Diesel Fuel Handbook

DONALDSON DELIVERS
Clean Fuel and
Lubricant Solutions
Diesel Fuel Handbook
2
Prelude to Fuel
This booklet is written in order to share a fair part of the
knowledge that Donaldson has gathered over the years both
in the field as in the laboratories around the world.
By spending between 2 and 3% of Donaldson’s annual
turnover on Research & Development (R&D), our technology,
whether it is new media development, filter package or
solution positioning, stands where it is today.
We strive to continue this process and to invest in knowledge
about fuels & oils. Knowledge that will provide us the key to
the solutions of the problems you face today and most likely
tomorrow.
A big impact in fuel and fuel cleanliness is not only the fuel
itself, but also how it is applied in new engine platforms with
advanced common rail injection systems.
The better we understand this continuous change, the more
reliable our solutions and your machines become.
The fuel booklet is written to introduce you to the world of
fuels, a world that like human society is in a continuous mode
of change.
A world that has a profound part of what can be described as
mysterious, for those who are not breathing the science day in
and day out.
On the next 28 pages we will reveal part of the mystery and
show you a glimpse of the near future.
Niko Verhaegen
Development Manager Clean Fuel & Lubricant Solutions
1
Table of Contents
Fuel Legislation
3
PM&NOx
4
CO2
4
EN590
5
ISO4406/99
6
Worldwide Fuel Charter
6
Types of Diesel
7
Common Diesel Fuel
7
Biodiesel
8
Fuel Chain
9
Fractional Distillation
9
Biodiesel manufacturing process
9
Contamination
10
How Clean Fuel Should Be - “Clear and Bright”
12
ISO4406/99 Cleanliness Level
14
Multipass Filter Testing
17
Single vs. Multipass
19
Common Rail Diesel Injection CRDI
20
Clean Solutions Offer
21
Case Studies
24
FAQ
26
2
Fuel Legislation
Engines have been driving our world, whether it is the engine
in your car/ truck that takes you to your next adventure or the
engine of a ship, plane or train that connects you with your
friends, colleagues or family. Engines have made our big blue
planet smaller at each leap of technology. This technology
path is mostly challenged by legislation.
The engine emissions regulations, whether it is on road (Euro)
or offroad (Tier), are forcing Engine manufacturers to decrease
the emissions and to make better & cleaner engines.
What is important to notice on above graph, is that although
not properly specified, the fluid cleanliness has recently been
the center of attention.
3
The Worldwide fuel charter (undersigned by the biggest
engine manufactures) was a start, however the ISO
4406/99 standard and the ISO 18/16/13 cleanliness level
that features in the charter, is just a beginning.
While on one hand the industry is righteously focused on a
cleaner product (engine) by using cleaner products (liquid &
air), the oil and gas companies developed at the beginning of
the emissions norms a separate standard EN590.
Unfortunately both worlds, although closely linked by
“product” are today not speaking the same language.
PM & NOx
The emission standards both on and off road generally
regulate the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides,
particulate matter (PM) or soot, carbon monoxide (CO), or
volatile hydrocarbons (see carbon dioxide equivalent).
CO2
The EU Directive 2009/30/EC adopted by the European
Community amends sulphur content and introduces new
requirements to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of
energy supplied for road transportation. As a result of this new
regulation, gasoline has to be traded according to eco-friendly
specifications with a reduction in aromatic hydrocarbons,
oxygen and sulphur level.
The reduction in the value of aromatic hydrocarbons and
sulphur level is also applied to diesel traded into the market.
Member countries of the European Union asked to fuel
suppliers a reduction of 10 % of CO2 emissions for every unit
of energy produced by fossil fuels before December 2020.
4
EN590
Before this Directive the European fuel standard EN 590:2009
has incorporated the latest fuel quality requirements.
Products coming from manufacturers of fuel injection
equipment may not meet the expected lifetime performances
and emissions targeted, if the fuel used doesn’t respect the
parameters of EN590:2009.
The most important features in terms of cleanliness of the
EN590 standard are:
• up to 24mg/kg of total contamination – findings 3<x<10
• below 200 ppm of water –finding 59<x<150
These general parameters will surely be more specified in the
future, but for now are the only “cleanliness” norms that can
be used.
5
ISO 4406/99
The International Standard Organization (ISO) has also
developed a cleanliness code that has become a standard, the
ISO 4406/99. This code defines more in details the number of
particles present per milliliter of fluid.
