Chronologie 2008 - Genfer Initiative

Transcription

Chronologie 2008 - Genfer Initiative
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1 – Chronologie 2008
Chronologie 2008
Dezember 2008
31.12.2008:
Die israelische Regierung weist eine von der französischen EURatspräsidentschaft vorgeschlagene 48stündige Waffenruhe zurück,
weil sie „Hamas“ die Chance der Neuformierung einräume. Am 01.
Januar 2009 lehnt Israels Außenministerin Tsipi Livni in Paris
gegenüber ihrem französischen Amtskollegen Bernard Kouchner die
Forderung nach einer sofortigen Waffenruhe ab. Es gehe nicht an,
begründet sie die israelische Weigerung, „Hamas“ die Chance zu
geben, im Rahmen einer erneuerten Waffenruhe Legitimität zu
verschaffen und sich wiederzubewaffnen. Im Gazastreifen gebe es
keine humanitäre Krise, will Israel die Bevölkerung mit Gütern – vor
allem mit Nahrungsmitteln und medizinischem Bedarf – versorge.
In Vorbereitung der Gipfelkonferenz der Arabischen Liga am 02.
Januar 2009 in Doha verurteilen ihre Außenminister in Kairo die
israelische Bombardements, verweisen jedoch gleichzeitig auf die
Verantwortung von „Hamas“, über den legitimen Widerstand gegen
die faktische Belagerung des Gazastreifens die Konsequenzen für
die palästinensische Bevölkerung nicht aus den Augen zu verlieren.
„Fatah“ und „Hamas“ werden aufgefordert, ihren Streit umgehend zu
beenden. Die Außenminister verlangen die Einberufung des UNSicherheitsrates und fordern die Stationierung einer internationalen
Truppe im Gazastreifen. Die Verabschiedung einer Resolution bleibt
aus, auch weil zum Jahresende fünf der fünfzehn Ratsmitglieder
ausscheiden und durch andere ersetzt werden. Ein Blick in die
arabischen Zeitungen lässt erkennen, wie schwer es den
Regierungen fällt, eine gemeinsame Position für die Herstellung
politischer Handlungsfähigkeit zu finden.
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2 – Chronologie 2008
Der in Washington, D.C., von Geoffrey Aronson redigierte „Report on
Israeli Settlement in the Occupied Territories“ berichtet in seiner
Januar/Februar-Ausgabe 2009, dass am Ende des Jahres 2008 in
der Westbank (ohne Ost-Jerusalem) 285.800 Siedler lebten, dass im
gesamten Jahr 1518 neue Wohneinheiten gebaut worden seien,
wovon 61 Prozent westlich und 39 Prozent östlich der
„Trennungsmauern“ liegen, und dass 25 Prozent der Neubauten
östlich der „Trennungsmauern“ Außenlager („outposts“) von
Siedlungen seien.
Am Abend demonstrieren rund zweihundert Menschen im Zentrum
Haifas gegen die Militäroperation im Gazastreifen. Ari Shavit
bezeichnet am 01. Januar 2009 in „Haaretz“ die Demonstranten
gegen den Krieg als „Israel-hassende Israelis“1.
Der Direktor der US-amerikanischen Sektion der israelischen
Menschenrechtsorganisation „B’tselem (Im Angesicht, Gen. 27,1)“
Mitchell Plitnick, richtet an Barack Obama einen Offenen Brief, in
dem er den neuen Präsidenten zu einer grundlegenden Umkehr
gegenüber der Politik Israels auffordert, um den Staat vor seiner
moralischen Selbstzerstörung zu bewahren2.
Der als „graue Eminenz“ der US-amerikanischen strategischen
Denker vorgestellte Sicherheitsberater des früheren Präsidenten
Jimmy Carter, Zbigniew Brzezinski, verlangt in einem Interview von
der künftigen Administration ein stärkeres Engagemnt als
„konstruktiver Vermittler anstelle eines passiven Beteiligten“ wie
während der Amtszeit von George W. Bush. Da Israel und die
Palästinenser aus eigener Kraft nicht zu einem Abkommen in der
Lage seien, sollte die internationale Gemeinschaft unter Führung der
USA einen Rahmenvertrag für ein Schlussabkommen mit vier
Grundsätzen auf den Tisch legen: mit einem Verzicht auf die
Rückkehr der palästinensischen Flüchtlinge; mit einer
angemessenen Aufteilung Jerusalems als Hauptstadt der zwei
Staaten; mit einem angemessenen Territorialarrangement auf der
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3 – Chronologie 2008
Basis der Grenzen von 1967 mit der Option des Gebietsaustauschs;
und mit einem demilitarisierten palästinensischen Staat unter Einsatz
amerikanischer Truppen entlang dem Jordan, um für Israels
Sicherheit durch die Gewährleistung strategischer Tiefe zu sorgen.
Der außenpolitische Sprecher der „LINKEN“ Wolfgang Gehrcke
bezeichnet die Aussage von Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel am 29.
Dezember als beschämend. Für den Außenpolitiker der SPDFraktion Rolf Mützenich ist ihre Einschätzung inakzeptabel. Zu den
Äußerungen von Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier
vom Vortag äußert er sich nicht. In einer Pressemitteilung weist der
Generalsekretär des Zentralrates der Juden in Deutschland, Stephan
J. Kramer, Steinmeier mit den Worten zurecht, „dass es keinen
sauberen und ehrenhaften Krieg“ gebe, der die Zivilbevölkerung
schützt (…), wenn man Terroristen bekämpft“. Die israelische
Militäroperation ziele darauf ab, „Hamas“ zu zerstören und der
Palästinensern im Gazastreifen „eine selbstbestimmte
demokratische Regierung wie in der West Bank zu ermögichen“.
30.12.2008:
Die EU-Außenminister verlangen nach Abschluss ihrer Sitzung in
Paris eine unverzügliche und dauerhafte Waffenruhe, die
unverzügliche Einleitung humanitärer Hilfen für die palästinensische
Bevölkerung des Gazastreifens sowie die Aufwertung des
Friedensprozesses auf der Grundlage der Resolution 1850 des UNSicherheitsrates vom 16. Dezember. Die Europäische Union sei
mehr denn je entschlossen, gemeinsam mit den Mitgliedern des
Nahost-Quartetts und den Staaten der Region auf das Ende der
Gewalt und die Wiederbelebung des Friedensprozesses
hinzuwirken.
Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier schlägt eine
„humanitäre Waffenruhe“ vor. Zuvor hatte er an Israel appelliert, „das
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4 – Chronologie 2008
Gebot der Verhältnismäßigkeit zu respektieren und alles zu tun, um
zivile Opfer zu vermeiden“.
Die israelische Marine rammt vor der 20-Meilen-Zone und damit in
internationalen Gewässern an der Küste des Gazastreifens das Boot
„Dignity“ von Friedensaktivisten mit Hilfsgütern für die
palästinensische Bevölkerung.
29.12.2008:
Eine Petition von 1800 Israelis und Palästinensern, unter ihnen 500
Bewohner der Stadt Sderot, richten nach einer Meldung der
Internetausgabe der auflagenstärksten israelischen Zeitung „Yediot
Acharonot (Letzte Nachrichten)“ einen Appell an das israelische
Militär, seine Operationen zu beenden und die Waffenruhe mit
„Hamas“ zu verlängern. Ein Sprecher der Gruppe zeigt sich
überzeugt, dass der gegenwärtige Konflikt auf friedlichem Wege
gelöst werden könne. Die Militäroperation werde nur den Hass auf
beiden Seiten vertiefen. Die einzige Frage sei die, wie viele
Menschen bis zu einer Regelung noch sterben müssten.
Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel weist „Hamas“ „eindeutig und
ausschließlich“ die Verantwortung für die Eskalation zu. Durch ihren
Regierungssprecher lässt sie ausrichten, „dass bei der Beurteilung
der Situation im Nahen Osten Ursache und Wirkung nicht vertauscht
oder Ursache und Wirkung nicht vergessen werden“ dürften. In
einem Telefon mit Israels Ministerpräsidenten Ehud Olmert habe sie
darum gebeten, „dass alles getan werden muss, um zivile Opfer in
dieser Situation zu vermeiden“.
27.12.2008:
Das israelische Militär beginnt mit einem lang anhaltenden
Bombardement im Gazastreifen die Operation „Gegossenes Blei
(Cast Lead – Oferet Yetzuka)“. Auch der vierzehn Kilometer breite
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5 – Chronologie 2008
Philadelphi-Korridor an der Grenze zum Sinai ist betroffen. Am 28.
Dezember kündigt Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak einen „Krieg
bis zum bittern Ende“ gegen „Hamas“ an. Israelische
Kommentatoren bescheinigen Barak ein gelungenes
Täuschungsmanöver, nachdem er sich lange gegen eine
Militäraktion gegen den Feind ausgesprochen habe. Ägypten riegelt
am selben Tag die Grenze zum Gazastreifen ab. Syrien setzt die
indirekten Gespräche mit Israel aus. In vielen arabischen Städten
finden Solidaritätskundgebungen für die Palästinenser statt. Der
Raketenbeschuss israelischer Ortschaften aus dem Gazastreifen
wird unvermindert fortgesetzt. Sein Radius reicht bis ins jeweils
vierzig Kilometer entfernte Ashkelon im Norden und Beersheva im
Osten3.
23.12.2008:
Unter Berufung auf die Nachrichtenagentur „Reuters” meldet
„Haaretz“, dass nach Angaben des britischen Nahostgesandten Bill
Rammell Einfuhren aus den jüdischen Siedlungen der Westbank
nach Großbritannien künftig stärker kontrolliert und von der
Zollbefreiung ausgenommen werden sollen. London habe in der
Europäischen Union eine Vorreiterrolle in dieser Frage übernommen.
Premierminister Gordon Brown habe die Verfügung am 9. Dezember
dem palästinensischen Ministerpräsidenten Salam Fayyad
mitgeteilt4.
Der „Rat für die Siedlungen in Judäa und Samaria (Yesha)“ ruft die
zentrale Wahlkommission für den 10. Februar 2009 um, um dem Tel
Aviver Büro der „Genfer Initiative“ die Werbekampagne zugunsten
der Arbeitspartei, der neu gegründeten Partei „Meretz“ und „Kadima“
zu untersagen. Die Kampagne unter dem Titel „Die Genfer Initiative
ist gut für die Juden“ fordere die Schaffung eines palästinensischen
Staates und die Auflösung der jüdischen Siedlungen. Damit fördere
sie die Illusion des Friedens im Wahlvolk.
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6 – Chronologie 2008
20.12.2008:
Zum fünften Mal landet ein Schiff mit ausländischen
Friedensaktivisten vor der Küste von Gaza-Stadt an. Eine Sprecherin
fordert die internationale Öffentlichkeit dazu auf, den Druck auf Israel
zu erhöhen, um die Blockade des Gazastreifens zu beenden. Am
selben Tag schlagen mehrere Raketen aus dem Gazastreifen auf
israelischem Territorium ein. Israelisches Militär tötet einen der dafür
verantwortlich gemachten Palästinenser.
19.12.2008:
Auf Betreiben von „Hamas“ läuft die im Juni vereinbarte Waffenruhe
mit Israel ab. Ein Sprecher der Organisation begründet die
Entscheidung mit der anhaltenden Blockade des Gazastreifens. In
einem Gespräch mit „Haaretz“, das die Zeitung am 20. Dezember
veröffentlicht, beklagt der Nahostgesandte des internationalen
„Quartetts“, Tony Blair, dass im Gazastreifen „eine illegale
Ökonomie“ entstanden sei, die sich über das Tunnelsystem Geld aus
Ägypten beschaffe.
17.12.2008:
Israelische Medien melden, dass sich der Rechtsberater des
Verteidigungsministeriums gegen den Artilleriebeschuss zur Abwehr
von Raketenangriffen aus dem Gazastreifen ausspricht, wenn sie
gegen Bevölkerungszentren gerichtet sind. Artilleriefeuer sei nur auf
relativ offenes Gelände hinnehmbar. Der dadurch angerichtete
Schaden dürfe den erwarteten militärischen Nutzen nicht
übersteigen.
Das „Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR)” protestiert gegen
das Todesurteil vom 16. Dezember gegen den 34jährigen
Mohammed Ali Hassan Saidam aus Rafach durch das Oberste
Militärgericht in Gaza. Dem Angeklagten wird „Verrat, Spionage und
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7 – Chronologie 2008
Konspiration“ gemäß dem „Revolutionären Strafgesetz“ der PLO von
1979 vorgeworfen. Gegen den Urteilsspruch kann Revision
beantragt werden. PCHR macht darauf aufmerksam, dass das
Strafgesetz gegen die palästinensische Verfassung verstößt, und
mahnt einen fairen Prozes auf der Grundlage internationaler
Standards an. Seit Anfang 2008 seien neun Todesurteile verhängt
worden, davon vier im Gazastreifen und fünf in der Westbank. Keine
davon sei jedoch vollzogen worden. Wer der Nutznießer der
Straftaten Saidams gewesen sein soll, wird in der Stellungnahme
nicht erwähnt.
Bei den parteiinternen Vorwahlen von „Kadima“ zur Erstellung der
Kandidatenliste für die Knessetwahlen am 10. Februar 2009, an der
sich nur 44 Prozent der Stimmberechtigten beteiligen, werden die
ersten zehn Plätze wie folgt vergeben: Außenministerin Tsipi Livni
(1), Transportminister Shaul Mofaz (2), Parlamentspräsidentin Dalia
Itzik (3), der Vorsitzende des Außen- und Sicherheitspolitischen
Ausschusses der Knesset Tsachi Hanegbi (4), Finanzminister Roni
Bar-On (5), Wohnungsbauminister Zeev Boim (6), Innenminister Meir
Sheetrit (7), Tourismusministerin Ruhama Avraham-Balila (8),
Minister für öffentliche Sicherheit Avi Dichter (9) und die
Abgeordnete Marina Solodkin (10). Der stellvertretende
Ministerpräsident Haim Ramon landet auf dem 17. Platz, der
Vorsitzende des Verfassungs-, Rechts- und Justizausschusses der
Knesset Menachem Ben-Sasson, ein an der Hebräischen Universität
in Jerusalem lehrender weltweit anerkannter Spezialist für die
Geschichte der Juden in arabischen Ländern, wird auf den
aussichtslosen 35. Platz verwiesen.
Der auf den 28. Platz der Kandidatenliste von „Likud“ gewählte Aleli
Admasu, der 1983 aus Äthiopien eingewandert ist, wird vom
parteiinternen Schiedsgericht aus formalen Gründen zugunsten des
aus Russland stammenden Kandidaten Wladimir Shklar gestrichen.
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8 – Chronologie 2008
5
Die Grüne Bewegung und die liberal-religiöse Partei „Meimad“
kündigen eine gemeinsame Wahlliste an.
16.12.2008:
Der UN-Sicherheitsrat verabschiedet die von den USA und Russland
gemeinsam eingebrachte Resolution 1850 mit 14 Stimmen bei der
Enthaltung Libyens. Darin werden die israelisch-palästinensischen
und multilateralen Verhandlungen auf der Grundlage der „Road Map“
vom April 2003, der Vereinbarungen von Annapolis im November
2007 und der Arabischen Friedensinitiative von 2002/2007 mit dem
Ziel der Zweistaatenregelung unterstützt6.
Die in London erscheinende arabische Zeitung „Al-Hayat (Das
Leben)“ meldet, dass Präsident Machmud Abbas die Verschiebung
der Präsidentschafts- und Parlamentswahlen auf den April 2009
verkünden werde. Die bevorstehende präsidentielle Verfügung sei
mit arabischen Regierungen abgesprochen, zu denen Syriens
Präsident Bashar Assad gehört habe.
Das „Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN)“ meldet,
dass am 15. Dezember 22 Ägypten von einem Staatsgerichtshof
wegen ihrer Teilnahme an Protesten in Mahalia nördlich von Kairo zu
Haftstrafen zwischen drei und fünf Jahren verurteilt worden sind.
Eine unabhängige Untersuchung der Vorwürfe habe nicht
stattgefunden, nach den Worten ihrer Verteidiger seien die
Beschuldigten gefoltert worden.
Nach einer Meldung der iranischen Nachrichtenagentur IRNA erklärt
Präsident Machmud Achmadinedjad in der Hauptstadt der Provinz
Khusistan, Achvaz, dass Iran niemals das „zionistische Regime“
anerkennen werde. Wer immer mit Iran verhandle, solle wissen,
dass er zu einem Volk spreche, das für „die Beendigung der
israelischen Verbrechen, der Aggression, der Okkupation, der
Ideologie und der Grundlage des Zionismus“ eintrete.
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9 – Chronologie 2008
15.12.2008:
Das Nahost-Quartett bekräftigt nach seiner Sitzung in New York in
einer Erklärung seine Unterstützung für „umfassende, direkte,
ununterbrochene, vertrauliche und dauerhafte israelischpalästinensische Verhandlungen“ und lobt Israel und die
Palästinenser für ihre beständigen Bemühungen um einen
Friedensvertrag. Der in Annapolis begonnene Prozess sei
unumkehrbar, doch die Verhandlungen sollten intensiviert werden,
um den Konflikt zu beenden und so schnell wie möglich den Staat
Palästina zu schaffen. Ein Schlussvertrag und ein dauerhafter
Frieden sollten durch parallele und sich gegenseitig verstärkende
Bemühungen auf drei Ebenen erreicht werden: Verhandlungen,
Aufbau der Institutionen des palästinensischen Staates sowie
Umsetzung der Verpflichtungen der Parteien gemäß der „Road Map“
vom April 2003. Eine dauerhafte Lösung der Situation im
Gazastreifen könne nur durch friedliche Mittel erreicht werden. Dazu
würden die Gewaltlosigkeit der Palästinenser, ihre Anerkennung
Israels sowie die Achtung früherer Vereinbarungen und
Verpflichtungen gehören. Das Quartett bezeichnet in seiner
Erklärung die PLO als die legitime und international anerkannte
Vertretung des palästinensischen Volkes und begrüßt die
ägyptischen Bemühungen um die Fortsetzung der seit dem 19. Juni
anhaltenden Waffenruhe. Ohne Israel zu nennen, äußert das
Quartett seine „akute Sorge“ über die jüngst intensivierte Absperrung
des Gazastreifens und ihre Konsequenzen für die dortige
Bevölkerung.
Dem emeritierten US-amerikanisch-jüdischen Völkerrechtler Richard
Falk wird in seiner Mission als UN-Sonderberichterstatter am
Flughafen Tel Aviv erstmals die Einreise verweigert. Falk, der zuletzt
Albert G. Milbank Professor of International Law and Practice in
Princeton war, wurde gegen israelische Proteste im März 2008 vom
UN-Menschenrechtsrat in Genf für sechs Jahre als Nachfolger des
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10 – Chronologie 2008
an der Universität Leiden (Niederlande) arbeitenden Südfafrikaners
John Dugard7 zur Überwachung der Menschenrechtssituation in den
palästinensischen Gebieten bestellt. Seither hatte sich Falk
mehrfach äußerst kritisch zur Politik Israels geäußert. So wurde ihm
vorgeworfen, sie mit Holocaust-Praktiken verglichen zu haben8.
14.12.2008:
Mehr als zweihunderttausend Palästinenser begehen den 21.
Gründungstag von „Hamas“ in Gaza-Stadt. Der dortige
Ministerpräsident Ismail Haniyeh fordert Präsident Machmud Abbas
auf, auf eine Kandidatur bei den für den 9. Januar 2009
vorgesehenen Wahlen zu verzichten. Außerdem sagt 46jährige
Haniyeh zu, jene rund dreitausend Mekka-Pilger zu entschädigen,
denen „Hamas“ die Ausreise aus dem Gazastreifen wegen des
Konflikts mit „Fatah“ verwehrte.
Der israelische Minister ohne Geschäftsbereich Ami Ayalon tritt
zurück und erklärt, dass er bei den Parlamentswahlen am 10.
Februar 2009 nicht mehr kandidieren werde. Zuvor waren seine
Bemühungen gescheitert, bei der liberal-religiösen Partei „Meimad“
einen prominenten Listenplatz zu erhalten9. Ayalon war vor allem
durch die Zusammenarbeit mit dem Präsidenten der
palästinensischen Al-Quds University, Sari Nusseibeh, bekannt
geworden, als beide im Sommer 2003 ihren 6-Punkte-Platz zur
Regelung des Konflikts vorlegten. Danach trennten sich ihre Wege.
13.12.2008:
Amos Oz wird für „die mutige Klarheit und Entschlossenheit, mit der
er zwischen Israelis und Palästinensern Brücken zu bauen versucht“,
mit dem Heinrich-Heine-Preis 2008 der Stadt Düsseldorf
ausgezeichnet. Alt-Bundespräsident Richard von Weizsäcker betont
in seiner Laudatio, dass für einen friedensbewegten Schriftsteller die
Neugier eine wertvolle Eigenschaft sei. In seiner Dankesrede erklärt
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11 – Chronologie 2008
Oz, Heine habe uns gelehrt, dass „Humor und Ironie die besten
Mittel gegen Extremismus und Engstirnigkeit sind“, und fährt fort.
„Wir brauchen etwas von Heines Verachtung für engstirnigen
Fanatismus.“
12.12.2008:
US-Außenministerin Condoleezza Rice trifft in Washington mit Yossi
Beilin zusammen und bekennt sich zur Verpflichtung ihrer Regierung
zur Förderung der Verhandlungen zwischen Israel und den
Palästinensern. In den vergangenen Jahren habe eine bedeutsame
Entwicklung stattgefunden, die die Rechtssicherheit und die Ordnung
in der Westbank von Grund auf verbessert habe. Beilin erklärt, dass
die amtierende israelische Regierung einen Weg gefunden habe, der
sicherstelle, dass die Verhandlungen dort fortgesetzt werden
könnten, wo sie aufgehört hätten. Der Prozess müsse also nicht
Anfang 2009 neu einsetzen. Die hebräischsprachige
Internetausgabe von „Haaretz“ lässt in ihrem Bericht Unsicherheit
darüber erkennen: Es sei nicht klar, was die Absicht von Rice
gewesen sei, als sie dem Gedanken Ausdruck verliehen habe,
Fortschritte zu fördern.
11.12.2008:
Nach einem Bericht des israelischen Armeesenders „Galei Tsahal”
erklärt Außenministerin Tsipi Livni vor Schülern einer Tel Aviver
Oberschule, dass sie nach der Errichtung eines palästinensischen
Staates die israelischen Staatsbürger arabischer Volkszugehörigkeit
darauf aufmerksam machen würde, dass sie Staatsbürger mit
gleichen Rechten seien, dass sie jedoch die Erfüllung ihrer
nationalen Ansprüche „anderswo“ suchen müssten. Der arabische
Minister für Kultur, Sport und Wissenschaft Ghaleb Madjadele
protestiert gegen die Äußerung Livnis und erklärt, wer für den
Transfer der arabischen Bevölkerung Israels in dem Staat Palästina
plädiere, sei antidemokratisch.
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12 – Chronologie 2008
Bei seiner Begegnung mit 27 europäischen Botschaftern in Tel Aviv
erklärt Oppositionsführer Benjamin Netanyahu, dass er nicht an der
Fortsetzung der Herrschaft über das Leben der Palästinenser
interessiert sei. Sie sollten alle Bürgerrechte genießen, doch dürfe
dies nicht zu Lasten der Sicherheit Israels gehen. Er kenne nicht den
Stand der Verhandlungen Ehud Olmerts mit der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde, doch habe er den Eindruck, dass die
Bemühungen um eine Schlussvereinbarung gescheitert seien. Die
von ihm, Netanyahu, vorgetragene Idee der Hebung des
palästinensischen Lebensstandards sei kein Ersatz für den
politischen Dialog. Nach den Wahlen am 10. Februar 2009 strebe er
eine Regierung der nationalen Einheit an. Auf die Frage eines
Botschafters nach der Stationierung einer internationalen Truppe
stellt Netanyahu die Gegenfrage: „Sie sind bereit, Soldaten zu
schicken, damit sie gegen Hamas kämpfen?“ Das könne er nicht
glauben.
10.12.2008:
Anlässlich des 60. Jahrestages der Allgemeinen Erklärung der
Menschenrechte bezeichnet Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel die
Einhaltung der Menschenrechte als „Fundament deutscher
Außenpolitik“. Es gehe um die Würde und die Rechte jedes
einzelnen Menschen, um seine Freizügigkeit und körperliche
Unversehrtheit und „natürlich um Meinungsfreiheit“. Merkel erwähnt
als zwei Beispiele Ost-Kongo und Kindersklaven. Ein Hinweis auf
den Nahen Osten unterbleibt.
