After fruit set (June in South Georgia-July in North Georgia)
apply ½ pound of ammonium nitrate fertilizer per plant or its equivalent. Spread the ammonium nitrate evenly under the canopy. On heavy or rich
soils, only a single application of fertilizer in the Spring may be needed. The desired amount of vegetative growth per year is about three feet. If
growth exceeds four feet, reducing the amount of nitrogen applied in future years may be advisable. Foliar analysis should be conducted in July of
each year to determine nutrient levels in the vines and make adjustments to the fertilization program.
25
Pruning (training new vines)
Trellising young vines -- During the first two or three years, vines need regular training once a week throughout the growing season. Training
establishes the optimal shape and position of the vine. Proper training is accomplished by selecting a single shoot and training it up a bamboo stake
or string. Remove any side shoots that appear in the leaf axils by pinching them out as soon as possible, leaving the leaf intact. The objective is to
have a single growing point rather than multiple shoots. Plastic vineyard tape is used for attaching vines to the bamboo stake and later to the trellis
wire. Train the young vines up the stake or string to the wire, then pinch the tip back to approximately 4-6 inches below the wire. This will
encourage a V-shaped branching. Choose two of these lateral branches and begin training them in opposite directions along the wire, as future
“main arms” or cordons. Continually remove lateral suckers along the trunk in order to direct all the plant’s growth into the growing tips of the
cordons. Until the cordons reach full length, cut back side shoots to approximately 4 to 6 inches during the growing season. Likewise, remove all
fruit at the earliest possible stage in order to direct growth to the desired shoots.
Pruning (step-by-step for mature vines)
1. In the dormant season, prune back all new wood (called “canes” or “whips”) that grew the previous year, leaving only 2-4-inch-long “fruiting
spurs”. No scientific evidence suggests that yields or fruit quality in muscadines will be improved by more time-consuming “balanced pruning”
methods or more complex formulas used in bunch grape pruning. Muscadine pruning is quite simple and can be accomplished with a mechanical
hedger or hand pruners, or a combination of hedging and hand pruning. However, use great caution when pruning with any mechanical hedging
equipment.
2. Optional “Long spur” pruning in year two for table grape cultivars: In order to move the fruiting area of the vine slightly away from the cordon it
may be desirable to make the first dormant pruning cuts on the side shoots coming off the cordons (arms) at six to ten inches on the single wire
trellis. This will allow the cluster of grapes to be far enough away from the cordon for easy harvest of the grapes and improved air circulation.
Shoots coming off the cordon at about a 45 degree angle are the ones preferred for forming the spur system. Shoots coming straight up or straight
down should be removed if not needed. In subsequent years, the previous season's growth should be cut back to 2-4 buds to keep the canopy from
becoming too wide.
3. Normal pruning recommendation for wine, juice and table grape cultivars where mechanical hedging will be used: On young vines, cut the 1year-old “fruiting spurs,” back to about 3 inches and space them about 4-6 inches apart. As the vine grows older, it will develop clusters of spurs at
each of these locations on the fruiting arm. These should be thinned to about 6 inches apart, removing downward-growing spurs first. These
clusters of spurs are called “bearers” or “spur clusters”.
4. When the vines are about five or six years old, the spur cluster will have developed the appearance of a deer’s antler. Begin to thin out by
removing every third or fourth spur cluster to about 8 to 12 inches apart using lopping shears This thinning will force new spur growth to replace
these older spur clusters, allowing them to be gradually renewed over a period of years.
5. Experience has shown that it is better to gradually thin out the older spur clusters starting in the third fruiting season (5- to 6- year-old vine),
rather than to wait until the fourth or fifth fruiting season (7- to 8-year-old vine).
26
Pruning (step-by-step for mature vines, continued)
6. Each year, remove strong wood or “bull canes” that have grown at the top of the trunk. This helps to maintain vigorous growth and good yields
along the lengths of the fruiting arms. If an arm becomes cold-injured, or broken, REMOVE IT ENTIRELY BACK TO THE HEAD OF THE
VINE, AND TRAIN A NEW CANE TO REPLACE IT. Sometimes, a “bull cane” can be used to replace a missing arm.
7. Grapevines grow tendrils that bind to the trellis or whatever is nearby. They are especially bothersome when they encircle the trunk or fruiting
arms. To prevent girdling damage, remove all tendrils attached to the trunk or fruiting arm of young vines.