For more info please read section on how clean should fuel be.
Worldwide Fuel Charter
On a more worldwide scale, in 1998
engine manufacturers created the
“Worldwide Fuel Charter” to set
international standards for fuels. In the
preamble for the 2006 edition it stated
that: “advanced ultra-clean engine
and vehicle technologies have begun
to be introduced in some markets and
will continue to be used in increasing
numbers.
These new technologies require the best quality to achieve
their emissions and performance potential.” The charter
quotes a requirement for diesel fuel to meet an ISO
18/16/13 cleanliness requirement and on the other hand fuel
manufacturers start working on a fuel that has to be much
cleaner in order to respond to the needs of modern common
rail injector needs.
6
Types of Diesel
Common Diesel Fuel
It is obtained through the fractional distillation of petroleum
fuel oil and it is generally simpler to refine than gasoline. It
contains hydrocarbons and has a boiling point in the range of
180-360°C (360-680°F).
Diesel derived from petroleum has a composition of about
75% saturated hydrocarbons and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons.
The chemical formula for this type of fuel is normally C12H23
and goes from C10H20 to C15H28.
Because of recent changes in fuel quality regulations,
additional refining is required to remove sulfur, this has led to
the production of ULSD (Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel) fuel.
If the level of sulfur is high this is harmful for the environment
because sulfur prevents the control of particulate emissions
through catalytic diesel particulate filters, but not only: also
innovative technologies like nitrogen oxide (NOx) absorbers
are unable to reduce emissions.
Another effect of the lowering of sulfur in diesel is the
reduction of fuel lubricity that provokes the increase in the
usage of additives in the fuel to improve lubrication.
7
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is the name of a cleanburning alternative fuel that does not
contain petroleum.
It is defined as mono-alkyl esters of
long chain fatty acids derived from
vegetable oils or animal fats for use in
diesel engines. Biodiesel refers to the
pure fuel before blending with diesel
fuel. The most present in the market
is the Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME).
Biodiesel blends are denoted as, “BXX” with “XX”
representing the percentage of biodiesel contained in the
blend (ie: B20 is 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel).
First generation of biodiesel fuels
• Vegetable oil - diesel (Methyl ester PME)
• Vegetable oil (f.i. Rapeseed, coconut, soybean, fried fat)
• Animal fat (Oil of poultry or other)
Second and future generations
• Algae and other organic raw materials
Effects on filtration of Biodiesel
• Cleaning effect - Increase wear
• Water Dissolvence
• Micro-organisms in water
8
Fuel Chain
Fractional Distillation
Biodiesel manufacturing process
9
Source: BBC - Bitesize
Source:
Understanding Biodiesel Fuel
Quality and Performance
By: J.M. Weiksner Sr. P.E.,
Stephen L. Crump Ph.D., and
Thomas L. White Ph.D.
Contamination
Types of contaminants
•
•
•
Particulate: silica, fibres, dust, rust, metal, drop outs, gel
Water (Free or Dissolved)
Air (Free or Dissolved)
Where contamination comes from
• Added with New Fluid
• Ingressed from outside the system during operation
(breather, transportation, poor filling routines etc)
• Induced by maintenance procedures
• Built-in during manufacturing assembly processes
• Breakdown of Rubber and Elastomers particles from
hoses seals, etc, due to temperature, time, fluid stream
• In-Operation main sources are pump, motors,
precombustion, ….
• High water Based fluids get biological growth and organic
contamination
• Replacement of Failed Components there could be big
particles down stream
Effects of particulate contamination:
0-5μm: System components failure over time (injector wear,
over consumption, loss of power)
>5μm: Immediate Catastrophic failure (fuel pomp failure,
injector blockage)
Typical particle size range in fuels is between 1-50μm
10
Effects of water contamination:
• Contributes to Fuel & Additive Drop Out Problems
• Promotes Rust, Corrosion, Deposits,
Acid Formation and Algae Growth
• Reduces Fuel Lubricity (when emulsified)
and Flow (when freezes)
• Plugs Injector Nozzles and can reduce
Injector Life by up to 10x
Promotes microbial growth :
• Most Bacteria Require Free Water
• ULSD Made Worse
• Sulfur slowed growth
• Biodiesel = Food
• Difficult to Remove
Effects of air contamination:
• Loss of transmitted power
• Reduced pump output
• Loss of lubrication
• Increased of operating temperature
• Reservoir fluid foaming
• Chemical reactions
11
How Clean Fuel Should Be “Clear and Bright”
What is a micron? A Micron is a unit of measurement,
it represents 1 Millionth of a Meter (micrometer) or
0.000039”, the international symbol is “µ” but also often
referred to as µm (micrometer).
