New Issues in Deregulated Power Markets and Practical Use of

Transcription

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New Issues in
Deregulated Power Markets and
Practical Use of Sustainable Energy
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Ryuichi YOKOYAMA
横山隆一
Waseda University
早稲田大学
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Copyright: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan,
Japan
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Outline of Presentations
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- New Issues in Electric Power Industries and Markets
- New Dimensions for Reduction of CO2 Emissions in
Electric Power Sector
- Practical Use of Sustainable Energy and Future Electricity
Delivery Systems for Reliable Power Supply
- The Role of Large Scale Energy Storage in Practical Use of
Sustainable Energy
- Back to the Basics toward Reliable and Efficient Power
Supply
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New Issues in
Electric Power Industries and Markets
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Regulations on Monopolized Power Industry
Monopolized Power Industry
Generation
Traditionally, the public utilities ,such as
electricity, gas, water, telecommunications,
finance, airlines, and ground transportation
have been regulated
- Limited market participation,
- Regulated rate making,
- Regulated business rules
- Regulated supply obligations.
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General Power Utilities
Transmission
and
Distribution
Regulated Rate
Customers
Household
Factory,
etc.
Office, Bldg,
Shopping Arcade, etc.
Department Store,
Large Hospital,
Large Office
Building, etc.
Large Factory
etc.
- Necessary for daily life and
industrial activities
- High risk businesses by
large capital investment
- Naturally established regional
monopolies
- Industries with
national security concerns
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Transition of Electricity Supply Structure
due to Deregulations
Social Requirements for Deregulation of Markets
- Competition principal to create new business
- Versatile services and eligibility for customers
- Fairness and transparency of competitive markets
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Revitalization of economy
Reliable and stable power supply
Reduction of market power
Transition of Structure in Electric Industries
Introduction of
Competition Principle
Competition in
Wholesale Market
Vertically Integrated Structure
of Power Supply
Generation
Open Access of
Transmission
Complete Competition
Competition in
Retail Market
Competitive Structure of Power Supply
Supplier
Supplier
Supplier
Transmission（ISO）
Transmission
Distribution
Disco.
Disco.
Disco.
Customers
Customer
Customer
Customer
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Happenings of Negative Aspects
in Front Runners of Power Markets
Liberalization of
Electricity Markets
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California
Energy Crisis
ENRON
Debacles
Complexity of Power Flow by
Immature Market Design
Price Volatility
Poor Reliability
CO2 Reduction
Large Scale
Blackouts
New Aspects and Issues
Decrease in Investments for
Delivery Networks ?
Market Manipulation
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Occurrence of Large Scale Blackouts
under Liberalization of Power Industry
Country
Date and
Time
Italia
2003.6.26
2003.6.27
Major cities including
Rome and Milan
2003.8.14
North-east US and
Canada including
11 major cities
2003.8.28
20% of London area、
Underground and
traffic lights stopped
Influenced Area
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USA and
Canada
U.K.
China
Denmark
and
Sweden
Italia
2003.9. 4
Shanghai
2003.9.23
Denmark and Southern
Sweden including
Copenhagen
2003.8.28
All areas in main Italia
except for Sardinia
Island
Cause of
Blackout
Rapid increase of
demands because of
Summer heat
Cascading trips of
transmissions and
generation in northern
Ohio
Transmission failure
caused by failure of
transformer’s alarm
Scale of
Damage
Duration
Time
App. 6 mil.
people
Rotation
blackout
App. 62Gw
App. 50 mil.
people
724 Mw
0.15 mil.
People
Stop of a thermal
generation plant by full
loading operation
during Summer heat
App.1.2Gw
Cascading outages and
voltage collapse caused
by a nuclear generation
plant
App. 3Gw
Deficiency of domestic
supply capacity caused
by cascading trips of
International
interconnection lines
App.
1000 Com.
43
hours
35
minutes
2 hours
App. 4 mil.
people
2 hours
App. 24Gw
More
than
13 hours
App. 57 mil.
people
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Congestion Management Schemes
Adopted in USA and EU Countries
Scheme
Price Signal-Based
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Method
Country
/Area
( Depend on Price Elasticity )
Locational
Marginal
Price
Market
Splitting
Auction
E.U.
U.S.A.
(PJM, NY/ISO ) NordPool (Continents)
Operation Rule-based
( System Operator-Centered )
Re-dispatch
Transmission
Loading
Relief
Sweden
U.S.A.
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Large Volatility and Upward Tendency
of Electricity and Fuel Prices
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05
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05
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04
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20
04
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20
03
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20
03
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Trend in wholesale electricity priceｓ
(one-year forward price for 2004-2006 delivery)
Source: EEX Leipzig
Crude oil
Heavy oil
Coal
Trend in fuel prices
Source：KEMA
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Future Prospects of Supply Capacity Margin
on the EU Continent
（Summertime peak）
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（Wintertime peak）
： Supply capacity margin for peak load
(Pessimistic & conservative scenario)
：Supply capacity margin required, 5%
of total power generation capacity
： Supply capacity margin for peak load
(Optimistic scenario)
z Supply capacity margin refers to an excess
of supply capacity estimated during peak
load, and
z it is estimated by subtracting the estimated
peak load and system service reserve from
the supply capacity.
（Source）UCTE, “UCTE SYSTEM ADEQUACY FORECAST (2005-2015)”
UCTE: Trade association of transmission companies in
which 23 European nations and 33 TSOs
participate. The power consumption of the
regions covered by UCTE is about 80% of the
whole of Europe.
