Perceptions and Awareness of Climate Change in Andros Island the

Shifting Grounds in the Ephemeral Islands:
Perceptions and Awareness of Climate Change in Andros Island the Bahamas
Photo: Sarah Wise
Project Report
July 15th – August 19, 2010
Andros Island, The Bahamas
Report Compiled by Sarah Wise
Research Team
Sarah Wise – Doctoral Candidate, Rutgers University
Rivean Riley – Bahamas National Trust, Protected Area Coordinator
Delreco Bonaby – undergraduate, College of the Bahamas
Marion Clement – undergraduate, Rutgers University
Alannah Vellacott – undergraduate, College of the Bahamas
Acknowledgements:
This research would not have been possible without the support of the UNESCO-Climate
Frontlines Forum. We would also like to thank Dr. Keith Tinker (The Bahamas Antiquities,
Museums and Monuments Corporation) and Dr. Kenneth Broad (The Abess Center for
Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami) for their assistance and technical support
with this project. Much appreciation goes to Professor Jessica Minnis (College of the Bahamas)
for generating interest among the College of the Bahamas student body and for excellent field
support. We are also grateful to Dr. Linda Davis (Graduate Programmes and International
Relations, College of the Bahamas) for her enthusiasm and encouragement with the project; and
to The Bahamas Environmental Research Center, Valdez Russel, and the ForFar Field Station for
helping us with logistical support. Thanks go to Nikita Shiele-Rolle and the Young Bahamian
Marine Scientists for helping to recruit interested students and lending enthusiasm for the
project. Shanta Brown was invaluable in her role as field naturalist and educator, for her wealth
of information and unflagging energy. Finally, we are in debt to the residents of Andros for
generously sharing their time and information with us!
1
Table of Contents
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
a.
b.
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
PROJECT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 3
PROJECT OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................. 3
LOOKING TO BLUE HOLES AS INDICATORS OF CHANGE.............................................................................. 4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................... 5
RESEARCH TEAM ........................................................................................................................................ 6
METHODOLOGIES.................................................................................................................................... 6
SURVEY INSTRUMENT................................................................................................................................. 7
PARTICIPANT MAPPING .............................................................................................................................. 8
RESEARCH LOCATION ........................................................................................................................... 8
GEOPHYSICAL FEATURES ........................................................................................................................... 8
ISLAND INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................... 9
THE PEOPLE OF ANDROS .......................................................................................................................... 10
INITIAL SURVEY RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 11
SURVEY DEMOGRAPHICS .......................................................................................................................... 11
PERCEPTIONS AND AWARENESS OF CLIMATE CHANGE............................................................................. 11
BLUE HOLES AS ENVIRONMENTAL MARKERS .......................................................................................... 13
Resource Use ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Conservation Concepts ............................................................................................................................ 16
EDUCATION AND OUTREACH ............................................................................................................ 17
STUDENT PARTICIPATION ......................................................................................................................... 18
COMMUNITY WORKSHOP ......................................................................................................................... 18
PRESENTATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 22
5.4 OTHER PRODUCTS OF THIS RESEARCH ..................................................................................................... 23
6.0
LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................... 24
7.0
CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
2
1.0
Project Summary
As a low lying island nation within the hurricane belt, The Bahamas archipelago is
exposed to impacts of climate change such as severe storm events, sea level rise, acidification of
marine waters and increased sea temperatures. The IPCC has listed The Bahamas as, “especially
vulnerable to climate change and associated sea-level rise,” (World Conservation Union) due to
the country’s low elevation and coastal settlement patterns. In 2007, the Bahamas Prime Minister
recognized climate change as a major threat to the country and introduced plans to combat its
impacts (The Bahamas Government 2007); however there remains very little discourse on the
topic of climate change, and virtually none outside the capital of Nassau. Focusing on a family
island, Andros, this research documented perceptions and awareness of climate change on
regional and local scales, particularly in relation to specific geological phenomena: tidal aquatic
caves or Blue Holes.
Situated within the 100,000 miles of ocean and over 700 cays that make up the Bahamas,
Andros is often described as more sea than land. While Andros is the largest Bahamian island, it
remains the least developed. The latest Bahamas census (2000) numbered the entire island’s
population at 7,686 (Census 2000). In the northern region, the peak elevation is only a few feet
above sea level with large areas of the island remaining tidal wetland. Andros boasts one of the
largest reserves of freshwater in the Bahamas and subsequently supplies the nation’s capital,
Nassau, with the majority of its fresh water via tanker transport (TNC 2005). The people of
Andros have the reputation of exceptional seafarers and fishers, able to adapt to an area that is
not quite solid ground or fluid sea—a liminal space (Blackbourn 2006, McCay 2009). Although
considered one island, Andros is divided by marine and fresh water bodies, pocked with stretches
of marshland, extensive mangrove habitat, and tidal caves known to residents as Blue Holes.
This research looks specifically at Blue Holes as indicators of environmental and cultural change
for Androsians. The underlying purpose of this project is twofold: 1) conduct research into how
Androsians perceive the threat of Climate Change; and 2) increase awareness by providing
educational opportunities and space for island residents to voice concerns and opinions about
environmental changes, while facilitating community networks.
Importantly, by researching the experiences and perceptions of island residents, the
project will lead to an increased awareness of the impacts of climate change on small island
communities as well as generate dialogue on possible adaptations. In addition to broadening our
understanding on how climate change directly affects people living on island nations, the project
culminated with a hands-on workshop that provided participants with applicable knowledge
about the treats of climate change and appropriate alternative energy and building designs.
Central to this project is the commitment to incorporate Bahamian students in the research
process, thereby improving the student’s research skills and knowledge while building interest in
social science approaches to environmental issues in the Bahamas.
1.1
Project Objectives
This project was designed to benefit, foremost, the residents of Andros and participating
Bahamian students, while gathering valuable data on perceptions of and adaptations to climate
change in The Bahamas. The project objectives are:
1. Develop a richer understanding of how Androsians perceive the threat of climate change
by conducting research into:
3
a.
How the people of Andros use environmental indicators, such as blue holes, to
perceive the threat of climate change
b. How changing climatic conditions are integrated into daily decision-making
processes.
2. Train participating Bahamian student researchers on social science methodologies while
providing them the opportunity to gain hands-on research experience.
3. Document the research project and public engagements through photographs, video, and
other audio visual, educational, media and advocacy material.
4. Educate and inform participants about issues surrounding climate change while
providing them the opportunity to voice concerns about environmental issues faced by
their communities.
a. Conduct two public presentations on the preliminary findings of the research
b. Organize a workshop designed to address community concerns, while offering
practical information on inexpensive alternative energy strategies and building
designs appropriate for the semi-tropical climate of The Bahamas.