The human eye can only see down to 40µm, so to conduct a
40 µm
80 µm
25 µm
100 µm
2 µm
10 µm
Grain of table salt
100 µm
Human hair
80 µm
Lower limit of visibility
40 µm
White blood cell
25 µm
Talcum powder
10 µm
Red blood cell
8 µm
Bacteria
2 µm
Silt
<5 µm
visual test of how “clear and bright” your fluid is, is not correct
and therefore a so-called patch test is required. The patch test
is a test where a sample of 25 ml of the fluid to be tested is
poured through a membrane with porosities of up to 0.8µm,
causing any particle greater than 0.8µ to be captured on the
surface of the membrane. This membrane is than visually
inspected under the microscope with a suitable magnification
level.
12
Looking at the picture below, this bottled sample looks
spotlessly clean… however under a simple USB driven
microscope you discover a parallel universe of contamination.
Alternatively or in addition to the visual patch testing,
which detects the contamination, automatic
particle counting can give you a better
understanding of the number of
particles that are in a set of
sample fluid.
The combination of an
automated light beam
and laser particle counters
quantify the contamination
level of the sample fluid.
The sample flows at reduced speed through a
small tube while a beam
of light is projected through.
If a particle blocks the light,
a voltage pulse proportional
to the equivalent diameter
of the particle is produced.
There are various standards of measuring
the result but the most common are ISO 4406, NAS 1638
and SAE AS 4059. The ISO 4406 code we discuss in next
paragraph.
Unfortunately, the sensors can be susceptible to producing
“phantom” counts, so we always recommend taking patch
membranes. Phantom counts are caused by counting of
insoluble additives that are blocking the light beam.
These insoluble particles can cause premature filter blockage,
but can perfectly be harmless to the machine and its
components.
13
Further analysis will be necessary – for more information
please contact Donaldson at [email protected]
ISO4406/99 Cleanliness Level
The international rating system for fluid contamination levels
is called the ISO contamination code and it is detailed in the
ISO 4406 document. Most component manufacturers publish
filtration level recommendations using the three scale ISO
code, which permits the differentiation of the dimension and
distribution of the particles in the fluid that are allowed.
Manufacturer’s ISO contamination levels are based on
controlling the particle counts of 4 μ, 6 μ and 14 μ particles in
hydrocarbon fluids.
This level is identified by measuring the number of particles
4μ and greater, 6 μ and greater, and 14 μ and greater in one
milliliter of the system sample.
The range between the upper and lower limits for each scale
number is a factor of two.
This also means that for each increase of one ISO code
number, the number of particles can double.
14
ISO 4406 Contamination Code
Range of number of particles per milliliter:
Code More Than Up to & Including
24
80,000160,000
23
40,00080,000
22
20,00040,000
21
10,00020,000
20 5,00010,000
19 2,5005,000
18 1,3002,500
17 6401,300
16 320640
15 160320
1480160
134080
122040
111020
105 10
9 2.55
8 1.32.5
7 .641.3
6 .32.64
How to Use the ISO Rating
Example: The Worldwide fuel charter recommends an ISO
cleanliness level of 18/16/13.
1. On the Application Guide for Donaldson Filter Media
on the next page, place a dot on the vertical 4 μ line,
horizontally even with the 18 box of the ISO code.
2. Place a dot on the vertical 6 μ line horizontally even with
the 16 box of the ISO code.
3. Place a dot on the vertical 14 μ line horizontally even with
the 13 box of the ISO code.
4. Connect the dots to get the ISO cleanliness level
18/16/13.
15
As illustrated below, particle counts falling on and above the
18/16/13 line are damaging to the component and exceed the
18/16/13 specification set by the manufacturer.
x
x
x
x
x
18
x
x
x
13
x
x
x
x
µm
ISO 18/16/13
PARTICLES HARMFUL
TO THE COMPONENT
Common Industry ISO
Cleanliness Ratings
PARTICLES TOLERABLE
TO THE COMPONENT
4 6
14
Donaldson recommends various fluids to have specific
cleanliness level tolerable to the component.
