Sailor`s Guide

USS Massachusetts Living History Group
Sailors Guide
USS Massachusetts – Battleship Sailors 1942-1945
Guidelines, Requirements and Information
Copyright 2016 USSMLHG 2.2
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I am a Sailor of the United States of America,
I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States of America and I will obey the orders of those appointed over me.
I represent the fighting spirit of the Navy and those who have gone before me to defend freedom and democracy around the world.
I proudly serve my country’s Navy combat team with Honor, Courage and Commitment.
I am committed to excellence and the fair treatment of all.
Living History with the USS Massachusetts LHG, is about the
camaraderie of unit cohesion,
commemoration of a great generation and the enjoyment of the
WWII Living History hobby.
In the Ships Company, you will get out of it what you put into it:
"Good friends, good times, good memories"
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CHAIN OF COMMAND – SHIPS COMPANY
Captain George Devlin - Commanding Officer
Commander Ed Tracy – Executive Officer
Ensign Jacob Ricci, Division 1 Officer
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*All personnel are required to use the chain of command.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic
Page
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USSMLHG CHAIN OF COMMAND “NAVY”
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Introduction
Leadership through Seamanship
WWII Battleship Re-enactors
The Impression
Ranks & Rates “Navy Branch”
Events
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ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT
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Conduct, Tradition, and Attitude
Naval History
Grooming Standards
Rank
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CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
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Uniforms
Reproduction Vendor
Equipment
Personal and items
Additional Uniform Items
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KNOWLEDGE AND TRAINING
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Quarterdeck & Watch standing
Daily Routine aboard ship
USS Massachusetts Knowledge
Bells
Close Order Drill
Nautical Terms and Phrases
SUMMARY
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INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the USS Massachusetts Living History Group, USS Massachusetts (BB-59), known as
"Big Mamie" to her crewmembers during World War II, was a battleship of the second South Dakota-class.
She was the seventh ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the sixth state, and one of two
ships of her class (along with along with her sister Alabama) to be donated for use as a museum ship.
Among the ships armed with 16 inch guns during World War II, Massachusetts stands out because it is
believed that she may have fired the US Navy's first and last 16 in (410 mm) shells of the war.
During World War II Massachusetts was initially assigned to duty in the Atlantic Fleet, and exchanged shots
with Vichy French battleship Jean Bart during Operation Torch. Transferred to the Pacific fleet in 1943,
Massachusetts participated in the Solomon Islands campaign and the Philippines Campaign, and in the latter
campaign took part in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. In 1945 she was one of several ships assigned to shell targets
on Honshu, one of the Japanese Home Islands.
Following the end of World War II Massachusetts was involved in routine operations off the US coast and
eventually reassigned to the Atlantic fleet. Decommissioned in 1947, she was laid up in the reserve fleet at
Norfolk Virginia until stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in 1962. In an effort to spare the battleship
from scrapping, citizens of her home state pooled resources to raise money for her transfer to the
Massachusetts Memorial Committee, and in 1965 the Navy formally donated the battleship to the
committee. Massachusetts was towed to Battleship Cove, Fall River, Massachusetts, and formally opened as
a museum ship on 14 August 1965. She is one of eight surviving battleships built by the United States.
Massachusetts was one of
four fast battleships of the
South Dakota-class to be
authorized for construction by
the United States Congress in
1938. Her keel was laid down
on 20 July 1939 at the Fore
River Shipyard of Quincy,
Massachusetts. She was
launched on 23 September
1941 sponsored by Mrs.
Charles Francis Adams, wife
of a former Secretary of the
Navy. She was commissioned
on 12 May 1942 at Boston,
Massachusetts, Captain
Francis E.M. Whiting in command.
Massachusetts' main battery consisted of nine 16 in (406 mm) 45 caliber Mark 6 guns in three triple turrets
(two in a superfiring pair forward, the third turret mounted aft of the main superstructure) that were capable
of firing 2,700 pounds (1,225 kilograms) armor-piercing (AP) Mark 8 shells. Her secondary battery
consisted of sixteen 5"/38 caliber guns, which could hit targets up to 9 miles (14 km) away. With the advent
of air power and the need to gain and maintain air superiority came a need to protect the growing fleet of
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Allied aircraft carriers; to this end, Massachusetts was fitted with a number of different anti-aircraft (AA)
guns. Initially, the guns selected were 0.50 cal machine guns and 1.1"/75 caliber guns, but by the end of the
war these had been removed in favor of an array of Oerlikon 20 mm and Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns.
After a shakedown cruise, Massachusetts set sail from the United States on 24 October 1942; four days later
she joined a task force forming to support Operation Torch, an invasion of North Africa causing the Naval
Battle of Casablanca. The battleship served as the flagship for Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt. Early in the
morning on 8 November while off Casablanca, Massachusetts, the heavy cruisers Tuscaloosa and Wichita
and four destroyers, came under fire from four 194 mm (7.6 in) and four 138 mm (5.4 in) guns in a shore
battery at El Hank. The American ships, in response, began shooting at Jean Bart, an incomplete French
battleship that had been forced to sail from Saint-Nazaire in May 1940 to escape advancing Nazi forces. At
the time of the gunfight Jean Bart was only 75% complete; an attempt to ship the other turret and gun
barrels had ended in failure when the cargo vessel carrying the guns and turret was torpedoed and sunk, as a
result she had only one turret with which to engage Massachusetts.
Massachusetts began firing at 0704 at a range of 22,000 m (72,000 ft); she continued firing until 0833 with a
seven-minute halt from 0740 to 0747. A total of nine full broadsides and thirty-eight partial—varying
between three and six guns—were fired, with five hitting Jean Bart. One of these, a hit at 0806, disabled the
one main turret. Other shots that missed Jean Bart fell around her, striking docks and merchant ships,
sinking two.
With the help of the heavy cruiser Tuscaloosa, Massachusetts next targeted French destroyers which had
joined the attack, sinking Fougueux and Boulonnais as well as the light cruiser Primauguet. The battleship
herself was hit twice by the battery at El Hank, but sustained only superficial damage. She also shelled shore
batteries, as well as an ammunition dump. After a cease-fire had been arranged with the French, she headed
for the United States on 12 November, and prepared for deployment to the Pacific. By the end of the
engagement Massachusetts had fired 786 rounds of 16 inch ammunition out of the total 800 rounds she
carried, or 98% of her total complement of main battery shells.
Massachusetts arrived at Noumea, New Caledonia on 4 March 1943. For the next few months, she operated
in the South Pacific, protecting convoy lanes and supporting operations in the Solomon Islands. From 19–21
November, she sailed with an aircraft carrier group striking Makin, Tarawa, and Abemama in the Gilber
Islands; on 8 December, she shelled Japanese positions on Nauru.
The Navy now drove
steadily across the Pacific.
On 30 January 1944,
Massachusetts bombarded
Kwajalein, and she covered
the landings there on 1
February. With a carrier
group she struck against the
Japanese stronghold at Truk
on 17 February. That raid
not only inflicted heavy
damage on Japanese aircraft
and naval forces, but also
proved to be a stunning
blow to enemy morale. On
21–22 February,
Massachusetts helped fight
off a heavy air attack on her
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task group while it made raids on Saipan, Tinian, and Guam. She took part in the attack on the Caroline
Islands in late March and participated in the landing of U.S. troops at Hollandia on 22 April. Upon retiring
from Hollandia, Massachusetts and the other ships of Task Force 38 staged another attack on Truk.
Massachusetts shelled Ponape Island on 1 May, her last mission before sailing to Puget Sound to overhaul
and reline her gun barrels, now well-worn. On 1 August, she left Pearl Harbor to resume operations in the
Pacific war zone. She departed the Marshall Islands on 6 October, sailing to support the landings in Leyte
Gulf. In an effort to block Japanese air attacks in the Leyte conflict, she participated in a fleet strike against
Okinawa on 10 October. From 12–14 October she screened Allied forces while they struck Formosa. While
part of Task Group 38.3 (TG 38.3) she took part in the Battle for Leyte Gulf from 22–27 October, during
which planes from her group sank four Japanese carriers off Cape Engaño. After having stopped briefly at
Ulithi, Massachusetts returned to the Philippines as part of Task Force 38 which struck Manila on 14
December.
On 18 December 1944 Massachusetts and the other ships of Task Force 38 unexpectedly found themselves
in a fight for their lives when Typhoon Cobra overtook the force. At the time of the typhoon Massachusetts
was sailing with the Third Fleet's Task Group 38.1 and reported one injured sailor and two planes lost as a
result of the typhoon.
Massachusetts shelling Kamaishi, Honshu,
Japan on 14 July 1945. Outbound projectiles
are in upper left of photo.
From 30 December–23 January 1945, she
sailed as part of Task Force 38 (TF 38), which
struck Formosa and supported the landing at
Lingayen. During that time she turned into the
South China Sea, where TF 38 destroyed
shipping from Saigon to Hong Kong; the
operation concluded with air strikes on
Formosa and Okinawa.