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Kyoto Protocol regarding Reduction of
Green House Effect Gas Emission in Japan
In 2007, total emission of GHE gases in Japan has exceeded that of
of Reference year 1990 by 6.2％, and to attain the Kyoto Protocol, it is
necessary to reduce the emission by 6.8％
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（10 G ton CO2)
(+7.7%)
（+6.2%)
1,300
CO2 Reduction
by Technology
6.8 %
CO2 Reduction
(-0.6%)
1,200
12.2 %
CO2 Reduction
( - 6%)
1,100
- 3.8% CO2 by Forest absorption
- 1.6% CO2 by Kyoto Mechanism
1,000
Reference year
1990
2005
2007
Enforcement year
2008 ～ 2012
Reference: Dept. of Environment, Japan
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Sources of CO2 Emission in the World
(Drawn up based on 1971-2007 Data)
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Others: 47:6%
Source of
CO2 Emission
Electric generation
（Coal plants）
7.05 G ton: 26.0%
Steel plants: 6.3%
Cement plants: 2.9%
9.2 %
26.6 %
Expectation for reducing
52% of total CO2-emission in the World
Transportation
4.65 G ton: 17.1%
17.1 %
IEA CO2 emission from Fuel combustion 1972-2005,2007 etc.
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Countermeasures for Reduction of CO2 Emission
by Japanese Electric Power Utilities
- Diversity of countermeasures for CO2 emission reduction
- New development and high operation ratio of nuclear plants keeping the security and safety of operations
- New Construction and High Ratio of
Operation of Nuclear Generation
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Supply
Supply
side
side
Expansion
Expansionof
of
Non
-fossil Energy
Non-fossil
Energy
- Development and Diffusion of
Sustainable Energy
Hydro, Geothermal, Photo Voltaic, Wind , and Biomass
Enhancement
Enhancementof
of
Facility
FacilityEfficiency
Efficiency
- Improvement of Thermal Gen. Efficiency
Combined cycle generation , High efficiency coal plants
- Reduction of Transmission Loss
High voltage transmissions, Low loss transformers
International
International
Corporations
Corporations
- Utilization of Kyoto Mechanism
Financial support for clean and green development
- Participation to APP
Education, Pier Review and Campaign
RR&
&DDetc.
etc.
- CCS, Clean Coal Technology
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CO2-Emission by Various Generation Resources
(Methane included)
975
Coal thermal
Oil thermal
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LNG thermal
742
608
519
Gas CC
22～25
Nuclear
Hydro
11
Geothermal
15
Direct emission by generation fuel combustion
Indirect emission for fuel transportations etc.
53
P.V.
29
Wind
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Life cycle CO2 emission ( g – CO2/Kwh at sending end )
Reference: CRIEPI Japan Report 2001、August and 2000、March
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Comparisons of Generation Costs of Various
Generation Resources
z Nuclear , Coal, and LNG plants have low generation costs including fixed costs
z Oil thermal plants show high generation cost due to high ratio of fuel cost in the
total cost, and generation costs are very sensitive to fuel costs
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5.3
Nuclear
Generation costs by
Japanese Yen / kWh
5.7
Coal thermal
6.2
LNG thermal
Oil thermal
10.7
11.9
Hydro ordinal
0
2
4
6
（Japanese Yen）
8
10
12
14
Reference:METI Electric Industry Council, 2004 January,
Assumption:Life time;40 years, The rate of operation;80%, Discount ration;3%
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Transitions of Generation Mix in Japan
〇 The degree of self –sufficiency in primal energy is extremely low in Japan.
〇 In order to cope with the increase of electric demands, the generation mix has been shifted
from hydro plants, thermal plants and nuclear plants by going through repetitive energy
crisis.
〇 Now, nuclear plants and sustainable energy are the key technology against Global Warming
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Transition of Generation Mix of utilities （Generated Kwh-base）
100%
1.3
18.6
27.3
31.1
80%
52.5
60%
78.7
14.0
73.2
52.1
42.4
21.7
40%
16.0
0.1
20%
20.0
29.3
26.4
0%
1955
1960
1965
Hydro > Thermal
13.6
27.2
17.2
2.6 2.4
4.6
14.1
1973
28.6
Coal
19.4
LNG
Hydro
10.7
10.8
10.2
9.1
26.4
23.7
10.5
12.1
Oil,etc.
5.4
10.0
22.3
22.4
22.2
34.0
30.8
41.5
25.6
20.8
2005
2017
34.3
27.3
3.8
9.8
9.7
13.7
1979
1985
1990
1995
Thermal > Hydro
Nuclear
18.4
2000
Nuclear - centered Generation Mix
Reference: Blue Paper
of Generation Developments in Japan
Copyright:: Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan,
Copyright Ryuichi Yokoyama, Waseda University, Japan
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Significance of Nuclear Generation
for CO2 Reduction in Japanese Utilities
- In spite of remarkable increase of demand (Kwh), CO2 emission (Kg CO2/Kwh) has
been lowered by Nuclear-centered generation mix in Japan
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0.8
Estimate ;
App.0.37
Demand （100 Gwh）
Power demand （100 Gwh）
7,500
0.417
5,000
CO2-emission at Ge. end
（kg-CO2/kWh）
2,500
Nuclear generation
(Gwh)
0.4
0.2
Target; 0.34
20% Reduction against 1990
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
0.6
CO2-emission
at demand-end （10Gt-CO2））
0.410
1995
2000
2005
2010
CO2-emission（kg-CO2/kWh）
CO2-emission （10Gt-CO2）
10,000
Fiscal year 0.0
- Goal and Estimate of CO2-emission Through 2008 to 2012, 5 years average
- Dotted lines show CO2 emission estimates without long term Nuclear stoppages
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Comparison of CO2 Emission among Countries
( Kg-CO2 / Kwh at Generation End )
CO2 emission in Japan is relatively low compared with other countries
France( Nuclear centered) and Canada( Hydro centered) are the top runners in the world.
As Germany abolished nuclear plants by national consensus, the ratio of coal plants is high.