1.2
Looking to Blue Holes as Indicators of Change
Bahamians, especially Androsians, rely on their environment for their livelihood and
security; however emergent environmental conditions such as sea level rise, increased storm
events, and coastal development continue to alter the physical geography of the island as well as
the way people live their daily lives. Aquatic caves are central features in the Androsian land and
seascapes, and as such, are excellent indicators of the changing physical and social environment
of Andros. Aquatic caves are steep-walled depressions that have developed over geological time
on carbonate banks and islands such as in The Bahamas. Bahamian blue holes were named so for
their deep blue color in contrast to the lighter blue of surrounding shallow waters. Some blue
holes fluctuate tidally and have extensive cave systems. Both marine and inland aquatic caves
are created by rising sea levels from the last glacial period and subsequent erosion of the
surrounding limestone. Many inland blue holes have a fresh water lens, making them ideal fresh
water resources in the semi-arid climate of The Bahamas. Water circulation in blue holes is
limited, resulting in highly stratified water levels. Because lower levels are often anoxic in some
blue holes, conditions are ideal for fossil preservation, allowing for more detailed reconstructions
of past flora and fauna in the region. Because of the caves’ unique chemical and geological
conditions, blue holes are extremely vulnerable to threats such as human pollution and
development pressures. Although an import resource for Androsians, tourists and the scientific
community, little is known about how blue holes have factored into the changing social
processes of the people who live and work them.
The nascent research on aquatic caves focuses primarily on initial biophysical
explorations (Schwabe et al. 2006, 2007, National Geo 2010). This project takes an ethnographic
approach to better understand how Bahamian aquatic caves have been used as indicators of
cultural and environmental change. Andros Island is home to an exceptionally large number of
blue holes1—some claim that the island has the greatest concentration of blue holes in the world.
1
Estimates vary dramatically, ranging from 200-400 aquatic caves, many of which have not been documented.
4
Archeological evidence indicates Bahamian aquatic caves were used as burial sites for preColumbian Native Americans. Contemporarily, initial interviews with Androsian residents
reveal that these aquatic caves continue to be used as geographical and social landmarks in
numerous ways, such as: fresh water sources, hiding places, natural boundary markers, sites for
waste disposal, resource extraction, recreation, and social disciplining. Blue holes have been
woven into personal, community, and national narratives of change through practical
experiences, shared stories, and involvement with scientific explorations of these aquatic caves.
Over the years, perceptions of Bahamian blue holes have shifted: the caves were once highly
valued as community resources, but also feared as a public hazard; today, there is growing
interest in blue holes as cultural and historical symbols, tourism, scientific exploration and
recreation.
Just as use activity has shifted to accommodate communities’ new demands, so has the
symbolic meanings of these geological features. More recently, blue holes have begun to take on
value as places of valuable scientific discovery and potential tourist attractions. As the Bahamas
struggles to find purchase in a competitive tourism market, blue holes are increasingly becoming
symbols of awe and recreation rather than practical sites of resource extraction. Recently
(National Geographic 2010) researchers have used these aquatic caves to reconstruct a detailed
picture of climate variability and modern sea level rise—particularly rates of climate change
(Broad, pers. comm. 2009) for the Bahamas region. Ethnographic research on people’s uses of
aquatic caves over their lifetime suggests residents have observed changing climate conditions
and altered resource use patterns within their lifetimes (Wise 2009). By focusing our research
attention on these unique geological features, we are able to explore the intersection of cultural
and climatic change among coastal communities in Central and North Andros Island.
1.3
Research Questions
In an attempt to better understand how Androsians perceive climate change and in what
ways blue holes are used as indicators of change, this research focuses on four central questions:
1) In what ways do Androsians experience changing climate conditions?
2) How do Androsians perceive and understand the concept of climate change?
3) In what ways are blue holes indicators of change—both climatic and cultural?
4) What adaptations have Androsians developed relating to climate change?
5
1.4
Research Team
Figure 1: Research Team (from left to right): Marion Clement (undergraduate volunteer – Rutgers University undergraduate),
Delreco Bonaby (undergraduate student - College of the Bahamas), Alannah Vellacott (undergraduate student - College of the
Bahamas), Sarah Wise (Doctoral student and consultant – Rutgers University).
The research team incorporated scholars and students from both U.S. and Bahamian
institutions, including: Alannah Vellacott and Delreco Bonaby (Bahamian undergraduate
biochemistry students interested in the effects of climate change on small island nations), and
Marion Clement (Rutgers undergraduate student in geography interested in the social
implications of conservation development and tourism). Sarah Wise (PhD candidate in
environmental anthropology, Rutgers University, New Jersey) led the research and provided
ethnographic training for the students. Rivean Riley2 (Andros Protected Area Coordinator,
Bahamas National Trust) helped to design the research approach and provided technical support.
Technical advice was provided by Dr. Kenneth Broad (Director, Abess Center for Ecosystem
Science and Policy, University of Miami), Jessica Minnis (College of the Bahamas, Professor of
Social Sciences), and Peter Douglas (Director, Andros Nature Conservancy and Trust). The
project ran from July 19th to August 19th in Andros Island, with several days spent in New
Providence for preparation. Native Androsian and naturalist, Shanta Brown, guided the field
trips to blue holes and other locations, lectured on the flora and fauna, and history of the area.
By engaging Bahamian student researchers to interview Androsian residents, this project
allows for a richer understanding of how Bahamians perceive and respond to changing climate
patterns, while facilitating dialogue about climate change among Bahamians.
2.0
Methodologies
This project benefitted from a mixed-methods ethnographic approach (Bernard 2006),
including informal and semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and participant
2
Due to unexpected circumstances, Rivean Riley was not able to accompany us on the research trip at the last
minute. He was invaluable in the logistical planning stages.
6
mapping. Informal interviews covered more general questions about perceptions of the
environment, life experiences, and general concerns about the community. The semi-structured
survey instrument addressed questions about fluctuations in resource use behavior (such as
access to and locations of fresh water, property claims, building patters and harvesting practices),
climate observations (such as observed environmental changes over time, affects on fisheries,
and storms, possible areas of concern) and actions taken with regard to these observations.
Interviews allow for rigorous quantitative and qualitative analysis, and provide context for the
socio-political framework surrounding climate change in Andros and The Bahamas. We
conducted participant mapping to engage people with the topic of climate change spatially.
Using GPS and informal mapping strategies such as walking and boat tours, island residents
were able to create maps of changes within their environment.
2.1
Survey Instrument
The semi-structured survey instrument for this project was based on an earlier version
designed by Sarah Wise and Amelia Moore. Additional assistance specific to questions about
perceptions of climate change was provided by Dr. Kenny Broad. The instrument was six pages
long, estimated to take approximately 60 minutes to administer. Realistically, the surveys took
far longer than expected (1.5-2 hours) due to the subjects’ interest and the rich responses to the
questions. After introducing the project to a possible participant, an interviewer would then
complete the steps to obtain informed consent. Once consent was given, the interview
commenced. Interviewers recorded their initials, the location of the survey, the date, to number
their surveys in order of administration. The survey consisted of approximately 80 questions
which fell into six categories: Perceptions and Awareness of Climate Change, Blue Holes as
Environmental Markers, Resource Use, Stories and Events, Conservation Concepts, Background
Information. The answers were recorded on the survey itself and in the students’ notes. The
interview was digital recorded when allowed and appropriate. We conducted a total of 28
completed surveys, approximately 50 percent of which were digitally voice recorded.