Die Botschaft des Staates Israel in Berlin beehrt sich in ihrem
jüngsten „Newsletter“ anzuzeigen, dass die neue israelische
Botschafterin bei den Vereinten Nationen Gabriela Shalev – nach
ihrer Karriere als Jura-Professorin an der Hebräischen Universität
war sie vor ihrer Ernennung Rektorin des „Academic College“ in
Kiryat Ono (zwischen Givatyim und Petach Tiqva gelegen) – aus
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13 – Chronologie 2008
Anlass des 60. Jahrestages der Allgemeinen Erklärung der
Menschenrechte im Namen der rund dreißig Mitgliedsstaaten
„Western Europeans and Others“ – zu letzteren gehören die USA,
Kanada, Australien, Neuseeland und Japan – „eine der zentralen
Reden der Festveranstaltung“ hält. Der Präsident der UNVollversammlung, der Nicaraguer Miguel D’Escoto Brockmann,
versucht, den Auftritt Shalevs zu unterbinden und auf die Rednerliste
auch Vertreter arabischer Staaten zu setzen, scheitert aber. In einem
Interview mit „Haaretz“ am 9. Januar 2009 berichtet die JuraProfessorin der Hebräischen Universität, dass die deutsche UNDelegation zum Erfolg ihrer Ansprache in der 192 Staaten
umfassenden Vollversammlung beigetragen habe. Nach seiner Wahl
zum Präsidenten hatte es der 75jährige Theologe D’Escoto im
September als eine „heilige Pflicht“ bezeichnet, einen
palästinensischen Staat zu schaffen und das Versagen der
Vereinten Nationen heftig kritisiert. Am 24. November verglich
Brockmann Israels Politik in den palästinensischen Gebieten mit der
Frühphase der südafrikanischen Apartheid.
Bei der Entgegennahme des diesjährigen Friedensnobelpreises
fordert der frühere finnische Ministerpräsident Martti Ahtisaari in Oslo
den designierten US-Präsidenten Barack Obama auf, dem
Nahostkonflikt schon im ersten Jahr seiner Amtsführung
diplomatische Priorität einzuräumen. Die Lösung des Konflikts sei
eine Angelegenheit des politischen Willens, erklärt Ahtisaari.
09.12.2008:
Die UN-Menschenrechtsorganisation in Genf beschließt mehrheitlich
99 Empfehlungen, in denen Israel zur Verbesserung der
humanitären Lebensbedingungen der Palästinenser und zur
Aufhebung der Blockade des Gazastreifens aufgefordert wird. Bis
März soll Israel dazu Bericht erstatten. Westliche Staaten, darunter
Australien, Großbritannien, Kanada, Frankreich und Deutschland,
schließen sich der Forderung nach dem Ende der Blockade an.
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14 – Chronologie 2008
08.12.2008:
Von den knapp einhunderttausend Mitgliedern beteiligt sich rund die
Hälfte an der parteiinternen Aufstellung der 42köpfigen
Kandidatenliste des „Likud” zur Knessetwahl am 10. Februar 2009.
Unter Führung von Benjamin Netanyahu, der nicht zur Abstimmung
steht, gehören zu der Liste der bisherige Fraktionsvorsitzende
Gideon Saar (Platz 2), der frühere Parlamentspräsident Reuven
Rivlin (Platz 4), der Sohn des ehemaligen Ministerpräsidenten
Menachem Begin, Benny Begin (Platz 5), der frühere Außenminister
Silvan Shalom (Platz 7), der ehemalige Generalstabschef Moshe
(„Bogey“) Yaalon (Platz 8), der Vorsitzende des
Knessetausschusses für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik Yuval Steinitz
(Platz 9), der rechtsnationale Abgeordnete Israel Katz (Platz 11), der
zur russischen Einwanderergeneration gehörige Yuli Edelstein (Platz
12), die frühere Erziehungsministerin Limor Livnat (Platz 13), der
Finanzminister in der Regierung Menachem Begins, Dan Meridor
(Platz 17), der rechtsnationale Abgeordnete und Netanyahu-Rebell
Moshe Feiglin (Platz 20) und der frühere stellvertretende
Generalstabschef Uzi Dayan (Platz 42). „Rechts, aschkenasisch,
siedlungsfreundlich, Kippa tragend und staatspolitisch dogmatisch“,
kommentiert „Yediot Achronot“ das Ergebnis, während „Maariv“ den
„Likud“ in den Händen der rigiden Rechten sieht. Am 11. Dezember
wird Feiglin auf den 36. Platz der Wahlliste mit der Begründung
versetzt, dass Frauen mit regionalem Bezug eine bessere
Wahlchance erhalten sollten. Feiglin kündigt juristische Schritte
gegen die Entscheidung an. Einen Tag zuvor hatte „Haaretz“ einen
fünf Jahre alten Text Feiglins veröffentlicht, in dem er im Falle seiner
Wahl zum Ministerpräsidenten seine Regierung zum Dankgebet auf
den Tempelberg einladen, Israels Austritt aus der UNO betreiben
und die Botschaften „in Deutschland und anderen antisemitischen
Ländern“ schließen würde.
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15 – Chronologie 2008
Die EU-Außenminister ziehen auf Verlangen der israelischen
Außenministerin Tsipi Livni ihre „EU Action Strategy for Peace in the
Middle East: The Way Forward“, die Ende November bekannt
10
geworden war, zurück . An die Stelle des Aktionsplans soll ein
„Vorschlag“ treten. Livni sieht nach offiziellen israelischen Angaben
in dem Dokument „eine bedeutende Errungenschaft für die
israelische Außenpolitik“. Der erweiterte Dialog soll die Bereiche
„Friedensprozess“, „militärische Zusammenarbeit“,
„Terrorismusbekämpfung“, „Entwicklungshilfe“, „Kampf gegen das
organisierte Verbrechen“, „Antisemitismus“ und „Schutz der
Menschenrechte“ einschließen. Außerdem ist an Hilfen zur
Integration Israels in die UN-Institutionen, die Beteiligung israelischer
Experten bei den europäischen Friedenstruppen und an den Ausbau
der parlamentarischen Beziehungen gedacht. Im Zuge der
Aufwertung der europäisch-israelischen Beziehungen11 wird Israels
Außenminister/in ab 2009 dreimal jährlich zu den Treffen der EUPartner eingeladen. Die Staatschefs beider Seiten sollen mindestens
ein Mal im Jahr zusammenkommen12.
07.12.2008:
In einem Fernsehinterview kündigt der designierte US-Präsident
Barack Obama eine „harte, aber direkte Diplomatie” gegenüber Iran
an. Nicht nur das Atomprogramm sei unannehmbar, sondern auch
die iranische Unterstützung für „Hisbollah” und „Hamas”. Die
Drohungen gegen Israel seien gegen alles, woran die Vereinigten
Staaten glauben würden. Zuvor hatte der Generaldirektor der
Internationalen Atomenergiebehörde Mohammed al-Baradei die
Verhandlungen mit und den Boykott gegen Iran als gescheitert
bezeichnet. Viele Iraner, die das Regime ablehnen würden, hätten
sich hinter die Regierung gestellt, weil sie ihr Land in einem
Belagerungszustand sehen.
05.12.2008:
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16 – Chronologie 2008
Ausgehend von den Unruhen in Hebron, die die Spannungen
zwischen der Regierung und den Siedlern einem Höhepunkt
zutreiben, verstärkt die israelische Armee ihre Präsenz in der
gesamten Westbank. Nach Zusammenstößen zwischen
Palästinensern und israelischen Soldaten in Hebron wird der Zugang
moslemischer Beter zur Al-Aqza-Moschee in Jerusalem verstärkt
kontrolliert, nur Männern über 45 Jahre mit gültigen israelischen
Ausweispapieren wird er gestattet. US-amerikanische Diplomaten
werden von ihrer Botschaft in Tel Aviv angewiesen, Jerusalem zu
meiden. Das US-amerikanische Konsulat in Jerusalem empfiehlt
seinen Staatsbürgern, angesichts möglicher Gefährdungen Vorsicht
walten zu lassen. Am 8. Dezember bezeichnet Amnon Toledano in
der hebräischen Internetausgabe von „Haaretz“ die Angriffe der
Siedler gegen Soldaten und Palästinenser als „jüdischen Djihad“, der
die staatliche Autorität untergrabe. Dieselbe Zeitung veröffentlicht
am 15. Dezember einen Meinungsbeitrag der pensionierten Richterin
und Ehrenpräsidentin der „International Association of Jewish
Lawyers and Jurists, Hadassa Ben-Itto, dass sie sich darüber
schäme, geschwiegen zu haben, als junge Juden in Hebron ihre
palästinensischen Nachbarn angriffen, ihr Eigentum zerstörten und
ihre heiligen Stätten entweihten, während sie, Ben-Itto, in ihrem
Vortrag in Bern aus Anlass des 70. Jahrestages der
„Reichskristallnacht“ für die öffentliche Bewahrung der Erinnerung an
die Verbrechen gegen die Juden ausgesprochen habe. Nicht nur die
Welt, sondern auch wir, die Israelis, müssten die Lektion lernen. „Ich
schäme mich für mein Schweigen. I sah die Entwurzelung von
Olivenbäumen, das Umkippen von Marktständen, die Angriffe auf
Eigentum und manchmal auf unschuldige Menschen, und ich habe
geschwiegen. Ich habe die Worte der Hetze gehört, die Botschaften
verstanden, und habe mich geschämt, aber ich habe geschwiegen.“
Im 20. Jahrhundert sei Hetze immer der Aktion vorausgegangen; wo
man etwas sagen könne, könne man es auch tun.
Im Tel Aviver Tsavta-Theater treffen sich Wissenschaftler,
Intellektuelle und Künstler, um als Nachfolgerin von „Meretz“ eine
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17 – Chronologie 2008
neue linke Partei vorzubereiten, für die noch kein Name feststeht. Zu
den Anwesenden zählen Amos Oz, dessen Tochter Fania OzSalzberger, Gila Almagor und der „Meretz“-Vorsitzende Haim
13
(„Jumes“) Oron . In einem Interview mit „Haaretz“ am 8. Dezember
äußert der frühere Sicherheitsberter von US-Präsident Jimmy Carter,
Zbigniew Brzezinski, die Vermutung, dass die israelische und die
palästinensische Öffentlichkeit in manchen Punkten weiter wären als
ihre zögernden Regierungen. Der am selben Tag eingehende „War
and Peace Index“ des „Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research“
an der Universität Tel Aviv für November 2008 weist aus, dass 59
Prozent der jüdischen Israels die Schaffung eines unabhängigen
palästinensischen Staates befürworten und dass 61 Prozent diesen
palästinensischen Anspruch für gerechtfertigt halten. Gleichzeitig
zeigen sich 63 Prozent davon überzeugt, dass die Palästinenser den
Staat Israel vernichten würden, wenn sie dazu in der Lage wären. Da
die Arabische Friedensinitiative von 2002/2007 nichts Neues biete,
vertrat nur ein Drittel die Auffassung, dass die israelische Regierung
sie in Betracht ziehen sollte.
In einem Interview mit „Haaretz” weist der an der Columbia
University lehrende US-amerikanische Historiker Rashid Khalidi,
dessen Familie in Jerusalem gebürtig ist, nach Gesprächen mit
Palästinensern und Israelis auf die enorme Frustration und den
Widerwillen in der palästinensischen Öffentlichkeit gegen die
Konfrontation zwischen „Fatah“ und „Hamas“ hin, der eine
unverstehliche Dynamik und Vitalität der palästinensischen
Gesellschaft in der Westbank, in Ost-Jerusalem und in der
Westbank sowie in Israel gegenüberstehe. Sie seien die
unterschwellige Stärke, gegen die keine Dämme ankommen würden.
Für Khalidi, Autor des Buches „The Iron Cage“14, vertritt die Führung
der PLO nicht hinreichend das gesamte palästinensische Volk,
solange es keinen historischen Kompromiss mit dem anderen Flügel
der Nationalbewegung erreicht habe und bis sich eine erneuerte,
vereinigte Führung nicht auf einen minimalen Nationalkonsens und
eine Strategie verständigt habe. Jede Vereinbarung mit Israel müsse
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18 – Chronologie 2008
von einem Referendum bestätigt werden, an dem die Palästinenser
auch außerhalb Palästinas zu beteiligen seien. Nach den
Erwartungen an den künftigen US-Präsidenten Barack Obama
befragt, mahnt Khalidi zur Zurückhaltung und Vorsicht. Obama
werde zwar den israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt ernsthaft
angehen, doch sollten die Palästinenser die Tatsache nicht
verkennen, dass er die größte amerikanische und globale
Wirtschaftskrise seit 1929 meistern und ihr Vorrang einräumen
müsse. Vielen israelischen Intellektuellen und dem Friedenslager in
Israel zollt Khalidi Respekt, bedauert aber, dass sie der Okkupation
zu geringe Aufmerksamkeit schenken würden. Die Lage laufe
faktisch auf einen Staat hinaus, wenn Israel seine Herrschaft über
das gesamte ehemalige Mandatspalästina mit mehr als fünf
Millionen Palästinensern fortsetze15.
04.12.2008:
Das israelische Oberste Gericht weist einen Antrag aus den Reihen
des „Likud“ zurück, der dem amtierenden Ministerpräsident Ehud
Olmert die Fortführung der Verhandlungen mit den Palästinensern
und Syrien untersagen sollte.
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert beauftragt die Minister Ehud Barak
(Verteidigung), Avi Dichter (Innere Sicherheit) und Generalstabschef
Gaby Ashkenazi – geboren 1954 als Kind bulgarischer ShoahÜberlebender in Israel geboren –, die Räumung des vom Obersten
Gericht vor drei Wochen angeordneten und von Siedlern besetzten
viergeschossigen Hauses in Hebron vorzunehmen; die
Eigentumsrechte an dem Haus sind umstritten. Nach
Gewaltausbrüchen der Siedler, die sich auch gegen die
palästinensische Bevölkerung richten, wobei palästinensische
Häuser und Autos angezündet werden, erklärt die Regierung am 5.
Dezember über die Stadt den Ausnahmezustand. Die jordanische
Regierung protestiert scharf gegen die Verletzung des
internationalen Rechts, weil siebzig Juden nicht daran gehindert
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19 – Chronologie 2008
worden seien, den „Haram al-Sharif“ (= Nobles Heiligtum,
„Tempelberg“) zu betreten.
Bei der Kandidatenaufstellung der „Arbeitspartei”, an deren Wahl 58
Prozent der Mitglieder teilnehmen, gewinnen Yitzhak Herzog, Ophir
Pines-Paz, Avishai Braverman, Shelly Yachimovich, Matan Vilnai,
Benjamin Ben-Eliezer, Amir Peretz, Yuli Tamir, Daniel Ben-Simon
und Einat Wilf die Plätze 2 bis 11. Ehud Barak als Spitzenkandidat
muss sich nicht zur Wahl stellen. Weitere Sitze sind für Avi Shaked,
Colette Avital und Eitan Cabel sicher. Der 15. Platz (ohne Barak) ist
für einen arabischen und der 16. Platz für einen drusischen
Bewerber vorgesehen. Der 17. Platz ist einem kommunalen
Kandidaten vorbehalten, der 18. Platz einem Neueinwanderer sowie
der 19. und 20. Platz einem Kandidaten aus „Judäa und Samaria“.
Nach den gegenwärtigen Meinungsumfragen sind bei der
Parlamentswahl am 10. Februar 2009 nur die ersten zehn Plätze
sicher.
Das Europäische Parlament verschiebt eine Entscheidung über die
Aufwertung der europäisch-israelischen Beziehungen. Der Antrag,
der Europäischen Kommission und vom Europäischen Rat
eingebracht und von Israels Außenministerin Tsipi Livni begründet
wurde, sollte dem Assoziierungsabkommen ein Protokoll beifügen,
das Israel die Beteiligung an EU-Programmen einräumt. Die
italienische Abgeordnete Luisa Morgantini, eine der Vizepräsidenten
des Parlaments, die sich für die Verschiebung einsetzte, begründet
ihre Haltung damit, dass die israelische Regierung zunächst die
Prinzipien des demokratischen Rechtsstaates einhalten sowie die
Siedlungspolitik beenden und die Blockade des Gazastreifens
aufheben müsse.
03.12.2008:
In Brüssel unterzeichnen die Nato und Israel das „Individuelle
Kooperationsprogramm (ICP)“, das der Verstärkung der
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20 – Chronologie 2008
Arbeitsbeziehungen zwischen beiden Seiten in der Sicherheits- und
Außenpolitik dienen soll. Dazu gerechnet werden der Kampf gegen
den Terrorismus, das Verbot der Weitergabe von
Nuklearkomponenten, gemeinsame Militärmanöver und der
Austausch von Geheimdienstinformationen.
In einer von ihr einberufenen Krisensitzung des Kabinetts verlangt
Außenministerin Tsipi Livni, dass sich Ehud Olmert von seinem Amt
als Ministerpräsident beurlauben lässt. In der vergangenen Woche
hatte Generalstaatsanwalt Menachem Mazouz angekündigt, dass er
gegen Olmert eine Anklageerhebung wegen Korruption prüfe.
Der Knesset-Abgeordnete der „United Arab List (Ta’al)“ Abbas Zkur
stellt laut „Yediot Acharonot“ in Akko eine neue Partei vor. Sie soll
sich vorrangig um die Belange der arabischen Staatsbürger Israels
kümmern und nicht um die Palästinenser in der Westbank, in OstJerusalem und im Gazastreifen sowie um die Beziehungen zur
arabischen Welt. Seit dem 8. Oktober war es in Akko zu
Zusammenstößen zwischen Arabern und Juden gekommen.
In Berlin unterzeichnen Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel und
Libanons Präsident Michael Suleiman ein Abkommen über die
verstärkte Zusammenarbeit beider Staaten.
02.12.2008:
Unter Berufung auf israelische Diplomaten berichtet „Haaretz”, dass
die neue US-amerikanische Administration erwäge, den früheren
Botschafter in Kairo und Tel Aviv, Daniel C. Kurtzer, zum NahostGesandten des Präsidenten zu ernennen16. Während seiner Zeit in
Israel bis 2005 habe er, so „Haaretz“, regelmäßig gegen die
Siedlungspolitik protestiert, so dass die Beziehungen zu
Ministerpräsident Ariel Sharon unterkühlt gewesen seien. Am 14.
Dezember berichtet „Haaretz“ unter Berufung auf Jerusalmer
Quellen, dass Barack Obama in Absprache mit Hillary Clinton ein
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21 – Chronologie 2008
Expertenteam für den Nahen und Mittleren Osten zusammenstellen
werde, zu dem außer Kurtzer noch Colin Powell, Dennis Ross und
Martin Indyk (Botschafter in Israel zwischen 1995 und 2001) gehören
würden.
01.12.2008:
In Chicago stellt der künftige US-Präsident Barack Obama der
Öffentlichkeit seine einstige innerparteiliche Rivalin Hillary Clinton als
neue Außenministerin vor. Dafür muss Clinton ihren Sitz als
Senatorin der Demokratischen Partei in New York aufgeben. Als
neuer Nationaler Sicherheitsberater nominiert Obama den früheren
Nato-Oberbefehlshaber James Jones und als UN-Botschafterin
seine außenpolitische Beraterin Susan Rice mit Kabinettrang,
während der republikanische Verteidigungsminister Robert Gates
zumindest vorerst im Amt bleibt. Justizminister soll Eric Holder
werden. In ihrer Dankesrede kündigt Clinton zur Sicherheit von
Frieden und Freiheit verstärkte diplomatische Konsultationen mit
ihren Verbündeten und Freunden sowie den Versuch an, in
Krisenzonen die Mittel des politischen Dialogs zu erweitern. Israels
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert gratuliert Clinton zu ihrer Ernennung
und drückt die Hoffnung auf die weitere Förderung der israelischamerikanischen Sonderbeziehungen aus.
November 2008
30.11.2008:
Das israelische Kabinett entscheidet mehrheitlich die Freilassung
von 250 palästinensischen Gefangenen, die vor allem zu „Fatah“
gehören, zu den moslemischen Feiertagen als Zeichen des guten
Willens. Eine Woche später, am 7. Dezember, kürzt das Kabinett die
Liste auf 230 Personen, die „kein Blut an den Händen“ haben. Durch
die Veröffentlichung der Namen der zu Entlassenden soll Israelis die
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22 – Chronologie 2008
Möglichkeit des Einspruchs gegeben werden. Am 15. Dezember
werden dann lediglich 209 Gefangene in die Westbank und 18 in
den Gazastreifen abgeschoben.
Die israelische Regierung zeigt sich besorgt über ein von der
gegenwärtigen französischen Ratspräsidentschaft verfasstes EUDokument, das unter dem Titel „The EU Action Strategy for Peace in
the Middle East: The Way Forward“ gegenwärtig den Regierungen
zur Abstimmung vorliegt. Danach wird die Wiedereröffnung der
palästinensischen Einrichtungen wie des im August 2001 von den
israelischen Behörden geschlossenen „Orient House“ in OstJerusalem befürwortet. Zum Thema „Jerusalem“ heißt es in dem
Dokument, über das die Außenminister auf ihrer Sitzung in der
kommenden Woche entscheiden sollen, dass der Wiederherstellung
Jerusalems als künftiger Hauptstadt zweier Staaten eine
Schlüsselrolle zukomme. Außerdem würden die Staaten Europas ein
vollständiges Einfrieren sämtlicher Siedlungsaktivitäten Israels auch
in Ost-Jerusalem verlangen.
28.11.2008:
Nach einer Absprache mit der niederländischen Gruppe „United
Civilians for Peace“ zieht sich der niederländische Konzern Unilever
von der Produktionsstätte „Beigel & Beigel“ aus der Industriezone
Barkan nahe der Siedlungsstadt Ariel in der Westbank zurück. Die
Entscheidung ist die dritte dieser Art innerhalb der vergangenen vier
Monate17.
21.11.2008:
In der Wochenendbeilage von „Yediot Acharanot (Letzte
Nachrichten)“ erläutert Amos Oz seine Unterstützung für die
Neugründung einer linken Partei als Nachfolgerin von „Meretz“18. Im
Interview mit Nachum Barnea drückt Oz seine Hoffnung aus, dass
sie bei den Parlamentswahlen am 10. Februar 2009 der Arbeitspartei
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23 – Chronologie 2008
viele Stimmen abnehmen werde. Ehud Barak als Vorsitzender dieser
Partei habe einen Fehler nach dem anderen begangen; bei einer
aktuellen Meinungsumfrage des Forschungsinstituts „Dachaf“ unter
Leitung von Mina Tsemach erwarten nur fünf Prozent der
israelischen Juden, dass er der nächste Ministerpräsident wird, die
Arbeitspartei könne gemäß der sogenannten Sonntagsfrage mit nur
acht Mandaten rechnen. Er, Oz, habe trotz seiner Freundschaft mit
Shimon Peres – Peres war bis zur Gründung von „Kadima“ einer der
führenden Repräsentanten der Arbeitspartei – diese Partei nie
gewählt. „Kadima“ bestehe heute zur Hälfte aus „Tauben“ und
„Falken“. Benjamin Netanyahus „Likud“ sei die große
Herausforderung. Er hoffe, dass die Nachfolgerin von „Meretz“ einen
neuen politischen Horizont vor allem für Tausende junger Menschen
bieten werde, die politisch bislang aus Apathie oder Verzweiflung
beiseite gestanden hätten. Wie das Barack Obama in den USA
gelungen sei, müsse die linke Partei sie in Israel ansprechen. Die
kommenden Wahlen seien in der Tat Schicksalswahlen, nicht im
Sinne einer Lösung des Konflikts mit den Palästinensern, sondern
zunächst im Sinne eines grundlegenden Wandels, nimmt Oz
Obamas Leitbegriff „Change“ auf. In den vergangenen hundert
Jahren seien beide Seiten noch nie der Beendigung des Konflikts so
nahe gewesen19. Selbst die Siedler wüssten, was am Ende des
Friedensprozesses stehen werde. Wenn es eine Vereinbarung gebe,
werde Jordanien eine Rolle spielen und Ägypten möglicherweise im
Gazastreifen20.
20.11.2008:
Die PLO wirbt in vier israelischen und drei palästinensischen
Zeitungen mit einer Anzeige für die Arabische Friedensinitiative von
2002/2007. Sie sagt die Anerkennung Israels durch die arabischen
Staaten zu – die auch weitere 35 moslemische Staaten ankündigten
–, wenn sich Israel aus den palästinensischen Gebieten zurückzieht
und einer „vereinbarten Lösung“ des palästinensischen
21
Flüchtlingsproblems zustimmt . Akiva Eldar erinnert am 21.