From 10 February–3 March, with the 5th Fleet, Massachusetts guarded carriers during raids on Honshu. Her
group also struck Iwo Jima by air for the invasion of that island. On 17 March, the carriers launched strikes
against Kyushu while Massachusetts fired in repelling enemy attacks, splashing several planes. Seven days
later, she bombarded Okinawa. She spent most of April fighting off air attacks, while engaged in the
operations at Okinawa, returning to the area in June, when she passed through the eye of a typhoon with
100 km (120 mph; 190 km/h) winds on 5 June. She bombarded Minami Daito Jima in the Ryukyu Islands on
10 June.
Massachusetts sailed on 1 July from Leyte Gulf to join the 3rd Fleet's final offensive against Japan. After
protecting carriers that launched strikes against Tokyo, she shelled Kamaishi, Honshu on 14 July, which was
Japan's second largest iron and steel center. Two weeks later, she bombarded the industrial complex at
Hamamatsu before she returned to blast Kamaishi on 9 August. It was here that Massachusetts fired what
was probably the last 16 in (410 mm) shell fired in combat in World War II.
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Career (US)
Ordered:
Builder:
15 December 1938
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
(Fore River Shipyard)
Laid down:
20 July 1939
Launched:
23 September 1941
Commissioned: 12 May 1942
Decommissioned: 27 March 1947
Struck:
1 June 1962
Nickname:
"Big Mamie"
Fate:
Museum ship
General characteristics
Class and type:
Displacement:
Length:
Beam:
Draft:
Speed:
Complement:
Armament:
South Dakota-class (1939)
battleship
35,000 tons
680.8 ft (207.5 m)
108.2 ft (33.0 m)
29.3 ft (8.9 m)
27 kn (31 mph; 50 km/h)
115 officers, 1,678 men
9 × 16 in (410 mm)/45 caliber
Mark 6 guns
20 × 5 in (130 mm)/38 cal guns
24 × Bofors 40 mm guns
35 × Oerlikon 20 mm cannons
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USS Massachusetts Living History Group - Leadership through Seamanship
The first step in successfully handling people is to get to know them. Know their limitations, their
capabilities and something of their background. A second, and just as important a step, is to have the people
know you. The entire basis of good human relationship is the establishment of a common ground of mutual
understanding. Keeping the men informed is another point. Personal attention to getting the word explained
to every man will pay dividends to building an alert, smooth-running organization. It is not necessary for a
leader to conceal his inexperience. One should not be afraid to admit that one doesn't know the answer, but
then---one ought to find out.
Here are five general rules which we urge a leader to follow:
(l) Never do yourself a job which has been assigned to a person in your organization so long as he/she is
doing it to your satisfaction. Now if the individual assigned cannot do it, then get someone assigned who can
do it and tell the former why they have been replaced.
(2) Clearly explain the duties and responsibilities of each person in your organization and give them a
chance to accept the responsibility
(3) Provide your people with an opportunity to learn in order that they may do their jobs more proficiently
and have opportunity for advancement.
(4) Train the members of your crew to the very tip of their operational capabilities
(5) Provide the Crew members with an opportunity to make suggestions.
Procrastination is the thief of time. Time is always passing and never returns, and it can be wasted through
poor instruction and equipment. The moral welfare of the crew is closely allied with cleanliness, which has a
bearing on both their efficiency and their “esprit de corps”.
It is important when a person who has gone to great lengths to prepare for an inspection, that he/she not be
slighted. Every person and every piece of equipment must be scrutinized, and words of praise and
encouragement are just as important as fault finding. Public praise and private reprimand should be the
watchword of a Leader. One should listen carefully to the thoughts that pervade informal groups as they are
indications of the discipline, morale, and "esprit de corps" of the unit. These informal groups serve a very
healthy function as they build people together in routine cooperative activity. They give people a social
place and a feeling of belonging. Morale is a lot of little things. Working conditions, food, quarters,
discipline, duty, what each member of the group is getting out of that group, all these things that make a man
satisfied, build up his morale. Everything that bothers him lowers his morale.
One of the fundamental rules of Leadership is to never lose sight of the fact that there is no unimportant job.
Discipline means a prompt, willing responsiveness to command. Discipline and morale are inseparable. The
best discipline is self-discipline. The individual doing what he/she knows is right because they want to. True
discipline, accordingly, is the result of volition and is gained through building willingness, enthusiasm and
cooperation, never through fear of punishment. This discipline is voluntary and is based on knowledge,
reason, sense of duty, and loyalty. The American qualities of initiative and resourcefulness function best
when obedience is inspired by understanding of the objective, and loyalty to a cause, a leader, or a team.
These are just as applicable to a business, at home or at school, as they are in our Naval
Organization.
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USS Massachusetts Living History Group – WWII Battleship Re-enactors
Authenticity; this is the entire idea behind any living history group. In order to create a "living history" you must take
great pains to research and accumulate the items needed to bring to life the time period you are representing.
Our unit goes to great lengths to accurately re-create the experience of the average American Sailor in the Second
World War. From our authentic period ship to the clothing and equipment we wear on our backs, we strive to be an
exact living recreation of an American Battleship Crew during the Second World War.
Unlike other re-enactment groups, we focus on the US Navy Ships Company, the famous US Navy Sailor, as he
appeared in all theaters of WW2. As a member you will see what it was like to work onboard ship, fight the enemy in
the sky. You will operate WWII Naval equipment man the guns stand watches simulate engine and fire crews. The
opportunities are endless.
As a living history group, we also participate in living history events and encampments. By doing so we give the
public the opportunity to experience history on a first hand basis. For many veterans who visit us at these functions, we
provide a valuable living reminder to the memories of their experiences at sea and abroad.
As a member you will start out as a seaman, in the US Navy rate of your choosing (of the period). By participating in
events you will earn rank and awards. You will have the chance to act as a signalman, a gunner’s mate, a
Quartermaster, or any of the other enlisted Navy Rates on a US Battleship during WWII. If you have leadership skills,
you will see what it was like to command a Shore Party or Gun Section under combat conditions.
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The “Impression”
What is an “Impression”? For those new to living history, this is a critical concept. You are not an actual sailor of
any war, so you will be doing your best to recreate the sailor of that war. The impression is not just a uniform. It
includes knowledge, skills, and attitude. Your knowledge of the time and the sailor’s place in it must be deep and
accurate, your performance must honor the sailor and educate the public, and your attitudes – as an individual and as a
part of the team – do a great deal to determine the fidelity and value of your total impression.
Our impression is of the ships company of the USS Massachusetts through her campaigns in the Atlantic &
Pacific, they had some replacements coming in with all the newer uniforms & equipment. Authenticity and uniformity
is what we are after; a uniform is called a uniform for a reason. So, if the standard was “anything WWII”, then you
would run the gamut of clothing and equipment. We have included an appendix on uniform standards and procedures –
it is worth a careful read.
The uniforms and equipment needed for this impression should be that which was authorized and available up to
and including that date. As such, certain items are not used with this unit. Mainly, anything dated 1946 is frowned
upon, check with the unit authenticity officer to be sure. The important thing to note is that the equipment and
uniforms from the earlier part of the war can be used for the entire war period, whereas the later dated items can only
be used for late war events. Always pay attention to the period of the war that the event will be. This means that you
do not have to buy double of everything to cover the entire war period. Usually a Plan of the Day with a Uniform of the
Day will be announced.
These guidelines are not "hard nosed", they are GUID LINES. Everything is done within reason of the time period
projected. The Living Historians that have been here researching this information for years are you best bet for
accuracy. Do not be intimidated by them. But be warned up front, this can get a bit expensive. Your basic kit can cost
you some money, a weapon is not required but for a landing party impression, either early or late war the M1903
Springfield is the rifle of the Sailor and can cost ($600-$1000). Whether you are new to living history or coming to us
from other periods and/or units we will make every effort to assist you. Not only with consultation, advice and
training, but also with the loan of equipment to get you started, as well as guidance in purchasing equipment. It is our
hope that these guidelines, along with dedication and training, will assist you as a member of the USS Massachusetts
Living History Group in presenting the most accurate portrayal of the American sailor during World War II possible.
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Subject: Rates & Ranks, Navy Branch.
1. Any and all persons coming into the USS Massachusetts LHG that have “NOT” been in the Military service of
the United States will begin with the Rank of Seaman 1st class (Grade 5), in the Rate of their choosing.
2. All persons joining this group that have served in the United States Armed Forces will begin at the Rank of Petty
Officer 3rd Class (Grade 4), in the Rate of their choosing.
BILLETS TO BE FILLED ARE:
Boatswain’s Mate /
Coxswain
Signalman
Carpenter
Painter
Patternmaker
Gunner’s Mate
Yeoman
Quartermaster
Fire Control-man
Pharmacist Mate /
Hospital Apprentice
Radioman
Radio Technician
Telegrapher
Mail Clerk
Printer
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Storekeeper
BRIEF DESCRITPTION OF DUTIES REQUIRED OF RATING:
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BOATSWAIN'S MATE--Supervises deck divisions and large groups of seamen. Usually acts as senior petty
officer of deck divisions. Supervises manning and operation of loading and unloading gear, anchor, and
mooring gear.