The survey data was then entered into an Excel template and collated upon completion of
the field session. Initially, the students paired up to conduct surveys, with one student asking the
questions and recording answers in the survey and one student taking down the notes,
descriptions, and long narratives. This allowed for greater recording of respondent comments
and stories. The students had no trouble finding initial respondents. They actively discussed
their experiences with each other at length during the daily meeting and throughout the research
period allowing for a deeper understanding of the topic as well as the research process.
The rationale behind this survey instrument was twofold: first, to conduct research—by
documenting descriptions of the present, narratives of the past, and individual perceptions and
opinions—on how the people of Central and North Andros perceive the threat of climate change
and how they incorporate changing climatic conditions into their daily lives; second to explore
how Bahamian aquatic caves have been used as indicators of cultural and environmental change.
The survey instrument was designed to delineate the variations of experience with climate
change and use of the environment among individuals and demographic categories such as age,
gender, and geographical location. Through engaged conversation with the residents of Andros,
we hoped to learn about people’s life experiences with changing cultural and climatic conditions.
We further expected students to gain confidence as interviewers and social scientists while
gaining familiarity with contemporary environmental issues affecting their homeland.
7
2.2
Participant Mapping
Using GPS and informal mapping strategies such as multiple sketches, walking tours of
the land, and boat tours of the sea, we worked with residents to create maps of the terrestrial and
marine environment, document resource use activities, and record any changes observed over
time. Of the 28 surveys completely, nearly half of the participants (15) were willing to generate
detailed participatory maps depicting methods of resource use and claims as well as naming
histories, and boundary claims. During the mapping sessions, we asked questions about resource
use, storm events, environmental markers, observed and experienced changes over time (both
climatic changes as well as resource use behavior) claiming access to certain spaces, and
information pathways used among community members. Questions included: Would you say the
climate in your area has changed in your life time? If so, how? What changes have you seen?
Can you show me? Are there any blue holes in the area? Have they changed in any way?
The participatory maps illustrated historical and spatial narratives as perceptions of the
environment and resource use fluctuated over time and space. The documents also provided a
systematically gathered alternative reference to area maps used by the Bahamas government, the
U.S. AUCTEC Military base, and conservation agencies in order to highlight the different ways
the environment and resource use are perceived.
3.0
Research Location
Study Area
Satellite image from Google earth
Figures 2 & 3: Satellite image of Andros Island
Photo: by Sarah Wise
Arrival by air to Fresh Creek, Andros
3.1
Geophysical Features
Southeast of Florida and stretching 100 miles long and 40 miles wide, lies the largest and
least populated island in the Bahamas, Andros Island. Andros is pocked with large bodies of
marshland, extensive mangrove habitat, and tidal aquatic caves commonly known as Blue Holes.
Transportation between north and south Andros is limited to boat or plane, due to the Marls—a
complex series of carbonate mud banks and uninhabited cays. Just off the eastern shore lies the
3rd largest barrier reef in the world and beyond that, “The Tongue of the Ocean,” an oceanic
8
trench dropping from 10 to over 6,000 feet deep. Local fishermen target large grouper species,
mutton snapper, and barracuda for subsistence while commercial fishermen fish off the west side
on the Great Bahamas Bank, which is considered to be the prime commercial fishing territory in
the Bahamas. The shallow sandy bank harbors several commercial species, including spiny
lobster (Panulirus argus), stonecrab (Menippe mercenaria), various sponge species, Queen
conch (Strombus gigas), and scalefish. The largest freshwater/estuarine system in the Bahamas
occurs in Wide Opening on the west side of Andros (West Side REA 2006).
Much of Andros is tidal mangroves. The west side of Andros is a broad plain of mud and
sand, interspersed with thick red and black mangrove stands, stretching like a flat tongue onto
the Great Bahamas bank. Tidal creeks spread across the coastline: some just narrow enough to let
a boat slip through, others stretching farther than the eye can see. The larger creeks, with their
fast flowing current, resemble vast rivers. Only the salinity level and tidal fluctuations
distinguish the broad water bodies as marine features. The horizon line is a thin, barely
perceptible line between sky, limestone outcroppings and mud.
Andros can be better described as a conglomeration of islands or cays rather than one
mainland. The island divides into two large sections, separated by the expansive Middle Bight, a
three mile stretch of water and mangroves dotted with small uninhabited cays dividing the north
and south sections of the island. North Andros is the slightly more developed of the two and is
home to a valuable fresh water export and lucrative sport fishing industry and is where the
central government offices are located. South Andros offers small high-end sport fishing lodges,
as well as the well known luxury eco-resort, Tiamo. Due to the sheer size of Andros, as well as
time and financial restrictions, our research focused exclusively on the Central and North Andros
on the northern island.
3.2
Island Infrastructure
One road—The Queen’s Highway—runs the 50 mile eastern side of North
Andros, from Behring Point north to Nichol’s Town and west 20 miles to Red Bays, connecting
the dots of settlements along the way. The houses within settlements were primarily modest
cement structures, many with flowering yards. The area is known for its fishing. Fishermen from
across The Bahamas frequent the coastline of Andros for commercial and subsistence fishing.
Sport fishing fuels the central coastline of Andros. Considered to be a fishing haven by wealthy
fishing tourists, the region is well known for its sport fish guiding through the marls to some of
the reported best bonefish grounds in the world. Anglers can travel by boat from the east
coastline directly to the west side banks of Andros to fish. Sport fishermen also travel to Andros
from around the world to fish for sport fish, generating an estimated $14.7 million annually
(Fedler 2010).
While geographically isolated in some ways, Androsians have developed complex and
extensive networks, often in relation to the sea. The sea has become a settlement’s life source for
food, for transport, and for any connection to the rest of the island and the wider world. Prior to
1960 there was no continuous road. Each settlement remained isolated from the rest of the island.
Residents traveled by boat, polling over the shallow bays to see family, celebrate deaths, receive
medical treatment, or transport goods. In this way, settlements were forced to be self sufficient to
a large degree, relying heavily on family and the sea for survival. Residents fished and farmed
their food, collected and carried water from nearby sources, built schools and churches, and
depended on neighbors during lean times and crises. The young traveled to Nassau or to Florida
to find employment. During this era, blue holes were prominent geological features for
9
settlements. The inland caves provided a valuable source of fresh water, while the marine caves
were prime fishing sites. Overtime, sea level has risen and the geomorphology of the island has
changed leading to changing utility as well as physical appearance of the caves. As climate
continues to change, these geological markers are excellent sites of both social and climatic
fluctuations.
3.3
A
C
The People of Andros
B
D
Figures 4: Examples of Resource Use in Andros (From top left to right. All photos by Sarah Wise)
a) Androsian women returns from collecting Sponge; b) sponge hook; c) bonefish guide; d) cracking conch
Many Bahamians consider Andros the least developed and most rural of all the Bahamian
islands—often calling it “the back-of-the-bush.” Concurrently, tourist literature describes Andros
as “the heartland” or “the backbone” of the Bahamas, the island which represents the “true” or
“most authentic” islands. Perhaps because of its social isolation and lack of development, Andros
has also been perceived as the center of Bahamian music, dancing, language, and food—where
people are deeply connected to the sea and surrounding environment.