International Comparisons of CO2 emission（at generation end ）
CO2 emission
（kg-CO2/kWh）
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Composition of Generation
Composition of
resources (%)
Generation Fuels (%)
-
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.00
France
0
79
Canada
Japan
Italy
UK
Germany
USA
15
28
11
5
21
27
19
7
58
2
60
2
9
1
80
100
100
60
13
3
40
1
20
0
16
Oil
Gas
Coal
80
5
0.46
0.44
20
40
4
0.58
0.50
0.40
0.20
0.09
0.20
17
＊CHP Plants include
21
5
28
51
17
1
0.96
0.86
4
3
7
6
3
China
2
16
0
39
34
2
14
1
Renewable energy
Hydro
Nuclear
2
1
India
3
2
11
18
50
50
0
79
4
9
69
＊Data in 2005
: Ryuichi
Yokoyama,
Waseda
University, Japan,
Copyright
Japan
＊Reference:EnergyCopyright:
Balance
of OECD
Countries
2004-2005
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New Dimensions for
Reduction of CO2 Emission
in Electric Power Sector
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Contribution of Electric Utilities
for Carbon Free Society
○ Main streams of CO2 reduction by electric utilities are ;
- Supply side : Enhancement of Efficiency and Nuclear and Sustainable Energy
- Demand Side : Efficient Facilities and Energy Saving by Electrification
○ Practical and effective countermeasures on supply and demand sides under
cooperation among government, industries and academic organizations
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Supply side
Enhancement
Enhancement of
of Efficiency
Efficiency
Reduction
Reduction of
of CO
CO22
--Expansion
Expansionof
ofNuclear
Nuclear
--Diffusion
Diffusionof
ofSustainable
SustainableEnergy
Energy
×
Demand Side
Efficient
Efficient Facilities
Facilities
Energy
Energy Saving
Saving by
by Electrification
Electrification
-- Energy
Energy Storage,
Storage, Heat
Heat pump
pump
-- Electric
Electric Vehicles
Vehicles
Carbon
-Free Society
Carbon-Free
Society
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Contributions of Advanced Energy Technologies
to 50% CO2 Reduction up to 2050
CO2 Emission
(G-ton)
Supply side : 30 %
-Efficient Gen. & CCS:
12 %
-Advanced Nuclear Plants: 12 %
-High Tech. Photo Voltaic: 7 %
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Demand side : 30 %
-FC and Electric Vehicles: 11 %
-Domestic Conservation:
11 %
-Steel Manufacturing:
8%
50%
Possibility of
60%
CO2 Reduction
by Technologies
Diffusion of Existing
Technologies : 40 %
Estimated in 2008 by
Research Institute of Energy, Japan
Scenarios: No Innovations, Innovations
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Contribution of Nuclear Plants for CO2 Reduction
By installation of single nuclear plant (1.38 MW Unit）
⇒
Approximately 7.0 M-ton CO2 reduction
・The ratio of operation is assumed to be 85%.
・Annual generation is about 10.3 T-Wh
・Generation as the substitution of Oil thermal plants
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If the ratio of operation of whole nuclear plants could be enhanced by
1%
⇒ Approximately 3 M-ton CO2 emission reduction
（APP. 0.3% for Kyoto Protocol Agreements）
By rising the average ratio of operation up to 90%、
⇒ App. 3% reduction of total CO2 emission from Generation sector
・Total capacity of Nuclear plants:：49.47 G-kW by 55 units（at the end of 2006）
・Annual increase of generation ：App. 4.3 T-Wh
・CO2 reduction: 3.0 M-ton×15% (90% - 75%)/1360 M-ton ( Actual value at 2005）= App. 3 %
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Nuclear Plants in Operation and Construction
○ In operation (Commercial): ： 55 Units（Total capacity 49.467 GW） at May, 2008
（商業用・2008年5月末現在）
○ Under construction and Preparations ：13 Units（ Total capacity
17.23 GW ）
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Reference: Nuclear and Energy by FEPC2008
３
１０
３６６．８
１,３５６．２
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Transition of Nuclear Plant Manufacturers
in the World and Japan
1980’s
(USA)
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(France)
(Germany)
Mitsubishi Heavy Ind.
(USA)
(SW)
(USA)
Toshiba
Hitachi
Toshiba
Hitachi
Cooperation in nuclear sector in 2006, October
(UK)
(Sweden)
Nuclear Plant
Manufacturer
Group in 2006
2000’s
1990’s
Toshiba purchased in 2006, October
Toshiba
Toshiba
Merger in nuclear sector in 2006, November
Hitachi
Hitachi
(USA)
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Practical Use of Sustainable Energy and
Future Electricity Delivery Systems
for Reliable Power Supply
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Introduction of Renewable Energy in Countries
- The ratio of renewable energy against total generation in Japan is 9.1%
- The ratio in Germany is 10.1%. ( Hydro energy included )
（TWh）
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400
Others
Biogas, Liquid Biomass
Solid Biomass
City Wastes
Wnd
P.V.
Geothermal
Hydro
350
300
250
200
15.6%
9.9%
9.1%
10.1%
50
Pump-up Hydro excluded
50%
40%
30%
20%
15.0%
8.5%4.3%
0
France Germany Italy
（％）
60%
51.3%
150
100
※ Hydro included
Japan Sweden
10%
0%
Spain
USA
UK
※Generation capacity; TWh, The ratio of Renewable energy in primal energy; %
Reference :I EA, ENERGY BALANCES OF OECD COUNTRIES, 2004-2005
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Targeted Installation and Benefits of
Sustainable Energies in Electric utility Sector
Benefits of Sustainable Energy
- Improvement of the degree of self-sufficiency in domestic energy:
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Enhancement of energy national security
- Environmentally friendliness:
No emission of pollution and CO2 emission in Generation
- Expected reduction of generation cost:
Numerous diffusion of sustainable energy lowers the generation cost of new energy
Target of Installation
（Unit: G-ｋｌ Oil Equivalent）
２００５
２０２０
２０３０
５.９％
８.２％
１１.１％
New Energy
１,１６０
２,０３６
３,２０２
Hydro
１,７３２
１,９３１
１,９３１
Geothermal
５７０
６３１
６７９
The ratio of sustainable Energy
with regard to
Primal Energy Supply
Reference: Long term demand/supply prospects 2008, METI, Japan
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Economic Issues of
Sustainable Energy and Markets
Cost Transition of Photo Voltaic Generation
in 1993 - 2006
Unit: 10MW
400
260 Yen/kWh
170.9
Generation cost
Yen / KWh1
140 Yen
/kWh
137.4
113.2
86.0
370
85.9
111.9
82 Yen
/kWh
200
74 Yen
/kWh
170
120
106
45.2
74 Ye/kWh
107
33.0
58Ye/kWh
65 Ye/kWh
93
28.0
52Yen
/kWh
84
20.9
75
13.3 11.5 18.9
5.7
62.0
43.0
49Yen
/kWh
48Yen
/kWh
Accumulated PV
capacity
Domestic use
46Yen
/kWh
46Ye/kWh
47Ye/kWh
71
66
68
69
67
9.1
3.1 4.30.6 6.01.3
0.2
3.3
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2.4
Economical Issues
120
100
120 Ye/kWh
63.7
0
140
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System cost
10K Yen / KW
200
160
142.2
Accumulated
instigated
capacity
180
80
60
40
20
0
Cost Competitiveness of
Sustainable Energy in 2008
- High Initial Installation Costs
- Large scale diffusion leads to a large amount of power system operation cost for
mitigating output fluctuations
- As diffusion of generation using sustainable energy, the generation cost is expected
to become lower and the sustainable energy market itself will expand remarkably.