COXSWAIN--Handles small boats and supervises small groups of seamen on deck or boat duty.
GUNNER'S MATE--Maintains guns, gun mounts, and gun parts. Acts as gun crew chief of small gun or
member of crew of larger gun.
TURRET CAPTAIN--Takes charge of a gun turret and its crew. Does assembly and repair work on all types
of Naval guns. Handles ammunition. Operates periscopes and range finders. Understands electric fire control
and firing mechanisms.
QUARTERMASTER--Stands bridge watch. Prepares and computes navigational data. Applies navigational
data to charts. Plots courses. Supervises bridge crew.
FIRECONTROLMAN (M)--Tests, maintains, and repairs electrical and optical fire-control equipment.
FIRECONTROLMAN (R)--Stands rangefinder watch. Spots vessels or aircraft, using optical equipment.
SIGNALMAN--Sends and receives messages by flag hoist, flashing light, and semaphore. Stands watch on
Signal Bridge. Does "spotting" work, identifies vessels and aircraft. Assists Quartermaster on small ships.
YEOMAN--Performs typing, stenographic, clerical and other office duties.
PHARMACIST'S MATE--Renders medical assistance and administers to patients. Assists in surgery, eye-earnose-and-throat, out-patient department, physiotherapy, or drug dispensing. Compounds drugs, makes
laboratory analyses, and assists in hospital administration.
HOSPITAL APPRENTICE--Does nursing under supervision, prepares and administers simple medicines,
maintains sanitary conditions.
RADIOMAN--Sends and receives messages by code or radio phone. Uses typewriter. Makes minor
adjustments and repairs to radio receivers and transmitters.
RADIO TECHNICIAN--Maintains and repairs radio, radar, sound and other radio-type equipment.
TELEGRAPHER--Operates teletype and telegraphy equipment on shore stations.
CARPENTER'S MATE--Does carpentry and joinery work; repairs ore replaces deck planking and other
woodwork. Lays and repairs tiling. Repairs and maintains small boats. Caulks seams.
PAINTER--Prepares and applies paints and varnishes. Lays and repairs tiling. Estimates painting jobs.
PATTERNMAKER--Executes intricate patterns for molding metal castings. Estimates time, materials, and
cost in patternmaking and casting. Does fine woodwork.
SPECIALIST M--Operates Naval post offices.
PRINTER--Operates printing equipment, duplicating equipment, and book binding equipment.
STOREKEEPER--Operates a stockroom or store, or an accounting system. Handles fiscal and materiel
accounting, under supervision of supply officer.
SEAMAN--Performs ordinary deck duties in connection with the upkeep and operations of a ship. Stands
watch as look-out, telephone talker, messenger, or similar duty. Member of gun crew.
WAVE ENLISTED RATES
The following rates are authorized for the Women's Reserve:
Hospital Apprentice, second and first class.
Pharmacist's Mate.
Radioman.
Storekeeper.
Yeoman.
Specialist (T) (Teacher).
Specialist (P) (Photography).
Specialist (S) (Supervising enlisted women).
Seaman, first class.
Seaman, second class.
Apprentice seaman (rating held while enrolled in school).
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Events
We participate in many “Living History and /or Re-enactment” events throughout the year. There are basically
three different types of events: Living History/ Action, Living History/Display, and Ceremonial/Parade.
LIVING HISTORY/ACTION
For these events, we sleep onboard ship and then participate in battle or damage control simulations. Everything
we use is either original or unit approved reproduction items. Modern gear and such is not authorized. Usually there
are many public or spectators involved in this type of event. We participate because it is enjoyable, educational and
challenging, and because our experiences contribute to a deeper knowledge of the sailors’ lives and because the
improved knowledge and skills contribute to a quality “product” for public education.
Living History/Static Displays
For these events, we do demonstrations to the public on the life of the WWII US sailor. These can range from
table top displays of items to full weapons demonstrations. Some are geared towards the USS Massachusetts
specifically, such as displays we’ve set up for Living History, and some are more generic, such as static display
/demonstration as sometimes done at field events.
Ceremonies/Parades
These events are parades, honor guards or color guards for various events. You can choose which events or types
of events you would like to participate in. Minimum participation to maintain membership in this group is one event
per year. For all of these events, the proscribed uniforms will be identified ahead of time. To fully participate in any
event, you will need to obtain the required uniforms and items needed for these events.
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Organization and Conduct
Conduct, tradition, and attitude
Before we move into a listing of the uniforms and equipment needed, the point of whom and what we are
representing and how you represent them needs to be understood. During its active service in World War II the USS
Massachusetts performed many US Navy traditions. Traditions of devotion to duty, self sacrifice versatility,
dependability and loyalty to both the ship and country. A pride in one's self and ship became instilled in every sailor.
Gaining an understanding of this hard earned, but well deserved pride is paramount to be able to represent these sailors
of our past. When we as members of this crew present ourselves in front of the public this pride and confidence must
manifest itself in each members conduct, bearing, and attitude. Without it you can not adequately and truly represent
these sailors. Remember, preserving these traditions, and the memory of the men who made them, is what we are all
about.
The historical military impression is not only a question of having the right clothing and equipment, but of proper
attitude and conduct. The clothes and equipment don't make the sailor, how you wear them and conduct yourself does.
You are representing a sailor, so be prepared to act like one! You should be well versed in the period military customs
and courtesies, and use them. You should be familiar with your equipment, how to pack it, wear it, and display it. You
should be aware of the types of uniforms and the proper method of wearing them, and not look like a "civilian in
surplus clothing." You should be familiar with your rate, duty, equipment its nomenclature, and how to use it. You
should know and be able to perform the basics of close order drill and the manual of arms for the period. In short, you
need to become familiar with all the basic skills that a sailor of the period would know and be able to apply them. To
do any less is a disservice to the public we are trying to educate and the veteran we are representing.
The sailors we portray were trained every day and did not have to study hard to be a sailor. Skills were learned
through constant and repetitive training and through experience. We do not have this luxury. It is the responsibility of
each member of the ships company to study and practice on his own. We will teach, and every effort will be made to
get together to train, but each member must take the initiative to do his own research, and put forth the effort and desire
to learn and become skilled in his job as a sailor. The most important thing to remember, especially if you don't have
prior military service or experience as a historical interpreter, is to listen, learn, and practice. You will be depicting
yourself as a U.S. sailor of the USS Massachusetts during World War II, and not just wearing a 'costume'. You also
have to act accordingly. As much as this may be a hobby, to do it right means to be a USN sailor. Our group operates as
a Naval Ship during WWII.
To borrow a concept from today’s Military, we have three goals: BE, KNOW, and DO.
BE: Technically and tactically proficient. Commit to character, commitment, competence, and conduct that honor
the United States Navy veterans of WWII – and today.
KNOW: Unit history, sailor’s skills; your rating and equipment; the details of your impression.
DO: Set the example for others; respect the rules and standards of the USS Massachusetts WWII Re-enactors /
Living Historians; help build the team.
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US NAVAL HISTORY
NAVY COLORS-- 27 August 1802 the Secretary of the Navy signed an instruction which set a pattern for
the dress of the U.S. Navy in Blue and Gold.
UNIFORM REGULATIONS-- The first uniform instruction for the U.S. Navy was issued by the Secretary
of War on 24 August 1791. It provided a distinctive dress for the officers who would command the ships of
the Federal Navy. The instruction did not include a uniform for the enlisted man, although there was a
degree of uniformity. The usual dress of a seaman was made up of a short jacket, shirt, vest, long trousers,
and a black low crowned hat.
FOULED ANCHOR--The foul anchor as a naval insignia got its start as the seal of the Lord Howard of
Effingham. He was the Lord Admiral of England at the time of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.
During this period the personal seal of a great officer of state was adopted as the seal of his office. The
fouled anchor still remains the official seal of the Lord High Admiral of Great Britain. When this office
became part of the present Board of Admiralty, the seal was retained--on buttons, official seals, and cap
badges. The Navy's adoption of this symbol and many other customs can be directly attributed to the
influence of British Naval tradition. The fouled anchor is among them.
KHAKI--originated in 1845 in India where British soldiers soaked white uniforms in mud, coffee, and curry
powder to blend in with the landscape. Khakis made their debut in the U.S. Navy in 1912 when they were
worn by naval aviators, and were adopted for submarines in 1931. In 1941 the Navy approved khakis for onstation wear by senior officers, and soon after Pearl Harbor chiefs and officers were authorized to wear
khakis ashore on liberty.
BROWN SHOES- In 1913 high laced shoes of tan leather first appeared in Uniform Regulations and were
authorized for wear by aviators with khaki's. The color changed to russet brown in 1922. Uniforms exclusive
to the aviation community were abolished in the 1920's and reinstated in the 1930's. The authorized color of
aviators shoes has alternated between brown and black since then.