Efficacy of selected fungicides against diseases of muscadine grape1
Myclobutanil (Rally)
14 days
Mode-ofAction
(MOA)
Grouping2
G
Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin- M)
7 days
B
1
++
+++
+
+
+++
+++
++
+++
1 day (reentry)
14 days
Multi-site
M2
NA
++++
NA
NA
NA
???
NA
NA
C
7+11
+++
++++
++++
+++++
++++
+++++
++
++++
Kresoxim-methyl (Sovran)
14 days
C
11
+++
+++
+++
++
+++
+++
++
+++
Azoxystrobin (Abound)
14 days
C
11
+++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++++
++
++++
Trifloxystrobin (Flint)
14 days
C
11
+++
++++
++++
+++++
++++
+++++
++
+++
Ziram (Ziram)
21 days
Multi-site
M3
++
++
+++
++
+++
+++
++
+++
0 days
(72 hrs reentry)
66 days
Multi-site
M4
++
++
++++
+++
+++
+++
++
+++
Fungicide
Wettable Sulfur (Microthiol and
other trade names)
Pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pristine)
Captan (Captan, Captec)
PHI (PreHarvest
Interval)
FRAC
code3
Bitter
rot
3
++2
Black
rot
Sooty
blotch
Dead
arm
Angular leaf
spot
Ripe rot
Macrophoma
rot
++++
NA
+
++++
+++
???
++++
Powdery
mildew
EBDCs (includes Maneb, Manex,
Multi-site
M3
+++
++
NA
++
+++
++
++
+++
Penncozeb, Manzate, Dithane M45)
1
NA = no significant activity, ??? = unknown activity; + = very limited activity, ++ = limited activity, +++ = moderate activity, ++++ = good activity, +++++ = excellent activity.
2
Alternation of fungicides with different modes of action helps prevent the development of pest resistance to a particular class of fungicide. There is no benefit to alternating or
tank-mixing fungicides with the same mode of action. Fungicides listed as “multi-site” are the least likely to be overcome by a resistant strain of a pathogen.
3
In addition to MOA grouping, the FRAC code also indicates fungicides that can be alternated to discourage pest resistance; alternate or tank-mix only those products having
different FRAC codes.
27
Weed Management in Muscadine Grape Vineyards – Herbicide Options
The primary goal of any weed management program is to minimize competition in order to direct as much resources, like water, nutrients, and light,
as possible toward crop growth. It is essential to minimize or eliminate competition in newly planted and young vineyards so that vine growth can be
maximized to bring that vineyard into productivity as soon as possible. Research has shown that failure to control weeds through July in newly
planted vineyards will reduce vine growth and may increase vine mortality due to water stress. In older, established vineyards competition will
reduce grape yields. The weed management programs outlined in this publication are designed to control weeds at levels to prevent competition and
maximize fruit yields.
Herbicide Resistance Management –The development of herbicide resistant weed species has increased significantly across the Southeast during
the past few years. Lately weed resistance to glyphosate has been the most common resistance development which is largely related to the
widespread planting of glyphosate resistant crops. The utilization of herbicides have differing modes of action (MOA) during the growing season or
tank mixing herbicides with differing MOA are strategies that can be utilized to prevent the development of herbicide resistant weeds. As a means to
assist growers with identifying herbicides having like MOA a number system identifying herbicides by MOA has been developed and is being
utilized. In the table below there is a MOA number for each herbicide active ingredient to aide growers in making management decisions that will
prevent the development of herbicide resistance or address options for managing a known resistant weed population that may be in or near the
vineyard. Additionally growers are encouraged to find at least two herbicide programs containing different herbicides to rotate on an annual basis.
By rotating herbicide programs growers not only minimize the risk of herbicide resistance developing but they also minimize the likelihood of
selecting for weeds that one herbicide program may not be particularly effective at controlling.
Weed/Timing
Material
PREPLANT/ SITE
PREPARATION
Glyphosate,
MOA 9
Various brands
& formulations
Oryzalin,
MOA 3
Surflan 4 AS
or
Oryzalin
Pendimethalin
MOA 3
Prowl H2O
PREEMERGENCE
Annual grasses and
small seeded broadleaf
weeds
Amount of
Formulation
per Acre
See label
2 to 6 qt
2 to 6 qt
Crop Age
Restrictions
REI
(hrs) Comments
Apply 30 days prior to
planting for control of
emerged weeds.