10
4.0
Initial Survey Results
The initial survey results have been gleaned from an assessment of all the survey
responses and concomitant recorded conversations with respondents. The demographic
information is presented first in order to lay out the sample size and parameters. We conducted a
total of 28 completed surveys, approximately 50 percent of which were digitally voice recorded.
We informally interviewed an additional 52 residents on more general topics such as: life
experience, concerns about the community, resource use, perceptions of the marine environment.
4.1
Survey Demographics
Table 1: Survey Demographics
Central Andros Blue Holes Survey
Demographics June 2010
18-25
26-35
36-45
46-55
56-65
66-75
Total
Male
2
5
5
1
1
1
15
Female
3
3
3
1
2
1
13
Total
5
8
8
2
3
2
28
Of the total 28 ethnographic interviews, 15 were men and 13 women. Ages ranged from
18-78. We performed surveys along the east coast of Central and North Andros including:
Behring Point, Cargill Creek, Bowen Sound, Fresh Creek, Calabash Bay, Love Hill, Small Hope,
Staniard Creek, Blanket Sound, Stafford Creek, Staniard Creel, Mastic Point, Conch Sound, and
Nicholl’s Town.
Without the option of conducting a random sample due to time restraints, lack of a
sampling frame, small communities, and sensitivity of the subject matter, we believed it best to
construct a representative purposive sample based on specific categories—gender, age, and
occupation (Bernard 2006: 190). Central Andros is geographically heterogeneous. Obtaining
representation from three general sections (southern, central and northern) and cross referencing
with other demographic categories, ensured an unbiased sample to a reasonable degree.
4.2
Perceptions and Awareness of Climate Change
Overall, awareness of the concept of climate change was very low among the sampled
population. Among those surveyed, 81 percent did not demonstrate a concrete knowledge of
either the terms climate change or global warming. Of those that reported having heard either
term previously (73%), detailed knowledge of the concepts was extremely limited. A relatively
small percentage (18%) of those that had heard the terms were very concerned about climate
change and were uncertain how it may be actualized in the future. Upon discussion of possible
environmental issues linked to climate change, (e.g. sea level rise, warmer temperatures,
11
seasonal variations, acidification of the ocean) increased storm events was the most salient
concern among residents, although concern remained low. This is likely due to the Bahamas
having a very active hurricane season. Andros Island lies directly in the hurricane belt; however
there was little concern over an anticipated increase in storm events. Most respondents had
experienced at least one and usually several major hurricane events in their lifetime. One
participant’s response illustrates the general resignation felt by many of the respondents. “They
come, wash the island down a bit and move on. That’s how it is.” (male participant, 39). While
this particular response is perhaps more lackadaisical than was usual, residents did tend to take
significant storm events in stride, as “part of life” and even in some cases as, “a time to socialize
with your neighbors and family because you can’t do no work”. Often those interviewed
mentioned that no lives in Andros had been lost to a hurricane in their lifetime, while nearly
every participant reported knowing of someone who had died in a Blue Hole3.
You can’t worry about storms. They come. They come. They gonna
always come. Ain’t no one dead from no storm. Least not these days.
My boy died messing with one of them holes. Children always falling
in those, drowning. You got to watch them holes, they’s what kills
you here.
Female, 82
Although climate change was not a familiar term or concept overall, most people (82%)
reported that the climate has changed noticeably in their lifetimes. This was consistent across age
ranges. Of those that experienced a change, 73 percent believed temperatures had increased in
their lifetime, while 10 percent reported that the weather felt cooler, and another 10 percent did
not perceive any change in temperatures. When discussing possible results of climate change, the
most common effects mentioned where: increased storms, flooding, food shortages, and forced
migration away from the coastal zone4. This form of migration is not uncommon for Androsian
residents and many settlements had some movement within their regional history. Red Bays, the
only settlement located on the west side of Andros, had to move three times in the last 100 years
due to extreme storms and flooding events. When interviewing residents of Red Bays, few
people seemed concerned about the prospect of moving. Several discussed the settlements
history, suggesting that “Red Bay people are strong”. This perception of resilience was prevalent
in many of the participants, as were people’s deep religious beliefs that “God will provide and
take care of us. Ain’t nothing going to happen that God doesn’t want to let happen” (male, 35).
3
Deaths associated with Blue Holes were usually by drowning. Although the population in Andros is small, there
were an alarming number of reported deaths (some drowning, some murders) in blue holes. This could not be
corroborated with actual recorded deaths because many of the claims regarded people officially listed as simply
“missing.” It remains uncertain the number of actual deaths that can be associated with blue holes, but it was
certainly a common theme among interviews throughout Central and North Andros.
4
It should be noted that the entire Bahamian archipelago can be considered a coastal zone because of its proximity
to the ocean and low elevation. During interviews, participants usually perceived the coastal zone to be a narrow
strip of beach front. Migration from a coastal zone could be conceptualized as moving only a few feet away from the
beach, to moving several miles inland. Regardless, because of Andros’ low elevation, it is unlikely that either move
would solve the problem of sea level rise and flooding for these communities. Migration out of The Bahamas was
rarely mentioned by informants as a possibility. Indeed, lack of economic resources or social networks abroad would
prohibit the majority of Androsian residents to migrate permanently.
12
Although awareness of climate change was quite low, there were several indications of
associated adaptations to changing climatic events. In previous studies, 90 percent of fishers
reported a decrease in both size and availability of fish, changes in fishing conditions consistent
with sea level rise and storm events (e.g. flooded nursery habitat, damaged coral reefs, shifts in
migratory patterns) (Wise, dissertation 2010). In the last couple years, a number of fishers had
shifted their focus from the three primary target species—Nassau Grouper (Epinephelus
striatus), Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus), and the Queen Conch (Strombus gigus) —to
the sea cucumber (for a newly emerging Asian market), and other species previously considered
“undesirable” by Bahamians.
Land crab (Cardisoma guanhumi) is significant to the Androsian economy, particularly
for the women and unemployed. Both the Black Land Crab and White Land crab are caught for
subsistence and commercial purposes. Crabs are primarily exported to Nassau and Grand
Bahamas markets, sometimes selling for as much as $60/dozen. Crab harvesting provides a
valuable resource for communities with few employment options. Nearly all people interviewed
harvest crab to some degree, and some individuals rely exclusively on the seasonal harvest for
survival. Informants reported dramatic fluctuations in the number of land crab “walking5” during
the rainy season in recent years; however everyone reported a steady decline in numbers in their
lifetimes, particularly in the past 10 years. Many people reported a recent trend of some residents
“digging for crab” rather than waiting for them to walk. This entails finding an individual crab’s
burrow and digging it up, rather than opportunistically collecting the available walking crab
during the season. There has emerged and offseason market for crab further encouraging this
form of extraction. No one interviewed had heard of people digging for crab in previous years
and many were deeply concerned about the practice. Although little work has been done on land
crab as an important island resource, this research suggests there may be important links between
climate variation and land crab populations.