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24 – Chronologie 2008
November in „Haaretz“ daran, dass Außenministerin Tsipi Livni den
Plan im Juli gegenüber ihren ägyptischen und jordanischen
Amtskollegen „eine historische Chance, die nicht verpasst werden
darf“, bezeichnet hat. Vor zwei Wochen habe der Generalsekretär
der Arabischen Liga, Amr Moussa, in Brüssel erklärt, dass Israel
nach seiner grundsätzlichen Zustimmung das Recht habe, mit
seinen Nachbarn über den genauen Grenzverlauf und über
Sicherheitsarrangements zu verhandeln.
Israels Oppositionsführer Benjamin Netanyahu kündigt vor den rund
dreitausend Delegierten auf der Generalversammlung der „United
Jewish Communities” in Jerusalem an, dass er im Falle seines
Wahlsieges am 10. Februar 2009 das Steuer gegenüber den
Palästinensern herumreißen werde. Die bisherigen Verhandlungen
mit ihnen hätten nichts erbracht, weil sie sich um einen EndstatusVertrag gedreht hätten, statt sich um die Hebung des
palästinensischen Lebensstandards zu kümmern. Die wirtschaftliche
Entwicklung würde Probleme zwar nicht lösen, doch sie erleichtern.
18.11.2008:
Nach israelischen und arabischen Medienberichten trifft Jordaniens
König Abdullah II. mit Ehud Olmert und Ehud Barak zu
Geheimgesprächen in Amman zusammen. Beide sollen ihm
versichert haben, dass Israel keine militärische Invasion nach Gaza
plant.
14.11.2008:
„Haaretz” berichtet, dass in den kommenden drei Wochen eine neue
Linkspartei unter Führung von „Meretz“ gegründet werden soll, die
bei den für den 10. Februar 2009 vorgesehenen Knessetwahlen
anzutreten beabsichtige. Auf Initiative des „Meretz“-Vorsitzenden
Haim Oron sollen ihr angehören Avraham Burg, Gilad Sher
(Chefberater des damaligen Ministerpräsidenten Ehud Barak), der
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25 – Chronologie 2008
Jerusalemer Straf- und Verfassungsrechtler Mordechai Kremnitzer
sowie die Autoren David Grossman, A.B. Yehoshua, Amos Oz, Ronit
Matalon und Dorit Rabinyan. Die Gründung ist für den 5. Dezember
vorgesehen. Nach Auffassung von Oz hat die Arbeitspartei ihre
historische Rolle verloren. Der frühere Außenminister Shlomo BenAmi soll gegenwärtig dem Übertritt von der Arbeitspartei ebenso eine
Absage erteilt haben wie Erziehungsministerin Yuli Tamir. Ami
Ayalon, Minister ohne Geschäftsbereich und ehemaliger MarineKommandeur und Chef des Inlandsgeheimdienstes („Shin Beth“),
erklärt am 16. November sein Ausscheiden aus der Arbeitspartei,
ohne sich auf eine neue Formation festzulegen. Ein Sprecher der
Arbeitspartei begrüßt das Ausscheiden Ayalons, weil er ein
Opportunist sei und einen Zickzackkurs verfolge. „Kadima“ erteilt
Ayalon einem möglichen Übertritt eine Absage, weil er die „Genfer
22
Initiative“ unterstütze . Am selben 16. November verlässt Zeev
Elkin „Kadima“. Der 37jährige Abgeordnete, der vor achtzehn Jahren
aus Russland einwanderte, bezeichnet die Partei als zu „linkslastig“
und vergleicht sie mit den „radikalen Ideen der Genfer Initiative“. Der
Austritt Elkins löst bei den Spitzen der Partei kein Bedauern aus.
Einen Tag später gibt der frühere Generalstabschef Moshe („Bogey“)
Yaalon seine Kandidatur für „Likud“ bekannt. Der ehemalige
Kommunikationsdirektor der „Genfer Initiative“ Dror Sternschuss wird
die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der neuen Partei lenken. Am 20. November
beschließt die mit der Arbeitspartei in der Knesset verbündete
liberal-religiöse Partei „Meimad“ – Akronym für „Jüdische Partei –
Demokratische Partei“ –, sich von ihr zu trennen und bei den
bevorstehenden Parlamentswahlen mit Ayalon an der Spitze
selbständig anzutreten.
11.11.2008:
Bei der Kommunalwahl in Jerusalem setzt sich überraschend Nir
Barkat mit 52,4 Prozent der Stimmen als neuer Bürgermeister der
Stadt durch. Die Wahlbeteiligung liegt bei 43,3 Prozent. Die
palästinensische Bevölkerung Jerusalems befolgt weitgehend den
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26 – Chronologie 2008
Boykottaufruf der Palästinenischen Autonomiebehörde. In Tel Aviv
gewinnt erwartungsgemäß der amtierende Bürgermeister Ron Huldai
gegen seinen Konkurrenten Dov Khenin mit 50,7 gegen 34,3
23
Prozent .
10.11.2008:
Aus Anlas des 13. Jahrestages der Ermordung Yitzhak Rabins hält
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert auf dem Herzl-Berg-Friedhof in
Jerusalem erneut
24
eine politisch höchst beachtenswerte Rede, in
der er sich zu den „schmerzhaften Fragen“ äußert, vor denen Israel
stehe: Je näher wir dem Moment der Wahrheit kommen, führt er
aus, desto mehr neigen wir dazu, der Realität nicht ins Auge sehen
zu wollen, und je mehr wir dazu neigen, unseren Kopf abzuwenden
und Entscheidungen zu treffen, desto schmerzhafter und quälender
werden sie. Rabin habe seinen politschen Weg ohne Illusionen und
falsche Hoffnungen eingeschlagen. Er habe verstanden, was mehr
und mehr Menschen heute bereit sind, mit der notwendigen Vorsicht
und dem Berwusstsein für Risiken und Schwierigkeiten zu
akzeptieren: Wenn der Staat Israel seinen jüdischen und
demokratischen Charakter bewahren wolle, müsse er bereit sein,
Teile der Heimat aufzugeben, von denen seine Menschen geträumt,
nach denen sie sich gesehnt und seit Generationen gebetet hätten.
Israel müsse die arabischen Stadtviertel in Jerusalem aufgeben und
in jenes Gebiet zurückkehren, das unter Berücksichtigung der
Realitäten – Olmert spielt auf den von der „Genfer Initiative“
vorgelegten Gebietsaustausch an – den Staat bis 1967 ausmachte.
Israel müsse in die ihm vertrauten Orte in Galiläa und im Negev
zurückkehren, dort Aufbauarbeit leisten und das gewaltige Potential
seines Volkes nutzen – also eine neue Form des Zionismus
entwickeln, die realistisch, nüchtern, verantwortlich und kühn sei.
Wenn es dazu nicht fähig sei, werde in den palästinensischen
Gebiete ein radikales Regime die Kontrolle übernehmen, das den
politischen Prozess ablehne, und der Staat Israel werde die Chance
25
verspielen, die Welt von der Idee von zwei Staaten zu überzeugen .
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27 – Chronologie 2008
Die Ansprache Olmerts löst bei der politischen Rechten und bei
Ehud Barak, dem Vorsitzenden der Arbeitspartei, heftige
Reaktionen.
09.11.2008:
Das „Nahost-Quartett“ aus USA, EU, Russland und UN
(Condoleezza Rice, Bernard Kouchner, Javier Solana, Benita
Ferrero-Waldner, Sergej Lawrow, Ban Ki-moon) und dem „Quartett“Sonderbotschafter Tony Blair trifft sich im ägyptischen Badeort
Sharm el-Sheikh, um die Ergebnisse der Vereinbarungen in
Annapolis vor einem Jahr Revue passieren zu lassen26. Im
Anschluss an ihr Treffen mit den Anwesenden erklärt Israels
Außenministerin Tsipi Livni, dass in den Gesprächen mit den
Palästinensern Fortschritte erzielt worden seien und dass Israel die
Schaffung eines palästinensischen Staates anerkenne, wenn er den
Terrorismus nicht begünstige.
In der wöchentlichen Kabinettssitzung gedenkt Ministerpräsident
Ehud Olmert des 13. Jahrestages der Ermordung Yitzhak Rabins am
Abend des 4. November 1995 und drückt seine Sorge aus, dass sich
die hetzerische Stimmung, die für die Ermordung maßgeblich war,
sich in der Zwischenzeit nicht geändert habe.
In einem Gastbeitrag für „Haaretz” hält Ari Shavit ein Plädoyer für
den Juristen und Politikwissenschaftler Dov Khenin, der sich bei den
bevorstehenden Kommunalwahlen um das Amt des Bürgermeisters
in Tel Aviv bewirbt. Sein Gegenspieler ist der seit 1998 als
Bürgermeister amtierende Historiker Ron Huldai, der sich als
Vertreter der Liste „Ein Tel Aviv bewirbt. Khenin, der für die
kommunistische „Demokratische Front für Frieden und
Gleichberechtigung („Chadash)““ in der Knesset sitzt, tritt für die
Liste „Eine Stadt für uns alle“ an, die ein Anlass zu nationalem Stolz
sei, so Shavit. Er sei ein außergewöhnlicher Parlamentarier, der eine
authentische politische Bewegung unter Beteiligung von
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28 – Chronologie 2008
Umweltaktivisten, jungen Leuten und Bürgerinitiativen mit linken und
rechten politischen Überzeugungen repräsentiere. Die gegen Khenin
gerichtete Schmutzkampagne erinnere an die
Gesinnungsverfolgungen der McCarthy-Arä in Amerika. Doch was
mit der Wahl von Barack Obama in den USA geschehen sei, müsse
auch in Israel möglich sein. „Wir verdienen ein Tel Aviv als Stadt für
uns alle“, schließt Shavit seinen Beitrag. – Bei den Kommunalwahlen
in Jerusalem kandidieren Meir Porush („United Torah Judaism“, 57
Jahre)), der parteipolitisch unabhängige Nir Barkat (49 Jahre), der
aus Russland eingewanderte Geschäftsmann Arkadi Gaydamek (56
Jahre) und der für die „Grünen“ antretene Journalist Dan Biron (68
Jahre). Für die Wahlen am 11. November haben die Arbeitspartei
und der „Likud“ keinen eigenen Kandidaten nominiert.
08.11.2008:
Der Chef der palästinensischen Administration im Gazastreifen,
Ismail Haniyeh, erklärt gegenüber elf europäischen Parlamentariern
aus Großbritannien, Irland, der Schweiz und Italien unter Leitung von
Baron Nazir Achmed, einen Mitglied des britischen Oberhauses,
seine Bereitschaft zur Gründung des palästinensischen Staates in
den Grenzen von 196727. Nach einem Bericht von Amira Hass in
„Haaretz“ am 9. November bietet er Israel gleichzeitig einen
langfristigen Waffenstillstand an.
06.11.2008:
Die „Jerusalem Post” meldet, dass der Generalsekretär von „Peace
Now”, Yariv Oppenheimer, sich bei der Arbeitspartei um einen
Parlamentssitz bemühen will und sich von seiner Tätigkeit bei der
Friedensbewegung beurlauben lässt28. Beim „Likud“ bewirbt sich
nach eigenen Worten der frühere Finanzminister Dan Meridor um
einen Listenplatz. Die parteiinternen Wahlen um die Litenplätze
sollen am 8. Dezember stattfinden.
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29 – Chronologie 2008
05.11.2008:
Israel und die Palästinenser begrüßen die Wahl des demokratischen
Bewerbers Barack Hussein Obama zum 44. Präsidenten der USA.
Israels Präsident Shimon Peres bezeichnet ihn in einer Erklärung als
„jung, frisch, vielversprechend [und] einen Wandel repräsentierend
und dafür eintretend.“ Kein weißer Mann könne künftig
Überlegenheit beanspruchen, kein schwarzer Mann mehr
Diskriminierung spüren. Peres erinnert daran, dass er Obama bei
dessen Besuch in Jerusalem im Juli 2007 auf Befragen geraten
habe, ein „hervorragender Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten von
Amerika“ zu werden29. Außenministerin Tsipi Livni erwartet „die enge
strategische Kooperation mit der neuen Administration, mit dem
Präsidenten und dem Kongress“. Der palästinensische Chefdiplomat
Saeb Erakat bringt die Hoffnung zum Ausdruck, dass der neue
Präsident die USA ohne Verzug in die Friedensgespräche einbinden
werde.
04.11.2008:
Die seit Juni andauernde Waffenruhe zwischen Israel und „Hamas“
geht zu Ende. Beide Seiten beschuldigen sich, dafür die
Verantwortung zu tragen.
Während einer Besichtigungstour durch den Norden Israels betont
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert, dass seine Regierung nicht auf den
neuen US-Präsidenten und und seine Nahost-Politik warten könne.
Israels Probleme bedürften „einer schnellen Lösung, einer
dringenden Antwort, und jeder Tag, der ohne eine Lösung
verstreicht, wird nicht wiederkehren [und] ist verloren“. Die Regierung
habe jedes Recht, sich der offenen Probleme anzunehmen. In der
arabisch bewohnten Stadt Shfaram betont Olmert, dass auch die
nichtjüdische Bevölkerung Opfer des zweiten Libanon-Krieges im
Sommer 2006 gewesen und Teil der Rehabilitation sei.
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30 – Chronologie 2008
„Haaretz“ berichtet, dass nach einer Intervention der israelischen
„Association for Civil Rights“ viele tausend palästinensische
Stadtbürger Jerusalems, die ohne Genehmigung gebaut haben,
offiziell an das Wasserversorgungsnetz angeschlossen werden
sollen. Bisher seien das unter den rund 250.000 Palästinensern
lediglich 85.00 Personen in 16.000 Wohneinheiten.
In den USA siegt der demokratische Präsidentschaftskandidat
Barack Obama über seinen republikanischen Konkurrenten John
McCain. Obama erhält von seiten der jüdischen Wähler 78 Prozent
der Stimmen.
03./04.11.2008:
Unter Beteiligung von Staatssekretär Günter Gloser rufen die
Außenminister der 27 EU-Mitglieder und der 16 Anrainer im
östlichen, südlichen und westlichen Mittelmeer – einschließlich der
Arabischen Liga (ohne Stimmrecht), aber ohne Libyen – auf ihre
Tagung zur euro-mediterranen Zusammenarbeit in Marseille den
künftigen US-Präsidenten in einem 5-Punkte-Programm zur
gemeinsamen Lösung der großen weltpolitischen Probleme auf, zu
denen sie den Nahostkonflikt rechnen. Der Zusammenschluss führt
künftig den Namen „Mittelmeerunion“. Für die kommenden zwei
Jahre liegt der Vorsitz bei Ägypten. Sitz des Sekretariats soll
Barcelona sein. Ihr Leiter ist noch nicht bestimmt worden, doch
sollen zu den fünf stellvertretenden Generalsekretären ein Israeli und
ein Palästinenser gehören.
02.11.2008:
Zu Beginn der wöchentlichen Kabinettssitzung erklärt
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert, „dass die überwältigende Mehrheit
der Bewohner in Judäa und Samaria dort rechtmäßig lebt“. Der
Angriff auf Soldaten und ihre Offiziere sei nicht hinnehmbar, heißt es
im Protokoll der Kabinettssitzung. Das Kabinett beschließt, bei ihren
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31 – Chronologie 2008
Bauanträgen für „angemessene und wirkungsvolle Rückmeldungen“
im Rahmen der internationalen Verpflichtungen Israels zu sorgen30.
Der Sohn des früheren Ministerpräsidenten Menachem Begin, der
Geologe Benjamin Begin, kündigt die Rückkehr in den „Likud“ an.
Nach dem Hebron-Protokoll vom Januar 1997, das der damalige
Ministerpräsident Benjamin Netanyahu unterschrieb, war Begin aus
Protest 1999 aus der Politik ausgeschieden. Netanyahu begrüßt
seine jetzige Entscheidung. In einem langen Interview mit Ari Shavit,
das „Haaretz“ am 2. Januar 2009 veröffentlicht und noch vor dem
Beginn der Operation „Gegossenes Blei (Cast Lead)“ am 27.
Dezember aufgenommen worden ist, erkennt Begin die
Führungsrolle von Netayahu in der Partei an („der Erste unter
Gleichen“) und übt scharfe Kritik an der politisch „würdelosen
Gruppe“ unter dem Namen „Kadima“ mit Tsipi Livni an der Spitze.
Eine Außenministerin, die öffentlich das Ausscheiden des
amtierenden Ministerpräsidenten (Ehud Olmert) gefordert habe und
dennoch unter ihm weiter im Amt verbleibe, widerspreche allen
demokratischen Normen. Der Rückzug aus dem Gazastreifen 2005
sei ein „Irrsinn“ und verantwortungslos gewesen. Jeder aufgegebene
Teil des Landes Israel werde zur Terroristenbasis gegen Israels
Bürger. Außerdem gebe es eine Bindung der Juden an ihr Land, an
die Quellen ihrer Kultur und an die Orte, an denen die menschlichen
Werte in der prophetischen Vision entstanden seien. Deshalb
stimme er der Evakuierung weiterer Siedlungen nicht zu. Die
Zweistaatenlösung sei ein Slogan. Israel müsse so weit wie möglich
für das Wohlergehen seiner Nachbarn sorgen, und die Araber in
Samaria, Judäa und Gaza müssten innerhalb einer Autonomie für
ihre eigenen Angelegenheiten die Zuständigkeit erhalten, doch die
Sicherheitsbelange müssten bei Israel liegen. Mit Syrien befürwort
Begin direkte Verhandlungen, bei denen sich zeigen werde, wie sehr
die Führung in Damaskus zu Kompromissen bereit sei.
Nach israelischen Medienberichten naht das Ende des
organisatorischen und parlamentarischen Zusammenschlusses der
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32 – Chronologie 2008
Parteien „Nationale Union“ und „Nationalreligiöse Patei (NRP)“. Am
3. November kündigen die an der Auflösung der „Nationalen Union“
und der NRP Beteiligten die Gründung einer neuen Partei an, ohne
sich auf ihren Namen festzulegen. Sie werde sich programmatisch
nicht länger auf die Schaffung eines „Groß-Israel“ festlegen. Der
Kampf gelte künftig der religiösen Erziehung und der jüdischen
Identität, also „der Seele des Staates“. Für einen ihrer
Repräsentanten, den Abgeordneten Zvi Hendel, der innerhalb der
bisherigen Fraktionsgemeinschaft die Liste „Tekuma (Wiedergeburt)“
vertrat, werde sich die neue Partei „die Extremisten vom Hals
halten“: „Wir wollen keine Leute, die sich freuen, wenn arabisches
Blut vergossen wird, oder die tanzen, wenn eine jüdische Siedlung
aufgelöst wird“, erklärt Hendel. Für den für die Liste „Moledet
(Heimat)“ in der Knesset sitzenden Benjamin Elon ist „Israels
Hauptproblem nicht das der Grenzen oder der Siedlungen, sondern
das der Erziehung, der Werte und der jüdischen Identität“.
Oktober 2008
29.10.2008:
Der Vorsitzende der Partei „Israel Beiteinu (Unser Haus Israel)“
Avigdor Lieberman kritisiert den ägyptischen Präsidenten Hosni
Mubarak mit den Worten, er solle zur Hölle fahren, wenn er Israel
nicht besuchen wolle. Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert entschuldigt
sich in einem Telefonat bei Mubarak für die Beleidigung.
AuchPräsident Shimon Peres gibt eine Erklärung fes Bedauerns ab.
Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier protestiert gegen die
Verurteilung von zwölf Mitgliedern der syrischen
Bürgerrechtsbewegung „Nationalversammlung der DamaskusErklärung“ zu zweieinhalb Jahren Gefängnis. Aus humanitären
Gründen habe sich die Bundesregierung in der Vergangenheit
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33 – Chronologie 2008
mehrfach für die Inhaftierten eingesetzt und werde dies auch in
Zukunft tun.
Mehrere Teile des Gazastreifens werden durch schwere
Regenstürme heimgesucht. Sie unterbrechen Verkehrswege und
beeinträchtigen nachhaltig die Versorgung der Bevölkerung. Der
Wasserspiegel des Sees Genzareth steigt leicht an.
28.10.2008:
Unter Berufung auf Regierungskreise meldet die „Jerusalem Post”,
dass das Schiff „Befreit Gaza“, das am 27. Oktober in Zypern
abgelegt hat, diesmal nicht die Erlaubnis erhalten soll, vor GazaStadt zu ankern. Das Verbot wird damit begründet, dass „Hamas“ die
erste Fahrt im August für ihre Propagandazwecke missbraucht habe.
Zu den 26 Passagieren des Schiffes gehören auch diesmal die
irische Trägerin des Friedensnobelpreises von 1976, Mairead
Maguire, der Knesset-Abgeordnete Jamal Zahalka und der
Abgeordnete des „Palestinian Legislative Council“ Mustafa
Barghouti. Bei einer Protestaktion in der Westbank war Maguire, die
zur „Community of Peace People“ gehörte und sich um die
Beendigung des Konflikts in Ulster bemühte, im April 2007 von
israelischen Soldaten durch Schüsse am Bein verletzt worden. Als
das Schiff entgegen der israelischen Ankündigung dennoch am 29.
Oktober vor Gaza ankert, befindet sich Zahalka nicht unter den
amerikanischen und italienischen Passagieen sowie Vertretern der
internationalen Presse. Die israelische Kriegsmarine interveniert
nicht, nach Medienberichten soll sich Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert
eingeschaltet haben.
Der US-amerikanische Generalkonsul in Jerusalem, Jacob
Wallace31, bezeichnet die Angriffe jüdischer Siedler auf
palästinensische Bauern als nicht hinnehmbar. Die Administration in
Washington habe bei der israelischen Regierung entsprechend
interveniert.
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34 – Chronologie 2008
In der Nacht zum 29. Oktober kündigt Yossi Beilin seinen Rückzug
aus der Politik an, um künftig im Privatsektor zu arbeiten. Ohne
künftig der Knesset anzugehören, wolle er sich weiterhin für die
Ideen der „Genfer Initiative“ einsetzen. Die Botschaft des Staates
Israel in Berlin würdigt Beilin in ihrer Homepage mit einem eigenen
redaktionellen Beitrag und bezeichnet ihn als Mitinitiator der „’Genfer’
Friedensinitiative“, wofür er sich viele Feinde auf der politischen
Rechten eingehandelt habe. Beilins Nachfolgerin im Parlament wird
die renommierte Zvia Greenfield. Greenfield, selbst orthodox,
bemüht sich seit langem darum, dass nicht orthodox vorgenommene
Konversionen in Israel anerkannt werden. Deshalb sorgte sie dafür,
dass im Wahlprogramm 2006 von „Meretz/Yachad“ die Formulierung
aufgenommen wurde: „Das Kind eines jüdischen Vaters oder einer
jüdischen Mutter wird als Jude anerkannt. Außerdem wird ein
Konvertit, der sich dem jüdischen Volk durch ein orthodoxes oder
nicht-orthodoxes Verfahren angeschlossen hat, als Jude anerkannt.“
– Beilin habe wie wenige andere zum Friedensprozess und seiner
öffentlichen Verankerung beigetragen, schreibt „Haaretz“ am 3.
November in einem Kommentar. In einer Sondersitzung der Knesset
zu Ehren Beilins am selben Tag beklagt sich Ministerpräsident Ehud
Olmert darüber, dass es in der israelischen Politik keine „Kultur des
Müßiggangs“ gebe. „Ich werde Ihnen folgen“, fährt Ehud an Beilin
gewandt, ironisch fort. Wer einmal wie er die Politik aufgegeben
habe, erklärt Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak, könne es ohne sie
draußen nicht aushalten. Der Abgeordnete Achmed Tibi rühmt in
seiner Ansprache, dass Beilin die Wandlung vom „Pudel des Shimon
Peres“ zum „wahren Rottweiler“ geschafft habe. Dagegen spricht der
zur extremen Siedlerszene gehörende Israel Harel in einem
Gastbeitrag für „Haaretz“ Beilin die intellektuelle Integrität ab und
wirft ihm vor, mit seinen zahlreichen Friedensplänen Peres und
Yitzhak Rabin an der kurzen Leine geführt zu haben, nicht
umgekehrt. Selbst Ariel Sharon habe zuletzt den Pfad Beilins
eingeschlagen. Alle Israelis seien seine Pudel geworden.