PEACOAT--a cold weather version of the first uniform authorized-- the Pea-Jacket. A warm, heavy coat
made from "Pee" cloth or "Pilot" cloth, a course stout kind of twilled blue cloth with a nap on one side.
BELL BOTTOM TROUSERS--commonly believed that the trouser were introduced in 1817 to permit
men to roll them above the knee when washing down the decks, and to make it easier to remove them in a
hurry when forced to abandon ship or when washed overboard. The trousers may be used as a life preserver
by knotting the legs.
THIRTEEN BUTTONS ON TROUSERS--there is no relationship between the 13 buttons on the trousers
and the 13 original colonies. Before 1894, the trousers had only seven buttons and in the early 1800's they
had 15 buttons. It wasn't until the broadfall front was enlarged that the 13 buttons were added to the uniform
and only then to add symmetry of design.
WHITE HAT--In 1852 a white cover was added to the soft visorless blue hat. In 1866 a white sennet straw
hat was authorized as an additional item. During the 1880's the white "sailor’s hat" appeared as a low rolled
brim high-domed item made of wedge shaped pieces of canvas to replace the straw hat. The canvas was
eventually replaced by cotton as a cheaper more comfortable material. Many complaints on the quality and
construction led to modifications ending in the currently used white hat.
A-1 17
OFFICERS STARS--were first approved on line officers uniforms on 28 January 1864. All regulations
since 1873 have specified that one ray would point downward toward the gold stripe on the sleeve. The
reason for this is unknown.
CPO STARS--were introduced with the creation of SCPO and MCPO. The reasoning for stars pointed one
ray down is unknown, however, indications point to following the line officers standard.
JUMPER FLAPS--the collar originated as a protective cover for the jacket to protect it from the grease or
powder normally worn by seamen to hold hair in place.
STRIPES AND STARS ON JUMPER UNIFORMS--on 18 January 1876, Rear Admiral Stephen B. Luce
recommended a collar with stars and stripes as a substitute for the plain collar used on the frocks of seamen.
Three stripes on the collar were proposed for all grades, with the stripes on the cuffs to indicated grade. One
stripe for E-1, etc.
DISTINGUISHING MARKS/RATING BADGES--In 1841, insignia called "distinguishing marks" were
first prescribed as part of the official uniform. An eagle and anchor emblem, forerunner of the rating badge,
was the first distinguishing mark. In 1886 rating badges were established, and some 15 specialty marks were
also provided to cover the various ratings. On 1 April 1893, petty officers were reclassified and the rating of
chief petty officer was established. Until 1949 rating badges were worn on the right or left sleeve, depending
on whether the person concerned was on the starboard or port watch. Since February 1948, all distinguishing
marks have been worn on the left sleeve between the shoulder and elbow.
RIGHT ARM RATES--established in 1841 and disestablished 2 April 1949, originally signified men of the
Seaman branch. During WWII these rates included Boatswains Mate, Turret Captain, Signalman, Gunners
Mate, Fire Controlman, Quartermaster, Mineman, and Torpedomans Mate. Other ratings wore rates on the
left sleeve.
FLAT HATS--First authorized in 1852 the flat hat was eliminated on 1 April 1963 due to non-available
materials. The original hats had unit names on the front, however, unit names were taken off in January
1941.
MEN'S NECKERCHIEF--the black neckerchief or bandanna first appeared as early as the 16th century
and was utilized as a sweat band and collar closure. Black was the predominant color as it was practical and
did not readily show dirt. There is no truth to the myth that the black neckerchief was designed as a sign of
mourning for Admiral Nelsons death.
NECKERCHIEF SQUARE KNOT--there is no historical significance to the knot other that it being a knot
widely used by sailors which presents a uniform appearance.
DUNGAREES--in 1901 regulations authorized the first use of denim jumpers and trousers, and the 1913
regulations originally permitted the dungaree outfit to be used by both officers and enlisted with the hat of
the day.
ENLISTED WOMEN--the first enlisted women's uniform was comprised of a single breasted coat, blue in
winter and white in summer, long gull bottomed skirts and a straight-brimmed sailor hat, blue felt in winter
and white straw in summer, black shoes and stockings.
A-1 18
COMMAND AT SEA PIN--established in 1960 to recognize the responsibilities placed on those officers of
the Navy who are in command, or who have successfully commanded, ships and aircraft squadrons of the
fleet. The component parts, a commission pennant, an anchor, and the line star, were determined to be
ideally suited for a design which would be symbolic in the ready identification of those officers who have
attained the highly coveted and responsible title of Commanding Officer of our commissioned units at sea.
AVIATION GREEN UNIFORM--in SEP 1917 the "Forrestry" Green uniform of the U.S. Marine Corps
was authorized for aviation officers as a winter working uniform. The earliest use of the uniform by enlisted
men came in 1941 when chief petty officers designated as Naval Aviation Pilots were authorized to wear the
uniform. In NOV 1985 Aviation Working Greens were authorized for wear by women in the aviation
community.
CLOTHES STOPS--a small diameter cord, approximately 12 inches, used to tie laundry to a clothes line.
The early Navy clothes pin. Issued in recruit training until 1973.
NAVY GRAY UNIFORMS--gray uniforms in the same style as khaki were first introduced on 16 April
1943 as an officer’s uniform. On 3 June 1943 the uniform was extended to include Chief Petty Officers. On
31 March 1944 cooks and stewards were permitted to wear the gray uniform. The Navy abolished use of
"grays" on 15 October 1949.
COCKED HAT--a hat worn by officers with ceremonial uniforms commonly refereed to as a "fore and aft"
hat. During the 1700's the hat was worn parallel to the shoulders, but in the 1800's was modified to be worn
with the points to the front and back. Wearing of the Cocked Hat was discontinued on 12 October 1940.
HAVELOCK--a protective cover worn by women over the combination cap to provide cold weather
protection. Sometimes refereed to as the "Lawrence of Arabia hat" because it fell to shoulder length in the
manner of a hood. A rain hood was also issued to provide rain protection. Discontinued in 1981.
CUTLASS-- a short saber with a cut and thrust blade and a large hand guard. Issued to enlisted men as a
sidearm and maintained in ships armories until the beginning of WWII. The weapon was officially declared
obsolete in 1949. The Cutlass was considered an organizational issue item, but was never considered to be a
part of the enlisted uniform.
EAGLE ON CROWS/DEVICES-- for many years the U.S. specified modified forms of the Napoleonic
Eagle in the devices and insignia used to distinguish the various ranks and ratings of enlisted men and
officers. This eagle was usually cast, stamped or embroidered facing left and the same practice was used by
the Navy. Why the Napoleonic eagle faced left is unknown. In 1941 the Navy changed the eagles facing
direction to follow the Heraldic rules which faces the right toward the wearer’s sword arm. This rule
continues to apply and the eagle now faces to the front or the wearers right.
GROOMING STANDARDS
Another important aspect of the impression is how you wear your hair. Your hair will be close cropped and off the
ears, sideburns short, and tapered up the back. Look at the period photographs, your haircut should look proper and
stylish for the '40s, not today’s look. For example, the “high and tight” haircut worn by servicemen today was not seen
in the 1940’s; hair tended to be longer on top than in today’s military units. One of the requirements of the
Commanding Officer was that you shaved every day! Absolutely no beards! If you are one of those guys that has to
have a mustache because you’ve had it since you were 6 years old, you need to either trim it to a very thin style (both in
thickness and width) as was the style in WWII (again, look at pictures – think “Clark Gable”) or shave it off. Nothing
ruins a WWII impression faster than a big bushy modern mustache. And don’t worry, it will grow back!
A-1 19
In particular, we do not permit the disheveled “Kelly’s Heroes” look. This sometimes appears in photographs, but
only those of men who have been in sustained combat for long periods without relief. It is certainly not representative
of our impression. Maybe in working dungarees but NEVER in Dress Uniform.
RANK
We pride ourselves on following the Period rates and ranks and our training program. We don’t want to become
one of those units that has an admiral, a commodore, four chief petty officers, six commanders and 2 seaman (don’t
laugh, they are out there). There are only limited slots within the ships company for Officers, Petty officers and
Seaman. No one coming into the unit should wear any rank unless appointed by the Commander. Remember that we
are representing a ship of line in WWII.
The Chief & Petty officers positions are positions of responsibility, just as they were and are in the active Navy.
Each section leader has a responsibility to those they are leading, to look after their men's needs, comfort and welfare
before their own. The ships Officers and Petty Officers must know their jobs, both as re-enactors /living historians
/volunteers and leaders. They must be able to lead and to teach and, above all, to set the example. If one fails to set a
good example for others to follow then one has no business being on the ship.
Clothing and Equipment
In the reenacting hobby, you’ll hear the word “authenticity” used in just about every other sentence. What this
means is that everything your wear or use or do in this hobby should be authentic to the time period. For WWII, there
are still plenty of original items available and in the past few years, quality reproductions have become available.