4.3
Blue Holes as Environmental Markers
Figure 5: Uncle Charlie’s Blue Hole
Hubcap Blue Hole
Photos: Sarah Wise
Stafford Creek Blue Hole
5
“Walking” refers to the crab’s seasonal migration from inland burrows to the shoreline to breed and where the
females shed their eggs. Crabs are seen “walking” and are then collected by hand by the dozen. Once caught, crab
are placed in small pens and fed cornmeal and coconut to “clean them out” and “fatten them up.” Crab is then sold
locally and in the urban areas such as New Providence and Grand Bahamas for $25-60 per dozen. This migration
coincides with the raining season and particularly wet conditions.
13
Based on earlier research on primary environmental indicators of change (Wise,
dissertation 2010), we chose to focus on Androsian aquatic caves due to their historical and
sustaining significance as water sources, fishing grounds, scientific sites, and cultural markers.
We made an effort to visit those aquatic caves most mentioned during interviews. During the
course of research, the team visited and digitally recorded the location of a total of eleven aquatic
caves (see Table 2).
Table 2: Locations & Names
4
5
6
7
8
Name
no known name
no known name
no known name
Conch Sound Boiling
Hole
Evan's Blue Hole
Stafford Creek Blue Hole
Hubcap Blue Hole
Rainbow Blue Hole
9
Captain Bill's Blue Hole/
Churches Blue Hole
10
11
12
13
Uncle Charlie's Blue Hole
Rat cay Blue Hole
Blue Hole Cay
Gobbler Blue Hole
1
2
3
Blue Holes - Names & Locations
General location
Near Behring point next to old house on Smith Rd
Near Behring point next to old house on Smith Rd
Mastic Point on Lord Chamberlain's old plantation
lat
24° 28.695 N
24° 28.689 N
25° 03.739' N
long
77° 43.850 W
77° 43.850 W
77° 59.055' W
Offshore ocean hole, off Conch Sound
On Evan's family property in Evansville
By road near Stafford Creek (East side)
Along Queen's Highway, north of Love Hill
Along Queen's Highway, north of Love Hill
25° 06.904' N
25° 08.933' N
24° 54.078' N
24° 46.462' N
24° 47.098' N
77° 00.045' W
78° 00.539' W
77° 56.178' W
77° 51.093' W
77° 51.594' W
Behind Love Hill in Blue Hole National Park
Near San Andros, off Queen’s Highway, North
Andros
Offshore, southeast of Mastic Point
Offshore of Stafford Creek
North of Bowen Sound
24° 44.529' N
77° 51.713' W
25° 06.679' N
24° 58.746' N
24° 54.102' N
24° 37.085' N
78° 02.434' W
77° 55.963' W
77° 54.981' W
77° 45.783' W
It should be noted that residents made a distinction between inland blue holes (often
simply referred to as Blue Holes or specifically named blue holes), and oceanic blue holes, often
termed, “boiling holes” or “breathing holes” due to the visible tidal fluctuation and currents
passing through the cave system. We found many inland blue holes were not named, and because
of their sheer number, are not yet publically known to anyone outside of the immediate vicinity.
There are, however, several blue holes that many residents refer to immediately when asked
about blue holes in the area. These tend to be more accessible, used regularly, often are
associated with a particular event and may even be groomed for recreational activities and
tourism. Observations of change—whether physical or functional—most often were associated
with these sites. A likely reason for this is that these caves are visited most frequently for various
purposes allowing for the opportunity to observe changes.
Over 48 percent of people interviewed observed changes—either environmental or
cultural—regarding nearby blue holes in their lifetimes. These changes could include water
clarity, salinity, size, shape, and proximate species.
Sometimes you go and it’s black, black, black. Now, why is
that? You all should know, you’re scientists. Then you go and
the water is clear. Beautiful. You can see the fish swimming. You
might even chance a swim. [laughs] I don’t know why it changes
like that, just depends on the day, I guess. Maybe the rain.
14
Female, 40, discussing nearby Gobbler Hole
a.
Resource Use
Photo by Sarah Wise
Photo by Sarah Wise
Photo by Amelia Moore
Photo by Amelia Moore
http://www.myoutislands.com/baham
as-diving/dive-locations.cfm
Figure 6: Contemporary uses of aquatic caves
Of the 28 people participating in a semi-structured interview, nearly half (48%) currently
used blue holes for some purpose such as fishing, crabbing, and recreational swimming.
Recreational uses were most common although there was some indication that this has changed
over time. We found there to be a generational difference in how residents perceive and use
aquatic caves. During the interviews, people often perceived aquatic caves as dangerous,
mysterious and sacred places with historical significance. Blue holes held tales of mythical
creatures, death, and otherworldliness; however many older Androsians viewed blue holes as
functional as well. In some settlements, prior to roads and other infrastructure, inland holes were
communal sites for washing clothes, swimming, crabbing, and points of community recreation.
Historically, people located farms near inland aquatic caves for convenient access to fresh water.
Yeah, I sees them holes when I go crabbing. There’s one out back,
far, far in the bush that I go to. No one out there anymore. It takes
me the morning to walk out that way, but I can see people been
there. Yeah, cause there’s some old pots and things left out there. And
yam trees, not the wild ones. They’ve been planted. I believe someone
back in the day farmed out there and those plants just growing every
year…Nah, no one ever goes out there anymore but me and a few
children to crab.
Female, 66
15
Historically, marine blue holes were used for fishing by both men and women6. As
people’s lifestyles changed, so did the relevance of blue holes in their lives. Over time, as
functionality diminished, residents’ perceptions of blue holes re-focused on the danger and threat
of blue holes. It has become less common for Androsians to utilize blue holes for practical
purposes in their everyday lives. Fear narratives have also shifted to incorporate new, perhaps
more relevant hazards. New stories emerge involving contemporary threats such as pollution,
scientific exploration, and drug trafficking.
Contemporarily, blue holes may be considered dually mysterious and useful as sites for
tourist activities and scientific exploration. Many people interviewed made the distinction
between “Bahamian” or “native” respect and fear of holes and “foreign,” “white,” or “guest”
enjoyment of holes. Blue holes have become associated with certain groups of peoples, which
has shifted over time as blue holes are valued in different ways.
b.
Conservation Concepts
Andros residents rely on individual wells for their household fresh water and municipal
water pumped from central wellfields on the island. As mentioned previously, Andros also
provides the bulk of fresh water for the Bahamian capital, Nassau, which houses 75 percent of
the nation’s population (Approximately 275,000 people). Given the importance of Andros’ fresh
water system, blue holes—particularly inland caves with their fresh water lens—are prime
indicators of groundwater quality. Concurrently, blue holes are vulnerable to threats of pollution
and salt water intrusion. Several people reported increased salinity in their drinking water in
recent years, particular during the dry season and after major development projects near
wellfields.
Dr. Kenny Broad
Photo_ Dr. Kenny Broad
Figure 7: Debris found in aquatic cave
More often then not, when we asked people about protecting blue holes as important
resources, people responded by suggesting people should be protected from blue holes. Many
residents suggested placing warning signs and fences around blue holes so people could not fall
in and drown. Those that did support some form of conservation for blue holes were often
6
There appeared to be some distinction in uses between men and women, although the data would have to be
analyzed further to see use patterns.