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35 – Chronologie 2008
27.10.2008:
Vor der Knesset begründet Präsident Shimon Peres nach
Konsultationen mit den Parteien seine Entscheidung, dem Antrag
von „Kadima“ zur Ausschreibung von Neuwahlen zu entsprechen,
bevor er sich mit der allgemeinen politischen Lage in Israel und
seinem Umfeld widmet. Dabei begrüßt er ausdrücklich die Arabische
Friedensinitiative von 2002/2008. Im Widersprucb dazu bedrohe die
„fanatische Führung im Iran“ die ganze Welt. Im Hinblick auf die
Innenpolitik beklagt Peres, dass die Hälfte der jungen Generation
keine ausreichende Bildung habe, dass ein Drittel der Bevölkerung
einer schlechtbezahlten Arbeit nachgehen müsse und dass zwei
Drittel des Landes unangemessen entwickelt seien. Die religiöse
jüdische Bevölkerung müsse dazu ermutigt werden, außer zu beten
auch zu arbeiten. Die Staatsbürger würden sich in Abscheu von der
Gewalt einer kleinen Gruppe aus der Siedlerstadt Kiryat Arba (bei
Hebron) – Anfang 2006 lebten dort 6.600 Menschen – gegen
israelische Soldaten abwenden. Abschließend kommt Peres auf
seine „Friedenstal-Vision“ entlang der Afrkanischen Senke zwischen
dem Katzrin-Fluss im Norden und Sharm el-Sheikh im Süden zurück,
die viele Millionen neuer Arbeitsplätze im Tourismus, der
Solarindustrie und in Entsalzungsanlagen schaffen werde. Auf die
Lage der palästinensischen Bevölkerung in der Westbank, in OstJerusalem und im Gazastreifen geht der Präsident nicht ein32.
Anschließend trägt Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert einen knappen
Rechenschaftsbericht für seine Amtszeit vor, weist aber darauf hin,
dass seine Regierung bis zur Bildung eines neuen Kabinetts politisch
handlungsfähig sei33. Am 28. Oktober erklärt Peres beim Festakt
zum zehnjährigen Bestehen des nach ihm benannten „Shimon Peres
Center for Peace“, das von Ron Pundak geleitet wird, dass Israel –
womit er die vorstaatliche Phase einschließt – iin den vergangenen
hundert Jahren dem Frieden nie so nahe gewesen sei. Am 30.
Oktober wirft der Jerusalemer Soziologe Meron Benvenisti in
„Haaretz“ die Frage auf, welche politischen Ergebnisse
Einrichtungen wie das „Center“ für den Frieden erbracht haben, und
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36 – Chronologie 2008
kommt zum Ergebnis, dass die von Peres initiierten Osloer
Vereinbarungen auf die rechtsförmige Institutionalisierung des Status
quo, der Besatzung, und auf die Etablierung einer virtuellen
Palästinensische Behörde hinausgelaufen seien. Die Arbeit des
„Center“ diene praktisch dem Training, die palästinensische
Bevölkerung pädagogisch dauerhaft auf das Überleben unter
Bedingungen der Willkür vorzubereiten; Benvenisti bezeichnet
diesen Ansatz als „Patronatskolonialismus“. Dementsprechend
verzichte das „Center“ auf die Veröffentlichung von Berichten zur
katrastrophalen ökonomischen Lage der Palästinenser und warnt
nicht vor der Verantwortung Israels für diese Situation. Das für
fünfzehn Millionen US-Dollar errichtete neue „Peres Peace House“ in
Jaffa stehe in krassem Widerspruch zur Armut der dort wohnenden
arabischen Bevölkerung, und seine Fassade blicke auf das Meer
nach Westen, als ob von dort der Frieden komme34.
26.10.2008:
Nachdem auch die kleinen Parteien „United Thora Judaism“ und die
„Pensionistenpartei“ ihr eine Absage erteilt haben, informiert Tsipi
Livni Präsident Shimon Peres über das bisherige Scheitern ihrer
Bemühungen, eine Koalitionsregierung zu bilden, und schlägt die
Ausschreibung von Neuwahlen vor. In einem Gespräch mit „Haaretz“
erklärt sie, dass sie nicht gewillt sei, sich diplomatisch oder in
Haushaltsfragen – gemeint sind die finanziellen Forderungen der
Partei der „Sefardischen Thorawächter (Shas)“ – erpressen zu
lassen. Seit 1992 ist es die sechste Neuwahl in sechzehn Jahren
(1992: Shamir / Rabin; 1996: Peres / Netanyahu; 1999: Netanyahu /
Barak; 2001: Sharon / Barak; 2006: Sharon / Peretz; 2009: Livni /
Netanyahu). Die Wahlen könnten im Februar oder März 2009
stattfinden35. Bis dahin bleibt Ehud Olmert geschäftsführend im Amt.
Israelische Kommentatoren vermuten, dass der Ministerpräsident bis
zum Frühjahr 2009 – also bis zur Bildung einer neuen Regierung –
die Zeit nutzen werde, sich politisch unentbehrlich zu machen.
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37 – Chronologie 2008
Im Leitartikel „Neuwahl, aber welche?“ der Tageszeitung „Die Welt“
wirft Michael Borgstede der gescheiterten Außenministerin am 28.
Oktober vor, die Koalitionsverhandlungen naiv und fahrlässig geführt
zu haben, weil sie wochenlang nur mit der Arbeitspartei verhandelt
und die anderen Parteien links liegen gelassen und statt dessen dem
geistlichen Oberhaupt von „Shas“, Rabbiner Ovadia Josef, einen
Besuch abgestattet habe. Tsipi Livni, so Borgstede, habe wohl nicht
so recht verstanden, wie Politik in Israel funktioniert. „Das aber ist
keine gute Voraussetzung für den Aufstieg an die Regierungsspitze.
Seit noch nicht einmal zehn Jahren ist Livni in der Politik, sie hat
einen atemberaubenden Aufstieg hinter sich, und selbst ihre Feinde
erkennen ihr politisches Talent an. Sie hat es aber auch geschafft, in
nicht weniger als sieben Ministerämtern so gut wie keine Spuren zu
hinterlassen. Daran ist das rastlose politische System Israels nur
zum Teil schuld. Denn in Wahrheit hat Tzipi Livni bisher wenig
politisches Profil bewiesen, ja, vielleicht ist gerade diese
Undefinierbarkeit für ihre Beliebtheit verantwortlich. Es gehört – nicht
nur in Israel – zum Alltag der Politik, dem Wähler nicht ganz reinen
Wein einzuschenken. Doch Livni hat die programmatische Unschärfe
zum Prinzip erhoben. Entweder, so fragt man sich, hat sie gar keinen
Plan, oder sie hat Angst, dass eine klare Positionierung ihr schaden
könnte. Im ersten Fall ist ihr nun Recht widerfahren. Im zweiten Fall
bleibt ihr noch eine Chance.“
Der israelische Generalstaatsanwalt Menachem Mazouz kündigt
eine Untersuchung gegen Siedler an, die in der Nähe von Hebron
einen moslemischen Friedhof geschändet haben, über achtzig
palästinensische Autos beschädigten und israelische Soldaten
angriffen, die das Außenlager („outpost“) „Gestüt Federman“ einer
nahe gelegenen Siedlung räumen wollten.
US-amerikanische Soldaten einer Eliteeinheit rücken mit
Hubschraubern auf ein syrisches Dorf in der Nähe der Grenze zu
Irak vor, wobei acht Zivilisten ums Leben kommen. Der Angriff habe
einem Führer von „al-Quaida“ gegolten, der für das Einschleusen
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38 – Chronologie 2008
ausländischer Kämpfer von Syrien aus verantwortlich sei, heißt es
zur Begründung. Seit langem wirft Washington Syrien vor, seine
Grenze zu Irak nicht hinreichend zu sichern. Hans-Christian Rößler
zitiert am 28. Oktober in der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung“ den
Sprecher des in Damaskus tätigen unabhängigen Zentrums für
Orient-Studien mit den Worten, dass es unmöglich sei, die
sechshundert Kilometer lange Grenze vollständig abzuriegeln. Der
syrische Außenminister Walid Muallem bezeichnet von London aus
den Angriff als eine „terroristische Aggression“ und weist die
amerikanische Begründung als unzutreffend zurück. Frankreich und
Russland distanzieren sich von den USA. Am 28. Oktober schließt
Syrien die amerikanische Schule und das amerikanische
Kulturzentrum in Damaskus. Vermutungen werden laut, dass –
entgegen den Bemühungen von Außenministerin Condoleezza Rice
um Entspannung der Beziehungen zu Damaskus – das Weiße Haus
daran interessiert sein könnte, dem voraussichtlichen Gewinner der
Präsidentschaftswahlen am 4. November, dem Demokraten Barack
Obama, ein schweres Erbe zu hinterlassen. Am 03. November
meldet die in Riyadh erscheinende englischsprachige „Saudi
Gazette“, dass die irakische Regierung an der Grenze zu Syrien die
Polizeikräfte verstärkt habe, um die Infiltration von unerwünschten
Personen zu verhindern.
25.10.2008:
Präsident Machmud Abbas sagt das für den 27. Oktober mit dem
amtierenden Ministerpräsidenten Ehud Olmert geplante Treffen mit
der Begründung ab, angesichts der schwierigen Regierungsbildung
in Israel wolle er nicht den Verdacht erregen, sich in dessen innere
Angelegenheiten einzumischen.
Nachdem die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde im September die
palästinensischen Stadtbürger Jerusalem zum Boykott der
Kommunalwahlen im November aufgerufen hat, wiederholen der von
der Autonomiebehörde ernannte religiöse Richter („Sheikh“) Taysir
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Tamimi und der Vorsitzende des Obersten Islamischen Gerichts in
Jerusalem, Sheikh Ikrima Sabri, aus religiösen und nationalen
Gründen das Verbot der Teilnahme an den Wahlen und des
Verkaufs von Grundstücken an Juden. Zwei „Fatah“-Abgeordnete
aus Jerusalem schließen sich dem Aufruf an. Im Gegensatz dazu
wird innerhalb der Autonomiebehörde über den politischen Nutzen
des Boykotts gestritten. Außerdem ermutigt Hanna Siniora,
gemeinsam mit Gershon Baskin Vorsitzender des „Israel/Palestine
Center for Research and Information (IPCRI)“, die palästinensische
Bevölkerung zur Teilnahme, um die jüdische Besiedlung und die
Zerstörung arabischer Häuser in der Stadt zu beenden.
24.10.2008:
Die „Sefardischen Thorawächter (Shas)“ entscheiden, dass gemäß
dem Votum des „Rates der Thora-Weisen“ die Partei nicht in die
Regierung von Tsipi Livni eintreten wird. Ein Vertrauter Livnis erklärt
am 25. September, „Shas“ habe die Verhandlungen abgebrochen,
nachdem der „Likud“-Vorsitzende Benjamin Netanyahu der Partei
angeboten habe, die verlangten Mittel um das Doppelte zu erhöhen.
Der frühere Vorsitzende von „Meretz“, Yossi Sarid, mockiert sich am
27. Oktober in „Haaretz“ darüber, dass einem 88jährigen „Ayatollah“
– gemeint ist der Mentor der „Sefardischen Thorawächter (Shas)“,
Rav Ovadia Josef – die Entscheidung über das Schicksal einer
Regierung eingeräumt werde. Der Wirtschaftsredakteur von
„Haaretz“, Nehemia Strasler, weist am 28. Oktober darauf hin, dass
Livni der Partei 600 Millionen Neue Shekel (~ 123 Millionen Euro) als
Kinderzulagen und 350 Millionen Neue Shekel (für ~ 72 Millionen
Euro) für religiöse Hochschulen zugesagt habe; die Partei brauche
das Geld dringend, weil die großzügigen Spenden aus den USA
zusammengeschmolzen seien. Ihr Vorsitzenden Eli Yishai hätte Livni
davon überzeugen können, dass das Geld gut angelegt sei, wenn er
ihr versprochen hätte, es für die die Anhebung der Qualität des
naturwissenschaftlichen und des Fremdsprachen-Unterrichts im
religiösen Schulsystem einzusetzen.
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40 – Chronologie 2008
23.10.2008:
Im Hauptkommentar vermutet „Haaretz“, dass Tsipi Livni im Zuge
ihrer Bemühungen um die Regierungsbildung vermutlich zunächst
nur auf sechzig der 120 Mandate in der Knesset zurückgreifen
könne, wenn die „Sefardischen Thorawächter (Shas)“ weiter auf
ihren Bedingungen bestehen, für ihre Klientel finanzielle Zusagen zu
erhalten36. Der Kommentator vermutet, dass „Meretz“ die neue
Regierung von außen unterstützen würde, wenn Livni den
Friedensprozess mit dem Ziel eines Vertrages vorantreibt, sie jedoch
aus der Opposition angreifen wolle, wenn sich die
Ministerpräsidentin lediglich auf die Fortsetzung des
Verhandlungsprozesses (mit der Absicht einer Prinzipienerklärung)
konzentriere. Außerdem könne „Meretz“ als Teil der Koalition im
Falle von Neuwahlen nicht vor ihre Wähler treten, wenn Daniel
Friedmann weiter im Amt verbleibt, weil der Justizminister in den
vergangenen zwei Jahren das Rechtssystem und vor allem den
Status des Obersten Gerichts durch den Versuch ihrer Politisierung
erheblich beschädigt habe, so dass die Rechtsfindung und die
Demokratie in den Augen der Öffentlichkeit schweren Schaden
genommen hätten. Nur wenn „Meretz“ das Justizministerium erhalte
– unter Ministerpräsident Ehud Barak (1999 – 2001) lag es in den
Händen von Yossi Beilin –, sei der Regierungseintritt der Partei aus
eigenem Interesse gerechtfertigt.
Nach den „Barkan Wineries”37 verlegt nach einer Meldung des
israelischen Armeerundfunks auch eine schwedische
Metallverarbeitungsfirma ihren Betrieb aus der Westbank nach
Israel.
Im Interview mit „Haaretz“ führt Dennis Ross aus, dass der USdemokratische Präsidentschaftskandidat Barack Obama das
Verhältnis zu Israel unter zwei Aspekten bewerte: die gemeinsamen
Werte zwischen beiden Staaten und die Bedrohung Israels durch
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41 – Chronologie 2008
Iran, die auch eine Bedrohung der USA sei. In die Befassung mit
dem israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt werde Obama ohne
Illusionen gehen: Je länger die USA beim Konflikt an der Seitenlinie
bleiben, desto stärker dürfte „Hamas“ werden. Nur wenn „Hamas“
Israel anerkenne, werde Obama zu Gesprächen bereit sein. Ross,
der von der Zeitung als möglicher nächster US-Außenminister
vorgestellt wird, zeigt sich „vorsichtig optimistisch“, dass Obama am
04. November die Wahl gewinnen wird.
22.10.2008:
Nach einem Bericht des rechtspolitischen Redakteurs von „Haaretz”
Yoav Stern zitiert eine irakische Website diplomatische Kreise in
Beirut, dass in der vergangenen Woche auf den Generalsekretär von
„Hisbollah“ Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah ein Giftanschlag verübt worden
sei. Nasrallahs Leben sei von iranischen Ärzten gerettet worden.
„Hisbollah“-Quellen dementieren den Anschlag. Am 24. August
bezeichnet Nasrallah die Attentatsmeldung in der TV-Station „AlManar (Der Leuchtturm)“ der „Hisbollah“ als Teil der
„psychologischen Kriegsführung“.
20.10.2008:
Nach einem Bericht der hebräischen Internet-Ausgabe von „Yediot
Acharonot“ bestätigt der palästinensische Präsident Machmud
Abbas gegenüber Autoren in Ramallah, dass ihm Israels
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert die Rückgabe „fast“ aller
palästinensischer Gebiete einschließlich Ost-Jerusalem zugesagt
habe, ohne „fast“ zu definieren. Beide wollen sich am 27. Oktober
voraussichtlich zum letzten Mal in der Amtszeit Olmerts treffen.
19.10.2008:
Nach einem Bericht der Palästinensischen Nachrichtenagentur
„Ma’an“ hat die ägyptische Regierung die rivalisierenden
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42 – Chronologie 2008
palästinensischen Fraktionen für den 9. November zu
Versöhnungsgesprächen nach Kairo eingeladen. In der Präambel
der Einladung werden die Prinzipien der „nationalen Versöhnung“
38
gemäß der Vereinbarung vom März 2005 , die „nationale,
geographische und politische Einheit“ der palästinensischen
Gebiete, die Schaffung von demokratischen Verfahrensweisen in der
neu zu bildenden Regierung sowie die „Heiligkeit des
palästinensischen Blutes und des Widerstandes“ beschworen. In
dem 4-Punkte-Programm wird die nächste Regierung aufgefordert,
die Blockade des Gazastreifens mit dem Ziel der Normalisierung des
Lebens zu beenden, gleichzeitig Parlaments- und
Präsidentschaftswahlen abzuhalten, die PLO zu reformieren sowie
die PLO in die Lage zu versetzen, die Endstatus-Verhandlungen mit
Israel gemäß den nationalen Zielen zu führen.
Der ehemalige Sicherheitschef Saudi-Arabiens, Turki al-Saud,
bestätigt bei einer Konferenz der Londoner „Oxford Research Group“
die Gültigkeit des arabischen Friedensplans von 2002/2008. Israels
amtierender Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak zeigt sich in einem
Interview interessiert und plädiert für ein umfassendes
Friedensabkommen in der Region. Die politischen Korrespondenten
von „Haaretz“, Aluf Benn und Barak Ravid, erinnern am 29. Oktober
daran, dass in Israel bisher nur die Leute der „Genfer Initiative“
und die Linke den arabischen Friedensplan unterstützt hätten. Beim
Treffen mit dem ägyptischen Präsidenten Hosni Mubarak in Sharm
el-Sheikh am 23. August lobt Israels Präsident Shimon Peres die von
Saudi-Arabien ausgegangene Friedensinitiative.
18./19.10.2008:
Der an der George Washington University in Washington, D.C.,
lehrende Politologe Francis Fukuyama, Autor des unter dem
Eindruck der Implosion der Sowjetunion geschriebenen und
vielbeachteten Buches „Das Ende der Geschichte“ warnt im
Interview mit der „Süddeutschen Zeitung“ vor der IIlusion, dass
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43 – Chronologie 2008
Barack Obama im Falle seiner Wahl zum US-Präsidenten die
internationalen Organisationen in die Regelung des israelischpalästinensischen Konfliktes stärker einbeziehen werde.
15.10.2008:
Der syrische Außenminister Walid Muallem und sein libanesischer
Amtskollege Fawzi Salukh unterzeichnen in Damaskus eine
gemeinsame Erklärung, mit der sie die erstmalige Aufnahme
diplomatischer Beziehungen bekanntgeben. Der Leiter der
Nahostabteilung im US-State Department Robert Welch erklärt am
22. Oktober, dass Washington nach wie vor keinen Anlass habe, die
Isolierung Syriens zu beenden.
Im Vorfeld der Sitzung des europäisch-israelischen
Unterausschusses zum politischen Dialog und zur Zusammenarbeit
am 28. Oktober appellieren die Präsidenten des „EuroMediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN)“ und der
„International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)“ Kamel Jendoubi
und Souhayr Belhassen in einem Brief an den französischen
Außenminister Bernard Kouchner (als gegenwärtigen EURatspräsidenten) und an die EU-Kommission, die Verbesserung der
Menschenrechte in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Gespräche zu rücken: „We
call upon the EU to condition any further upgrading of bilateral
relations with Israel on Israel’s respect for international human rights
and humanitarian law and concrete improvement of the human right
situation in Israel and the OPT [Occupied Palestinian Territories]“,
heißt es in dem Brief. Die Schaffung eines Unterausschusses für
Menschenrechte mit einer ersten Sitzung vor Jahresende 2008 solle
eine Vorbedingung für die Aufwertung der Beziehungen zu Israel
sein. Die Europäische Union solle klarmachen, dass jede
gegenwärtige und künftige Zusammenarbeit und alle Maßnahmen im
Rahmen der Europäischen Nachbarschaftspolitik (ENP) – so
Bekämpfung des Terrorismus, Wanderungsbewegungen,
wirtschaftliche Kooperation und Handel – auf beiden Seiten in
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44 – Chronologie 2008
Übereinstimmung mit den Geboten der internationalen
Menschenrechte stehen müssten. Gleiches gelte für die
Menschenrechtslage im Gazastreifen und den fortwährenden
Ausbau der israelischen Siedlungen in der Westbank.
13.10.2008:
„Kadima” und Arbeitspartei verständigen sich im Grundsatz auf die
Zusammenarbeit in der künftigen Koalitionsregierung. Eine
entsprechende Vereinbarung unterzeichnen Tsipi Livni und Ehud
Barak nach achtzehnstündigen Verhandlungen. Sollte der
Koalitionsvertrag zustande kommen, würden beide Parteien nach
gegenwärtigem Stand über 48 der 120 Mandate in der Knesset
verfügen. Livni umwirbt außerdem die Partei der „Sefardischen
Thorawächter (Shas)“ mit ihren zwölf Abgeordneten.
12.10.2008:
Auf der dritten Jahreskonferenz der „American Task Force on
Palestine (ATFP)“, einer Gesellschaft vorwiegend palästinensischer
und arabischer US-Staatsbürger mit der Unterstützung SaudiArabiens, Jordaniens und Ägyptens, erklärt der palästinensische
Minsiterpräsident Salam Fayyad, dass die Verhandlungen mit Israel
„eine kritische Masse des positiven Wandels“ erreicht hätten, beklagt
aber, dass sich die israelische Siedlungsaktivität seit der Konferenz
in Annapolis Ende November 2007 beschleunigt habe. Gleichzeitig
verwahrt er sich gegen eine Haltung „nichts zu tun“, die er als
Defätismus bezeichnet. „When [the occupation is] viewed this way, it
becomes clear that the greatest obstacle that has prevented us,
Palestinians, from achieving our national goals was not occupation
per se or factionalism, not poverty or separation, but that deadly
erosion of self-esteem and consequent loss of faith in our capacity to
get things done39.” James Glassman, stellvertretender
Staatssekretär im State Department, überbringt die schriftlichen
Grüße und Wünsche von Präsident George W. Bush und rühmt die
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45 – Chronologie 2008
„enorme Arbeit“ von ATFP, den Frieden durch die Schaffung eines
unabhängigen und lebensfähigen palästinensischen Staates an der
Seite Israels zu erreichen.
10.10.2008:
„Gush Shalom (Friedensblock)” unter Leitung von Uri Avnery
veröffentlicht in „Haaretz“ unter dem Eindruck der weltweiten, von
den USA ausgehenden schweren Finanzmarktkrise ein Gedicht
unter dem Titel „Die Zeichen an der Wand in der Wall Street“. Darin
heißt es: „Alle unsere Regierungen gingen davon aus, / dass,
solange die Amerikaner uns unterstützen, / wir die ganze Welt nicht
beachten müssen / und die Palästinenser unterdrücken können. /
Aber kein Weltreich währt ewig, / und die Botschaft steht an der
Wand von Wall Street. / Der einzige Weg, / um die Sicherheit Israels
zu garantieren, / ist Frieden mit den Palästinensern zu schließen und
/ von der ganzen arabischen Welt akzeptiert zu werden. / Dies muss
so schnell getan werden, / solange wir dazu noch in der Lage sind.“
08.10.2008:
Am Abend, nach Anbruch des jüdischen Versöhnungstages („Yom
Kippur“), brechen in Akko schwere Unruhen zwischen arabischen
und jüdischen Einwohnern aus, die auch in den folgenden Tagen
andauern. Auslöser ist ein arabischer Bewohner der Altstadt
gewesen, heißt es in Berichten, der um Mitternacht mit dem Auto in
ein vorwiegend jüdisch bewohntes Viertel gefahren sei und dort
großen Lärm verursacht habe. In der Haupteinkaufsstraße der
Neustadt werden Dutzende Läden und Autos zertrümmert, während
im Gegenzug jüdische Randalierer „Tod den Arabern“ rufen,
während auf der Gegenseite Rufe laut werden, „die moslemische
Stadt vor der Judaisierung zu retten“. Zahlreiche Personen werden
verletzt. Arabische Knessetabgeordnete verurteilen das harte
Vorgehen der Polizei gegen arabische Randalierer. Das für
kommende Woche geplante Theaterfestival wird abgesagt. Yossi
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46 – Chronologie 2008
Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“) beklagt in einer Stellungnahme, dass seit
dem Gewaltausbruch zu Beginn der zweiten Intifada Ende
September 2000, der innerhalb weniger Tage dreizehn Arabern –
darunter einem Palästinenser aus dem Gazastreifen – das Leben
kostete, der Staat nichts unternommen habe, um die Ergebnisse der
damaligen Untersuchungskommission unter Vorsitz von Richter
Theodor Orr umzusetzen. Der an der Universität Tel Aviv lehrende
Politologe Eli Rekhess hält den jüdisch-arabischen Konflikt in Israel
für schwerwiegender als den zwischen Israel und den
palästinensischen Gebieten, weil für den letzteren immerhin die
Möglichkeit der Trennung voneinander bestehe. Am 27. Oktober
weist Yossi Alpher in dem Internet-Portal „bitterlemons“ die
Behauptung zurück, dass die Unruhen in Akko allein auf das
ungebührliche Verhalten des arabischen Autofahrers am „Yom
Kippur“ zurückzuführen seien, denn klar sei, dass die jüdischarabischen Beziehungen in der Stadt seit langem „extrem
problematisch“ seien. Hinzu komme, dass der israelischpalästinensische Konflikt auf die arabischen Staatsbürger Israels
radikalisierend gewirkt habe, so auch durch den Bau der
„Trennungsmauern“, die beide palästinensischen Bevölkerungsteile
mehr denn je voneinander trenne. Im Gegenzug würden sich
jüdische Israelis, die von Grund auf die Koexistenz ablehnen, darum
bemühen, in arabischen Ortschaften Fuß zu fassen und die dortige
palästinensische Bevölkerung zu vertreiben. Der Vorsitzende der
Partei „Die arabische Liste/Arabische Bewegung für einen Wandel“,
der Knesset-Abgeordnete Achmed Tibi, weist in derselben Ausgabe
darauf hin, dass die Unruhen das direkte Ergebnis der Ansiedlung
von Siedler aus Hebron und anderswoher zur „Judaisierung“ Akkos
sowie die damit einhergehende Vertreibung von Arabern aus der
Stadt gewesen seien. Tibi fordert den Staat Israel auf, die arabische
Bevölkerung als nationale Minderheit anzuerkennen.