There is a lot to learn about uniforms and equipment of WWII. Just because something is military issue, is green, blue
or gray and has US stamped on it, doesn’t mean it is appropriate for this impression. Don’t run down to your local
surplus store and expect to find WWII stuff just lying around. Just because it is an M-1 Helmet, doesn’t mean it is a
WWII M-1 helmet (yes, there is a difference). So before you go rushing off to buy everything, wait and have one of us
assist you so you won’t spend a lot of money on things you can’t use (we will assign a sponsor to help you in this
difficult buy very enjoyable project). It will actually cost you less to do it right the first time than to try and get by with
something that is not correct and you can’t use.
Authenticity means having the correct uniforms and gear, not “close enough”. All uniforms, equipment, and
weapons will be appropriate to the USS Massachusetts during their service in World War 2. Any modifications of the
standard uniform and equipment will be made accordingly for each specific event and time frame being portrayed. The
impression we are trying to put forward is that of the average USN Sailor, we are not an elite Special Forces unit.
The following listed uniforms and equipment are the essentials required for the basic impression. This may seem
like a lot of equipment and uniforms, and it is. But it is the basic kit of what the sailor would have had issued to him.
If you are new to this hobby, do you need to go out and buy everything for your first event? No, however, you need to
have the basic items, which would be the sailors Dungaree uniform (a Must), Black Oxford or rough out shoe , khaki
leggings, Pea Coat, M41 jacket or Deck Jacket, OD3 or khaki cartridge belt, rifle (Optional), M1 helmet Gray or OD
Green and a white Dixie cup or Sailors Hat. Other Uniforms needed are cotton us navy sailors undress whites & Dress
and Undress Blues. You can acquire the items as time permits, other than your dungarees you don’t need everything as
soon as you join. The good thing about Navy items is that they are not very hard to find. When buying WWII items,
you need to buy things that are preferably dated before 1946, not so in every case. Some dungarees were in use up until
the sixties as were some dress blues and whites. Some items that are dated later can be used but you have to know what
they are. Research is the key to this hobby. We have a lot of experienced people in this group that are more than
willing to help out.
A-1 20
UNIFORMS
NOTE: DO NOT RUN OUT AND BUY IT ALL AT ONCE!!
As a rule, our sailors wear the USN Dungaree uniform of the period. You should eventually get two sets of the
uniform; one for the working and one for displaying in. With the selection of reproduction uniforms available, not to
mention original uniforms, it should be no problem putting together a complete kit of US Uniforms. Although originals
are available, if you are a large person (42 chest, 38 waist or above) you will probably only find reproductions in your
size. To start with, here is what a sailor should look for:
QTY
1
1
1
1pr
1pr
1
3pr.
1
2
ITEM
Belt, trouser, black or blue web w/ gold buckle.
Cap, white Dixie cup.
Pea Coat, M1941 Jacket or N1 Deck Jacket or period correct jacket/coat.
Leggings, Navy/ Marines type
Service shoes / boots (one pr. for field use, the second for barrack/dress wear)
Shirt, chambray, long sleeve (Cotton)
Socks, Black
Trousers, Dungaree (USN Design preferred)
Undershirt, white cotton
Undress Uniforms:
1
White Jumper, Cotton.
1
White Trouser, bell bottom type, Cotton.
1
Wool Navy Blue Jumper, No Piping.
1
Wool Navy Blue Trouser, bell bottom type.
Dress Uniform
1
Wool Navy Blue Jumper with Piping.
Note: The Undress White uniform is also used as a dress uniform when directed by the ships command.
Reproduction Vendor
WWII Impressions, Inc. (www.wwiiimpressions.com)
Decorations and awards
This is a touchy subject in the reenacting world. Some people like to get every ribbon, qualification badge and
other shiny object and put them on their uniforms. Others feel that since you were not in WWII and didn’t earn
anything, you shouldn’t wear anything. We kind of split the difference on this these two extremes. Since we are trying
to accurately and historically represent the normal, average WWII Sailor, we allow certain ribbons or awards to be
worn provided you qualify for that ribbon by event participation. And only what a basic sailor would have had.
There will be times when we wear the dress uniform. And people always ask (or don’t) what ribbons or other
insignia they should/could wear. Since we are depicting the USS Massachusetts, You should not wear any combat
ribbons on your uniform. The only generally authorized ribbon to be worn is the European, African, Middle Eastern
(EAME) Campaign Ribbon (or ETO Ribbon) with no battle stars. If your persona is of a draftee who was activated /
drafted in 1941, then you would be eligible to wear the American Defense Ribbon. Again, only if authorized by your
commander.
A-1 21
Marksmanship ribbons can be worn if you earned them through the USS Mass LHG. We have live fire practice at
a firing range (Optional).
Service stripes (worn on the left sleeve) 1 stripe indicates completion of three years.
Any other ribbons or awards will be authorized on a case-by-case basis. At that point other ribbons, battle stars,
commendation ribbons can be worn. However, certain personal achievement awards, such as the Silver Star, Bronze
Star, Purple Heart, CIB, etc., will only be worn if you have personally earned this award in military service. Members
who have served or are serving and have decorations should wear only those appropriate for the impression at a given
event. For example, most modern military members will have earned the Good Conduct Medal; if so, it is appropriate
for your impression.
Equipment
All canvas web gear and other equipment would be best if dated 1944 or before. Your helmet should be the WWII
M-1 pattern with sewn-on khaki web chinstrap, either with fixed chinstrap bales (preferred) or swivel bales. Helmets
made post-1950, and/or with clip on chinstraps lack accuracy and will require adjustment.
QTY
1*
1*
1*
1*
1*
1
ITEM
Canteen cup and cover, 1910 pattern (Not a Requirement)
Cartridge belt, dismounted pattern 10 pocket
Haversack (pack), w/ meat can pouch, 1928 pattern (Not a Requirement)
Helmet, M1, w/liner
Mess kit (meat can) w/ knife, fork, and spoon (not a requirement)
Rifle cleaning kit, complete, for M1 rifle (Not a requirement)
Weapons (Optional)
The U. S. Rifle, m1903, was the standard arm carried by sailors during WWII (Landing Party, Shore Party or Security).
Specialized weapons such as the M1 carbine, or 1911A 1 automatic pistol will not be used unless authorized by the
Commander.
QTY
1*
1*
ITEM (Optional)
Rifle, M1903 Springfield w/ M-1907 leather or M-1 web sling
Bayonet, M- 1905 16 inch, w/ scabbard
Or Bayonet, M-1942 8 inch, with scabbard
Personal effects & items
From the beginning, USS Mass LHG has been a leader in living history impressions. We are known for a quality
impression, which is why we recommend and encourage you to obtain a full kit. Many of the programs that we do
involve the life of the soldier in the barracks as well as the field. The following listed items are required for a barracks
impression. These items will enhance your impression and will help increase your personal comfort as well. Many of
the personal hygiene disposable items such as toothpaste and shaving soap can be period commercial (civilian) items.
QTY
1
1
1
1
1 set
1
1
ITEM
Blanket, M-1934 wool
Bag, clothing (Sea Bag)
Bag, laundry, khaki or Denim
Foot locker, period pattern w/tray (Optional)
Identification tags, Dog Tags
Manual, Blue Jackets
Pillow w/ cover
A-1 22
1
2
1 set
1
1
1
Sewing kit,
Period hygiene kit, to include:
Safety razor, mirror, shaving soap, razor blades
Foot powder, comb,
Sheets, white, single bed (2), Pillow case, white (1)
Shoe brush, and brown polish
Towels, set, plain, white cotton, bath, hand, wash clothe
Tooth brush, and tooth paste or powder
Additional uniform items
QTY
1
1
1
1
ITEM
Cap, Knit wool Black Watch
Cap, Wool, Donald Duck, Flat Hat
Sweater, knit black wool
Raincoat, rubberized or synthetic resin coated, issue pattern
*Remember, you don’t have to run out and buy it all at once,
Take your time and get a good price.
REMEMBER THE Small Things
Sometimes it’s the small things that can make or break an impression. Sometimes its things so simple we forget
about them.
Watches – Should be regular dial faced watch with 1940’s style watch bands (you can research these in 1940’s
magazines). Plain simple Timex’s works.
Glasses – If you wear glasses, consider wearing contacts for the day (if you don’t already). If you can’t wear
contacts, you need to get a set of frames that are similar to Army issue or Civilian purchase. You can buy old frames
and get your prescription put in. Again, research the pictures of the time period. There are some optometrists that
specialized in re-enactor eyeglasses. Modern frames won’t work.
Knowledge and Training
As you begin your quest to be a WWII sailor, there are a lot of things you will need to research and learn. Don’t
be afraid to ask questions. To get you started, there are two books you should obtain and read. The first is the United
States Navy Blue Jackets Manual 1941-44, this is a required manual. This is the basic manual for the sailor. This gives
you the instruction on how to do just about everything you need to know as a sailor. The second is the Navy Officers
Guide 1943; it will provide you with a plethora of information relative to the Officer & sailor in WW2.