12
Use to kill strips through vineyard prior to planting. Generic
formulations may require the addition of a surfactant. See
label for details on controlling specific perennial weeds.
Newly Planted (once
soil has settled after
transplanting) and
Established Vineyards.
12
Oryzalin may be tank mixed with paraquat, glyphosate, or
Rely for postemergence weed control. In established
vineyards tank mix with simazine for expanded residual
control of annual weeds.
Newly Planted (once
transplanting) and
established vineyards.
12
In newly planted vineyards Prowl may only be applied once
soil has settled after transplanting but prior to bud swell. In
established vineyards Prowl may be used any time after
harvest, through winter, and in the spring. Use rate cannot
exceed 6 qt per acre per year. Prowl has a 90 day PHI.
Prowl should be tank mixed with paraquat, glyphosate, or
Rely for postemergence weed control. For expanded PRE
weed control tank Prowl with simazine or rimsulfuron.
28
Weed/Timing
Material
PREEMERGENCE
Annual grasses and
small seeded broadleaf
weeds (Continued)
Pronamide,
MOA 3
Kerb 50 WP or
Kerb SC
Norflurazon,
MOA 12
Solicam 80 DF
PREEMERGENCE
Annual weeds and
some perennial weeds
PREEMERGENCE
Broadleaf weeds
Dichlobenil,
MOA 20
Casoron 4G
Or
Casoron 1.4 CS
Oxyfluorfen,
MOA 14
Goal Tender
Amount of
Formulation
per Acre
2 to 8 lb
2.5 to 9.5 pt
Crop Age
Restrictions
REI
(hrs) Comments
Fall or winter
transplanted grapes
established at least 1
year or spring
transplanted grapes
established at least 6
months.
Grapes established 2
years.
12
Apply in fall after harvest for cool season perennial grass
and small seeded broadleaf weed control. Apply when
temperatures do not exceed 55o F. The need for activation is
tied directly to air temperature. Under warmer conditions
more degradation and herbicide loss occurs until activated
by rainfall or overhead irrigation.
12
Apply in fall or winter to vineyards having sandy loam or
coarser textured soils. Tank mix with glyphosate, paraquat
or Rely for control of emerged weeds. Residual control is
expanded when Solicam is tank mixed with simazine or
Karmex.
Newly planted (4 wks
after transplanting) and
12
Apply in January or February for best results. Warm
temperatures increase volatilization therefore overhead
irrigation may be used for activation when applied in early
spring. The Casoron CS formulation should only be used
under well-established vines (1 year or older). The Casoron
4G formulation may be used as early as 4 weeks after
transplanting young vines.
Newly planted (once
transplanting) and
24
DO NOT apply after bud swell. Use in established or
newly planted vineyards that are trellised and once soil has
settled after transplanting. Oxyfluorfen may be tank mixed
with oryzalin, pendimethalin, glyphosate, Rely, or paraquat.
Established nonbearing and bearing
vineyards
12
Trellis controls weeds germinating from seed. Tank mix
with oryzalin for residual control of annual grass weeds.
Rainfall is need within 21 days of application for herbicide
activation. Trellis has a 165 day PHI. Use in combination
with glyphosate, Rely, or paraquat for non-selective POST
weed control.
1.25 to 5 lb
100 to 150 lb
1.4 to 2.8 gal
1 to 4 pt
Galigan H2O
1 to 3 pt
Isoxaben,
MOA 21
Trellis 75 DF
0.66 to 1.33 lb
29
Weed/Timing
Material
PREEMERGENCE
Broadleaf weeds
(Continued from
previous page)
Rimsulfuron,
MOA 2
Matrix 25 WG
Pruvin 25 WG
Solida 25 WG
PREEMERGENCE
Broadleaf weeds and
some annual grasses
Diuron,
MOA 7
Karmex 80 DF
Or
Direx 80 DF
PREEMERGENCE
Broadleaf weeds and
some annual grasses
(continued)
Simazine,
MOA 5
Princep 4 L or
Princep Cal 90
or various
generic forms
Flumioxazin,
MOA 14
Chateau 51
WDG
PREEMERGENCE
Annual broadleaf and
grass weeds
Amount of
Formulation
per Acre
Crop Age
Restrictions
REI
(hrs) Comments
Vines established at
least 1 year.