„Human Rights Watch“ legt in Amman den Bericht „Torture and
Impunity in Jordan’s Prisons: Reform Fail to Tackle Widespread
Abuse” vor, in dem die internationale Menschenrechtsorganisation
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47 – Chronologie 2008
auf der Basis von Interviews mit Häftlingen in den zehn jordanischen
Gefängnissen die Regierung in Amman aufruft, die zur Routine
gewordenen und weitverbreiteten Formen der Folter und des
Missbrauchs von Gefangenen zu beenden. Bislang hätten daran
auch die Reformen von König Abdullah II. vor zwei Jahren wenig
geändert. Die Untersuchung von angezeigten Fällen durch die
Polizei und die Gefängnisbehörden, heißt es in dem Bericht weiter,
litten darunter, dass diese selbst auf die Anklagebank gehörten.
Shlomo Shamir berichtet in „Haaretz” aus einem Interview mit Edgar
Bronfman, dem früheren Präsidenten des „American Jewish
Congress”, dass dieser die volle jüdische Akzeptanz einer Familie
verlange, auch wenn nur ein Ehepartner jüdisch ist. Geschehe dies
nicht, werde in den USA die Zahl der Juden sinken, ihr Einfluss
werde geringer, und die Unterstützung für Israel sei in Gefahr.
Shamir fügt hinzu, dass der Statistik zufolge 48 Prozent der Juden in
„Mischehen“ leben. Rund die Hälfte der US-amerikanischen
Studenten, die sich selbst als Juden bezeichneten, stammten aus
solchen Verbindungen, erzählt Bronfman und bekennt, dass er am 4.
November Barack Obama wählen werde. In den jüdischen
Gemeinden und Organisationen solle man die Haushaltsmittel
besser in die Erziehung als in den Kampf gegen den Antisemitismus
investieren.
06.10.2008:
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert bricht zu einem Besuch nach Moskau
auf. Vor den Kabinettsmitgliedern begründet er ihn am 5. Oktober
mit einer seit langem vorliegenden Einladung, der er erst jetzt Folge
leisten könne. Im Mittelpunkt stehen beabsichtigte russische
Waffenverkäufe an Iran.
05.10.2008:
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48 – Chronologie 2008
Außenministerin Tsipi Livni hält in Anwesenheit des
palästinensischen Außenministers Riyad al-Malki, der französischen
und US-amerikanischen Außenminister Bernard Kouchner und
James Cunningham sowie von Joschka Fischer zu Beginn einer
dreitägigen Konferenz in Jerusalem ihre erste außenpolitische
Grundsatzrede seit ihrer Wahl zur Vorsitzenden der „Kadima“-Partei.
Darin bekennt sie sich zur Umsetzung der Verabredungen von
Annapolis, ohne einen Zeitplan vorzugeben, und verwahrt sich
indirekt gegen die Äußerungen von Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert in
seinem Interview mit „Yediot Acharonot“ am 29. September, weil er
ihre künftige Verhandlungsposition schwäche. Während in
politischen Kreisen Israels und in der Öffentlichkeit des Landes der
Anschlag gegen Zeev Sternhell als Anschlag des politischen
Extremismus gegen die Demokratie verurteilt wird40, beklagt sich
Livni bei der palästinensischen Politik, dass sie „den
Friedensprozess nicht hinreichend in die palästinensische
Gesellschaft übersetzt“41. Mitte Oktober 2009 wird der 37jährige
Yaacov Teitel aus der Siedlung „Shvut Rachel“ nördlich von
Ramallah als Täter gefasst. Teitel, ein gebürtiger US-Amerikaner,
hatte sich im Jahr 2000 endgültig in Israel niedergelassen. Ihm
werden auch Anschläge auf Palästinenser mit Todesfolge
vorgeworfen.
02.10.2008:
In der ersten Umfrage nach der Kandidatennominierung teilt das
„American Jewish Committee” mit, dass 57 Prozent der USamerikanischen Juden den Demokraten Barack Obama favorisieren,
während 30 Prozent dem Republikaner John McCain den Zuschlag
geben. Dreizehn Prozent würden sich nicht festlegen.
In der Anfang Oktober erscheinenden Monatsausgabe des „Arab
Reform Bulletin“ macht Shadi Hamid darauf aufmerksam, dass sich
die jordanische Moslembruderschaft und die Regierung in Amman
nach drei schwierigen Jahren politisch angenähert hätten. Außerdem
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49 – Chronologie 2008
habe die Regierung einen Dialog mit „Hamas“ begonnen, weil sie
deren wachsenden Einfluss und starke Position im Gazastreifen
eingesehen habe.
September 2008
29.09.2008:
Im „Vermächtnis-Interview“ mit der auflagenstärksten
Tageszeitung „Yediot Achronot (Letzte Nachrichten)“42 aus
Anlass des neuen jüdischen Jahres 5769 erklärt
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert, dass sich Israel aus fast allen
Teilen der Westbank und Ost-Jerusalems zurückziehen müsse,
wenn es Frieden mit den Palästinensern wolle. Gleichzeitig
bezeichnet er Überlegungen, den Iran anzugreifen, als
„Megalomanie“ und „Verlust der eigenen Proportionen“;
Olmerts Angebote gehen als „Konvergenzplan“ in die politische
Literatur ein. Der Rückzug von den Golanhöhen könne
gefährlich sein, doch wer die Gefahr scheue, solle in die
Schweiz oder in Island umziehen. Die israelische
Sicherheitsdoktrin sei wertlos, wenn sie allein auf Panzer, auf
die Beherrschung von Gebieten und auf diesen und jenen Hügel
gründe. Er frage sich, was geschehen solle, wenn Israel auch
den nächsten Krieg gewinne, und antwortet: „Wir werden den
Preis bezahlen und sie [Israels Feinde] werden leiden.“ Olmert
fährt fort: „Wenn du auf diesem Stuhl sitzt, musst du dich
fragen, ob du keine Kraft darauf verwendest, Frieden zu
schließen, oder immer stärker und stärker werden willst, um
den Krieg zu gewinnen.“ Die Zeit sei nicht auf Seiten Israels,
auch wenn der Staat heute noch so stark wie kein anderer in der
Region sei. „Vor wem haben wir Angst?“ Olmert räumt ein, er
sei der erste israelische Politiker gewesen, der die israelische
Souveränität auf ganz Jerusalem habe ausdehnen wollen, und
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50 – Chronologie 2008
bekennt selbstkritisch, dass er „die Realität in ihrem ganzen
Ausmaß“ nicht habe erkennen wollen. Wer 270.000
Palästinenser eingemeinden wolle, riskiere die Fortsetzung von
Terrorakten gegen Zivilisten. Deshalb müsse eine Entscheidung
fallen: „Diese Entscheidung ist schwer, schrecklich, eine
Entscheidung, die unseren natürlichen Instinkten zuwiderläuft,
unseren innersten Sehnsüchten, unserem kollektiven
Gedächtnis, den Gebeten des jüdischen Volkes in 2000 Jahren.“
Für die Heiligen Stätten schlägt Olmert „besondere Lösungen“
vor. Außerdem plädiert er im Gegenzug zu Annexionen im
Umfang von fünf Prozent für einen Gebietsaustausch „etwa im
Maßstab eins zu eins“. Israelis und Palästinenser seien einem
Vertrag nahe. Ariel Sharon habe von einem schweren Preis
gesprochen, den Israel bezahlen müsse, sich aber geweigert,
43
ihn näher auszuführen, doch dazu gebe es keine Alternative .
In dem zweimonatlich erscheinenden „Report on Israeli
Settlement in the Occupied Territories“ (November-December
2008), der von der „Foundation for Middle East Peace“ in
Washington, D.C., herausgegeben wird, wird in einer Projektion
erklärt, dass Israel für die zu annektierenden Gebiete in einer
Größenordnung von 6,8 Prozent (palästinensische Angaben: 8,8
Prozent) 5,5 Prozent (palästinensische Angaben: 5,4 Prozent)
unbewohnten landwirtschatlich genutzten Geländes entlang
dem Gazastreifen, westlich von Hebron („Hebron Hills“) und in
der Gegend um Bet Shean abgeben würde. Die
unterschiedlichen Messzahlen, so der Bericht, würden daher
rühren, dass Israel die Gegend um Latrun nicht in die
Kalkulation einrechne. Nach Angaben des heutigen spanischen
Außenministers (und früheren EU-Nahostbeauftragten) Miguel
Moratinos würde das israelische Angebot siebzig
Quadratkilomter kleiner sein als die zu annektierenden
Landstriche. In einem palästinensischen Bericht aus dem jahr
2012 wird angegeben, dass die palästinensische Seite den
Austausch von 1,9 Prozent vorgeschlagen habe, während
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51 – Chronologie 2008
Olmert die Annexion von 6,5 Prozent der Westbank im
Austausch für 5,8 Prozent israelischen Territoriums und 0,7
Prozent als Korridor zwischen der Westbank und dem
Gazastreifen angeboten habe. Zu Jerusalem habe Olmert auf die
„Clinton-Parameter“ vom Dezember 2000 zurückgegriffen und
den Verzicht beider Seiten auf das „Holy Basin“ (Altstadt,
Zionsberg, Jüdischer Friedhof auf dem Ölberg, Garten
Gethsemane) vorgeschlagen. Den Flüchtlingen solle nach
paästinensischer Auffassung die Alternative zwischen ihrer
Rückkehr nach Israel, die Einwanderung in den neuen Staat
Palästina oder die Chance der Eingliederung in den Staaten, in
denen sie gegenwärtig leben, gegeben werden. Unabhängig von
diesen Optionen sollten alle Flüchtlinge eine Entschädigung
erhalten. Die israelische Seite habe sich bereit erklärt, über fünf
Jahr jeweils 1.000 Flüchtlinge aufzunehmen und für die
Schaffung eines internationalen Kompensationsfonds zu
44
werben .
Der Chef der Partei „Unser Haus Israel (Israel Beiteinu)“ Avigdor
Lieberman verurteilt die Aussagen Olmerts als „Gefährdung der
Existenz des Staates Israel“. Yasser Abed Rabbo, enger Berater von
Präsident Machmud Abbas und vormals palästinensischer Architekt
der „Genfer Initiative“, beklagt, dass Olmert zu diesen Einsichten
erst so spät gefunden habe. Dagegen betont das Tel Aviver Büro der
„Genfer Initiative“, dass Olmert auf die Linie dieses
Friedensvertragsentwurfs von 2003 eingeschwenkt sei. Aber auch
für Yossi Beilin, den früheren Vorsitzenden von „Meretz/Yachad“ und
damaligen Gesprächspartner Abed Rabbos, kommen die
Eingeständnisse Olmerts zu spät. Am 5. Oktober stellt Akiva Eldar in
einem „Haaretz“-Kommentar fest, dass nach dem Interview Olmerts
für ihn und für Tsipi Livni klar sei, dass „das alte Spiel des endlosen
Friedensprozesses“ vorbei sei, denn beide hätten erkannt, dass sich
Israel auf die Grenzen von 1967 zurückziehen müsse45. Im
Gegensatz zu Oppositionsführer Benjamin Netanyahu wüssten sie,
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52 – Chronologie 2008
dass Israel auf dem Balkan lande, wenn Israel darauf verzichte, ein
jüdischer Staat sein. Bis sich diese Einsicht durchsetze, würden die
Europäer die Gehälter für die palästinensischen Lehrer und Ärzte
bezahlen, und Machmud Abbas sei ein Subunternehmer Israels. In
derselben Ausgabe verkündet Gideon Levy das Ende der
israelischen Rechten – „geboren in der Sünde der Arroganz, des
Messianismus, des Militarismus und des Nationalismus im Gefolge
des 6-Tage-Krieges“. Ihr habe Olmert zum Gnadentod verholfen.
Yossi Alpher, Mitherausgeber des Internet-Portals „bitterlemons“ und
früherer Chef des „Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies“ an der
Universität Tel Aviv, bezeichnet in der Oktober-Ausgabe des „Arab
Reform Bulletin“ Olmerts Initiative als Schritt in die richtige Richtung,
auch wenn sie unvollkommen und einseitig in Gang gesetzt worden
sei.
Im Interview mit „Haaretz“ widerspricht der frühere Vorsitzende der
Partei „Sefardische Thorawächter (Shas)“, Aryeh Deri, der
Behauptung, Jerusalem sei nicht geteilt. Deri, der sich um die
Kandidatur als Bürgermeister der Stadt bemüht, erklärt, dass das
Gegenteil der Fall sei: Der Ostteil der Stadt habe keine Infrastruktur
und sei heruntergekommen. Am 2. Oktober entscheidet das
Jerusalemer Verwaltungsgericht, dass Deri aufgrund seiner
zehnmonatigen Haftstrafe 2001/2002 wegen Korruption und Betrug
von der Kandidatur ausgeschlossen sei.
Im Ende September veröffentlichten Barometer über die israelische
Stimmung ermittelt das „Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research“
an der Universität Tel Aviv, dass in der Skala der negativen
Einschätzungen die wachsende Gewalt (83 Prozent), die wachsende
Kluft zwischen Arm und Reich (73 Prozent) und der Niedergang des
politischen Systems (68 Prozent) an vorderster Stelle stehen. Für 48
Prozent hat sich die internationale Lage für Israel nicht
verschlechtert, und für die Mehrheit haben sich die Beziehungen zu
den Palästinensern weder verschlechtert noch verbessert. Für 39
Prozent hat sich ihr Bild durch die Wahl von Tsipi Livni zur
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53 – Chronologie 2008
Vorsitzenden von „Kadima“ nicht verändert, während 35 Prozent
danach positiver in die Zukunft schauen. Nur für 18 Prozent sind
durch ihre Wahl die Aussichten auf einen Vertrag mit den
Palästinensern schlechter geworden. Dagegen beurteilen 58 Prozent
der „Meretz“-Wähler und 47,5 Prozent der Wähler der Arbeitspartei
die Chancen günstiger. Für 73 Prozent der ultraorthodoxen Partei
„Torah Judaism“ und für 53 Prozent des Zusammenschlusses
„National Religious Party/National Union“ hat sich durch Livnis Wahl
nichts geändert.
Die „US Defense Security Cooporation Agency“ berichtet, dass dem
Kongress am 26. September der Verkauf eines FrühwarnRadarsystems an Israel mit Begleitausrüstung und einem
120köpfigen US-Bedienungspersonal im Gesamtwert von maximal
15,2 Milliarden US-Dollar mitgeteilt worden ist46. Mit ihrer
Anwesenheit, so heißt es in Kommentaren, werde ein israelischer
Angriff auf Iran verhindert47.
Bei der Explosion einer Autobombe werden in der nordlibanesischen
Hafenstadt Tripoli fünf Soldaten getötet und 17 verletzt.
27.09.2008:
Bei der Explosion einer 200 Kilogramm schweren Autobombe in der
Damaszener Innenstadt werden nach syrischen Medienberichten 18
Personen getötet und 14 verletzt. Innenminister Bassam Abdul-Majid
macht für den Anschlag Terroristen verantwortlich. Im Exil lebende
syrische Politiker machen dagegen Machtkämpfe zwischen
Sicherheitsdiensten aus. Nach einer libanesischen Meldung vom
Tage hat die „Hisbollah“ ihre Angehörigen angewiesen, gegenwärtig
nicht nach Syrien zu reisen.
26.09.2008:
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54 – Chronologie 2008
Nach einer Sitzung anlässlich der Tagung der UN-Vollversammlung
in New York erinnern die teilnehmenden Repräsentanten des
Nahost-„Quartetts“ – ergänzt durch ihren Nahost-Beauftragten Tony
Blair – an die „anhaltenden Fortschritte seit der AnnapolisKonferenz“ Ende November 2007. Die israelische Regierung und die
Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde sollten alles daran setzen, bis
Ende 2008 eine Vereinbarung über die Schaffung eines
unabhängigen, demokratischen und lebensfähigen Staates Palästina
zu erreichen, der die palästinensische Gewalt und die israelische
Siedlungsaktivität entgegenstünden. Das „Quartett“ ruft zur schnellen
Umsetzung der Ergebnisse der Berliner „Konferenz zur
Unterstützung der palästinensischen zivilen Sicherheit und
Rechtsstaatlichkeit“ am 24. Juni. Es dankt der ägyptischen
Regierung für ihre Vermittlung zwischen „Fatah“ und „Hamas“ und
der Regierung in Anakara für die Erleichterung der indirekten
48
israelisch-syrischen Gespräche .
In seiner Ansprache vor der UN-Vollversammlung appelliert
Außenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier an die Konfliktparteien, in
ihren Anstrengungen nicht nachzulassen. Die Erfahrung zeige, dass
„Stillstand“ oft „Rückschritt“ bedeutet habe. In einem Beitrag für „AlAhram Weekly“ am selben Tag erinnert der unabhängige
palästinensische Abgeordnete Mustafa Barghouti daran, dass
Verhandlungen gut seien, doch nicht, wenn sie die Basis
internationaler Resolutionen und Normen unterminieren würden.
25.09.2008:
Kurz nach Mitternacht explodiert vor dem Haus des Jerusalemer
Politologen und „Israel Prize“-Trägers und Faschismus-Theoretikers
Zeev Sternhell eine Paketbombe, die ihn leicht verletzt49. Sternhell,
der sich „im nationalen als auch im sozialen Sinne“ als einen
zionistischen Linken bezeichnet, wurde 1935 in Galiziern geboren,
überlebte die Shoah und wanderte 1951 von Frankreich aus in Israel
ein. Er sei weder hierhergekommen, um in einem binationalen Staat
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55 – Chronologie 2008
noch als „Kolonialherr“ zu leben, hat Sternhell in einem Interview mit
Haaretz“ bekannt50. Die Polizei findet bei der Suche nach den
Attentätern Aufrufe, in denen demjenigen eine Million Neue
Israelische Pfund versprochen werden, der Angehörige von „Peace
Now“ ermordet. Ihr Generalsekretär Yariv Oppenheimer wird unter
Polizeischutz gestellt. Am 5. Oktober macht sich der Kommentator
von „Haaretz“ darüber lustig, dass alle Mitglieder der Regierung sich
in der Verurteilung des Anschlags auf Sternhell mit Vorschlägen
überbieten, gegen die extremistische Rechte vorzugehen und
Maßnahmen gegen Attentäter zu ergreifen.
Achtzehn internationale Hilfsorganisationen unter Beteiligung von
„medico international“ und „Care International“ legen den Bericht
„The Middle East Quartet: A Progress Report“ vor. Darin werfen sie
der Europäischen Union, den USA, Russland und der UNO
politisches Versagen vor. Insbesondere seien sie gescheitert mit der
Forderung nach dem Stopp des israelischen Siedlungsbaus, nach
der Erweiterung der Bewegungsfreiheit für die palästinensische
Bevölkerung und bei der Verbesserung der humanitären Lage im
Gazastreifen. In einem fünf Punkte umfassenden Katalog rufen die
Hilfsorganisationen das „Nahost-Quartett“ auf
– die beschlossenen Abkommen durchzusetzen und sicherzustellen,
dass alle Parteien dafür verantwortlich gemacht werden, wenn sie
ihre Verpflichtungen im Friedensprozess nicht einhalten oder
gegen das Humanitäre Völkerrecht sowie die Menschenrechte
verstoßen;
– den UN-Sicherheitsrat dabei zu unterstützen, eine Resolution zu
verabschieden, die die humanitären und wirtschaftlichen Folgen
der Siedlungsaktivitäten für die palästinensischen Gemeinden und
den weiteren Friedensprozess behandelt;
– einen neuen Lösungsvorschlag anzuwenden, mit welchem der
Zugang und die Bewegungsfreiheit in den besetzen
palästinensischen Gebieten verbessert wird. Das Geflecht von
Beschränkungen solle aufgehoben werden;
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56 – Chronologie 2008
– die Blockade des Gazastreifens und die Politik der kollektiven
Bestrafung schnellstmöglich zu beenden, sowie
– den Gewaltverzicht zwischen „Hamas“ und Israel zu festigen und
mit regionalen Regierungen zusammenzuarbeiten, um die
palästinensische Aussöhnung zu fördern.
Bisland sei das „Quartett“ nicht in der Lage gewesen, die
Konfliktparteien auf ihre Verantwortlichkeiten zu verpflichten, heißt
es bedauernd. Desto dringlicher sei es, die Versäumnisse rasch
aufzuarbeiten.
Der Londoner „Guardian“ berichtet exklusiv, dass US-Präsident
George W. Bush bei seinem Jerusalem-Besuch im Mai die
israelische Regierung darüber unterrichtet habe, dass er einen
israelischen Angriff auf Iran nicht unterstützen und die Entscheidung
während der ihm verbliebenen Amtszeit auch nicht revidieren werde.
Der „Guardian“ zitiert Beobachter, die für die Weigerung zwei
Gründe nennen würden: die amerikanische Sorge vor iranischen
Vergeltungsschlägen im Libanon (via „Hisbollah“), im Irak, im
Persischen Golf und in Afghanistan gegen amerikanische
Einrichtugnen sowie die Sorge, dass es Israel nicht gelingen werde,
die iranischen Atomanlagen in Natanz rund 160 Kilometer nördlich
von Isfahan vollständig zu zerstören.
24.09.2008:
Das „Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PHCR)“ berichtet, dass
der „Palestinian General Intelligence Service” zwei Tage zuvor in das
Büro von Samira al-Halaiqa, Mitglied des „Palestinian Legislative
Council (PLC)“für den „Block für Wandel und Reform“ von „Hamas“,
in Hebron eingedrungen sei und ohne Durchsuchungsbefehl
Veröffentlichungen, Dokumente und Filmmaterialien konfisziert
habe, die gegen die Autonomiebehörde gerichtet seien.
Die israelische Menschenrechtsorganisation „B’tselem (Im
Angesicht, Gen. 1,27)“ eröffnet ein Verbindungsbüro in Washington,
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57 – Chronologie 2008
D.C, um nach eigenen Angaben den US-amerikanischen Kongress,
das State Department und andere politische Entscheidungsträger
regelmäßig über die Menschenrechtsbedingungen in der Westbank,
in Ost-Jerusalem und im Gazastreifen zu informieren.
18.-20.09.2008:
Gemäß einer Meinungsumfrage der Al-Najah University in Nablus
sprechen sind 67,1 Prozent der Palästinenser für und 26,9 Prozent
gegen die Zweistaatentregelung in den Grenzen von 1967 aus. 36
Prozent beurteilen die Verhandlungen von Machmud Abbas mit
Israel zur Schaffung des palästinensischen Staates positiv und 53,7
Prozent negativ. Doch sind 61,2 Prozent mit der Amtsführung des
Präsidenten einverstanden, 31,8 Prozent sind dies dagegen nicht.
58,6 Prozent stimmen der Amtsführung von Ministerpräsident Salam
Fayyad zu, 30,4 Prozent tun dies nicht. 29,4 Prozent sind mit der
Amtsführung von Ismail Haniyeh im Gazastreifen zufrieden, während
58,1 Prozent dieser Einschätzung widersprechen.