SO 22/21/18
ISO
18/16/13
ISO 18/16/13
Typical
cleanliness of
elivered fluids
Target
Targetrating
ratingforfor
heavy
gear/engine
heavy
gear/
oils oils
engine
ISO
16/14/11
ISO 16/14/11
ISO
ISO 14/13/11
14/13/11
Target
Targetrating
rating
for
forhydraulic/
hydraulic/
transmission
transmissionoils
oils
Target rating
Target
ratingfor
for
diesel fuel
diesel
fuel
16
Multipass Filter Testing
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for
multipass testing provides a common testing format for filter
manufacturers to rate filter performance. This standardization
gives you the ability to reliably compare published filter ratings
among different brands of filters.
ISO test standards were updated in 1999 to reflect the
improved technology available in particle counters and
other test equipment. The newer particle counters provide
more precise counting and greater detail – reflecting a truer
indication of filter performance.
The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA), the National
Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST), and industry
volunteers, including several engineers from Donaldson,
helped revise the ISO standards.
ISO 16889 has been in force since late 1999 and ISO 4572 is
officially discontinued.
The ISO 16889 is typically used for hydraulic fluids as the
official standard for diesel testing is the ISO 19438.
The main difference between both liquid standards is the BUG
(base upstream gravimetric) level which can be lower for the
ISO 16889 test procedure vs. the ISO 19438 and allows the
ISO 16889 test to be more repeatable in the same period of
time.
Also the ISO 16889 test reports back into ß-ratio’s whereas
the ISO 19438 reports back in efficiency %.
Donaldson opts to use the ISO 16889 test for fuel in order to
be closer to the EN590 loading standards and field reality.
17
Other Highlights of ISO 16889
• ISO 12103-1,A3 (ISO Medium, 5μm-80μm)
• Particle counts, upstream and downstream, are taken
every minute of the test.
• Beta ratios are reported with (c) to designate NIST
traceability.
flow meter
Injection
reservoir
Online
APC*
Down Stream
Test reservoir
pump
Up Stream
pump
Test
Filter
Online
APC*
*A
PC = Liquid Automatic
Particle Counter
ISO 16889
•
•
•
In-Line Liquid Automatic Particle Counters (APC) are now
required for proper testing.
APC calibration follows
ISO 11171 procedures
ISO 11171 uses NIST (National Instistute of Standards &
Technology) certified calibration fluid
18
Single vs. Multipass
All the previous explanation is about multipassing the fluid
over the filter. However if you are filtering fluids at the inlet
of your storage/day tank, you will only get one chance/ one
passage of the fluid over the filtration unit.
Hence we talk about single pass filtration, meaning similar set
up as for the multipass process but without recirculation.
Donaldson Clean solutions elements are specifically designed
for single pass high flow, high capacity filtration.
Beta Ratios
ISO 16889 recommends reporting beta ratings at a certain
micron setting:
Beta Ratio (ß)
Efficiency
at give particle size
at same particle size
1,01
0,99%
19
1,1
9,09%
1,5
33,33%
2
50,00%
4
75,00%
5
80,00%
10
90,00%
20
95,00%
75
98,67%
100
99,00%
200
99,50%
1000
99,90%
2000
99,95%
10000
99,99%
Example:
ß4(c) =200 signifies that
there are 200 times as
many particles that are 4
μm and larger upstream
as downstream. This is
99.5% efficiency.
Example:
ß4(c) =2000 indicates that
there are 2000 times as
many particles that are 4
μm and larger upstream
as downstream. This is
99.95% efficiency.
What Is Beta Ratio?
Beta ratio (symbolized by the Greek letter “ß”) is a formula
used to calculate the filtration efficiency of a particular fluid
filter using base data obtained from multi-pass testing.
In a multi-pass test, fluid is continuously injected with a
uniform amount of contaminant (i.e., ISO medium test dust)
then pumped through the filter unit being tested.
Filter efficiency is determined by monitoring fluid
contamination levels upstream and downstream of the test
filter at specific times.
Automatic particle counters are used to determine the
contamination level.
Through this process an upstream to downstream particle
count ratio is developed, known as the beta ratio.