4
Tank mix with oryzalin, diuron, or simazine for broad
spectrum of residual control. Rainfall is needed within 2 to
3 weeks of application to activate herbicide for PRE weed
control. DO NOT apply within 14 days of harvest.
Rimsulfuron will provide POST weed control of certain
species like horseweed, wild radish, pigweed, chickweed,
and henbit. Tank mix with glufosinate, glyphosate, or
paraquat for non-selective POST weed control. Tank mixes
with glyphosate will provide partial control of yellow
nutsedge (2 to 3” tall).
least 3 years.
12
Heavy rainfall soon after application to grapes planted in
soils low in clay and <2% organic matter may result in
severe injury and this risk is assumed by the user. Apply
with glyphosate, paraquat or Rely for postemgence weed
control.
least 3 years.
12
Tank mix with glyphosate, paraquat, or Rely for
postemergence weed control. The addition of oryzalin
(Surflan) or norflurazon (Solicam) or pendimethalin (Prowl
H2O)with simazine will extend residual grass control several
weeks.
Newly planted and
established vineyards
12
Apply with hooded or shielded application equipment.
Grapes established less than 2 years must be shielded with
grow tubes. Chateau may be applied in vineyards after
bud break so long as hooded or shielded application
equipment is used. DO NOT tank mix with glyphosate
after bud break. DO NOT apply more than 6 oz per acre
to vines established less than 3 years planted on soils having
a sand plus gravel content that exceeds 80% . Chateau has a
60 day PHI.
4 oz
2 to 3 lb
2 to 4 qt
2.2 to 4.4 lb
6 to 12 oz
30
Weed/Timing
Material
POSTEMERGENCE
DIRECTED
Non-selective control
Glyphosate,
MOA 9
Various Brands
and
Formulations
4 SL
Glufosinate,
MOA 10
Rely 280
Paraquat,
MOA 22
Firestorm,
Parazone, or
Paraquat
Concentrate
3SL
POSTEMERGENCE
DIRECTED
Certain broadleaf
weeds
Gramoxone SL
Carfentrazone
MOA 14
Aim
Amount of
Formulation
per Acre
Crop Age
Restrictions
REI
(hrs) Comments
Vines established 1
year or more.
12
DO NOT allow spray solution to contact green bark, foliage,
or suckers. The use of grow tubes will be necessary to
protect young vines from injury. Tank mix with
preemergence herbicides for residual control. Do not apply
within 14 days of harvest. Generic formulations may
require the addition of a surfactant. Refer to label for
application directions for hard to control perennial species.
12
48 to 82 oz
Newly planted
(shielded) and
Do not allow herbicide to contact desirable foliage or
immature, uncallused bark. The use of grow tubes will be
necessary to protect young vines from injury. Apply in a
minimum spray volume of 20 gal./A. Do not apply within
14 days of harvest.
12
1.7 to 2.7 pt
Newly planted
(shielded) to
Do not allow herbicide to contact desirable foliage or
immature, uncallused bark. The use of grow tubes will be
necessary to protect young vines from injury. . Apply in a
minimum spray volume of 20 gal./A with non-ionic
surfactant at 0.25 % v/v (1qt per 100 gal. of spray solution).
Vines established 1
year or longer.
12
Do not allow herbicide to contact desirable fruit or foliage.
The use of grow tubes will be necessary to protect young
vines from injury. The addition of a non-ionic surfactant at
0.25 % v/v (1 qt per 100 gal of solution) or crop oil
concentrate at 1% v/v (1gal per 100 gal. of solution) is
necessary for optimum herbicide performance. Ammonium
sulfate may be used in addition to a non-ionic surfactant,
refer to label for details. Aim may be tank mixed with
glyphosate or Rely or various preemergence herbicides. For
chemical removal of suckers use the maximum rate and
refer to label for details. Aim has a 3 day PHI.