- Too many installation of sustainable energy generation brings about high cost,
since generation in less economic sites would come intoCopyright:
the markets.
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Monthly Fluctuations of
Wind Generation Output
(KW)
2500
2500
Generation
2000
2000
1500
1500
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1000
1000
500
500
00
1
2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
（Day)
Output Ratio Output／Rated Capacity)
Output Fluctuations of Sustainable Energy
Daily Fluctuations of
PV Generation Outputs
(%)
70
60
Fine
50
40
30
Cloudy
20
10
Rainy
0
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 18 19
（Hour)
Various
Various countermeasures
countermeasures such
such as
as ,, installation
installation of
of BESS
BESS (Battery)
(Battery) must
must be
be taken
taken for
for
Large
eneration
Large scale
scale and
and centralized
centralized introduction
introduction of
of sustainable
sustainable energy
energy ggeneration
Reference: New Energy Council,
METI, Japan
Big
Big Issue
Issue ;;
Who
Who pays
pays the
the cost
cost for
for stabilizing
stabilizing the
the output
output of
of
sustainable
sustainable energy
energy generation,
generation, Utility,
Utility, Producers,
Producers, or
or Customers
Customers ??
- Outputs of sustainable energy are influenced by meteorological conditions, such as wind velocity and
weather, then electricity is not available all day long and imbalance of generation and consumptions of
electric power cause the deviations of frequency and voltages
- As Large scale storage of electricity is not possible, utilities carry out real-time control to keep supplydemand balance.
- Due to no controllability of out puts for sustainable energy generation, in case of large scale installation of
utilities have to regulate by using oil-fuel thermal generation plants.
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Estimated Frequency Deviation by Fluctuations
of PV and Wind Generation Outputs
- Frequency is kept by the balance of Supply (Generation) and Demand
(Consumption) within a permissible range.
- More than ± 0.2 Hz deviations deteriorates industrial activities and products
- Frequency deviation is in inverse proportion to power system capacity
( Larger system is, the smaller the deviation becomes)
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Japan-East Area （50Hz）
Japan-West Area （60Hz）
Capacity of
the Power System
80 GW
100 GW
360 GW
Maximum Capacity of PV and
Wind Installation to keep
Frequency within Permissible
range : ± 02.Hz
1.6 GW
2.0 GW
7.2 GW
Frequency
（In case of 50Hz）
Supply
(Generation)
UE （UCTE）
System coefficient：
1％MW／0.1Hz
Demand
(Consumption)
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Influence of Photo Voltaic Generation
to Distribution Networks
- Voltage increase by reverse power flows from PV generators to Utility distribution
networks
- In out step of voltages from the permissible range, PV outputs are regulated or PV
generators are disconnected automatically (Output limitation scheme)
- The permissible range of voltages is 101±6V（202 ± 12V at 200V lines）
E
E
P
P
A
Power flow (Current)
Distribution
Transformer
P.V.
107Ｖ
Permissible
Voltage Range
95Ｖ
P.V.
P.V.
No PV output limitation
Controlled PV outputs
No PV installation
Distance from Transformer
- Necessity to take proper countermeasures to prevent
from voltage deviations by controlling or
disconnecting outputs of PV and Wind for widely
introducing PV and Wind generation.
In case of countermeasures
from utility side:
Who pays ?
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Stabilization of Wind Generation Outputs
by BESS ( Battery Energy Strange System )
Constant output from
Wind Gen. and BESS
Output fluctuations of Wind
E
E
P
P
A
Wind
Generators
34MW-NAS Battery
～－ Charge and discharge to match
output of wind generation
BESS
(NAS Battery)
Power System
Application:
Futanata Wind farm in Rokasho Village
- Generators: 1,500 kW × 34 Units
- NAS Battery: 2,000 kW × 17 Units
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Influence of PV Generation to System Operation
Present situation
After Large scale Installation of PV Generation
Pumped –up hydro
Pumped –up hydro
Pumped –up
Hydro
Pumped –up
Hydro
E
E
P
P
A
Thermal
Hydro
Nuclear
Problem（ After PV installation）
- In case of sudden decrease of PV outputs, it
is necessary to provide additional power
form utility grids.
- As Japanese girds are radial structures, it is
difficult to transfer deficient power from
adjacent areas
- On the other hand, as European grids are
mesh structure, there are many
interconnections between areas.
PV Gen.