Common Rail Diesel Injection CRDI
Common rail direct fuel injection on diesel engines has
changed dramatically lately. Third-generation common rail
diesels now feature piezoelectric injectors for increased
precision. This increased precision allows the diesel engine
manufacturers to meet the tighter emissions norms. (see fuel
legislation)
Solenoid or piezoelectric valves make it possible to control
injection time & fuel quantity. The higher pressure (up to
2500 bar today) allows a better fuel atomization.Meeting the
emission expectations is a must, but it comes with severe
consequences.
The higher pressures are putting extra pressure on the
cleanliness level that is allowed on board of these engines.
Several injector manufacturers are targeting ISO4406/99
cleanliness level 12/9/7 after the on board filtration for the
diesel in order to protect their high tech products.
It is clear that the ISO target is a challenge in the field if no
pre-filtration of the diesel is done on the storage tanks.
20
Clean Solutions Offer
2
3
Fuels/oils with contaminant and water
Clean, dry fuels/oils
1
Now what to do with the existing machines and tanks...
which have been exposed for years to deliveries of dirty
fuel, atmospheric dirt, water ingression and a lot of other
contamination sources.
The best you can do is to stir you reservoir and use a mobile
filter cart to clean up the bottom of the tank.
The CLEAN.PROTECT.POLISH™ concept consists of 3
steps of filtration.
1
Cleaning the fluids at the inlet of the storage tank,
typically at high flow rates and with only one chance to
capture the contamination (single pass filtration), which
was built up during transport or overhaul of the fluid from
one container to another.
2
Protect the reservoir or storage tank by adding an
innovative Donaldson TRAP™ breather. The TRAP™
Thermally Reactive Advanced Protection product is a selfregenerating moisture removal system with integrated
dust removal. Its dual function is to capture the moisture
21
on the inhalation phase and release it with each exhalation so
that water contamination is prevented continuously.
3
The polish part of the concept is a small version of the
inlet filtration system and is put in place to guarantee
the cleanliness levels which Donaldson recommends
on the delivery side of the storage tank (according to
ISO4406/99).
Following some extensive research we have discovered
that most of the damage to engines is done by very small
particles. Therefore our bulk filter range is designed to be ß(4)
= 2000, which means it is 99.95% efficient in capturing 4µ
size particles for fuels.
Combined with our proven spin-on technology, we offer an
easy-to-service, cost effective clean fuel filtration system that
is proven to deliver outstanding results for whatever tank size
or consumption range.
Donaldson Delivers
Clean. Protect. Polish.
TM
The Clean solution range:
• Bulk filters for capacity & performance
• Air breathers / dryer
• Point of use filters for safety
For more information please contact
[email protected]
22
This range is not only for fuels, elements are predefined for
various liquids:
• 25µm Absolute Media element for bulk engine and gear
oil applications.
Target cleanliness ISO 18/16/13
• 7µm Absolute Media element for bulk hydraulic and
transmission applications.
Target cleanliness ISO 16/14/11
• 4µm Absolute Media element for bulk diesel fuel.
Target cleanliness ISO 14/13/11
(Incorporates DERT “ Donaldson electrostatic reduction technology”)
•
Super Absorbent Polymer for water treatment
The Spark
We all know what happens when you touch your car on a dry
day after you’ve driven it … right, you get a spark. This is the
result of the build-up of electric charge on your car’s surface
caused by the friction with the air. This same effect occurs on
filter media where a non-conductive fluid passes over a nonconductive media causing electric discharges on the media
which can in turn damage your media. Holes of 200-300µ
(micron) and bigger are created at the tips of the filter media,
preventing only big debris and dead bugs to be captured.
Evidently, your protection is gone at this point.
Donaldson, through R&D, has invested a lot of time and
resources to overcome this
natural phenomenon and
we are more than happy
to state that our DERT
(Donaldson electrostatic
reduction technology) media
is resistant to this effect.
(Hole created by ESD over filter media)
23
Case Studies
Transportation - Clean fuel case study
Assuring on-time delivery
Challenge: Minimizing down-time in a fleet of 120 trucks
Solution: Installation Clean.Protect.Polish concept.
Construction - Clean fuel case study
Saving on operating costs with Donaldson fuel
filtration technology
Challenge: Due to ineffective fuel filtration 50% of the total
fleet was down.
Solution: A 5-way manifold installation with Donaldson
P568666 cans was installed on site to prevent future
downtime.