See Label
2.5 to 4 pt
1 to 2 fl. oz
31
Weed/Timing
Material
POSTEMERGENCE
Annual and perennial
grasses
Clethodim,
MOA 1
Select,
Volunteer,
Intensity, and
others 2EC
SelectMax,
Intensity One
Fluazifop,
MOA 1
Fusilade DX
Sethoxydim,
MOA 1
Poast
Amount of
Formulation
per Acre
Crop Age
Restrictions
REI
(hrs) Comments
Newly planted or nonbearing vineyards
12
Sequential applications are for perennial grasses
(bermudagrass or johnsongrass). The addition of a nonionic surfactant at 0.25 % v/v (1 qt/100 gal. of spray
solution) is required. Do not apply within 1 year of harvest.
Newly planted and
12
Newly planted and
12
Sequential applications will be necessary for perennial grass
(bermudagrass, etc.) control. The addition of a non-ionic
surfactant (1 qt/100 gal of spray solution) or crop oil
concentrate (1 gal./100 gal. of spray solution) is necessary
for optimum results. Fusilade has a 50 day PHI.
Sequential applications will be necessary for perennial grass
(bermudagrass, etc.) control. The addition of a non-ionic
surfactant (1 qt/100 gal of spray solution) or crop oil
concentrate (1 gal./100 gal. of spray solution) is necessary
for optimum results. Do not apply within 50 days of
harvest. Total use cannot exceed 5 pt/A per year.
6 to 8 oz
12 to 16 oz
12 to 24 oz
1 to 2.5 pt
32
Suggested Herbicide Programs
Grape Vineyards
Crop Age
Fall
Newly Planted
Glyphosate (Pre-Plant to
kill weeds in herbicide
strip)
Vines Established
1 to 2 years or
more
Glyphosate (spot treat for
perennial weeds)
Glyphosate (Mid March)
perennial weeds)
Chateau + glyphosate,
paraquat or Rely (mid to
late March)
Solicam (vines est. 2 yrs)
+ glyphosate, paraquat, or
Rely
perennial weeds)
perennial weeds)
Vines Established
at least 3 years
Winter
Summer
Oryzalin (Once soil settles after
transplanting)
Oryzalin + Paraquat (May or June); Fusilade,
or Poast, or clethodim (as needed).
Chateau (Once soil settles after
transplanting)
Chateau + Paraquat (June or July); Fusilade, or
Poast, or clethodim (as needed).
Prowl H2O (vines must be
dormant)
Oryzalin + rimsulfuron +
Paraquat, glyphosate, or Rely
(Early May)
Chateau (hooded application
equipment required) + Paraquat
or Rely (early June)
Paraquat (multiple applications as needed);
Fusilade, or Poast, or clethodim (as needed)
Paraquat or Rely (multiple applications as
needed)
Poast (as needed for POST grass control)
Glyphosate, Paraquat, Rely, or Poast (as
needed)
Rely or Paraquat or Poast (as needed)
Rimsulfuron + Oryzalin +
Glyphosate or Rely or Paraquat
perennial weeds)
perennial weeds)
Glyphosate (mid March)
perennial weeds)
Chateau + glyphosate
(mid to late March)
perennial weeds);
Simazine + paraquat or
Rely (after harvest)
Spring
equipment required) + Rely or
Paraquat (early May)
Simazine + oryzalin +
glyphosate, or Karmex +
glyphosate
Paraquat (early June)
Paraquat (mid to late May)
Rely or Paraquat or Poast (as needed)
Paraquat, Rely, or Poast (as needed)
Poast (as needed for POST grass control)
Paraquat, Rely, or Poast (as needed)
33
Weed Response to Vineyard Herbicides
G
N
N
E
G
N
G
G
N
N
E
G
N
G
F
N
N
G
F
N
G
Virginia Creeper
E
N
N
G
G
N
E
Nutsedge, Yellow
G
N
N
E
G
N
G
G
G
G
F
N
N
N
P
F
N
N
N
N
N
N
G
G
N
P
F
P
N
P
N
P
G
N
N
P
N
N
N
N
N
E
E
F
P
E
F
N
N
N
G
P
N
G
N
N
N
F
P
N
F
N
N
N
G
P
N
P
G
E
N
N
N
N
Johnonsgrass
P
N
N
E
P
N
E
E
G
Dandelion
G
G
G
F
G
P
G
E
G
G
Bermudagrass
G
E
G
P
E
E
E
G
P
G
Spotted Spurge
F
E
G
F
F
P
F
G
G
G
Smartweed
N
N
G
F
E
G
F
G
F
F
F
F
F
Sida, Prickly
N
N
E
G
N
G
G
G
G
G
E
G
F
G
E
G
E
F
G
Ragweed
N
E
G
E
G
G
G
Radish, Wild
N
E
G
E
G
E
G
Pigweed
N
E
G
E
G
E
G
G
Nightshades
N
E
G
E
G
E
G
G
G
F
Mornigglory, Annual
G
Perennial Weeds
Lambsquarters
G
E
G
G
G
G
G
G
E
G
Horseweed
G
G
G
G
P
G
G
G