17.-23.09.2008:
In seiner Wochenübersicht berichtet das „U.N. Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)“ mit Sitz in OstJerusalem, dass zwischen dem 17. und 13. September elf
Palästinenser durch Unfälle in den Tunneln zwischem dem
Gazastreifen und der ägyptischen Sinai-Halbinsel ums Leben
gekommen seien.
22.09.2008:
Tsipi Livni wird von Staatspräsident Shimon Peres mit der
Regierungsbildung beauftragt 51. Livni hat vierzig Tage für die
Regierungsbildung Zeit, ansonsten stehen in spätestens drei
Monaten Neuwahlen an. Der Fraktionsvorsitzende des „Likud“,
Gideon Saar, weist Livnis Angebot an die Partei zurück, in ihre
Regierung einzutreten. Da die Arbeitspartei bei Neuwahlen
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58 – Chronologie 2008
Mandatsverluste befürchtet, besteht ihr Vorsitzender Ehud Barak auf
einer stabilen und auf Dauer angelegten Regierung. Würde Livni
neue Regierungschefin werden, wären drei der vier höchsten
Staatsämter in weiblicher Hand: außer Dalia Itzik als Präsidentin der
Knesset und Dorit Beinish als Präsidentin des Obersten Gerichts. Mit
15 Prozent weiblicher Parlamentarier liegt Israel weltweit an 82.
Stelle. Die Partei der „Sefardischen Thorawächter (Shas)“ verlangt
für den Eintritt in die neue Regierung die Erhöhung der
Kinderzuschüsse für ihre Klientel. Am 25. September berichtet
„Haaretz“, dass der Vorsitzende der Arbeitspartei und gegenwärtige
Verteidigungsminister, Ehud Barak, den Eintritt in das Kabinett mit
der vollen Einbeziehung in dieVerhandlungen mit der
Autonomiebehörde und Syrien verbindet. Der Livni bei den
parteiinternen Wahlen am 17. September unterlegene Shaul Mofaz
soll als Stillhalte-Bedingung seine Ernennung zum Außenminister
und stellvertretenden Ministerpräsidenten verlangt haben.
Der palästinensische Verhandlungsführer Achmed Qureia („Abu
Ala“) kündigt im Sprachrohr der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde, der Jerusalemer Zeitschrift „Al-Hayat al-Jedida
(Das neue Leben)“ den „Widerstand in all seinen Formen als
legitimes Recht“ an – wozu auch die Akzeptanz der
Zweistaatenregelung gehöre –, wenn die Gespräche mit Israel über
einen „detaillierten, umfassenden Vertrag“ scheitern sollten. Am
Rande der Sitzung der UN-Vollversammlung in New York äußert
Staatspräsient Shimon Peres am 23. September Zweifel daran, dass
ein Vertrag noch in diesem Jahr zustande kommt52. Tsipi Livni
verwahrt sich in einem Telefonat mit Qureia gegen seine Drohungen.
Ebenfalls von New York aus ermahnt Bundesaußenminister FrankWalter Steinmeier Israelis und Palästinenser, alles zu unterlassen,
was künftige Verhandlungserfolge erschweren könnte: hier den
weiteren Ausbau der Siedlungen, dort den Einsatz von Gewalt.
Der Generaldirektor des Auswärtigen Amtes in Jerusalem, Aaron
Abramovich, bekennt sich vor einem Ausschuss der Vereinten
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59 – Chronologie 2008
Nationen, an dem auch der palästinensche Ministerpräsident Salam
Fayyad und der Nahost-Beauftragte des „Quartetts“ Tony Blair
teilzunehmen, zur „Schaffung eines verantwortlichen,
funktionierenden und lebensfähigen palästinenischen Staat als
Heimat des palästinenischen Volkes“53.
Ein 19jähriger Palästinenser verwundet in Jerusalem mit seinem
Auto siebzehn israelische Soldaten, bevor er erschossen wird. Die
Mutter des jungen Mannes wehrt sich gegen die Beschuldigung, ihr
Sohn sei ein Attentäter gewesen. Seine Tat sei ein Verzweiflungsakt
aus Liebeskummer gewesen.
21.09.2008:
Am Abend reicht Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert sein
Rücktrittsgesuch bei Staatspräsident Shimon Peres ein. Peres
beauftragt ihn, bis zur Bildung der neuen Regierung
geschäftsführend im Amt zu bleiben, und lädt alle Fraktionen der
Knesset zu Konsultationen ein.
17.09.2008:
Entgegen ersten Hochrechnungen gewinnt Tsipi Livni die
parteiinternen „Kadima“-Wahlen mit einem Vorsprung von 1,1
Prozent gegen ihren schärfsten Rivalen Verkehrsminister Shaul
Mofaz. Bei einer Wahlbeteiligung von 53,7 Prozent entfallen auf Livni
16.936 Stimmen (43,1 Prozent) und auf Mofaz 16.505 Stimmen
(42,0 Prozent). Innenminister Meir Sheetrit erreicht 3.327 Stimmen
(8,5 Prozent) und der Minister für Öffentliche Sicherheit Avi Dichter
2.563 Stimmen (6,5 Prozent). Am 18. September kündigt Mofaz
seinen „vorläufigen Rückzug“ aus der Politik an. Nach
Medienberichten vom 2. Oktober hat Mofaz die Absicht seiner
„Auszeit“ geändert. „Flieg, Tsipora, flieg!“ überschreibt Uri Avnery
seinen Kommentar am 20. September, in dem er vor allem
hervorhebt, dass der Sieg von einer Person errungen worden sei, die
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60 – Chronologie 2008
über keine militärischen Erfahrungen verfüge, während ihr
Hauptgegenspieler Mofaz genau auf sie verwiesen habe. Die neue
Vorsitzende habe sich als die Personifikation der
Friedensbemühungen und als eine Frau präsentiert, die die
Diplomatie über den Krieg stelle und darin von der, wenn auch
knappen Mehrheit der „Kadima“-Mitglieder unterstützt worden sei.
Gleichwohl könne niemand genau voraussagen, was für eine
Ministerpräsidentin Livni sein werde. Doch auch ihr Vater Eitan,
Angehöriger des jüdischen Untergrunds vor 1948, habe sich mit
seinem Namen „stark“, „standhaft“ durch seine Loyalität, Solidität
und Zuverlässigkeit ausgezeichnet – wie sein Vorbild Zeev
Jabotinsky, den Avnery einen „wahren Liberalen und wahren
Demokraten“ nennt, obwohl er für einen jüdischen Staat auf beiden
Ufern des Jordans plädiert habe, gleichzeitig jedoch die nationalen
Rechte der Minderheiten im zaristischen Russland betont habe.
„Verliere keine Zeit und bilde eine Regierung mit den
Friedenskräften, nutze die ersten wenigen Monate Deiner Amtszeit,
um mit den Palästinensern Frieden zu schließen, rufe Neuwahlen
aus und lege Dich und den Friedensvertrag der öffentlichen Prüfung
vor“, ruft Avneri sie auf54. Livni werde nicht fliegen, befürchtet
dagegen Reuven Kaminer am 23. September und begründet seinen
Pessimismus mit ihrer ideologischen Nähe zum „Likud“ sowie der
politischen Instabilität des Staates55.
15.09.2008:
Ehud Olmert bedauert vor Beginn der Sitzung des Außen- und
Sicherheitspolitischen Ausschusses der Knesset das Unglück der
palästinensischen Flüchtlinge im Zuge der Gründung des Staates
Israel und stellt einen Vergleich zu den damaligen jüdischen
Flüchtlingen aus den arabischen Staaten an. Israel werde unter
keinen Umständen einem Recht auf Rückkehr der palästinensischen
Flüchtlinge zustimmen, doch bereit sein, sich an einem
internationalen Mechanismus zu beteiligen, der sich an die Arbeit zur
Lösung des Problems mache.
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61 – Chronologie 2008
14.09.2008:
In einem politischen Kraftakt verurteilt Ehud Olmert in der von ihm
voraussichtlich letzten Kabinettssitzung „Pogrome gegen
Nichtjuden“. Hintergrund ist der Vergeltungsüberfall von Bewohnern
der nicht genehmigten Siedlung Yitzhar auf das in der Nähe von
Nablus gelegene palästinensische Dorf Assira al-Kabaliya, nachdem
ein neunjähriger jüdischer Junge verletzt wurde. Der
Ministerpräsident fordert das Militär, die Sicherheitsdienste und die
Justizbehören auf, mit allen zu Gebote stehenden Mitteln gegen das
„Phänomen der jüdischen Brutalität in der Westbank“ vorzugehen56.
57
Gleichzeitig bezeichnet er die Idee eines Groß-Israel als „erledigt“ .
Die Zeit sei nicht auf der Seite Israels. Olmert räumt ein, dass er
Ehud Barak wegen seiner „überzogenen Konzessionen“ in Camp
David (Juli 2000) heftig kritisiert habe. Doch in der Zwischenzeit sei
er zu der Auffassung gelangt, dass „wir das Land mit denen teilen
müssen, mit denen wir hier leben, wenn wir kein binationaler Staat
werden wollen“, und fuhr fort: „Wir sind so stark wie kein anderes
Land in der Region, keiner kann uns besiegen. Die strategischen
Bedrohungen rühren nicht daher, wo die Grenzen liegen. Wir können
über jedes kleine Detail streiten, doch dann haben wir keinen Partner
für den Frieden und keine internationale Absicherung. Wir werden
uns so fühlen, dass wir immer recht hatten, wie wir das in den
vergangenen vierzig Jahren getan haben.“ In der Sitzung bringt
Olmerts Stellvertreter Haim Ramon einen Entwurf zur Entschädigung
jener Siedler ein, die aus der Westbank östlich der
„Trennungsmauern“ nach Galiläa und in den Negev umziehen
wollen; nach Ramons Angaben handelt es sich um mehr als
elftausend Personen58.
Der Mediensprecher von „Hamas“ verwahrt sich in der von der
Bewegung gelenkten Nachrichtenagentur „Al-Qassam“ gegen die
Kompromissbereitschaft von Machmud Abbas in der Flüchtlingsfrage
und bezeichnet sie als Teil der „amerikanisch-zionistischen Agenda“.
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62 – Chronologie 2008
In seinem wöchentlichen Rundbrief kündigt aus Ramallah Abdallah
Frangi an, dass der sechste Kongress von „Fatah“ Ende 2008
stattfinden werde. Der frühere Leiter der Generaldirektion Palästina
in Bonn und Berlin und heutige Leiter der Außenpolitischen
Kommission von „Fatah“ verweist darauf, dass der letzte Kongress
1989 stattgefunden habe und die Wahl einer neuen Parteiführung
überfällig sei. Mit ihr solle die Rivalität zwischen der „alten Garde“,
die nach der Prinzipienerklärung vom September 1993 in die
palästinensischen Gebiete zurückkehrte, und der „jungen Garde“ aus
dem Weg geräumt werdenl, die gegen die israelische Besatzung vor
Ort gekämpft habe59.
Nach einem Bericht der „Jerusalem Post“ am 15. September hat das
zweite Programm des iraelischen Fernsehens am Abend des
Vortages eine Nachricht ausgestrahlt, wonach Ehud Olmert zur
Rückgabe von 98,1 Prozent der Westbank und zur Aufnahme von
jeweils tausend palästinensischen Flüchtlingen in den kommenden
fünf Jahren bereit sei. Machmud Abbas habe in Jerusalem den
Verzicht auf Maale Adumim und Giv’at Ze’ev verlangt, sei aber zu
Konzessionen in Gilo und French Hill bereit.
Gideon Levy richtet einen dramatischen Appell an die Mitglieder der
„Kadima“-Partei, am 17. September nicht für den früheren
Generalstabschef und Verteidigungsminister Shaul Mofaz zu
stimmen. Der Weg dieses Mannes sei durch Härte und Gewalt
geprägt. Die Araber habe er immer nur durch das Sichtgerät eines
Gewehrs, eines Helikopters, eines Panzers und eines Flugzeugs
gesehen. Während seiner Amtszeit als Verteidigungsminister habe
er 1705 Palästinenser töten lassen, darunter 372 Kinder und
Jugendliche60.
In derselben Ausgabe referiert Uzi Benziman ein Dokument unter
dem Titel „Vision für Jerusalem“, in dem unter Mitwirkung namhafter
Wissenschaftler und Einrichtungen auf die wachsende
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63 – Chronologie 2008
ultraorthodoxe jüdische Bevölkerung und die Neigung von säkularen
Israelis hingewiesen wird, die Stadt zu verlassen. Die Studie
empfiehlt Maßnahmen, um diese Trends im Westteil der Stadt
grundlegend umzukehren, und erwartet ohnehin, dass der Ostteil
Jerusalems an die Palästinenser übergeht.
13.09.2008:
Ehud Olmert tritt vom Amt des israelischen Ministerpräsidenten
zurück und amtiert bis zu den angekündigten Neuwahlen
geschäftsführend. Nach einem späteren Bericht von Aluf Benn in
„Haaretz“ habe er am selben Tag bei der Begegnung mit dem
palästinensischen Präsidenten Machmud Abbas eine Karte
vorgelegt, wonach Israel auf 93,5 Prozent der Westbank verzichten
wolle und für die Siedlungsblöcke Gush Etzion, Maale Adumim und
Ariel zu einem Gebietsaustausch in den südlichen Hebron-Bergen,
im Judäischen Bergland und im Tal von Beit Shean in der
Größenordnung von 5,8 Prozent bereit sei. Der Rest von 1,7 Prozent
solle für den Korridor zwischen der Westbank und dem Gazastreifen
Verwendung finden. Für Jerusalem schlage er – Olmert – vor, dass
die Souveränität über die jüdischen und palästinensischen
Stadtviertel geteilt werde und die Altstadt und ihr Umfeld (das „Holy
Basin“) keiner Souveränität unterstellt werden, sondern unter die
Verwaltung einer internationalen Behörde bei Beteiligung Israels,
Palästinas, der USA, Jordaniens und Saudi-Arabiens gestellt werde.
In Bezug auf die Flüchtlingsfrage habe Olmert das Recht auf
Rückkehr abgelehnt, sei aber bereit gewesen, eine Anzahl von
Flüchtlingen in den kommenden fünf Jahren aufzunehmen, und zwar
zwischen 2000 und 3000 – „so viel, wie in die Muqata [Sitz der
Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde in Ramallah] hineinpassen“.
Olmert es abgelehnt, Abbas die Karte mitzugeben, es sei denn der
Präsident unterzeichne sie zuvor. Daraufhin habe Abbas
angekündigt, am kommenden Tag, den 14. September, gemeinsam
mit seinem Chefunterhändler Saeb Erakat die Details zu studieren,
sei aber nicht gekommen noch habe er sich telefonisch abgemeldet.
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64 – Chronologie 2008
In einem Interview mit der „Washington Post“ habe Abbas vielmehr
Olmerts Angebote als unzureichend abgelehnt, während Erakat auf
der vollen palästinensischen Souveränität über den „Haram al61
Sharif“ (= Nobles Heiligtum, „Tempelberg“) beharrt habe .
12.09.2008:
Aus Anlass der 15. Wiederkehr der Unterzeichnung der
Prinzipienerklärung zwischen Israel und der PLO am 13. September
1993 in Washington, D.C., zweifelt Machmud Abbas im Gespräch
mit „Haaretz“ daran, dass der Abschluss eines Prinzipienvertrages
bis Endes des Jahres möglich sei. Im Hinblick auf das
palästinensische Flüchtlingsproblem betont er, dass er Israels
Ablehnung der Rückkehr aller heute fünf Millionen zählenden
Flüchtlinge verstehe, fordert aber die Regierung in Jerusalem auf,
die Verantwortung für die Entstehung des Problems zu übernehmen
und Vorschläge für ein „praktikables Recht auf Rückkehr“ in die
Verhandlungen einzubringen. Abbas wiederholt, dass ein
interimistischer Vertrag für ihn nicht in Frage komme, vielmehr
müsse er Regelungen für alle strittigen Komponenten enthalten, zu
denen er „Jerusalem“, „Grenzen“, „Flüchtlinge“, „Sicherheit“,
„Siedlungen“ und „Wasser“ zählt. Dazu gehöre auch die Freilassung
aller palästinensischen Gefangenen. Die von palästinensischer
oppositioneller Seite favorisierte Regelung eines gemeinsamen
israelisch-palästinensischen Staates lehnt Abbas noch einmal ab,
auch wenn die Siedlungspolitik, die Straßensperren und die
militärischen Interventionen in Städten der Westbank die
Zweistaatenregelung in weite Ferne rücke.
In Fortschreibung des Berichts über das überwiegend in Englisch
geführte Gespräch, das am 10. September in Ramallah unter
Beteiligung des arabisch-palästinensischen Knesset-Abgeordneten
Achmed Tibi („Vereinigte Arabische Liste / Arabische Bewegung für
den Wandel“ [Ra’am / Ta’al]) stattfand, präzisiert „Haaretz“ die
Abbas’schen Aussagen. So verweist der palästinensische Präsident
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65 – Chronologie 2008
auf die Fortschritte bei der Verbesserung der Sicherheitslage in der
Westbank und der wirtschaftlichen Lebensbedingungen, macht aber
ihren Bestand von den diplomatischen Erfolgen abhängig, ohne die
„Hamas“ den Sieg davontragen werde. Abbas demonstriert große
persönliche Bewunderung für Ehud Olmert und zeigt sich besorgt
über die Nachfolgeregelung. Den USA weist er eine „zentrale Rolle“
zu. Auf die Gespräche in Taba im Januar 2001 angesprochen,
referiert Abbas den israelischen Hinweis, dass damals Yossi Beilin –
und nicht Repräsentanten der heutigen Regierung – die Leitung
innegehabt habe. Auf die palästinensischen Flüchtlinge
angesprochen, verlangt Abbas eine Diskussion des „Rechts auf
Rückkehr in der Praxis“, wobei er auf der „Rückkehr einer
vernünftigen Anzahl von Flüchtlingen“ besteht. Jene, die nicht nach
Israel zurückkehren wollten, könnten ihren Wohnort in Palästina
nehmen. Wenn sie sich entschließen würden, in den Ländern zu
bleiben, in denen sie heute leben, würden sie
Entschädigungsleistungen erhalten. Eine wichtige Frage – „fast die
Grundlage des Problems“ – sei die Klärung des in Israel lagernden
Eigentums der Flüchtlinge. Der Nachfrage, ob er im Januar 2009
noch einmal kandidieren werde, weicht Abbas aus. Abschließend
betont er, dass er dem Frieden sein Leben gewidmet habe. Wenn er
dafür bezahlen müsse, sei dies ein zu vernachlässigender Preis62.
Nach Gesprächen in Jerusalem und Ramallah am 12. und 13.
September erklärt Europas Außenkommissar Javier Solana, dass er
„immer weniger optimistisch“ sei, dass noch in diesem Jahr eine
israelisch-palästinensische Verständigung erreichbar sei. Der
Verhandlungsprozess sei wahrscheinlich zu langsam in Gang
gekommen. Der palästinensische Chefdiplomat Saeb Erakat kündigt
an, dass Machmud Abbas am 26. September US-Präsident George
W. Bush treffen werde.
In einem Kommentar in „Haaretz“ sieht Ari Shavit für 2009 oder 2010
schwere Zeiten auf Israel heraufziehen. Die drei Voraussetzungen
der bisherigen Überlegenheit seien zusammengebrochen: eine den
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66 – Chronologie 2008
Problemen angemessene Führung, eine nüchterne Einschätzung der
Realität und die eindrucksvollen Fähigkeiten zu vorbeugenden
Militärschlägen. Nach dem Abtritt von Ehud Olmert als Parteiführer in
der kommenden Woche sehe sich Israel einer Führung gegenüber,
die entweder ungeeignet – Shaul Mofaz – oder unfertig – Tsipi Livni
– sei. Die wahre Frage werde die sein, ob die vergeudete Zeit
(„garbage-time“) der Olmert-Jahre vorbei sei63.
Der Hauptkommentar von „Haaretz“ prognostiziert, dass jede
israelische Regierung letztendlich einer Teilung Jerusalems
zustimmen müsse. Die einzig ungeklärte Frage beziehe sich auf die
Zukunft der Altstadt und den jüdischen Friedhof auf dem Ölberg
(„Holy Basin“). Eines Tages jedoch werde Jerusalem die Hauptstadt
zweier Staaten sein.
11.09.2008:
In einem Gastbeitrag für „Haaretz“ will Yossi Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“)
noch nicht alle Hoffnung fahren lassen, dass Tsipi Livni als
Nachfolgerin von Ehud Olmert im Amt des Ministerpräsidenten im
Herbst einen Prinzipienvertrag zu den strittigen Themen (Grenzen,
Flüchtlinge, Jerusalem) mit der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde auszuhandeln in der Lage sei. In der Knesset
könne sich Livni dabei auf siebzig der 120 Abgeordneten stützen.
Auch Präsident Machmud Abbas, dessen vierjährige Amtszeit am 9.
Januar 2009 endet, könne kein Interesse daran haben, als
gescheiterter Staatsmann in die palästinensische Geschichte
einzugehen64.
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert kündigt an, dass er sofort
nach den parteiinternen Wahlen um den Vorsitz in „Kadima“ am 17.
September zurücktreten werde. Olmert selbst steht nicht zur
Verfügung, muss aber gemäß dem Grundgesetz („Basic Law“65)
über die Arbeit der Regierung so lange geschäftsführend im Amt
bleiben, bis die neue Regierung bestellt ist. Die aussichtsreichste
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67 – Chronologie 2008
Bewerbung um den Parteivorsitz ist die von Außenministerin Tsipi
Livni. Sollte keiner der Bewerber – neben Livni Verkehrsminister
Shaul Mofaz, der Minister für Öffentliche Sicherheit Avi Dichter und
Innenminister Meir Sheetrit – im ersten Durchgang weniger als
vierzig Prozent der abgegebenen gültigen Stimmen erhalten, muss in
der darauffolgenden Woche ein weiterer Wahlgang stattfinden.
Olmerts Nachfolger müssen innerhalb von sechs Wochen nach
seinem Rückzug eine neue Regierung bilden.
Nach Mitteilung des „Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network
(EMHRN)“ werden vier palästinensische Menschenrechtler ohne
Begründung von den israelischen Sicherheitsbehörden an der
Ausreise aus dem Gazastreifen gehindert, um an Veranstaltungen in
Brüssel teilzunehmen.
10.09.2008:
Uri Avnery begeht in Tel Aviv seinen 85. Geburtstag. Der
unermüdliche Kämpfer für die nationale Koexistenz von Israelis
und Palästinensern erhält aus aller Welt zahlreiche
Glückwünsche. Auch von dieser Stelle aus begleiten den in
Hannover Geborenen und heutigen Chef von „Gush Shalom
(Friedensblock)“ unsere besten Wünsche. Eine ausführliche
Würdigung seiner politischen Arbeit hat Roland Kaufhold (Köln)
66
im Internetportal „hagalil“ geschrieben .
Nachdem Daniel Barenboim von rechtsextremistischen Israelis
bedroht worden ist, wird seine Residenz in Jerusalem unter
Polizeischutz gestellt.
Südöstlich von Beirut wird der 55jährige Salah al-Aridi bei einem
Sprengstoffanschlag ermordet. Der pro-syrische Politiker war der
Vertraute von Sportminister Talal Arslan, der sich vor kurzem mit
dem Drusen-Führer Walid Dhumblat ausgesöhnt hatte.
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68 – Chronologie 2008
08.09.2008:
In einem Internetportal „bitterlemons“ macht der Jerusalem-Experte
der „Genfer Initiative“, der an der Bar Ilan University lehrende
Historiker Menachem Klein, darauf aufmerksam, dass die israelische
Politik durch den Neubau und die Erweiterung der Siedlungen die
einstige Annexion des arabischen Ostteils der Stadt vom Sommer
1980 hinfällig gemacht habe und dass vier Prozent jener neun
Prozent des Gebiets, die durch die „Trennungsmauern“ unter
israelische Souveränität fallen sollen, zum Großraum Jerusalem
(„Greater Jerusalem“) zu rechnen seien. Israel-Korrespondent Jörg
Bremer berichtet am 11. September in der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen
Zeitung“ ausführlich über die „Israelisierung Ostjerusalems“67. Am
selben Tag berichtet „Haaretz“, dass der US-amerikansiche
Generalkonsul in Jerusalem, Jacob Wallace, in einem Interview mit
der palästinensischen Zeitung „Al-Ayyam (Die Tage)“ die israelische
Regierung im Auftrag seiner Chefin Condoleezza Rice aufgefordert
habe, sich auch in Jerusalem auf die Grenzen von 1967
zurückzuziehen68.