16
involved in the tourist industry. They wanted to keep the holes clean and undeveloped primarily
for tourism and future scientific exploration. Some people advocated protecting blue holes
because of the possibility of finding previously unknown and valuable objects. Informal
restrictions on blue holes were prevalent; most people identified restricted access for children,
adults crabbing near blue holes as a matter of safety, or limited access to blue holes on private
property. Almost no one knew of any formal regulations pertaining to the use of blue holes or
access to blue holes. These informal restrictions were revealed through discussions of stories
and memories. One man interviewed, who identified himself as a blue hole diver, believed blue
holes to be “The Bahamas’ most valuable resource” because of their fresh water lens and tourism
potential.
Figure 8 & 9: Looking at traditional baskets in interviewee’s home
5.0
Rainbow Blue Hole
Education and Outreach
Photo: Sarah wise
Photo: Tavarrie Smith
Figure 10& 11: Student field trip to marine aquatic cave.
Allannah Vellacott conducts an interview
Bowen Sound Andros
17
5.1
Student Participation
In addition to learning practical applications of social science field research, students
were able to explore sites on Andros involved in other recent international research projects
including the recent National Geographic exploration of aquatic caves. The research team visited
mangrove and hardwood coppice habitats, as well as several blue holes in central and north
Andros, documenting the areas through GIS, video, and written description. The data that
students collected will be available for them to use as starting points for their own future course
work and research. Additionally, the students were given the option of receiving course and
research credit at The College of The Bahamas, allowing students to enhance their own academic
work. The students plan to present their findings at The College of The Bahamas Fall research
forum, generating additional student interest in social science research projects with in The
Bahamas. The team’s final report will be shared with all research participants and other
interested parties.
5.2
Community Workshop
Figure 12: Alannah Vellacott presenting on
Climate Change in The Bahamas
Figure 13: Central Government Administrator listening to presentation
The research project culminated in a workshop
designed to address community concerns,
while offering practical information on
inexpensive alternative energy strategies and
building designs appropriate for the semitropical climate of The Bahamas. The purpose
of the workshop was for island residents to
share their experiences and concerns with
issues relating to climate change and to gain
applicable skills that can be used in their daily
lives. This forum for discussion also provided
a basis for further networking and dialogue for
Androsians.
Figure 14: Workshop in Fresh Creek, Andros
18
A total of 12 people attended the daylong workshop on climate change and small island
vulnerability. All people interviewed were invited to attend the workshop as well as either
presentation. Only a small percentage showed interest, and of those, few could commit to an
entire day. In the end, everyone who illustrated a strong interest in the topic was encouraged to
come. Due to some participants’ very limited availability, the workshop was scheduled during a
weekday and transportation was provided.
Workshop participants focused on the underlining theory of climate change and direct
threats faced by the local communities. After the welcome ceremony and introduction, each
student presented on one particular aspect of the project. Returning College of The Bahamas
student, Alannah Vellacott lead the introductory presentation on climate change theory and the
primary threats facing Bahamian residents. Alannah ended by emphasizing the fact that the
entirety of the low lying Bahamas archipelago is designated as coastal environment, and as such,
is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.
I grew up in a mangrove creek speckled with deep blue holes
and caverns and ever since about 8 years old I would free-dive
them with my best friends and either shoot fish or just swim
through their connecting portals. I don’t want to think about
these things changing. I am going to COB to become a marine
biologist and learn how to protect the environment—the country
I love. I participated in this research to educate people on
the environmental issues we face as Bahamians, and to help
change the way we think about and use our most valuable resource,
our oceans.
Alannah Vellacott, student researcher, 19
Fellow COB student, Delreco Bonaby was the least comfortable presenting in public, but
did manage to present briefly on his own experiences performing research for the first time.
Delreco had grown up in the capital of Nassau, New Providence and had never traveled to a
family island before. Delreco’s background in biochemistry allowed him to contribute to the
general discussion on scientific methodology as well as answer questions about some of the
current topics regarding climate change being discussed in Nassau.
When I came to Andros for this project, I had never left
New Providence before. The kids here call me city boy, and I am.
Here, doing this research, I am learning about the true island
life. I’m catching crabs and swimming in blue holes. I have
learned so much from all of you—about the birds in the bush, about
everything…In Nassau, we are starting to talk about climate
change as a real threat, but here you can actually see it. You can
see how it is already affecting lives.
Delreco Bonaby, student researcher, 18
Drawing on her own experience during our research, Marion Clement presented on
conservation development within the Caribbean—specifically The Bahamas—and ways to
increase participation in conservation projects. Marion then led the question and answer session
19
about environmental issues of concern to Androsian residents. Marion reported on her
experience at the workshop:
I had in mind that we would present our findings and then
answer questions at the end. Instead all the attendees would regularly
jump into our presentation with questions and commentary. So in a
way, the presentation became more about the present members’
discussion amongst themselves than just about our findings. I saw
people change opinions before my eyes about what was needed to be done.
Marion Clement, student researcher, 20
Native Androsian and educator Shanta Brown presented on the opportunities for residents
and their children to get involved in environmental awareness projects. She passed out a sign up
sheets to facilitate further networking projects.
Listen, we the lucky ones who get to live here on this island so
we need to care about it. You know, this is the first time someone
coming here to do research asked us what we think. They always
coming, but they never stop to ask what we worrying about. I got
involved with this research because I love Andros! Because I see it
dying from what we doing and it breaks my heart. This group here
wanting to hear our words, so let’s tell them.
Shanta Brown, educator 22
Figure 15: Shanta Brown
During the introduction, we provided a basic overview of the natural and social history of
Andros and greater Bahamas. Aquatic caves were highlighted as important geological features
that have been traditionally used in numerous ways. In presenting our preliminary results, the
team focused on blue holes as important resources and valuable indicators of change for local
communities.
Both Break-out Sessions (Alternative Energy and Appropriate Building Designs for
Andros and the wider Bahamas) followed the same format. Participants were first encouraged to
divide into three smaller discussion groups. Each group was given the directive to come up with
three community concerns relating to either energy consumption or building and development
patterns. Participants were given 20 minutes to generate three issues for each topic. Groups then
reunited, presented their concerns to the group, and discussed as a whole. There was a great deal
of overlap in which issues were causing the greatest conflict within communities. Examples of
concerns regarding energy consumption included: cost of electricity bills, inconsistent
availability of electricity (rolling black outs), and unreliable government oversight and
maintenance. Examples of concerns regarding building designs and protocol included: no system
in place, unregulated development, rampant clearing of land.
20
Figure 16: Environmental Engineer, David Neimore discussing building design
In the final 30 minutes of each session, local resident and environmental engineer, Mr.
David Neimore, presented on each of the two topics individually, and linked the topics to the
larger issue of climate change. Mr. Neimore then wrapped up each session with a question and
answer session. In general, some people were surprised to learn how climate change factored into
the very real issues they faced as an island community and as Androsians. Others were eager to
learn ways to communicate with other groups and individuals interested in alternative energy
sources and building strategies. There was a great deal of interest in alternative energies, but
little faith that that it would be affordable.