You also need to know the life of a sailor during that time frame. If you have current-day, real life military
experience, you have the knowledge of the military culture and how things kind of work. However, in order to portray
a WWII sailor, just like those coming from other re-enacting time periods, you will also have to unlearn certain things,
some terminology, some tactics, and such and learn the WWII way. The United States Navy of World War Two is not
the same US Navy of the 50’s, 60’s 70’s or today, it was a very different Navy.
In other words, this hobby requires a lot of period correct research. You are not going to learn all of this overnight.
It will take some time. We have people who have been doing this for many many years and they are still learning
things. Every day is a new learning experience.
A-1 23
Training Opportunities
At most events, members of the ships company will prepare special training programs to improve performance and
impression. Never miss an opportunity to learn!
Quarter Deck Watch Standing, Colors & Daily Routine
Both underway and out to sea the ship is manned with a duty section 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a
year while the ship is commissioned in the United States Navy. There can be anywhere form 2 to 6 duty sections on a
warship During the 24 hour day there are watches set in different parts of the ship for security and safety reasons as
well as navigational purposes out to sea. Typically the watches last 4 hours and there are 6 rotations of watch in a 24 hr
day; 0000-0400, 0400-0800, 0800-1200, 1200-1600, 1600 2000 & 2000-0000. The 16-20 watch can be broken in to 2
separate watches called "dog watches" instead of the 12-16 watch relieving for 30 minutes in order to feed the watch.
The "first dog watch" is 16-18 and the "second dog watch" is 18-20. Dog watches are not very common in ships
handling (navigation) and QD watches. When a dog watch is not used the 12-16 relieves the 16-20 for the dinner meal.
That watch (12-16) also relieves the 04-08 watch for the breakfast meal.
The watch starts to be relieved 15 minutes prior to the recorded start time of the watch; hence the 0800-1200 watch
starts relieving the 0400-0800 watch at 0745. The turn over of the watch and all pertinent information must be
completed by the start time of the watch, in this case 0800. The watch is only relieved and accepted by the oncoming
watch when a clear understanding of given orders of the day and special conditions are understood by the oncoming
watch.
Not underway, the most important things to know in order to relieve the watch is:
Expected weather and readiness in case of bad weather.
Other ships present and who is SOPA (Senior Officer Present Afloat).
Are there small boats in the water and if so, their purpose.
Liberty and when it ends, are there any men not allowed liberty and are their any men that need to see the CDO when
returning.
Special orders of the Captain, Executive Officer or Command Duty Officer.
All “General Orders of the sentry”.
In our case as far as being a docent on board Massachusetts, I believe General Order #1 is worth mentioning "To take
charge of this post and all Government Property in view" On the QD we should be vigilant of all museum property in
view in case of damage / vandalism and unsafe practices by visitors.
The Officer of the Deck, hence forth as OOD, shall require all persons leaving or arriving to the ship over whom he has
authority to request permission to do so while saluting the OOD. The OOD and only the OOD or his appointee has
authority to allow men to come and go as he sees fit and will allow this passing with the words" Permission Granted"
and returning the salute. All men in uniform or not shall stop halfway on the gangway turn to the ships colors on the aft
mast and render honors prior to passing on board or off shore.
Colors
The ceremony "Colors" shall be observed twice a day, ever day on board the ship while in port. Morning colors is at 8
am sharply and observed by all topside by standing at attention and saluting the National Ensign during the playing of
the National Anthem, if a band is not present "To the colors" shall be played on the bugle. In the absence of a bugle,
"Attention to colors" shall be said over the 1MC both inside the skin of the ship and topside. If the National Ensign can
not be seen from where the man is he shall stand at attention and salute in the direction of where the National Ensign is
flown on his ship. When the music starts the National Ensign shall be hoisted smartly by the color guard to peak or
truck. The salute and present arms by the color guard shall terminate when the sounding or saying of "Carry On" is
played after the National Anthem The time allotted for colors when a band is not present is the time needed to play the
National Anthem. Evening colors is held in the same fashion just at sunset in the evening and the flag is hoisted down
slowly while the National Anthem is played. Starting at the peak or truck at the beginning of the music and lowering so
regulated that lowering is finished on the last note.
A-1 24
In half masting colors in the AM raise the flag smartly and then lower slowly to half mast. When retiring from the half
mast raise the flag smartly and them lower slowly.
The OOD his responsible for adhering to the "Daily Routine". This is the daily regular workings of the ship as listed in
the POD or Plan Of the Day or as prescribed by the Captain. The daily routine is carried out by the actions of the OOD
and or his passing of words over the 1MC to the crew with instructions or orders. The ships 1 MC is the loud speaker
on board the ship used to passed announcements and alarms.
Daily Routine
The daily routine typically starts 5 minutes prior to sunrise, depending on the time of the year, by standing by to
observe sunrise. At sunrise, sunrise is observed by turning off all anchor lights.
05:30 Reveille, sound reveille. "Reveille, Reveille, all hands heave out and trice up. Now Reveille."
05:45 Sweepers, sound sweepers. " Sweepers, Sweepers man your brooms, give the ship a clean sweep down both fore
and aft. Sweep down all lower decks, ladder backs and passage ways. Take all trash to receptacles provided for on the
pier. Now sweepers."
07:30 Breakfast call. "Breakfast for the crew"
07:50 call the guard and band in observance for colors.
07:55 Sound call to colors. "First call, First call to colors."
07:58 Report - 8 O' Clock to the CO.
08:00 Observe colors.
08:05 Starts ships work "Turn too, commence ships work."
08:30 Sick Call. "Sick Call"
08:55 Officers Call. "Officers Call"
09:00 Quarters. "Quarters, Quarters. All hands to quarters for muster, instruction and inspection. Now Quarters"
11:30 Sweepers call
11:58 Report to Captain or CDO with morning reports, and 12 O' Clock
12:00 Lunch "Knock off ships work. Lunch for the crew."
13:00 Commence work. "Turn too, commence ships work"
16:00 Knock off work, call sweepers, call men for extra duty.
16:30 Liberty Call. "Liberty call, Liberty Call. Liberty call for sections ( 1,2,3,4, Port or Starboard) ending at ???. Now
Liberty Call."
17:30 Evening meal. "Dinner for the crew"
18:00 Sweepers call.
TBD Sunset and observance of sunset, evening colors
19:30 Movies when ordered
19:58 Report 8 o'clock to the CO
21:00 Dismiss extra duty men, Tattoo. "Tattoo, lights out in 5 minutes"
21:05 Taps. "Taps, Taps, lights out. All hands turn into your bunks,. Maintain silence about the decks. Smoking lamp is
out through out the ship. Now Taps."
Emergency Calls
All alarm calls are preceded and ended with "This is a drill" when it is a drill of course. Drills are typically scheduled in
advance.
Fire:
Fire, Fire, Fire. There is a class A/B/C/D fire in compartment ??-???-??. Away the fire party.
Flood:
Flooding , Flooding, Flooding. The is flooding in Compartment ??-???-??. Away the flooding party.
Man Over Board:
Man Overboard, Port / Starboard side, Fwd / Amidships / Aft, Away the rescue team, all hands to quarters for muster.
A-1 25
General Quarters:
(Bugle call) General Quarters, General Quarters all hands man your battle stations. Material condition zebra will be set
through out the ship in five minutes (sound the GQ alarm) General Quarters, General Quarters all hands man your
battle stations. Material condition zebra will be set in 4 minutes. General Quarters.
When the bridge or QD gets reports that all stations are manned and ready and ZEBRA is set the word is passed "Ship
is at General Quarters"
A deck log entry is made with the time of each emergency and details of the emergency are made. Entries are also
made for fire, flooding under control. The man or men overboard are and when all drills and emergencies are secured.
U.S.S. Massachusetts General Knowledge
Very basic knowledge that every proud sailor would know about his ship are the types of questions that visitors to the
ship will ask so learn the basics.
This knowledge can be found on the map brochure in the gift shop so if the guest has one and you are not sure refer to
it. The basics are;
South Dakota Class
Launched 7/20/41
Commissioned 5/12/42
Decommissioned 3/27/47
Overall length is 680' 10" which is 226 yards (2 1/4 football fields)
Her beam (side to side at widest point) is 108' 2" Draft (how far down she rides in the water) under full load is 34'
Maximum speed is 27 knots
Two anchors, port and starboard respectively each weighing about 30,000 lbs. Each anchor chain is 12 shots, about
1.080 ft long and each link weighs about 120 lbs.
Thickest armor is the turret face plate with 18" thick solid steel.
Main battery is 9 -16"/ 45 cal. triple mount guns. She can fire one gun in one turret at a time.
A 16" shell weighs 2,700 lbs. the equivalent of a 1969 VW Beetle range is 23 Nautical Miles.
Powder bags weigh 110 lbs. each and one projectile uses a max of 6 bags.
Secondary battery are 20 - 5" dual mount guns.
60 - 40 mm quad mount AA guns
8 - 20 mm quad mount AA guns
22 - 20 mm single mount AA guns
8 - 20 mm twin mount AA guns
Ships crew consisted of 2,135 enlisted men and 97 officers.