Thermal
Hydro
Nuclear
Sudden Decrease
of PV Outputs
Provision of
Additional Supply
by Grid
Japanese Grid
European Grid
（Mesh Structure) （Radial Structure）
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Strategic Technology Developments
for Next Generation Battery and BESS
Large scale BESS for Grid Interconnections
High Performance Battery for Electric Vehicles
Controller
Stabilization of Sustainable energy generation
PV
generation
E
E
P
P
A
Laudations
Output
from BESS
Wind
generation
Controller
Charger
Synthesized output
～
－
AC?DC Converters
BESS
Common Theme
Low cost
Direction:：Large scale, Longevity
Practical implementation
MWh class BESS, Low cost, Longevity, Heat control for
thousand-module battery, High voltage battery, DOC
control, Maintenance free
Next Generation BESS
New materials for electrodes and electrolytes for new
specifications to use sustainable energy, n[New Battery
systems with low cost and performance to be able to
expect break through
Basic Technology
Life time estimation for sustainable energy based BESS,
Durability, Testing method of safety and standards.
Motor
Battery
Direction: High density, High power
High Performance Elements
Li-ion Battery, its new Materials, Auxiliary devices
( Motors, Controllers, etc.)
Next Generation Battery
Innovative batteries and storage systems based on new
concept and their materials and battery response control
schemes
Basic Technology
Extension of battery life cycle, Analysis of deterioration
mechanism, Enhancement of performance, Testing method
of battery safety and safety standards.
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New Business Models and Technical Developments
for Future Energy Delivery Networks
Virtual Power Plant : System operation and ancillary service
by integrated control of numerous DG s
① Virtual Power Plant (Encorp)
② Dispatching Backup Generation (Electrotec)
③ Virtual Utility (ABB, Edison-Project)
E
E
P
P
A
Micro Grid : Power supply network for a specific area
① CERTS
Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solution
② Micro Grid (Encorp)
Power Park : Multi quality and multi menu power supply
① Delaware Premium Power Park (AEP, EPRI, Siemens)
② Pleasanton Power Park (Real Energy)
③ Custom Power Park（Westinghouse Elec. Co, EPRI）
Others
①Energy Web, Smart Grid, DisPower, Copyright:
etc.
Japan
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Features of Proposed Energy Delivery Networks
Virtual Power Plant (ENCORP）
Micro-Grid (EOLBNL)
E
E
P
P
A
Custom Power Park (Westinghouse)
C om m odity
od ity P ow er
M od ules:
Incom in g
P ow er
C on ditioning
(D V R )
S eam less
Isolation
(SS B )
Services :
C om m odity
od ity
P ow er
C u stom
sto m P ow
o w er P ark
a rk
D irty L oad
B u ffer and
C om pensation
(D S T A T C O M )
S h ort T erm
E n ergy S torage
(SM E S,F W ,B attery )
O n -L ine
M onitorin g
an d
D iagn ostics
Pleasanton Power Park (Real Energy)
L ong T erm
L oad
B acku p
M anagem ent
O ption
and
(M /G ,F uel.C ell
O p tim ization
)
In stallation
M aintenan ce
T rainin g
E n gin eerin g
Seam less
T ran sfer
(SS T S )
Im p
roved
proved
P ow er
P rem iu
m
ium
P ow er
P ow er for
N on - L in
ear L oad s
inear
Reference: Chris Marney, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
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Implemented NEDO Projects in Japan
for Energy Delivery Systems up to 2008
Projects
E
E
P
P
A
Current status
( at Oct. 2008. )
EXPO-2005 Chubu Area Centralized New Energy
Installation Demonstrative Research Project
Implemented
in Nagoya
Hachinohe Municipal Project on
Restoration of Electricity from Water Stream
Implemented
in Hachinohe
Kyoto Eco-energy Project
Implemented
in Kyoto
Roppongi Hills Urban Area Energy supply System
Demand Area Power System (CRIEPI)
FRIENDS Project
Implemented
in Roppongi
Implemented in Akagi
Implemented in Sendai
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Features of Future Energy Delivery System
Kyoto Eco-energy Project (Kyoto, Fuji Elec. Co.)
Demand Area Power System (CRIETI)
Upper transmission
network
Communication line
Customer
Biogas generation
in F-area
：400kw
Fuel cell：250kw
Energy
Supply
Low voltage customer
E
E
P
P
A
Pole mounted
Transformer
Supply-Demand Interface
Central operating
system
Energy
Demands
Loop Controller
High　voltage
Low voltage
Communication line
Hachinohe Municipal Microgrid Project
E Primary school
Wind generation：8ｋW
Control system
Waste timbers
E Middle school
PV generation：10ｋW
Conventional
boiler
Gas holder
K Middle school
Layered tank
Sublimated Gases are
used
for engine fuels
Wooden
biogas
boiler
1.0 ton／h
Area sewage
treatment office
K Primary school
City Hall and Office
Tohoku Elec.
Com.
： 20kw
center
Comprehensive supports
(Kyoto Prefecture)
Dispatching
Control
Research projects
(NRI)
Technical support
Grid connection
(KEPCO)
Y- Town office
Y- Hospital
Grid
Kyoto Wind Museum
Global Common 5
building
Power
Receiving
terminal
Power
NAS Battery
High temperature
Gas system
Timber tips from
Pavilion constrictions
PAFC
Power
Ngate Gov.Pavilion
PV-generation： 330ｋW
Lead battery
50ｋW ×２Unites
PV generation
T-area ：30kw
Sewage treatment
Aichi EXPO-2005 New Energy System (METI, Japan)
Biogas engine
170ｋW ×３Unites
Dispatching control.s,
System developments
(Fuji Elec.Com.)
Power
Monitoring and consol
Methane
fermentation
system
Refrigerator
MOFC
Refrigerator
Cool water
Air
conditioning
Refrigerator
Garbage from
EXPO pavilions
City Gas
SOFC
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Undergoing Implementation Projects in Japan
for Future Energy Delivery Systems
Projects
E
E
P
P
A
Shimizu Microgrid :
Current status
(at Oct. 2008.)
Practical Operation
in Tokyo area
since 2005
Control tech. using several types of distributed generators
Shimizu Institute of Technology (SIT), Shimizu Corporation
Holonic Energy System:
Contribution to Grid Voltage Control and Isolated Operation with
Distributed Energy Resources
Yokoyama Research Center, ,Tokyo Gas Company
Practical Operation
in Yokohama area
since 2005
Multi Menu Electricity supply Project
Tohoku Welfare University
Under Implementation
in Sendai since 2007
Others (by NEDO, JICA)
Under Implementation
in China, Thailand, etc.