What he says, that what we face every day—all them people
cutting and clearing—that related to what I’m hearing about
on the news? About the weather changing? I can’t see it…But
then I think about us being on the island, from Andros,
and we’re island people! Of course everything you do means
something on the island. We know that. How you think we survived
all this time? We make do with what we got. This is where we live!
Participant, male 39
We dealing day to day. Everybody doing what they can just to
live, man. BEC kills you. I just paid my bill and it was so high!
I won’t be able to pay again ‘til next year [laughs]. You say you
can use the sun for current, but how much does that cost? You think
the government going to help? Not ‘til election.
Participant, female 47
Tell people what needs to be changed, and most importantly tell
them why. No one likes to be blind; we need to make conscious decisions.
Androsian, male 56
The local Central Government representative attended the workshop and delivered a talk
on the importance of the research. He was newly appointed and enthusiastic about getting
involved in future island-wide planning initiatives. He spoke at length about his own support for
our project, particularly working with Bahamian students. He also argued that, as islanders,
21
residents had to “come together to work toward sustainability,” and suggested that it may
ultimately benefit Andros in terms of drawing tourist dollars and foreign interests to the island.
5.3
Presentations
The research team performed two public presentations: one at the regional community
center in Fresh Creek, Andros; and one at the HUB community center and artist cooperative in
Nassau, New Providence. These presentations were open to the public and highly publicized
through fliers, email, list-serves, phone calls, and personal invitations. Efforts were made to
facilitate attendance from study participants, College of the Bahamas faculty, and Bahamian
researchers to encourage collaboration on future research. The entire research team presented the
project overview and preliminary results. Each of the students presented individually on their
specific topic of interest.
Figures 17: Public presentations
Although attendance to each of the presentations was modest, the audience showed
tremendous interest in the topic and enthusiasm for the project. The presentations generated a
great deal of interest among College of the Bahamas students and faculty as well as among the
22
people of The Bahamas, and served to strengthen collaboration among scholars from institutions
in The Bahamas and abroad.
5.4
Other Products of this Research
Figure 18: ANCAT Eco-camp wilderness field trip
During the course of our research, we were invited by The ANCAT Environmental
Stewardship Club to participate in an environmental camp for kids ages 10-14. The kids acted as
our guides as we hiked through various types of Androsian habitat, educating us about native
animal and plant species. This was a great experience: learning about Andros in greater detail
from resident school children and, in turn, answering questions about our own work. The young
students seemed particularly curious about the COB students performing the research and asked
many questions about their experience as Bahamian college students and budding scientists.
As a result of this research, we produced a final report as well as an informative pamphlet
and poster outlining the significance of Androsian Blue Holes as indicators of change. This
poster highlights recent archeological and anthropological research projects undertaken in
Andros. These documents were displayed at Andros’ community festival and other events. All
materials produced by the team were distributed widely to interested parties, public schools,
government offices including the Ministry of Education and Tourism, and at community events.
Data collected on this research project were made available to the student researchers and
to The College of the Bahamas faculty participants to use for future research and student
presentations.
During the course of this research in Andros, we were able to work
directly with Bahamian educators, undergraduates, and primary and
high school students in the fields of environmental science, field
ecology, and anthropology. The Bahamas is a small developing
island nation with significant ongoing scientific research projects;
yet there are very few opportunities for Bahamians to participate
with the research itself. It was one of my goals to incorporate
Bahamian students into the research process as much as possible in
order to facilitate training opportunities and hands-on experience.
In addition to gaining on-the-ground experience, students were
exposed to an array of methodologies, other researchers in a broad
range of fields, internship and scholarship possibilities, and
additional educational opportunities.
Figure 18: ANCAT Eco-camp wilderness field trip
23
6.0
Limitations and Recommendations
Focusing on the people of Andros, a low lying Bahamian island, this project specifically
addresses three forum goals: 1) to document community-level observations on the impacts of
climate change and adaptations to these changes; 2) to provide an opportunity for people to voice
their own experiences and concerns about the impacts of climate change on their communities;
and 3) to develop community networks and opportunities to share information and knowledge
about international climate change debates. Additionally, Bahamians performed, analyzed, and
presented the research results, thereby building research skills, experience and interest in social
science approaches to climate change in the Bahamas.
It is hoped that this project can be used as a template for further research on the impacts
of climate change in other family islands in The Bahamas, ultimately contributing to a database
of the impacts and adaptations surrounding climate change. Examining the experiences and
perceptions of island residents generated dialogue and increase awareness of the impacts of
climate change on small island communities. Finally, the hands-on workshop offered participants
a venue to voice experiences and concerns while imparting applicable knowledge about
appropriate alternative energy and building designs.
In just a short period of time, we were able to complete 28 in depth ethnographic surveys
and 52 additional informal interviews with three students actively interviewing people. Because
of time constraints and the sheer size of Andros, we chose to focus our efforts on specific
settlements in order to avoid lengthy transportation times. About 25 percent of the data gathered
comes from the Central Andros area in order to reduce travel time. Because Fresh Creek is the
largest settlement in Central Andros, this could be considered somewhat proportionate to the
population of Central Andros. We also had limited time in which to create the survey and in
which to compile the data. Several of the students were new to interview methods, and they had
to learn while doing; so some of their early surveys may have been incomplete or awkwardly
filled out. Generally, the students noted that men were more mobile and harder to access during
the day, and that women were either at home or more stationary in their occupations. Students
also felt that young unemployed men were far more willing to committee to a time consuming
survey than other sectors of the population. This suggests that some of our sampling quotas may
not have been distributed evenly. Additional research is needed to further explore the socialecological linkages salient to climate change and environmental change and perception of
climate change in the Bahamas. Given the short time and inexperience of the team, we did
manage to gather a significant amount of data, sampling a broad range of Central Androsian
residents.
Ideally this process should be spread over a longer period so students have the
opportunity to develop report among island residents, get to know the area in more depth, and
have some time to process and reflect on the data as well as their field experiences. It was
particularly beneficial to have native Bahamians to assist with the logistics and data gathering.
Much of what we were able to accomplish is in large part due to their contributions as guides,
informants, and facilitators. These recommendations should be considered if researchers take the
format to other islands or areas. We also recommend that students take the opportunity to
present this information (in addition to distributing the report) at the College of the Bahamas this
Fall in order to engage further with the community.
I wish we had had more time to organize public talks within
24
settlements, to teach people, and to encourage discussion,
because from what I have experienced in Andros, that is
the key to change. Perhaps next year!
Marion Clement
7.0
Conclusions
This research suggests that, while there is little awareness of topical issues such as
climate change, there is a great deal of interest in environmental threats regionally as well as
internationally. Clearly, there is a need for educational outreach efforts regarding climate change
and associated threats. While perhaps not yet familiar with the terminology, residents of Andros
have certainly observed environmental changes associated with climate change and continue to
innovatively adapt to changing conditions. As one elderly man said during an interview, “We
know change, girl. This place always changing. Ain’t nothing you can do about it, except change
right along with it.” The island’s social and environmental history speaks to that change. The
land itself has shifted with rising tides and catastrophic storms. Settlements have repeatedly
destroyed, resurrected, and moved. Fisheries have collapsed and fishers have altered their fishing
patters, gear, and finally targets species. There is tremendous evidence of resilience among
Androsians and additional research would greatly benefit our understanding of how residents of
small islands perceive and cope with large-scale environmental change.