G
N
Henbit
Chickweed
G
G
F
G
P
G
G
F
E
N
Groundsel, Common
Ryegrass, Annual
G
E
G
G
P
E
G
G
E
N
Geranium, Carolina
Panicum, Fall
G
E
G
G
F
E
G
G
E
N
Galinsoga
Goosegrass
G
E
G
G
F
E
E
F
E
N
Herbicides
Dock
Foxtails
Annual Broadleaf Weeds
Crabgrass
Annual Grasses
Preemergence
Casoron
Chateau
Diuron
Kerb
Rimsulfuron
Oryzalin
Prowl H2O
Simazine
Solicam
Trellis
N
F
F
G
G
P
G
F
F
G
G
E
G
G
G
F
G
G
G
G
N
N
G
F
N
F
N
N
E
F
N
F
N
N
F
F
N
F
G
F
N
G
G
G
G
F
G
G
G
E
G
G
G
F
F
P
P
G
G
G
F
E
G
P
G
G
G
G
N
N
E
G
N
G
N
N
G
G
N
F
G
N
N
F
G
N
G
G
F
G
P
F
G
N
N
G
G
N
G
N
N
Postemergence
Aim
Clethodim
Fusilade
Glyphosate
Paraquat
Poast
Rely 280
N
E
G
E
G
E
F
F
N
N
N
G
G
N
F
N
E = excellent, G = good, F = fair, P = poor, N = no activity
Postemergence Control of Bermudagrass and Johnsongrass
Perennial grasses like bermudagrass and Johnsongrass can be controlled with Poast, Fusilade, and clethodim. Successful use of graminicides (Poast,
Fusilade DX, clethodim) depends on several factors however the most critical is application timing relative to weed growth stage. Application timing
34
varies with grass species and somewhat with the herbicide choice which is outlined in Table 2. Additional factors influencing the performance of
these herbicides on perennial grasses include spray volume and soil moisture. Graminicides are systemic herbicides, they enter the plant and move
through the vascular system to their targeted site of action. Systemic herbicides need to be applied in spray volumes that do not exceed 25 gal. of
spray solution per acre. Higher volumes dilute the herbicide and may reduce their effectiveness. Weeds free of stress (drought, etc.) also respond
best to systemic herbicides because the herbicide moves into plant and through its vascular system more readily. All of these herbicides require a
second application for them to be effective. It is important that the second application be timed appropriately and when the plant has regrown from
the initial herbicide application. The time between the first and second application can vary depending upon environmental conditions so this
requires monitoring in order to get the second application applied timely.
Table 2. Appropriate Application Time for Perennial Grass Control
Bermudagrass
Johnsongrass
Herbicide 1st Application 2nd Application
1st Application
2nd Application
Poast
6 inches
4 inches
25 inches
12 inches
Clethodim
3-6 inches
3-6 inches
12-24 inches
6-18 inches
Fusilade
4-8 inches
4-8 inches
8-16 inches
6-12 inches
Refer to product label for spray additive recommendations.
If you have questions regarding the use of these products in fruit crops contact your local agent with Cooperative Extension Service. Complete
herbicides labels and supplemental labels can be viewed online at www.cdms.net if you desire to obtain more information before choosing a
herbicide.
The University of Georgia and Ft. Valley State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and counties of the state cooperating. The
Cooperative Extension Service offers educational programs, assistance and materials to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, age,
sex or disability.
An Equal Opportunity Employer/Affirmative Action Organization Committed to a Diverse Work For
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bulletin 46
March 2013
Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 18 and June 30, 1914, The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and
Environmental Sciences and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating.
J. Scott Angle, Dean and Director
35

Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide

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