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Shimizu Microgrid
Control Technology using Several Types
of Distributed Generators
E
E
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P
A
SIT
Shimizu Institute of Technology (SIT), Shimizu Corporation
Shimizu Microgrid, Tokyo
Battery 400kWh
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Components and Structure of Microgrid
installed in Shimizu Laboratory
Control system
E
E
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A
Gas engine 350 kW
Gas engine 90 kW
Ni-MH
50 kW × 8 hrs
EDLC
100 kW × ±2 sec
Photovoltaic 10 kW
Purchase from the grid
Power
Heat recovery
Absorption
排熱回収
Refrigerating
machine
Hot/Chilled
water
HP
Chiller
Reservoir
Lab.
Heat
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Targets of Shimizu Microgrid
Microgrid in Urban Area
CO2 reduction,
Power supply system in case of emergency
E
E
P
P
A
・Production facilities
・Hospitals, Bank
・IT data center, Office…
・Urban development
Microgrid in Rural Area
Promotion of
- Renewable energy,
- Biomass energy
To - Islands
- Solar park or Wind farm
- Un-electrified villages in developing countries
Copyright:
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Analysis and Measurements
of Load and Fluctuations
700
E
E
P
P
A
Frequency analysis of Load Fluctuations
・Frequency Decomposition on Load Fluctuations
500
400
300
200
100
0
0:00
6:00
12:00
18:00
24:00
Amplitude （kW）
・Analysis of Load Change Characteristics
・Decision of Power Supply Devices
and Capacity
600
Load （kW）
Measurement of Load Profile
Frequency （Hz）
Spectrum analysis of frequency to be compensated by each device
Copyright:
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Amplitude （dB）
Frequency Response and Load Following Ability
of Active Power Resources
Electric double layer capacitor
Good
Max.
E
E
P
P
A
Gas engine
Gas engine
Battery
NG
0.01
0.1
1
10
Frequency （Hz）
Bias
Min.
Time
Load following ability
Gas engine
Good
for fluctuations with a period 100 sec
Phase
Battery
for fluctuations with a period 1 sec
EDLC (Capacitor)
NG
0.01
0.1
1
10
for fluctuations with a period 0.5 sec
Frequency （Hz）
Copyright:
Japan
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Operation Scheme for Compound Generation
According to Each Device Response Speed
E
E
P
P
A
Stepwise Load Change
Gas Engine Generator
Battery
Time
Electric Double Layer Capacitor
Load
Change
stepwise
EDLC
Output
Rapid Response
Battery
Output
Middle Response
Gas Engine
Output
Slow Response
Copyright:
Japan
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Contribution of Proposed Microgrid to
Load Following Operation and Cost Reduction
E
E
P
P
A
Conventional Microgrid Operation
Power
600
Power
ｋW
ｋW
Purchased Electricity
from the grid
800
400
200
Distributed Generators
0
0:00
4:00
8:00
12:00
Time
16:00
20:00
0:00
Present Microgrid Operation
800
Load following control
600
400
Distributed Generators
200
Purchase from the grid
0
0:00
4:00
8:00
12:00
16:00
20:00
0:00
Time
Copyright:
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Overview and Future Plan of Microgrid
in Shimizu laboratory
Islanded Supply Area (Important Load)
Collaboration Center
Acoustic Lab.
Multi-function Testing Lab.
E
E
P
P
A
Multi-purpose Testing Lab.
c
Microgrid Control Room
c
PV 10kW
Structural
Testing Lab.
Energy Center
GE Gas Engine Gen.
350kW
3D Vibration
Gas Engine Gen.
90kW
Testing Lab.
GE
Heat Storage
EDLC Super
Tank
Capacitor
Security
Ni-MH Battery
Entrance
D
C
D
Biotope
Main Office
C
Wind Tunnel
Safety & Security
Center
Receiving Point 1
Testing Lab.
Receiving Point 2
Low Voltage
Mini-microgrid
Gas Engine Gen. 22kW
・
・Gas TurbineGen. 28kW
・Lead-acid Battery 20kWh
Clean Room Lab.
Ultra-Clean Room
Lab.(old)
Electromagnetic
Environment Lab.
Geometrical
Centrifuge Lab.
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Demonstration of Islanding operation
Connecting → Islanding → Connecting
Permissible Power quality
E
E
P
P
A
Frequency： 50±0.2Hz
Voltage ： Fluctuation within ±10％
Current breaker
for Islanding Operation
Islanding area
Clean
Room
Energy
Plant
EDLC
Multi
Purpose
Ward
Sound
Ward
CGS
Load：300～400kW
CGS
Receiving Bus
NI-ion
Battery
Multi
Purpose
Ward
Tokyo Electric. Co.
Large
Equip.