05.09.2008:
Europas Außenminister verständigen sich bei ihrem informellen
Treffen im südfranzösischen Avignon darauf, im Nahen Osten auf
eine Partnerschaft mit den USA hinzuarbeiten.
04.09.2008:
Yossi Melman veröffentlicht in „Haaretz“ den Fall eines
Palästinensers aus Rafach (südlicher Gazastreifen), der – obwohl
kanadischer Staatsbürger – vom israelischen Sicherheitsdienst „Shin
Bet“ festnommen und der Verbindung zu „feindlichen Agenten“
beschuldigt worden sei. Seine israelische Anwältin berichtet, ihr
Mandant sei anschließend unter Druck zur „Zusammenarbeit“ mit
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69 – Chronologie 2008
dem Dienst aufgefordert worden. Erst nach einem Monat sei der
zweifache Familienvater freigelassen worden.
Der Kommentator von „Haaretz“ kritisiert die Mehrheitsentscheidung
des Obersten Gerichts, das in der vergangenen Woche das Verbot
der Rundfunkbehörde Israels bestätigt hat, wonach die bezahlte
Werbesendung der israelisch-palästinensischen Initiative „People’s
Voice“ von Amy Ayalon und Sari Nusseibeh
69
aus dem Programm
genommen wird. Der Vorsitzende der Rundfunkbehörde begründete
die Ablehnung damit, dass es sich bei der Initiative um eine
öffentlich kontrovers verhandelte politische Angelegenheit handele.
Der „Haaretz“-Kommentator verweist darauf, dass alle in den
gegenwärtigen Gesprächsrunden zwischen Israel und der
Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde zur Diskussion stehenden
Gegenstände kontrovers seien, so auch die politische Zukunft
Jerusalems.
Der US-amerikanische Präsidentschaftskandidat der Republikaner
John McCain kündigt nach seiner Nominierung auf dem Parteitag
seiner Partei in St. Paul (Minnesota) einen Kurswechsel in der Innenund Außenpolitik an und richtet eine Warnung an den „alten Klüngel
in Washington“. Der 72 Jahre alte Senator sitzt allerdings schon seit
26 Jahren im Kongress. In der Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik werde
er alle diplomatischen und militärischen Mittel zum Schutz der USA
einsetzen.
Der Korrespondent der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung“ in Israel,
Jörg Bremer, zitiert aus einem Gespräch mit dem Vorsitzenden der
Bundestagsfraktion „Die Linke“, Gregor Gysi, der sich gegenwärtig in
Israel aufhält. Darin fordert Gysi die internationale
Staatengemeinschaft auf, die Zweistaatenregelung „vehement zu
fördern“. Zur parteiinternen Diskussion um den Zionismus fragt Gysi,
ob man die Solidarität mit Israel etwa den Rechten überlassen solle.
So wie gegenüber Israel dürfe auch die Solidarität mit den
Palästinensern nicht unkritisch ausfallen. Während seiner Reise trifft
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70 – Chronologie 2008
Gysi, der vom früheren deutschen Botschafter in Israel, Rudolf
Dressler (SPD), begleitet wird, auch mit dem Kommissar für
auswärtige Beziehungen der PLO und früheen Leiter der
Generaldirektion Palästina in Bonn und Berlin, Abdallah Frangi, in
Ramallah zusammen.
Nach Presseberichten hat Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak in
einem Interview mit dem arabischen TV-Sender „Al-Djazeera (Die
Halbinsel)“ für eine Formel plädiert, wonach bestimmte Stadtteile
Jerusalems mit einer hohen palästinensischen Bevölkerung im Zuge
eines Friedensvertrages zur Hauptstadt Palästinas werden könnten.
Der Berater von Präsident Machmud Abbas, Yasser Abed Rabbo,
habe den Vorschlag mit der Begründung abgelehnt, dass alle
palästinensischen Gebiete von Israel geräumt werden müssten.
Eine israelische Gruppe, die im Namen des jüdischen Jerusalem
sprechen will, verwahrt sich in einem Schreiben an Ministerpräsident
Ehud Olmert dagegen, dass die Stadt von der UNESCO zur
„arabischen Kulturhauptstadt 2009“ erklärt worden ist. Der Titel
„arabische Kulturhauptstadt“ ist seit 1996 unter anderen Kairo, Tunis,
Amman, Beirut, Algier und Damaskus verliehen worden.
In Tel Aviv stirbt der israelische Psychologe Dan Bar-On. Seine
Familie floh 1933 vor den Nazis aus Hamburg und ließ sich in Haifa
nieder. In den 1970er und 1980er Jahren beschäftigte sich Bar-On,
der an der Universität Beersheva lehrte, mit der Biographie von
Kindern jüdischer Überlebender und deutscher Täter. Gemeinam mit
dem palästinensischen Soziologen Sami Adwan gründete er 1998
das „Peace Research Center“. Die Publizistin Alexandra Senfft hat
für die „Jüdische Allgemeine“ einen ausführlichen Nachruf auf BarOn geschrieben70. Auch die Hessische Stiftung für Friedens- und
Konfliktforschung (HSFK) veröffentlicht in ihrem Oktober-Rundbrief
einen nachruf auf Bar-On71.
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71 – Chronologie 2008
03.09.2008:
Die palästinensische Menschenrechtsorganisation „Al-Haq („Das
Gesetz“) ermahnt die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde, gemäß
einer Bestätigung des Obersten Gerichts vom 28. August, die sich
auf Artikel 97 der Verfassung („Basic Law“) bezieht, die Trennung
zwischen der Zivil- und der Militärgerichtsbarkeit zu beachten. Anlass
des Schreibens ist „eine alarmierende Zunahme“ von Festnahmen,
die von Militärgerichten vorgenommen worden seien. „Al-Haq“
verweist auf den Fall eines Mannes aus Salfit, der vom militärischen
Abschirmdienst festgenommen und vor das Militärgericht gebracht
worden sei, womit seine Rechte verletzt würden, die in der
Verfassung verbürgt sind.
Das palästinensische „Al-Mezan Center for Human Rights“ verwahrt
sich dagegen, dass Mitarbeiter des Bildungssektors, der
Gesundheitsfürsorge und des öffentlichen Dienst dazu angehalten
werden, sich an Streiks zu beteiligen, die in Ramallah beschlossen
worden sind. Wenn sie Streikaufrufen folgen, würden sie mit der
Einstellung ihrer Gehaltsauszahlung rechnen müssen. Dazu
berichtet das „UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs“
mit Sitz in Ost-Jersualem in seiner Übersicht für die Zeit vom 27.
August bis 02. September, dass am 29. August die Gewerkschaft
der im Gesundheitswesen Tätigen in Ramallah zu einem viertägigen
Streik im Gazastreifen aus Protest gegen die Entscheidung des
Gesundheitsministeriums aufgerufen habe, vierzig Angestellte zu
entlassen. In acht Krankenhäusern würde knapp die Hälfte der dort
Tätigen dem Streikaufruf Folge leisten, darunter 31 Prozent der
Ärzte und 25 Prozent der Krankenschwestern. Zwölf der 56
Gesundheitszentren hätten ihre Dienstleistungen eingestellt,
während die übrigen sie einschränkten.
Die israelische Menschenrechtsorganisation „B’tselem (Im
Angesicht, Gen. 1,27)“ protestiert gegen das „rücksichtslose
Abfeuern“ von Gummigeschossen durch die israelische Armee in der
Westbank. Dabei seien seit Jahresbeginn zwei Palästinenser getötet
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72 – Chronologie 2008
und zahlreiche andere verletzt worden. Das „Euro-Mediterranean
Human Rights Network (EMHRN)“ schließt sich dem Protest an.
Das „Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR)“ protestiert scharf
gegen die brutale Ermordung einer 24 Jahre alten Frau in Khan
Yunis (südlicher Gazastreifen) am 30. August, die von ihrem Vater
der „Verletzung der Familienehre” beschuldigt wurde. Seit 2006 sind
nach Angaben von PCHR 29 Frauen – davon 22 im Gazastreifen –
ermordet worden.
Der Sprecher des State Department kündigt den „wahrlich
bedeutsamen historischen Besuch“ von US-Außenministerin
Condoleezza Rice kommende Woche in Libyen an. Nachdem das
Land 2004 von der Liste der „Schurkenstaaten“ gestrichen worden
war, ist es die erste Reise eines Spitzenrepräsentanten Washingtons
in Tripolis nach mehrals fünfzig Jahren – 1957 hatte Vizepräsident
Richard Nixon das Land besucht. In einer Erklärung der „Carnegie
Endowment für International Peace“ fordert Michelle Dunne die USAdministration jetzt auf, ihren begrenzten, aber wachsenden Einfluss
in Libyen zur Stärkung des zivilen Sektors (Menschenrechte, Presse, Meinungs- und Versammlungsfreiheit, Bildungreformen,
Verabschiedung einer Verfassung) zu nutzen, statt im Zuge der
„Business as usual“-Beziehungen implizit das Regime von Muammar
Ghaddafi zu stützen. Am 05. August unterzeichnen Rice und ihr
Amtskollege Abderrachman Shalgam in Tripolis
Kooperationsabkommen in den Bereichen der wirtschaftlichen
Infrastruktur und der Investitionen. Die Frage von Entschädigungen
für die Opfer des Terroranschlags auf eine PanAm-Maschine im
schottischen Lockerbie Ende Dezember 1988, für den der libysische
Geheimdienst verantwortlich gemacht worden ist, bleibt offen.
Damals waren 270 Passagiere getötet worden.
Als erster westlicher Staatschef nach der Ermordung des früheren
libanesischen Ministerpräsidenten Rafik Hariri am 14. Februar 2055
besucht Frankreichs Präsident Nicolas Sarkozy Syrien. Besonders
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73 – Chronologie 2008
Sarkozys Amtsvorgänger Jacques Chirac hatte den syrischen
Geheimdienst beschuldigt, für den Tod Hariris verantwortlich zu
72
sein .
02.09.2008:
Eine kuwaitische Zeitung berichtet, dass auf Anordnung von
Staatspräsident Bashar Assad der 52jährige Leiter des Politischen
Büros von „Hamas“ in Damaskus, Khaled Meshal, das Land in
Richtung Sudan verlassen habe.
01.09.2008:
Roni Hammermann (Jerusalem) und Pfarrer Mitri Raheb
(Bethlehem) wird der diesjährige Aachener Friedenspreis überreicht.
Mít Hammermann wird die seit sieben Jahren tätige Frauengruppe
„Machsom Watch“ geehrt, die an den Checkspoints
Menschenrechtsverletzungen des israelischen Militärs verhindern
will. Hammermann bezeichnet die Auszeichnung als eine „unerhört
wichtige moralische Unterstützung“ der Arbeit der rund 450 Frauen,
die bei „Machsom Watch“ mitarbeiten. Raheb leitet in Bethlehem
eine ökumenische Begegnungsstätte. Die Laudatio hält der
Vorsitzende von „Verdi“, Frank Bsirske. An Hammermann gewandt,
führt Bsirske aus: „Mut gehört auch dazu, die Sache des Friedens in
Israel zu vertreten, den täglichen Unfrieden an den Kontrollpunkten
zu dokumentieren und ihn öffentlich zu machen, eine weitere
Aufgaben von Machsom Watch. ‚Frieden pur’, Peace Now; ist leider
zum spöttischen Schimpfwort verkommen in Israel. Wer dafür eintritt,
riskiert als ‚Warmduscher’ diffamiert zu werden. Für viele Israelis
wollen die Begriffe ‚Frieden’ und ‚Sicherheit’ spätestens seit der
Zweiten Intifada nicht mehr zusammenpassen, sie werden als
Gegensatz begriffen. Die einen meinen, wer „Peace Now“ fordere,
gefährde die Sicherheit, und die von der anderen Seite halten dem
entgegen, dass die bloße Option militärischer Sicherheitspolitik den
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74 – Chronologie 2008
Frieden in weite Ferne rücke. Im Ergebnis ist ‚Frieden’ ein seltenes
Wort geworden73.“
Nach einer Meinungsumfrage unter 1270 Palästinensern zwischen
dem 28. und 30. August, deren Ergebnisse das „Palestinian Center
für Policy and Survey Research (PSR)“ in Ramallah unter Leitung
von Khalil Shikaki vorlegt, beträgt der politische Sympathievorsprung
von Präsident Machmud Abbas gegenüber dem Chef von „Hamas“
im Gazastreifen, Ismail Haniyeh, vierzehn Prozent (53./. 39 Prozent).
Würden heute Wahlen stattfinden, erhielten „Fatah“ 43 und „Hamas“
29 Prozent der abgegebenen Stimmen. Mit der Arbeit von
Ministerpräsident Salam Fayyad sind jeweils 34 Prozent zufrieden
beziehungsweise unzufrieden. 69 Prozent der Palästinenser würden
den Gewaltausbruch von „Hamas“ Anfang August im Gazastreifen
ablehnen74.
Nach Mitteilung des „Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics“ belief
sich die palästinensische Bevölkerung in der Westbank, OstJerusalem also nicht eingerechnet, im Jahr 2007 auf 2,35 Millionen
Personen. Seit 1997 sei ein Zuwachs von 477.000 Personen zu
verzeichnen. Die Geburtsrate sank von 5,6 auf 4,7 und die Zahl der
Analphabeten über zehn Jahre von 11,8 auf 5,8 Prozent. Gegenüber
1997 machte die Zahl der Flüchtlinge in der Westbank 28,1 Prozent
aus, ein Anstieg um 1,5 Prozent.
Das von Gershon Baskin und Hanna Siniora gemeinsam geleitete
„Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI)“ mit
Sitz im Kloster Tantur südlich von Jerusalem legt eine Studie unter
dem Titel „The Day after Annapolis“ vor. Darin beschreibt der Autor
Joe DeVoir sechs politische Optionen und deren
Kombinationsmöglichkeiten in der Hoffnung, dass die
Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde sie angesichts der politischen
und geographischen Trennung zwischen beiden Territorien, der
eingeschränkten Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Notstandsregierung in
Ramallah, der israelisch-palästinensischen und der
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75 – Chronologie 2008
innerpalästinensischen Gewaltausbrüche sowie der Notwendigkeit
zur Vertrauensbildung – anstelle eines umfassenden Friedensplans
mit politischem Endstatusziel – als relevante Handlungsrahmen
bedenkt:
1. Neuwahlen mit dem Ziel einer Regierung der nationalen Einheit.
2. Organisierte Auflösung der Autonomiebehörde in der Westbank
und im Gazastreifen.
3. Bürgerrechtsinitiativen mit dem Aufruf zur Einstaatregelung.
4. Einseitige Unabhängigkeitserklärung nach dem Vorbild des
Kosovo und Erarbeitung einer detaillierten Strategie mit dem Ziel der
Souveränität und der Kontrolle über den palästinensischen Staat.
5. Organisation des gewaltsamen Widerstandes gegen die
israelische Besatzung.
6. Organisation einer wirksamen gewaltlosen Widerstandsbewegung
mit dem Ziel der Beendigung der israelischen Besatzung und der
Schaffung eines palästinensischen Staates.
Der Autor räumt ein, dass eine dramatische Esklation der Gewalt mit
zahlreichen Toten die genannten Optionen zunichte machen könne.
Nachdem ihr Für und Wider aus der „Perspektive von außen“ – das
heißt nicht in unmittelbarer politischer Verantwortung stehend –
durchgespielt worden ist, bekennt sich IPCRI zur Option einer straff
koordinierten Kampagne der Gewaltlosigkeit.
Am 2. September verweist Hanna Siniora in einem Rundbrief auf die
unermüdliche Friedensarbeit von IPCRI und bittet um finanzielle
Unterstützung. Anträge in Washington und in Brüssel seien gestellt,
aber bislang nicht bewilligt worden. Nur die kanadische Regierung
habe positiv reagiert. Dagegen sei die international Geberkonferenz
im Dezember 2007 in Paris eine riesige Enttäuschung gewesen, weil
sie keine Mittel zur Verfügung gestellt habe75.
In seinem monatlichen Rundbrief für den Monat September beklagt
Dan Wischnitzer (Moshaw Avigdor bei Ashkelon), dass sich in Israel
eine Minderheit aus Siedlern, Miitär und Politikern „die Kontrolle über
das Schicksal der ganzen Gesellschaft“ angeiegnet habe und „sie
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76 – Chronologie 2008
als Geisel (hält), wegen der ideologischen Impotenz der Linken und
den Mangel an Charakter, Entschlossenheit und Führung. Wenn die
Gesellschaft nicht die emotionale Stärke findet, die uns um den Hals
gelegte Schlinge der Siedler zu entfernen, wird nichts außer einer
traurigen Erinnerung an den jüdischen Staat bleibe, wie er noch
76
existiert .“
August 2008
31.08.2008:
„Haaretz“ berichtet77 von der Vorbereitung einer prinzipiellen
Rahmenvereinbarung („shelf-agreement“) mit Präsident Machmud
Abbas, die Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert der von ihm heute
wahrscheinlich zum letzten Mal geleiteten Kabinettssitzung vorlegt;
nach den parteiinternen Vorwahlen am 17. September, zu der die
72.000 „Kadima“-Mitglieder aufgerufen sind, hat Olmert seinen
Rücktritt angekündigt. Darin würden alle Kernprobleme einer
Zweistaatenregelung angesprochen, auch wenn die Verhandlungen
darüber den kommenden fünf Jahren vorbehalten bleiben sollen.
Neu in den israelischen Überlegungen zur Zukunft Jerusalems sei
die Einbeziehung des internationalen „Quartetts“, des Vatikans und
arabischer Staaten. Im Vorlauf einer solchen Vereinbarung habe
Olmert in den vergangenen Wochen seinen Stellvertreter Haim
Ramon sowie Yossi Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“) und den USamerikanischen Geschäftsmann Daniel Abraham78 nach Ramallah
geschickt. Nach der heutigen Kabinetssitzung trifft sich Olmert, der
von Außenministerin Tsipi Livni – seiner voraussichtlichen
Amtsnachfolgerin – begleitet wird, mit Abbas. Nach dem Gespräch
erklärt Olmerts Sprecher Mark Regev, dass es „beachtliche
Fortschritte“ gebracht habe, ohne die „beträchtlich große Kluft“ zu
überwinden. Es fällt auf, dass das veröffentlichte Sitzungsprotokoll
vermutlich aufgrund des heftigen Streits im Kabinett – besonders
über die internationale Komponente für Jerusalem – keinen Hinweis
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77 – Chronologie 2008
auf Olmerts Vorschlag für eine Rahmenvereinbarung enthält. Die
palästinensische Delegation weist die Idee einer Zwischenregelung
zurück. „Entweder wir schaffen eine Vereinbarung zu allen
Problemen, oder es gibt keine Vereinbarung“, erklärt Chefdiplomat
Saeb Erakat.
Nach Angaben eines Repräsentanten der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde, auf die sich die „Jerusalem Post“ beruft, hat die
israelische Regierung angekündigt, den seit 2002 in Israel
einsitzenden Marwan Barghouti und mehrere andere
palästinensische Gefangene – darunter den Sprecher von „Hamas“
im Parlament, den kranken Abdel Aziz Dweik – in den kommenden
Tagen freizulassen. Ein Sprecher der Regierung in Jerusalem
dementiert den Bericht, kündigt aber an, dass die Freilassung der
198 palästinensischen Gefangenen am 25. August nicht die letzte
Maßnahme dieser Art gewesen sei. Am 30. September beschuldigt
„Hamas“ nach einem Bericht der ihr nahestehenden Agentur „Al
Qassem“ die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde, durch ihre
Bemühungen um Freilassung Dweiks einen Keil in die Islamische
Widerstandsbewegung treiben zu wollen.
„Gush Shalom“ unter Leitung von Uri Avnery begrüßt die
Entscheidung der „Barkan Wineries“, ihre Produktionsstätte aus der
nördlichen Westbank in die Nähe des Kibbutz Hulda (Zentral-Israel)
zu verlagern. In einer Stellungnahme der Firma heißt es, dass der
Ortswechsel aufgrund des schlechten Images, das
verkaufshemmend wirke, vorgenommen werde. Da das
Unternehmen weiterhin eine Filiale auf den Golanhöhen unterhält,
verzichtet „Gush Shalom“ vorerst darauf, sie von ihrer Boykottliste zu
nehmen.
30.08.2008:
Der ägyptische Außenminister Achmad Abu al-Gheit bietet die
Stationierung arabischer Truppen im Gazastreifen an. „Hamas“ weist
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78 – Chronologie 2008
den Vorschlag als „ungerechtfertigt“ und „unbalanciert“ zurück. Die
arabischen Staaten sollten besser Truppen zur Befreiung der AkAqza-Moschee nach Jerusalem entsenden, erklärt „Hamas“Sprecher Ismail Radwan.
29.08.2008:
Die palästinensische Nachrichtenagentur „Maan“ meldet, dass
Präsident Machmud Abbas die Überarbeitung zahlreicher Gesetze
und Verordnungen veranlasst habe, um das politische und
wirtschaftliche Rechtssystem von Grund auf zu erneuern,
ausländische Investitionen zu erleichtern sowie die
Wiederherstellung der politischen Einheit zwischen der Westbank
und dem Gazastreifen zu fördern. Die Neufassungen sollen für die
Zeit gelten, in der das Parlament aufgrund der Trennung zwischen
beiden Territorien, dem Konflikt zwischen „Hamas“ und „Fatah“
sowie der Festsetzung von vierzig Abgeordneten in Israel seine
Aufgaben nicht erfüllen könne.
28.08.2008:
Die palästinensische Nachrichtenagentur „Maan“ meldet, dass der
Innenminister der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde und der
Leiter der deutschen Vertretung in Ramallah eine Vereinbarung
unterschrieben haben, wonach die Bundesrepublik gemäß der
Absprachen auf der internationalen „Konferenz zur Unterstützung
der palästinensischen zivilen Sicherheit und Rechtsstaatlichkeit“ am
24. Juni in Berlin die Finanzierung von 55 neuen Polizeistationen in
der Westbank übernimmt.
27.08.2008:
Der Begründer des legendären israelischen Radiosenders „Voice of
Peace“, Abie Nathan, stirbt nach langer Krankheit im Alter von 81
Jahren79. Die Station strahlte ihre Sendungen bis 1993 vom
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79 – Chronologie 2008
Mittelmeer in englischer Sprache aus. Staatspräsident Shimon Peres
würdigt den im Iran geborenen Nathan bei der Trauerfeier in Tel Aviv
zum Erstaunen mancher Beobachter als den „größten
Freiheitskämpfer“.
26.08.2008:
Nach Angaben „Peace Now“ werden 55 Prozent der rund 2.600
Wohneinheiten, die Israel gegenwärtig in den palästinensischen
Gebieten baut, östlich der „Trennungsmauern“ errichtet.
US-Außenministerin Condoleezza Rice betont in der gemeinsamen
Pressekonferenz mit dem palästinensischen Präsidenten Machmud
Abbas in Rammalah, dass die Administration in Washington
weiterhin mit der Umsetzung der Ergebnisse der AnnapolisKonferenz Ende November vergangenen Jahres rechne. Die
Siedlungspolitik Israels sei für den Verhandlungsprozess nicht
förderlich80.
23.08.2008:
Zwei in Zypern gestartete Schiffe unter den Namen „Free Gaza“ und
„Liberty“ mit 48 – andere Angaben sprechen von 44 – internationalen
Friedensaktivisten und Hörgeräten für schwerhörige Kinder an Bord
werden am Strand von Gaza-Stadt von Tausenden Palästinensern
mit Jubel empfangen. Zuvor beschloss die israelische Regierung, die
den gesamten Küstenstreifen kontrolliert, den „professionellen
Provokateuren“ die Landung zu erlauben, um zu verhindern, dass
„die internationale Presse eine Woche lang davon besessen“ sei,
wenn Israel ein Verbot ausspreche. Der einzige Passagier mit
israelischer Staatsbürgerschaft (neben der US-amerikanischen), Jeff
Halper, wird bei seiner Rückkehr nach Israel vorübergehend
festgenommen. Auf dem Rückweg fahren sieben Palästinenser mit,
darunter ein 16jähriger beinamputierter Junge. Lauren Booth, die
Schwägerin des „Quartett“-Sonderbeauftragen Tony Blair, beklagt
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80 – Chronologie 2008
sich am 2. September, dass Israel und Ägypten ihr die Ausreise aus
dem Gazastreifen verwehren würden. Booth gehörte zur „Free
Gaza“-Gruppe. Am 20. September darf Booth über den
Grenzübergang Rafach nach Ägypten einreisen.