The LIONFISH (sub next door) had 73 enlisted and 12 Officers
A-1 26
Bells
Bells are used to tell time aboard ships. The number of strikes indicates the time on the hour and half hour. Every 4
hours is when the rotation starts again.
When a 4 hour watch starts and ends there are 8 strikes of the bell.
Curtsey:
Number
of strikes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
How Struck
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QM1 Nitka
USSMLHG
Drill and formations
Mastering the basics of close order drill and the manual of arms is integral to developing discipline and precision.
A well-drilled unit generates an image of discipline and proficiency, and a pride in them selves, to anyone that sees
them. The first thing that any military member learns, regardless of branch of service, nationality, or period in history,
is the fundamentals of drill. It is the foundation upon which all the aspects of being a United States Military Member
are built.
As stated in a manual on Military Discipline, Courtesies, and Customs of the Service, dated 1943, "Among the
drills and exercises that comprise 'disciplinary training', the most important are physical drill, close order drill, and the
ceremonies. Such exercises should be executed with accuracy, precision and promptness. A great many look upon this
work as drudgery and a waste of time. In truth there is no greater aid to obtaining a high standard of discipline in an
organization than the drill and ceremonies mentioned above."
Close Order Drill, and the Manual of arms
We do go into detail on drill for the individual, section, squad, and platoon. There is enough material on the
subject to fill a book, and in fact has filled several. (The Blue Jackets Manual, The Soldier's Handbook, FM 21-100,
1941, the Guidebook for Marines) We point out the fact that each member within the ships company must take the
responsibility to learn the basics of individual of Drill. The more proficient each man can become in performing the
individual movements, the easier it will be for him to mesh with the unit functioning together. If you need help in
mastering some of these skills, all of the NCOs in the ships company are willing to help. Remember, the sailors we
portray learned through daily repetitive training. We don't have that luxury. Training and practice doesn't begin and
end at each event or program. Each man on his own between events must carry it on.
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Listed below are some of the first basic movements without arms that each man should strive to gain proficiency in:
Position of Attention
At Ease
Parade Rest
Stationary Facings – Left face, Right face, About face.
Hand Salute.
Marching Facings; Left Flank, Right Flank, the Obliques, To the Rear March, and column movements.
Drill with the rifle, referred to as the Manual of Arms, is the next level that each individual sailor must accomplish.
Gaining proficiency and "snap and pop" in performing these movements, both as an individual and when functioning as
part of the platoon, will ultimately develop pride, confidence, and trust in both yourself and your fellow sailors.
Nothing looks sharper than a platoon performing the "Marching Manual", with every hand and every weapon moving
as one. But, to get there, each man must first learn and become proficient in the basics. Some of the first basic rifle
movements that you should learn are:
Order Arms (to include the position of attention, and moving to the order from any position)
Trail Arms
Port Arms (to include being able to move to port from any other position)
Present Arms
Right Shoulder, and Left Shoulder Arms
Parade Rest
Rifle Salutes.
There are many more things that you will have to learn as a member, but if you master the basics listed above,
learning the rest, and blending as part of the ships company will come easily.
Nautical Terms and Phrases - Their Meaning and Origin
Aye Aye:
The present meaning of the expression "AYE, AYE" which originally was "Yes, Yes" is from Old English, which was
"I understand, and I will do it." It is based on the Latin word, 'Aio', meaning 'yes'.
Fathom:
Fathom was originally a land measuring term derived from the Anglo-Saxon word "faetm" meaning to embrace. In
those days, most measurements were based on average size of parts of the body, such as the hand (horses are still
measured this way) or the foot (that's why 12 inches are so named). A fathom is the average distance from fingertip to
fingertip of the outstretched arms of a man; about six feet. Since a man stretches out his arms to embrace his
sweetheart, Britain's Parliament declared that distance be called a "fathom" and it be a unit of measure. A fathom
remains six feet. The word was also used to describe taking the measure or "to fathom" something. Today, of course,
when one is trying to figure something out, they are trying to "fathom" it. Even today, in our nuclear Navy, Sailors can
be seen "guess-timating" the length of line by using the Anglo-Saxon fingertip method.
Forecastle
The appropriate pronunciation for this word is fo'ksul. The forecastle is the forward part of the main deck. It derives its
name from the days of Viking galleys when wooden castles were built on the forward and after parts the main deck
from which archers and other fighting men could shoot arrows and throw spears, rocks, etc.
Carry On
In the days of sail, the officer of the deck kept a weather eye constantly on the slightest change in the wind so sail could
be reefed or added as necessary to ensure the fastest headway. Whenever a good breeze came along, the order to "carry
on" would be given. It meant to hoist every bit of canvas the yards could carry. Pity the poor Sailor whose weather eye
failed him and the ship was caught partially reefed when a good breeze arrived. Through the centuries the term's
connotation has changed somewhat. Today, the Blue jackets Manual defines "carry on" as an order to resume work;
work presumably not so grueling as two centuries ago.
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Lead Line
a rope with leather or colored cloth on it and a lead weight on the end used for taking soundings in water not deeper
than 120'. Rivers, bays and harbors. For the most part used when entering and leaving port. The marking scheme is as
follows: 2 fathoms = 2 strips of leather, 3 fathoms = 3 strips of leather, 5 fathoms = a strip of white cloth, 7 fathoms= a
strip of red cloth, 10 fathoms= a strip of leather with a hole in it. 13 fathoms= a strip blue cloth and 15 fathoms is a strip
of white cloth.
Knot
The term knot or nautical mile, is used world-wide to denote one's speed through the water. Today, we measure knots
with electronic devices, but 200 years ago, such devices were unknown. Ingenious mariners devised a speed-measuring
device both easy to use and reliable, the "log line." From this method, we get the term "knot." The log line was a length
of twine marked at 47.33 foot intervals by colored knots. At one end a log chip was fastened; it was shaped like the
sector of a circle and weighted at the rounded end with lead. When thrown over the stern, it would float pointing
upward and would remain relatively stationary. The log line was allowed to run free over the side for 28 seconds and
then hauled on board. Knots which had passed over the side were counted. In this way, the ship's speed was measured.
Small Stuff
A general term used for all line on ship that is small, not for mooring. Since we are on the subject, there is NO ROPE
on a US warship it is all line, except the bell. The ships bell has "bell rope".
Dungarees
Webster’s Dictionary defines dungaree as a course kind of fabric worn by the proper class of people and also used for
tents and sails. We find it hard to picture our favorite part of dungarees flying from the mast of a sailing ship, but in the
old days Sailors often made both their working clothes and hammocks out of discarded sail cloth. The cloth used then
wasn't as well woven nor was it dyed blue. However, it served the purpose. Dungarees worn by Sailors of the
Continental Navy were cut directly from old sails and remained tan in color, just as they had been when filled with
wind. After battles, it was the practice in both the American and British navies for captains to report more sail lost in
battle than actually was the case so the crew would have cloth to mend their hammocks and make new clothes.
Pea Coat
Sailors who have to endure pea-soup weather often don their pea coats but the coat's name isn't derived from the
weather. The heavy topcoat worn in cold, miserable weather by seafaring men was once tailored from pilot cloth — a
heavy, course, stout kind of twilled blue cloth with the nap on one side. The cloth was sometimes called P-cloth for the
initial letter of "pilot" and the garment made from it was called a p-jacket — later, a pea coat. The term has been used
since 1723 to denote coats made from that cloth.
Boatswain's Mate or Bosun, BM
The word is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word "batsuen", meaning a boats "swain" or husband. As required by 17th
century law, British War ships carried 3 small boats: the boat, the cock boat and a skiff. The boat also known as a gig,
was the largest of the 3 and usually used by the Captain to go ashore. The cock boat was a small row boat used as a
ships tender and the skiff was a light weight all purpose boat. The suffix "swain" means keeper, thus the keepers of the
boat, cock boat and skiff were known as boatswain, cockswain and skiffswain, respectively. The Boatswains mate
rating or BM was used in 1775 and formally established in 1797. Until 1949 a BM3 or Boatswains Mate 3rd Class was
called a Cockswain, also spelled coxswain. The Coxswain in to days Navy is the helmsman of the small boat.
Bright work
All polished metal surfaces, especially Brass. Bright it should be and work it is.
Duffle
A name given to a Sailor's personal effects. Also spelled duffel, it referred to his principal clothing as well as to the sea
bag in which he carried and stowed it. The term comes from the Flemish town of Duffel near Antwerp, and denotes a
rough woolen cloth made there.
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Gedunk (also Gee dunk and Gedonk)
Gedunk refers to ice cream, candy, potato chips, and other snack foods, as well as to the place on a ship where these
items are sold.
Head
The ships toilet. When ships were propelled by wind the ships toilet was located at the bow, or head of the ship. This
purpose was two fold. The unpleasant doers were sent with the wind ahead of the ship and out to sea. The second
reason was the Head was located near the base of the bowsprit where splashing sea water would clean the area.