24
Liquid storage - Clean fuel case study
Eliminating air moisture in fuel tanks
Challenge: Air moisture in RME renewable fuel tank
Solution: Donaldson Bulk T.R.A.P.™ breather
Construction - Clean oil case study
Significant savings on equipment down-time
and service intervals
Challenge: With between 9.000 and 14.000 operating hours
on the machines, first oil tests showed that 63 samples were
out of specification.
Solution: The customer decided to purchase a Donaldson
particle and water test kit (X009329) and started testing all
fluids
25
FAQ
Can additive drop-outs be blocked by Donaldson Clean
Solutions range of filters?
Additive drop-outs, forming soft sticky stuff material,
could be provoked by a set of various conditions. The
typical components that lead to drop outs are: bio mix,
additives; temperature fluctuations and the presence of
water.
Most seen in the field today are cases of cold flow
improver, glycerin & corrosion inhibitors drop outs.
Installation of inlet filtration guarantees consistent quality
of product going into the tank and prevents drop outs to
enter.
What is the dirt holding capacity of filters?
Donaldson always stresses the fact that the main aspect
to consider in choosing a filtration unit is the balance of
efficiency, capacity and pressure drop.
There are many factors to consider when it comes to dirtholding capacity: flow, viscosity, system pressure drop,
contaminant properties, etc… All these factors have an
impact on the dirt-holding capacity of a filter.
Are particle counters always accurate?
Normally, laser and automated white light particle
counters are used to detect the contamination that
is present in fluids. It may happen that these particle
counters are not accurate and count phantom particles
because of the difficulty in differentiating dirt, water or
additives. Phantom particles count is more present in
fluids blended with additives than in base fluids.
26
Is biodiesel really effective in reducing emissions?
Any form of biodiesel whether it is B7 or B100 contains
by default less emission regulated elements and can
therefore be considered environmentally friendlier.
On top of that biodiesel reduces levels of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrated aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds emissions that have been
identified as potential cancer causing.
How long can you store diesel fuel?
The new types of diesel like ULSD and any form of bio
mix are no longer made for storage for 6 up to 12 months
without having serious quality degradation.
You can store your fuels longer if adequate polishing (with
filtration) and adding additives is properly done.
What is inlet filtration? What do you mean by “clean” side?
In the CLEAN.PROTECT.POLISH™ concept, the inlet
side or clean side is the side of your tank (storage / day)
where the fuel is being delivered.
What is outlet filtration? What do you mean by “polish” side?
The CLEAN.PROTECT.POLISH™ concept, the outlet side
or polish side is where your fuel is being dispensed into
your vehicles / applications. This is the last chance for
prefiltration, but due to the start-stop effect of this side,
not the best place to put filtration.
Why would I not use an offline kidney loop system?
If you get a bad batch of fuel, a kidney loop system will
then have to recirculate the entire volume of what was in
your tank + the new delivery.
A kidney loop system cannot physically clean all fluid
in the tank, there is always a point of zero gravity that a
kidney loop system will not filter.
27
Start – Stop principle that is frequent at a kidney loop
releases small particles. The time to clean – before “safe”
usage of liquid is longer.
In which scenario should I use the Clean.Protect.Polish™
concept as kidney loop?
Underground tanks - recirculation (no inlet filtration
allowed)
Above ground tank with extra dirty tank bottom (prevent
polish filter to be undersized and block too often)
Above ground tank exposed for number of years to
atmosphere (remove buildup of dust cake - can take up to
9 months)
Above ground tank in high dust environment (remove
buildup of dust cake - can take up to 9 months)
Why do modern injectors need clean fuel?
Common rail injectors pressure can go up to 2700 BAR.
This increase in pressure has a major impact on the
cleanliness level of the fuel that is allowed to flow through
the injector.
28
Responible Editors - Donaldson:
Davide Favero
Business Coordinator Clean Fuel and Lubricant Solutions
Niko Verhaegen
Business Development Manager Clean Fuel and Lubricant
Solutions
29
Donaldson Europe b.v.b.a.
Interleuvenlaan 1
3001 Leuven
Belgium
[email protected]
www.donaldson.com
© 2013 Donaldson
Company, Inc.
Donaldson Company,
Inc. reserves the right
to change or discontinue any model or
specification
30at any
time and without
notice.