Ward
Ward
Wind
Tunnel
Ward
Ward
Clean
Room
Clean
Room
Saver
Copyright:
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Microgrid at Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
中国浙江省杭州電子科技大学
Microgrid enhancing PV proportion up to 50%
E
E
P
P
A
Construction site
マイクログリッド構築位置
PV Generators：120kW
Diesel generator ：120kW
・Compensation of PV
output fluctuation in
case of Connecting
operation
・Power quality
stabilization in
case of Islanding
operation
International Cooperative Demonstration Project for Stabilized
and Advanced Grid-connection PV Systems（NEDO)
Copyright:
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Microgrid at Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
E
E
P
P
A
Diesel generator
Start construction：Dec., 2007
Completion：end of Sept., 2008
Start operation：Oct., 2009
Demonstration： End of
Sept.,2009
Lead acid battery
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Japan
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Structure and Components of
Autonomous Energy Delivery Networks
Intelligent
Fuel Cells
Control System
E
E
P
P
A
IT Use Monitoring ,Communication and Control
Wind Generator
Domestic
Customers
Electricity/Heat
Supply
Gas
Turbine
Loop Network
Battery
Energy
Storage
System
Large
Customers
PV generation
Electricity/Heat Supply
Copyright:
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The Role of Battery in Power Supply
Utility Applications
E
E
P
P
A
Load Leveling
• Efficiency/Economic
• Overload Reliving
• Deferment of Facility
Spinning Reserve
Voltage & Frequency
Control
Customer Applications
Load Leveling
• Contract Keep
• Peak Cut
Power Quality
Power Supply
in Emergency
Substitution for Distributed Generators
Wide Utilization of Renewable Energy
Copyright:
Japan
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Structure of New Energy Storages in Practice
Ni-MH Battery
High Performance Lead Battery
Terminal
e－ →
Liquid plug
↑
e－
Upper/Lower
Liquid level
E
E
P
P
A
Storage case
Strap
Terminal (--)
Separator
Grass mat
Terminal(+)
Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC)
e－ →
放電
Discharge
正
正
極
(+)極
負
負
極
(--)極
H 2O
H 2O
e－
↓
N iO OH
← e－
水素
Hydrogen
H+
e－ →
OH－
OH －
N i(O H ) 2
オキシ水酸化ニッケル
水素吸蔵合金
Metal
hydroid
Ni-OH2
Li-ion Battery
電子 e－ →
Electron
負　極
(--)
負　極
放　電
Discharge
(+)
正　極
正　極
Li+
炭素材料
(黒鉛層間化合物)
Carbon
Material
遷移金属酸化物
Metal
Oxide
Vacant Li site
空のLi+サイト
Copyright:
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Cell Structure of NAS (Sodium/Sulfur) Battery
Na Cartridge
Terminal (-)
Terminal (+)
Safety Insert
E
E
P
P
A
Sodium(Na)
Na Cartridge
520 mm
Safety Insert
Solid Electrolyte
( β-Alumina )
Sulfur
－
＋
Electrical
Disch
Isolation
Na
Ch
S
β-Alumina
Sodium Flow
(With Graphite Felt)
Cell Case
90 ｍｍ
Produced by
NGK INSULATORS,
LTD
Copyright:
Japan
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The Role of Large Scale Energy Storage
in Practical Use of Sustainable Energy
for Stable Power Supply
Copyright:
Japan
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Performance of Batteries Energy Storage Systems
in Practice
Battery
E
E
P
P
A
NAS
REDOX Flow
Lead
Zinc-Br
1.4
2.0
1.8
100
110
430
120
220
600
80
85
80
40～80
5～50
20～50
Pump
Water
Pump
Medium
Large
Medium
Voltage
V
2.08
Energy
Density
Wh/kg
780
Wh/l
1,000
Efficiency
％-DC
87
Temperature
C deg
280～350
Auxiliaries
Heater
Self Discharge
No
Reference: NGK INSULATORS, LTD
Copyright:
Japan
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Capacity and Characteristics of
Practical Energy Storage Systems
Necessity: Capacity be ＭＷ Scale, Discharge for 5 – 6 Hours
for Large Scale Energy Generation
5 - 6 Hours
Long Term Response
○
Minutes
Ni-MH Battery
1kW
NAS Battery
REDOX Flow
10kW
100kW
1MW
Long Term
Response
Lead Battery
Short Term
Response
Electric Double Layer Capacitor
High-Speed Fly Wheel
Low –Speed Fly Wheel
Seconds
Quick Response
Maximum Discharge Time
E
E
P
P
A
Li-ion Battery
10MW
ＳＭＥＳ
100MW
Capacity(W)
Copyright:
Japan
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Present Costs and Prospects
of Practical Energy Storage Systems
10000
Storage Energy Costs of Batteries
(100 US$ /kWh)
1000
EDLC
Fly
フライ
ホイール
Wheel
E
E
P
P
A
100
Li-ion Battery
Ni-鉛蓄電池
MH
REDOX Flow
ニッケル
Battery
Battery
10
Lead Battery
Lead Battery（Expected）
NAS Battery
NAS Battery (Expected)
1
10
30
Fixed Costs
100
(100 US$ /kW)
＊Storage Energy Cost (100 US$ /kWh)
＝ Fixed Cost (100 US$ /kW) ÷Time Capacity
300
○ Assumed Time Capacity
・ NAS Battery：
Battery：7.2 Hours
・ REDOX Flow Battery：
Battery：1～8 Hours
・ Lead Battery：
Battery：5 Hours
・ EDLCﾀ：
6～8 Seconds
EDLCﾀ：6
・ﾌFly Wheel：
Wheel：15 Seconds
Copyright:
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Features and Instillation of NAS Battery
Features
of
NAS Battery
•
•
•
•
•
High Performance Battery
Sodium (Na) & Sulfur (S)
with β-Alumina Solid Electrolyte
Target: Load Leveling → Quality Enhancement
Cost → Same Level as Pumped Storage Hydro
Totally 139MW has been Installed to Customers
E
E
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P
A
Performance
of
NAS Battery
Installation
Energy Density
Energy Efficiency
Maintenance
Characteristic
Cycle Life
Construction Period
: About 3 times that of Lead-Acid
: 87% ( Battery)
: 95% ( Inverter/Converter One Way )
: 78% ( Total include heater loss )
: Periodical Inspection ( 3 years )
: No self-discharge, No memory-effect
: 4500 Cycles = 15 years
: Few Months
Commercial Installation： 139 MW at 83 sites
Commercial Installation： 270 MW at 200 sites
(2007.6：TEPCO)
(2009.1：NGK)
Rapidly
Increase
in Overseas
Copyright:
Japan
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Structure and Component of Cell and Module
Fuses
Output Power : 50 kW
Storage Capacity : 360 kWh
Cells
E
E
P
P
A
0.67 m
2.2 m
1.7 m
Side Heater
Connecting Bars
Cover
Main Poles
320 Cells/module
Charge: 8 hours
Discharge: 7.2 hours
Main Pole
Vacuum Thermal Enclosure
Bottom Heater
Sand
Cell
Remarks: Heater is required to keep the Temperature of 300 Degree C
Sulfur and Sodium are abundant, butCopyright:
dangerous to treat Japan
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Remarkable Price Redaction
of NAS Battery System
￡/kW
12,000
1000 kW System
10,800
E
E
P
P
A
10,000
Design & Quality
Battery Cost
Cost
8,000
6,000
5,630
T4.1 cell
12.5kWModule
4,000
T4.2 cell
25kWModule
(Battery + PCS)
Design & Materials
4,370
T5 cell
50kWModule
2,000
0
System Cost
2,252
Mass Production
900 – 1,130
700
1995
1997
1999
2001
8
48
48
48
2004 - 2008
400
Estimated
1600
Amount of Production (MWh / Year)
Reference:
INSULATORS,
LTD,2008
Copyright:
Ryuichi
Yokoyama, Waseda
University, Japan,
Copyright:NGK
Japan
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The Role and Use of BESS
( Battery Energy Storage System)
• The uncertainty and perturbation of outputs from
Renewable Energy should be leveled using BESS.