In conclusion, this research was conducted foremost to benefit the residents of Andros
and wider Bahamas. I believe it was because of this commitment that the research project was so
well received by Bahamian scholars, government and conservation officials, and the residents
themselves.
Another aspect that I felt very good about was the fact
that this information that came out of The Bahamas—once
sense is made of the data collected—it will be back in The
Bahamas. The information will be going to the College of
The Bahamas and Department of Antiquities and will always
remain in the minds of Alannah and I as well as the other
COB students and people who participated with the study.
Delreco Bonaby, 18
Figure 19: Androsian Sunset
25
APPENDIX A
Links to Climate Change
1 Would you say the climate in your area has changed in your life time?
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
yes/no
a How?
Over the past five (5) years, would you say that the average temperatures in your local area have:
about the same
DK
gotten warmer
colder
Over the past five (5) years, would you say that rainfall in your local area has:
stayed the same
increased
decreased
Have you heard of global warming or climate change?
a Do you think it is a bad or good thing?
b why?
DK
Are you concerned about global warming or climate change?
not at all
a lot
a little
How serious of a threat is global warming to:
(very serious / somewhat / not serious at all)
• You and your family
• Your local community
• People in the Bahamas
• People in other countries
• Plants and animals
When do you think global warming will start to have dangerous impacts on people in The Bahamas?
50 yrs
never
now
5-10 yrs
25 yrs
a why?
How likely do you think it is that any of the following will occur in the next 50 years:
(very likely / somewhat likely / likely / unlikely / very unlikely)
o Increased rates of disease
o Food shortages
o Droughts and water shortages
o Worse storms, hurricanes, or tornadoes
o Flooding
o Infiltration of groundwater supplies by salt water (harder water)
o Abandoning parts of the Bahamas coast due to sea level rise
o Fewer fish
o Less Tourism
Please think for a moment about any hurricanes you experienced in the last 10 years
9 How many hurricanes directly hit Andros?
10 Can you tell me about it?
26
APPENDIX B
Student Training Itinerary
1. Introductions of self and project
2. Project introduction
Description and objectives
Student Expectations
Detailed discussion of research itinerary
3. Central Topics – Climate Change and the Bahamian coast
4. Instructor Expectations
5. Methodologies and Sampling
What is ethnography?
Brief history and purpose
Non- Probability Sampling
Types: Quota and Purposeful/judgment Sampling
Why are we using this method?
What is it good for/not good for?
Interview methods
Asking questions
Interview style
Listening
Active thinking- explicit awareness
Note taking
Possible Limitations
6. Ethics
Informed consent
Confidentiality - Anonymity of participants
Respect
Information sharing
7. Student-lead discussion of project purpose and objectives
8. Step-by-step introduction to survey instrument
9. Testing survey
10. Note taking review
Articles Used
• Atkinson, Paul. “Ethnography and Participant Observation.” Strategies of Inquiry.
• Bernard, H. Russell. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. Sage Publications. London.
• BEST Commission. 2001 “First National Communication on Climate Change.” Submitted to the Secretariat
of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for Presentation to the Conference of
Parties, Commonwealth of The Bahamas. pp121
• Schwabe, Stephanie. Et al. 2006. “Blue Holes: An Inappropriate Moniker for Scientific Discussion of
Water-Filled Caves in The Bahamas.” The 12th Symposium on the Geology of The Bahamas and Other
Carbonate Regions.
• Schwabe, Stephanie. Et al. 2007. “Making Caves in The Bahamas: Different Recipes, Same Ingredients.”
The 13th Symposium on the Geology of The Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions.
• Sealey, Neil. 2003. “The Impact of Climate Change on The Bahamas – A review of Early Forecasts” Media
Enterprises, Nassau.
27
APPENDIX C
Workshop Itinerary: Climate Change and Small Island Vulnerability (August 13th, 2010)
8:30 am
Breakfast
9:00 am
General Introduction and Welcome
• Opening remarks by Central Government Representative, Mr. Oscar Monroe
• Opening remarks by local government representative and Andros Conservancy and Trust
Director, Mr. Peter Douglas
9:45 am
Introduction to Research Project
• Agenda details
• Outline of goals of workshop
10:15 am
Coffee break
10:30 am
Preliminary Findings
11:00 am
Student Presentations
• Climate Change and the Bahamian coast (Alannah Vellacott)
• Student Experiences (Delreco Bonaby)
• Increasing Participation in Environmental Conservation (Marion Clement)
• Opportunities for participation and learning (Shanta Brown)
12:00 am
Student-lead question and Answer Session
12:30 pm
Lunch
1:30 pm
Break-out Sessions
• Alternate energy forms
3:00 pm
Break
3:15 pm
Break-out Sessions continued
• Appropriate Building Designs
4:30 pm
Networking facilitation
5:00 pm
Closing Remarks and Refreshments
28
References
The Bahamas Government (November) 2007. Press Release (retrieved from website July 11,
2009 from:
http://www.bahamas.gov.bs/bahamasweb2/home.nsf/a2adf3d1baf5cc6e06256f03005ed59c/316aa49f748460585257
3a30074afa3!OpenDocument)
Bernard 2006. Research Methods in Anthropology. Oxford: AltaMira Press
Blackbourn, David. 2006. The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of the
Modern Germany. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Broad, Kenny 2009. personal communication.
Fedler, Tony 2010. The Economic Impact of Flats Fishing in The Bahamas. Report prepared for
The Bahamas Flats Fishing Alliance. Gainesville, FL. pp20
IUCN. The World Conservation Union’s IPCC Regional Report on the Impacts of Climate
Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability (retrieved from website July 11, 2009 from
http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/)
McCay, Bonnie 2007 The Littoral and the Liminal: Challenges to the Management of the
Coastal and Marine Commons. MAST, 7.1
National Geographic Magazine. August 2010. The Blue Holes of the Bahamas. (retrieved from
July 15 from: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/08/bahamas-caves/todhunter-text
The Nature Conservancy 2005. Grant to Advance the Protection of Andros Island, Bahamas
(retrieved from website July 11, 2009 from http://www.nature.org/success/art16555.html)
Schwabe, Stephanie. Et al. 2006. “Blue Holes: An Inappropriate Moniker for Scientific
Discussion of Water-Filled Caves in The Bahamas.” The 12th Symposium on the
Geology of The Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions.
Schwabe, Stephanie. Et al. 2007. “Making Caves in The Bahamas: Different Recipes, Same
Ingredients.” The 13th Symposium on the Geology of The Bahamas and Other
Carbonate Regions.
Wise, Sarah 2010. Presentation: “The Blue Holes of Andros Island: Memories, Stories, and Ideas
about Bahamian Aquatic Caves” (Bahamas Biocomplexity Project Workshop, The Center
for Biodiversity Conservation, American Museum of Natural History)
Wise, Sarah 2009 “Fear and Functionality: Generational differences in how residents perceive
and use aquatic caves in Andros Island, The Bahamas” (Bahamas National Trust)
29