Scuttlebutt
The cask of drinking water on ships was called a scuttlebutt and since Sailors exchanged gossip when they gathered at
the scuttlebutt for a drink of water, scuttlebutt became U.S. Navy slang for gossip or rumors. A butt was a wooden cask
which held water or other liquids; to scuttle is to drill a hole, as for tapping a cask.
Skylarking
17th century term meaning playing in the rigging, especially as high as possible. More modern definition is fooling
around during working hours.
Squared away
Square-rigged sailing ships would set the backs of their sails directly into the wind for their best speed. A ship standing
out smartly from harbor with every sail thus set presented a neat, purposeful appearance. The term soon became applied
as a compliment to any competent sailor. -In particular one with a neat appearance.
Trice Up
To raise the bunk or bed when not in use to make more space and allow easy cleaning around it. "Heave out and trice
up".
Tattoo
Old Dutch tavern keepers, who would say, "tap toe" when the town drummer or bugler would sound the call for
everyone to return to their quarters for the night. It meant, "The tap", or bar, is "to" (To be closed). This is from the
early days of gunpowder and walled cities, especially in the country of Flanders, when the night watch would be called
by the bugle to go out to take up their duties, To English soldiers stationed in Flanders or Holland at the time, it
sounded like, "tattoo', and became utilized to describe the next to the next to the last bugle call for the night. The final
bugle call was "taps", which meant that all businesses and taverns were now shut down for the night, and everyone
except the night watch should be at home or in their barracks.
Mess
Middle English in origin. - 'Mes', meaning a dish. Hence the term, 'a mess of pottage'. The word in English originally
denoted four, and at large or formal dinners, the guests were seated in 'fours'. The average gun crew size was eight men
(2 sets of four), and they worked, ate, stood watches, and slept together as a unit. This is the true origin of 'mess decks',
where the ship's crew take their meals. The other application of the word 'mess', or confusion, is derived from the
German word 'mischen', meaning to mix.
MidRats
While the ship is underway or at anchorage the galley operates 24 hours a day. The Midnight Rations or "MidRats" is a
meal made up of primarily left overs from the lunch and dinner meal as well as sandwiches and coffee, served in the
crew's mess and Officers wardroom from 2330 hrs to 0015 hrs. It is the meal for the oncoming mid watch that may
have slept through dinner or the off going 20-00 watch that may have missed dinner. On a personal note I always
thought it was a way not to throw away left overs.
Weigh Anchor
To raise the anchor from the sea floor.
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Quarter Deck
On wooden sailing vessels the Quarter deck was the deck where the helm was found and where underway the Captain
and Navigator could usually be found.
More modern terminology is the part of the ship where officers and crew and visitors embark and disembark from a
ship in port or at anchorage.
Quarter Master or QM
The Quarter-deck area on wooden sailing vessels was officers' country, and enlisted men were not allowed there unless
called for. However, seasoned, trusted seamen were allowed up there as helmsmen. Because they had to know how to
steer a given course, they also had to learn how to read a compass and then care for it as well. So too with the ship's
chronometer, and then gradually the sextant, charts, and other navigating equipment. Eventually, selected sailors
became "masters" of the Quarter-deck area, particularly when it came to navigation, hence the rating Quarter Master.
The Navy Birthday is October 13th 1775. That is another class...
Animals found on board sea going vessels "Animals" are found on board ships as other than cargo, mascots or
unwelcome pests in the form of a part of the ship itself.
This is a small list of those "animals":
Dog: a locking handle on a hatch,
Cow's Tail: a frayed end of rope,
Dolphin: the mooring platform on shore,
Flounder plate: a metal piece used to join chain together,
Fox tail: a small broom used commonly with a dust pan
Hogs head: a bollard for mooring ships
Lizard: a short line, usually dangling when not in use
Monkey Fist: a weighted knot at the end of a throwing line
Rat tail: a way to finish the end of a line, to prevent it from fraying. Tapered
Snaking: netting on the bottom of rail life lines to prevent things from rolling overboard.
On the forecastle is where the most "animals" can be found in one area and the forecastle, for this reason, can also be
referred to as the "Zoo," here's why:
The hole on the bow through which towing cable is passed is called the BULLNOSE. The heavy hooks holding the
anchor chain in place are called PELICAN HOOKS.
The small stuff attached to the PELICAN HOOKS are called MOUSING.
A j-bat used to move the anchor chain around is called a DONKEY.
The cover over the hawsepipe where the chain goes down to the chain locker is called the JACKASS.
The anchor windlass has a WILDCAT on it for helping to lift the anchor chain, the WILDCAT can also be disengaged
from its power supply in order to turn freely and pay out chain when the order to let go anchor is given.
Curtsey of
QM1 Nitka
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SUMMARY
Our unit maintains a high level of pride in themselves and the USS Massachusetts, knowing that we present the
most accurate and professional impression possible. Our goal is to preserve the proud heritage and traditions of the
USS Massachusetts and the US Navy Sailor during World War II. We also strive to educate the general public about
the many sacrifices that have been made by these men. Sacrifices that helped earn and preserve the freedom and
privileges we now enjoy and in some cases take for granted.
You may also be somewhat intimidated by what appears to be a rather substantial investment. Not all of the
equipment listed needs to be purchased immediately before you may participate.
If you are new to the WWII Living History / Re-enacting hobby, we recommend that you don't run out and buy,
site unseen, without consulting with one of the ships company senior members. Ask your Petty Officers, one of the
biggest mistakes that a new member can make (and we have all made them) is to buy something that they know very
little about. What looks like a bargain could wind up costing money for an incorrect piece of equipment. Now that you
have a better insight into the impression, we hope that you are ready to continue on. Come join us in preserving the
memory and traditions of the USS Massachusetts and the United States Navy Sailor in World War 2.
How to “spit shine” shoes
Unless you are a law enforcement officer or have military experience, the art of spit-shining (really, “water
shining”) is largely forgotten. Since the sailor we honor did it, we should learn it as well. It is also a zen-like experience
that allows for long periods of meditation and a general character-building experience.
This shine would be applied for Inspection or for Liberty, when sailors would be inspected again to verify that they
were presentable to the public before being released from the ship or base. After that, they were the problem of the
Shore Patrol, MP’s or Local Police. If they passed out in the gutter of the nearest town or got caught in a cathouse raid,
at least their shoes would be impeccably shined.
You will need:

Smooth-out shoes or boot (service shoes or low-quarters); don’t bother trying to spit-shine roughout footgear.

Tin of wax polish.

Soft rag; old cotton t-shirt material will do very well.

Toothbrush; this should not be the brush you use for – important health tip – your teeth.
Preparation:
Remove all dust and mud from shoes; they should be as clean as you can make them. Use the toothbrush to clean
the inside of the soles (where they join the uppers). After brushing, wash the bristles to remove grains of mud or dirt.
Remove the top of the polish can; fill the top with tap water and place it in a handy location next to the part with
the polish.
Take a deep breath, and repeat three times: “This is worth it.”
Applying a base:
The first step is to apply what is called “the base”. This is the hardest part, and beginners usually quit in disgust
before they have finished the job. What you will be doing is applying very thin layer after layer of polish, using water
to extract the oil and leave the wax, until the pores of the leather are filled and a layer of wax polish is in place.
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Wrap the shine rag around your right forefinger (if you are right handed; otherwise, you’re “other right”) and dip it
in the water so it is damp on the tip. Keeping it on your finger put some polish on the wet part and apply it to the
smooth leather of the shoe. In applying the base, you may put on fairly large amounts each time.
As you apply the polish, move your fingertip (with rag) in small, circular motions over the area to be polished. You
should do this until the area appears smooth. Keep adding polish and water in small amounts, dipping your finger into
the water and then into the polish and applying with the small circular movements. Keep this up with each application
until the droplets of water disappear; then add more water and more polish. Continue this all over the surface of the
shoe.
[NOTE: the forward toe area of low quarters, along with the stiff part of the heels, will take the best shine. This is
because these areas are rigid and will not bend when walking, cracking the polish.]
Continue this for as long as necessary until the surfaces begin to gleam. It may take 30-40 minutes of busy
polishing before this magical transformation begins to gain momentum. When the entire surface is well-polished, you
have created a “base”.
Polishing:
Once the base is there, each shining session thereafter will be shorter; barring major damage to the shine, a few
applications of very small amounts of polish and water should restore the finish. Just dust off the shoes with the soft rag
and apply a new layer using a small amount of water and polish for each application.
Use the toothbrush to apply polish to the crease between the sole and the upper, and use the cloth to apply it to the
sides of the soles.
The effect is very sharp and military.
NOTE: Some troublemakers may insist on using cotton balls and coating the whole thing with Johnson’s clear
floor polish after the wax polish is perfect. This technique results in a surface suitable for the Hubble Space Telescope;
however, it is not a period technique and not worth the effort.
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This manual created for the purposes of understanding and getting started in World War Two
Living History and Re-enacting aboard the USS Massachusetts BB-59 (Battleship Massachusetts)
By George Devlin, Captain – President, USS Massachusetts Living History Group.
With the Grateful assistance of:
CQM Keith Nitka, US NAVY - USSMLHG
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