• It is indispensable for islands and remote areas, unlike
urban area, as their generation capacity is small.
• Flat load has advantage to get inexpensive energy.
– Power market reveals the difference of tariff between
day and night. Economical benefit became clear.
• Micro Grid: Countermeasure for Energy Imbalance
• Request for High Power Quality: Quality - Sensitive Loads
– Honda introduced 12MW NAS battery in a R&D Center.
– Fujitsu introduced 2-4 MW NAS batteries in three sites.
E
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P
A
Copyright:
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Instillations by Companies of NAS Batteries
E
E
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P
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Honda
Fujitu Electric Co/
- For high performance of CO2-emission Reduction by NAS battery,
Installed companies appeal the “ Clean and Green Corporation ”.
- The advantage will become obvious when CO2-emission trade starts.
Copyright:
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Output Stabilization of Wind Generation
by NAS Battery at Futamata Wind Farm
50 MW Wind farm
(1.5 MW×34 Units)
E
E
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P
A
2 MW NAS Battery
Package × 17 sets
44m
82m
34MW – NAS Battery
（2MW×17 sets）
In Rokkasho Village
２MW DC/AC Converter × 17 sets
33.5m
Co.
Copyright:
: Ryuichi Yokoyama,Wind
WasedaDevelopment
University, Japan,
CopyrightReference:Japan
Japan
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Wind Power and NAS Battery Hybrid System
with Output Stabilization
E
E
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P
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34 MW NAS equipped in 51 MW Wind Farm
Copyright:
Japan
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Present Price of NAS Battery System
( In Committal )
1,000 kW ( 1 MW )
E
E
P
P
A
NAS System Cost
(Battery + Power Conditioner)
2MW NAS x 17
USA
$/kW
GB
￡/kW
Europe
€/kW
China
Y/kW
Japan
Y/kW
1,400 1,900
700 900
900 1200
10,000 13,000
15,0000 20,0000
Copyright:
Japan
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Back to the Basics toward
Reliable and Efficient Power Supply
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Future Diversity of Uses
of Battery Energy Storage Systems
Supply Side
Generation Plants
Battery for PSS and LFC
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Large Scale BESS
for Load Leveling
Voltage control
Mobile Use
Substation
Pumped –Up
Hydro Plant
Battery for
Spinning Reserve
Substitution of
Pumped –Up
Hydro Plant
By BESS
Demand Side
Stationary-Type
Domestic-use Battery
UPS-use Battery
（10～30kWh Class）
Battery for Electric Vehicles （10～300kWh Capacity）
Battery for Plug-in Hybrid Cars（3～10kWh Capacity）
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Concept of Adequacy and Security
in Power System Reliability
Reliability
in Power System
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Supply–side Reliability
（Supply Reliability）
Customer-side
Reliability
（Outages ）
Static reliability
Adequacy
Capability of power supply against
maintenances and outages of facilities
Dynamic reliability
Security
( Trunk system )
Capability of preventing the system
from spreading outages
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Fundamentals for keeping Supply Reliability
Reliability
System
Operation
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Security
Normal State
Efficient and stable
system operation
Emergency State
System
Developments
Networks
Integrated forming of
generation and networks
・Concentration of power to system operators
（Information, System control）
・Obligation of obedience of rules by market participants
Cost is charged to
all customers
in utilities
which operate
the reserve facilities
Privileges of ownership
Necessary cost for
network expansions
is charged to all customers
Adequacy
Generation
Preparation of reserves
Available from markets
Cost is charged to
all customers
in utilities
which construct
the reserve facilities
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Coordination of Goals of Electric Power Utilities
against Global Warming
Premise:
Stable, Reliable, and Clean Power supply for
All Customers with Reasonable Price
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Energy Security
(Stable Power Supply)
Economic
Environmental
Growth
Conservation
(New
(CO2 Reduction
Business)
etc.)
・Promotion of CO2 Reduction by coordinating Major Goals “ 3E ”
・Contribution to create the Efficient Energy Use Society
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Back to the Basics
Toward Reliable and Efficient Power Supply
Reliable Supply and Environmental Preservation
・Diversification of power supply (Generation best mix)
・Development of nuclear and new/sustainable energy technologies
・Adequacy of energy delivery networks and supply margins
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Increase in Efficiency of Management
・Improvement in profitability (Asset management for high return)
・Improvement of financial structure (Capital ratio versus investments)
・Installation of efficient and reliable facilities (Cogeneration management)
Strengthening and Upturn of a Profit Base
・Development of new business, such as ESCO, Solution and Information
business, Distributed energy technologies, Foreign business etc.)
・Accurate forecasting of power demands and electricity price in markets
Back
Back to
to the
the Basics
Basics for
for Reliable
Reliable and
and Efficient
Efficient Power
Power Supply
Supply
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Thank you for your attention
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Ryuichi YOKOYAMA
横山隆一
Waseda University
早稲田大学
[email protected]
Copyright:
Japan

New Issues in Deregulated Power Markets and Practical Use of

Transcription

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