Auf Anweisung von Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak stürmt die
israelische Polizei ein Gebäude in Um el-Fahm – im ausschließlich
arabisch bewohnten „Kleinen Dreieck“ zwischen Hadera und Afula
gelegen – und beschlagnahmt Computer, Schriftstücke,
Agitationsmaterial und Geld einer „Al-Aqza“-Einrichtung mit der
Begründung, damit würde die Islamische Bewegung gegen den
Staat aufwiegeln.
21.08.2008:
Gegenüber ausländischen Journalisten erklärt Israels
Außenministerin Tsipi Livni, dass sie im Falle ihres Sieges bei den
parteiinternen „Kadima“-Wahlen am 17. September eine Koalition
aus gemäßigten Parteien anstrebe, um die Zweistaatenregelung
durchzusetzen. Was links und rechts genannt worden sei, gehöre
heute der Vergangenheit an. Die Israelis sollten verstehen lernen,
dass das Ziel zweier Staaten im nationalen israelischen Interesse
liege. Andernfalls laufe ihm die Zeit davon. Yossi Verter berichtet in
„Haaretz“ am selben Tag, dass nach den Worten von Innenminister
Meir Shitreet, der sich ebenfalls um den „Kadima“-Vorsitz bewirbt,
die Partei von dem dritten Bewerber, Verkehrsminister Shaul Mofaz
– wenn dieser sich durchsetzen sollte – in die dunkelsten Tage des
„Likud“ zurückgeführt werden würde. Israel dürfe, so Shitreet, Iran
keinesfalls angreifen, ein solches Vorgehen wäre eine
megalomanisch-abenteuerliche Idee. Iran stelle keine so große
Bedrohung dar. Aber Israel müsse wachsam bleiben und verfüge für
den Fall der Fälle über ein ausgezeichnetes AntiraketenVerteidigungssystem. Man dürfe die Bevölkerung nicht jeden Morgen
mit dem iranischen Nuklearpotential erschrecken, von dem nicht
sicher sei, ob es sofort gegen Israel eingesetzt würde. In seiner
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81 – Chronologie 2008
Kolumne in „Haaretz“ bemängelt Ari Shavit am 28. August, dass
Livni es versäumt habe, ein Team um sich zu bilden. Darin sei sie
Benjamin Netanyahu und Ehud Barak ähnlich.
Nach einem Bericht der „Jerusalem Post“ verständigen sich
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert und Verteidigungsminister Ehud
Barak darauf, den Verlauf des Trennungszauns unter der
Bezeichnung E-1 („East-1“) in der Nähe von Maale Adumim so zu
ändern, dass rund viertausend Dunam (vier Quadratkilometer)
westlich der geplanten Route an die palästinensischen Eigentümer in
Abu Dis und El-Azariyeh zurückfallen. Damit kommt die Regierung
Anträgen der Kläger beim Obersten Gericht in Jerusalem nach. Das
„U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)“ mit
Sitz in Ost-Jerusalem berichtet, dass im Zeitraum zwischen dem 13.
und 19. August sechzehn Palästinenser, darunter elf Kinder, durch
die Zerstörung ihres Hauses obdachlos geworden seien. Am 21.
August weist das Oberste Gericht eine Beschwerde des
Bürgermeisters von Maale Adumim, Benny Kashriel, zurück, der
Regierung die Verlegung des Trennungszauns zu untersagen.
In einem Komentar erklärt der Jerusalemer Soziologe Meron
Benvenisti in sieben Punkten, warum der „explosive Status
quo“ zwischen Israel und den Palästinensern überlebt: 1) die
Fragmentierung der palästinensischen Gesellschaft und der
Aufruhr ihrer Einzelteile gegeneinander; 2) die Unterstützung
der jüdischen Gesellschaft für das Besatzungsregime, die als
Schutz ihrer Existenz verstanden wird; 3) die Finanzierung des
Status quo durch die Gebernationen, die unter der
palästinensischen Führung Korruption auslöst; 4) die Priorität
bilateraler und globaler Interessen seitens der Nachbarstaaten
über die arabische ethnische Solidarität; 5) der Erfolg der
Propagandakampagne, die als Verhandlungen mit den
Palästinensern bekannt ist und die viele davon überzeugt, dass
der Status quo temporär ist und sie sich deshalb in
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82 – Chronologie 2008
theoretischen Alternativen zu einem Endstatus-Arrangement
tummeln können; 6) die Niederhaltung aller Kritik als Ausdruck
des Hasses und des Antisemitismus; 7) eine psychologische
Abwehr der Schlussfolgerung, dass der Status quo dauerhaft
81
und nicht leicht zu ändern ist .
20.08.2008:
In Ergänzung zu den zugesagten 440 Millionen Euro auf der Pariser
Geberkonferenz im Dezember 2007 stellt die Europäische Union der
Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde weitere vierzig Millionen Euro
für Gehälter, Pensionen und Sozialleistungen sowie für die
Treibstoffversorgung im Gazastreifen zur Verfügung.
17.08.2008:
Das israelische Kabinett beschließt auf seiner wöchentlichen Sitzung
mit Mehrheit die Freilassung von 198 der mehr als zehntausend
palästinensischen Häftlinge als eine humanitäre Geste zum
bevorstehenden moslemischen Ramadan-Fest. Zu den
Freigelassenen, die am 25. August erfolgt, gehören zwei
Palästinenser, die Ende der 1970er Jahre wegen Mord und
Anstiftung zum Terror verurteilt wurden. Marwan Barghouti, der seit
2002 festgehalten wird, wird nicht in der von der Regierung
veröffentlichten Liste geführt. „Hamas“ verurteilt die Freilassungen
als ein Zeichen Israels, Präsident Machmud Abbas im
innerpalästinensischen Kampf stärken zu wollen, zumal da
Gefangene ihrer Bewegung nicht zu den Freigelassenen gehören.
Bei der Begrüßung der aus israelischer Haft Entlassenen betont
Abbas am 25. August, dass alle palästinensischen Gefangenen
freikommen müssten, wenn es Frieden zwischen beiden Völkern
geben solle. Am 28. August erklärt Abbas während seines Besuchs
in Beirut, dass allen Flüchtlingen das Recht auf Rückkehr
eingeräumt werden müsse, wenn es zum Frieden mit Israel kommen
solle. Gleichzeitig bestätigt er die libanesische Politik, dass die
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83 – Chronologie 2008
dauerhafte Integration der rund 400.000 Flüchtlinge im Lande nicht
erwünscht sei. Für Gershon Baskin vom „Israel Palestine Center for
Research and Information“ könnte eine umfängliche Freilassung von
palästinensischen Gefangenen, die die „Hamas“-Abgeordneten
einschließt, dazu führen, dass im „Palestinian Legislative Council“
die Regierung von Salam Fayyad gestürzt wird. Eine solche Gefahr
werde, so Baskin am 19. August in der „Jerusalem Post”, auch in
Ägypten mit Sorge beobachtet.
16.08.2008:
Im Interview mit „Haaretz“ schließt der Präsident der
palästinensischen Al-Quds University Sari Nusseibeh die Möglichkeit
nicht aus, dass er bei den nächsten Kommunalwahlen im Namen
aller Palästinenser für das Amt des Jerusalemer Bürgermeisters
kandidieren wird. „Alles ist möglich“, erklärt Nusseibeh auf
Nachfrage, ohne mit der Wimper zu zucken. „Wir beginnen mit
Jerusalem nicht als separaten Teil, sondern als Speerspitze der
gesamten palästinensischen Gesellschaft.“ Denn ohne eine Einigung
zu Jerusalem und zur Flüchtlingsfrage werde es keinen Endstatus
geben. Wenn die Zweistaatenregelung passé sei, müsse die
Regelung für den einen Staat für Israelis und Palästinenser nach
dem Vorbild anderer unterdrückter Ethnien in einem langen,
gewaltlosen Kampf errungen werden. Mit der Zweistaatenregelung
sei der Niedergang von „Fatah“ verbunden, die das einzige
Gegengewicht gegen Extremisten von links und rechts gewesen sei.
Deshalb sei es an der Zeit, dass „Fatah“ neue Ideen entwickele.
Wenn es bis Ende 2008 keinen Durchbruch gebe, sollte um die
Gleichberechtigung gerungen werden. Die Europäer würden durch
ihre Millionenhilfe für die Palästinenser zur Bezahlung des
öffentlichen Dienstes und durch die Unterhaltung von NGO’s die
Okkupation finanzieren. Sie fühlten sich dabei glücklich, weil sie
damit ihr Gewissen beruhigen würden, während die Israelis glücklich
darüber seien, dass sie für die Okkupation nichts bezahlen müssten.
Dem britischen Premier Gordon Brown habe er neulich geraten, die
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84 – Chronologie 2008
künftige Finanzhilfe von greifbaren politischen Fortschritten abhängig
zu machen. Warum verschwndet ihr euer Geld für einen
palästinensischen Hafen, wenn ihr euch nicht für einen
unabhängigen palästinensischen Staat einsetzt, habe er in Brüssel
gefragt. Setzt dann lieber euer Geld dafür ein, uns Palästinenser in
82
die israelische Gesellschaft zu integrieren . Nach einem Bericht der
„International Herald Tribune“ am 4. September fordern inzwischen
mehrere palästinensische Führungspersönlichkeiten das Ende der
internationalen Finanzhilfe für die Autonomiebehörde, um den
Charakter der israelischen Besatzung klarzumachen. Dabei
bezeichne der palästinensisch-amerikanische Geschäftsmann Sam
Bahour die Idee des jüdisch-arabischen Staates nicht als eine
taktische Drohung, sondern als eine Aufforderung an die
Autonomiebehörde, ihre Strategie grundlegend zu überdenken. In
dieselbe Richtung argumentiert der Bericht der „Palestine Strategie
Study Group“ vom August 200883.
13.08.2008:
Bei seinem Besuch vereinbart der libanesische Präsident Michel
Suleiman in Damaskus mit seinem syrischen Amtskollegen Bashar
Assad die Aufnahme diplomatischer Beziehungen und die
Festlegung der Grenzen. Dabei geht es auch um die Zughörigkeit
der 25 Quadratkilometer großen Sheba-Farmen, die seit dem
Junikrieg von 1967 besetzt sind. Nach den Worten des
französischen Außenministers Bernard Kouchner soll der
Botschafteraustausch zwischen beiden Staaten bis Ende 2008
erfolgen.
Bei einem Autobombenanschlag in der zweitgrößten libanesischen
Stadt Tripoli werden elf Menschen, darunter neun Soldaten, getötet.
Die „Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung“ berichtet aus einem Gespräch
mit dem Präsidenten des Europaparlaments, Hans-Gert Pöttering,
dass dieser nach Besuchen in Damaskus und Beirut den Wunsch
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85 – Chronologie 2008
Syriens nach einer Öffnung erkenne. Darauf solle Europa positiv
reagieren.
12.08.2008:
Nach einem Bericht von „Haaretz“ hat Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert
dem palästinensischen Präsidenten Machmud Abbas ein Papier
zugeleitet, wonach Israel bereit sei, sich aus 93 Prozent der
palästinensischen Gebiete zurückzuziehen, dafür 5,5 Prozent eines
Landstrichs im Negev an der Grenze zum Gazastreifen abzutreten
und einen Korridor zwischen dem Gazastreifen und der Westbank
einzurichten, der der israelischen Kontrolle nicht unterliegen soll.
Voraussetzung sei die Rückkehr von „Fatah“ an die Macht im
Gazastreifen. Zu den Themen „Jerusalem“ und „Flüchtlinge“ gibt das
Papier keine näheren Auskünfte. Der Sprecher von Abbas weist den
Vorschlag als unakzeptabel zurück84, für „Hamas“ ist er „nicht ernst
gemeint“. Am 14. August berichtet „Haaretz“, in dem Papier Olmerts
sei das Angebot enthalten, zehn Jahre lang jeweils 2000
Palästinenser aus humanitären Gründen in Israel aufzunehmen. Am
17. August meldet „Maariv“, dass in Olmerts Papier auch zum
Thema „Jerusalem“ Aussagen enthalten seien. Danach würden die
jüdischen Wohngebiete unter israelische, die arabischen
Wohngebiete unter palästinensische Souveränität fallen, während
Regelungen zur Jerusalemer Altstadt bis zum Abschlussdokument
verschoben werden sollten.
10.08.2008:
Bei einer Versammlung in Ramallah erklärt der palästinensische
Verhandlungsführer – und Gegenspieler von Außenministerin Tsipi
Livni – Achmed Qureia („Abu Ala“), dass die bilateralen Gespräche
in einer Sackgasse stecken, es sei denn Israel ziehe sich aus allen
Teilen der palästinensischen Gebiete zurück. Die einzige Alternative
zur Zweistaatenregelung sei dann der gemeinsame Staat für Juden
und Araber. Ein „Hamas“-Sprecher weist am 11. August diese
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Lösung zurück. Israel müsse sich nicht nur aus der Westbank und
aus Ost-Jerusalem zurückziehen, alles andere laufe auf den Verzicht
der Palästinnenser auf ihr Recht auf Palästina hinaus. Nach einer
Umfrage des palästinensischen „Jerusalem Media and
Communications Center“ vom April 2008 können sich 23,4 Prozent
der Palästinenser mit der Idee des gemeinsamen Staates
anfreunden, während 47,1 Prozent auf einem eigenen Staat
bestehen. Yossi Alpher weist am 19. August im Internetportal
„bitterlemons“ darauf hin, dass die Idee des gemeinsamen Staates
Verzweiflung und kein pragmatisch-strategisches Denken reflektiere.
Für sie gebe es keinen israelischen Verhandlungspartner. An
derselben Stelle betont Ghassan Khatib, dass im Gegensatz zu
beredtsamen Ansichten und Analysen palästinensischer
Intellektueller von der großen Mehrheit der palästinensischen
Öffentlichkeit die Idee als eine gefährliche Strategie abgelehnt
werde. Dagegen ist für den Vorsitzenden des „Community Mental
Health Program“ im Gazastreifen, Eyad Sarraj, die Einstaatlösung
die logische Konsequenz der israelischen Politik gegenüber den
Palästinensern. Andernfalls würden unter den gegenwärtigen
Voraussetzungen zwei von Israel abhängige Ministaaten im
Gazastreifen unter „Hamas“ und in der Westbank unter „Fatah“
entstehen. Ägypten und Jordanien seien aufgrund ihrer politischen
Schwäche gezwungen, dem Spiel der USA und Israels zu folgen,
ohne auf ihre eigenen Interessen vollständig verzichten zu wollen.
Da aber das unter sicherheitspolitischer Paranoia stehende Israel
allein brutaler Macht folge, habe es keine Zukunft. Am 21. August
schreibt der Jerusalemer Soziologe Meron Benvenisti in einer
„Haaretz“-Kolumne, dass in Israel die palästinensische Favorisierung
der Einstaatregelung als Beweis gewertet werde, dass die
Palästinenser auf die Forderung nach Frieden verzichten. Ihre
Forderung nach Annexion ihrer Gebiete und nach Gewährung von
israelischen Bürgerrechten werde als eine Drohung verstanden, weil
die staatsbürgerliche Gleichberechtigung eine universelle, tief in der
westlichen Welt verankerte Norm sei. Dabei werde übersehen, so
Benvenisti, dass dabei von Gleichberechtigung unter dem Aspekt
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87 – Chronologie 2008
der Einkomensverhältnisse und der Machtverteilung keine Rede sein
könne.
11.08.2008:
In einem Kommentar für das israelisch-palästinensische
Internetportal „bitterlemons“ erwartet Yossi Beilin bis Ende 2008
keinen Friedensvertrag zwischen beiden Seiten. Bestenfalls sei mit
einer Vereinbarung über Prinzipien zwischen Israel und den
Palästinensern sowie zwischen Israel und Syrien zu rechnen. Beilins
Pessimismus steht in deutlichem Gegensatz zu den Forderungen,
die den Verlauf der internationalen Konferenz der „Genfer
Initiative“ Mitte Januar in Herzliya bestimmten85.
06.08.2008:
In einem vom U.S. State Department verbreiteten Interviewtext
erklärt Condoleezza Rice, dass die USA weder Ja noch Nein zu
israelischen Militäroperationen gegen Iran sagen würden, weil Israel
ein souveräner Staat sei. Dennoch gehe sie davon aus, dass alle
diplomatischen Kanäle genutzt würden, um eine politische Regelung
zu erreichen.
In einem zweiten Meinungsbeitrag für die „Süddeutsche Zeitung“ –
der erste von ihr erschien am 15. März – führt die in Köln lebende
Autorin Katajun Amirpur aus, dass Irans Präsident Machmud
Achmadinedjad nicht wörtlich gesagt habe, er wolle Israel „von der
Landkarte tilgen“, sondern „dieses Regime, das Jerusalem besetzt
hält, müsse von den Seiten der Geschichte verschwinden“. Indem
Amirpur aber bestätigt, dass die iranische Nachrichtenagentur
Achmadinedjads Text weiterhin mit „the currupt [Israeli] element will
be wiped off the map“ übersetzt, vermittelt sie den Eindruck, dass
sich die Agentur ein vom Regime unabhängiges Dasein leisten kann.
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02.08.2008:
Bei den seit Monaten schwersten palästinensischen Flügelkämpfen
im Gazastreifen, bei denen sechs Personen, darunter ein Kind,
sterben, geht die brüchige Waffenruhe zu Ende. Weitere drei
Personen kommen am 3. August ums Leben. Hintergrund sind
Rivalitäten zwischen „Hamas“ und „Fatah“-Anhängern.
Syriens Präsident Bashar Assad bemüht sich in Teheran um eine
politische Regelung zum iranischen Programm der
Nuklearanreicherung. Israels Verkehrsminister Shaul Mofaz erklärt
von Washington aus, dass Iran vor einem wichtigen Durchbruch bei
der Entwicklung seines Nuklearprogramms stehe. Israel werde
keinen zweiten Holocaust zulassen.
Mohammed Suleiman, nationaler Sicherheitsberater von Syriens
Präsident Bashar Assad, wird in der syrischen Hafenstadt Tartus
unter mysteriösen Umständen ermordet.
Nach Angaben seines Anwalts ist der ägyptische Soziologe Saad
Eddin Ibrahim, Leiter des unabhängigen „Ibn Khaldun Center for
Development Studies“ in Kairo, wegen des Vorwurfs der
Verunglimpfung des Staates zu zwei Jahren Haft verurteilt worden.
Bereits im Mai 2001 war Ibrahim gemeinsam mit 27 Angehörigen
des Instituts zu einer mehrjährigen Freiheitsstrafe bei schwerer
Arbeit verurteilt worden. Ende Juli 2002 wurde er vom Gericht für
Staatssicherheit wegen der illegalen Annahme von ausländischen
Spendengeldern zu sieben Jahren Haft und zu Zwangsarbeit
verurteilt, doch Anfang Dezember 2002 freigelassen, bevor er im
September 2003 erneut beschuldigt wurde, ohne staatliche
Genehmigung von der Europäischen Union Gelder angenommen zu
haben. Tatsächlich hatte er mit den Mitteln ein System der
Überwachung der Parlamentswahlen installiert. In einem Beitrag
Mitte August 2003 schrieb Ibrahim in der Londoner Zeitung „AlHayat“: „We live in a generation of bad rulers and even worse
intellectuals. ... It is obvious that rulers are opposed to all reform, but
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89 – Chronologie 2008
it is less obvious how it can be that educated people use
expressions like ›the Western invasion‹ or ›opposition to
globalization.‹” Im Blick auf die Palästinenser, Sudan und Irak fuhr
Ibrahim fort: “Arab rulers have done nothing to solve these long-term
conflicts. Possibly they had an interest for them to continue, or
perhaps they lacked the courage to tell the strife-torn peoples that
war is no solution, or maybe they were unable to honestly tell their
colleagues that they had to compromise.”
01.08.2008:
Beim Einsturz eines Tunnels zwischen dem Gazastreifen und der
ägyptischen Sinai-Halbinsel wird ein Palästinenser getötet.
Juli/August 2008:
In der Ausgabe July/August 2008 berichtet der in Washington, D.C.,
herausgegebene „Report on Israeli Settlement in the Occupied
Territories“ unter Berufung auf „Peace Now“ und einen Bericht von
Akiva Eldar in „Haaretz“, dass gegenwärtig rund viertausend
Siedlungseinheiten in der Westbank und in Ost-Jerusalem im Bau
seien. Von den 184 mobilen Wohneinheiten, die in den ersten
sieben Monaten 2008 aufgestellt worden seien, befänden sich 82
Prozent östlich der „Trennungsmauern“.
Juli 2008
30.07.2008:
Unter dem Druck von sechs Ermitlungsverfahren gegen ihn kündigt
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert vor Journalisten in seiner
Residenz an, dass er bei den parteiinternen Vorwahlen am 17.
September nicht mehr kandidieren werde. Er werde zurücktreten,
sobald der neue Spitzenkandidat von „Kadima“ gewählt worden sei.
Bis dahin wolle er für die Ziele des Friedens arbeiten. Da sich die
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Bildung einer neuen Regierung als schwierig erweisen dürfte, könnte
Omert noch mehrere Monate im Amt bleiben. Verkehrsminister
Shaul Mofaz zeigt an, dass er im Fall seiner Wahl eine „Regierung
der nationalen Einheit“ bilden werde, während Oppositionsführer
Benjamin Netanyahu („Likud“) allgemeine Neuwahlen verlangt.
Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak (Arbeitspartei) sieht sich in einem
Interview von Washington aus in seiner Forderung nach dem
Rücktritt Olmerts bestätigt. Der palästinensische Chefdiplomat Saeb
Erakat, der sich mit Achmed Qureia und Tsipi Livni zu Gesprächen in
Washington aufhält, wünscht die Fortsetzung der Verhandlungen. In
gleicher Weise äußert sich Livni86. Ein Sprecher von „Hamas“
bezeichnet die Ankündigung des Rücktritts als ihren Sieg und als ein
Zeichen des politischen Verfalls in Israel. Am 31. August reicht einer
der engsten Berater Olmerts, Yoram Turbovitcz, seine Demission
ein. Nach israelischen Presseberichten vom 20. August spricht sich
Olmert als seinen Nachfolger an der „Kadima“-Spitze für
Innenminister Meir Shitreet aus, der in den Umfragen bislang an
letzter Stelle unter den Kandidaten rangiert.
29.07.2008:
Unter türkischer Vermittlung beginnen Israel und Syrien die vierte
Runde ihrer inoffiziellen Gespräche. Die Regierung in Jerusalem
sieht sich nach eigenen Worten durch eine Reihe von syrischen
Maßnahmen dazu ermutigt, ohne diese zu benennen.
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert sagt vorher, dass die Regierung in
Damaskus im Verlauf der Gespräche bald vor der Entscheidung
stehen werde, ihre Beziehungen zu Iran zu überprüfen. In
diplomatischen Kreisen wird vermutet, dass die Europäische Union
bei der Suche nach israelisch-syrischen Regelungen eine wichtige
Rolle spielen könnte, nachdem die gegenwärtige französische
Ratspräsidentschaft die Beziehungen zwischen Paris und Damaskus
aufgewertet hat. Die für den 4. September geplante fünfte
Gesprächsrunde wird von Israel abgesagt, weil der außenpolitische
Berater Olmerts, Yoram Turbowicz, als Verhandlungsführer
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zurückgetreten ist. Am 4. September erklärt Präsident Bashar Assad,
dass er bei der türkischen Regierung ein „Prinzipiendokument“ für
die künftigen direkten Verhandlungen hinterlegt habe und nun auf
die Antwort aus Israel warte.
In einem Interview mit dem Armeerundfunk betont Israels
Außenministerin Tsipi Livni, dass sie alle persönlichen und
fachlichen Voraussetzungen für das Amt des Regierungschefs
mitbringe. Sie kündigt an, bei den für Mitte September vorgesehenen
parteiinternen Wahlen gegen Ehud Olmert anzutreten. Sicherheit sei
viel mehr als eine Armee und das Kommando darüber. Sicherheit
bestehe darin, die richtigen Entscheidungen zu treffen, fährt Livni
fort.
Bei einem Zusammenstoß zwischen israelischen Soldaten und
Palästinensern, die gegen die „Trennungsmauern“ in dem Dorf
Naalin in der Westbank demonstrieren, wird ein neunjähriger Junge
getötet:
Jonathan Steele berichtet im britischen „Guardian“ unter Berufung
auf die zwei Menschenrechtsorganisationen „al-Haq“ und „Human
Rights Watch“, dass bei „Fatah“ und „Hamas“ Missbrauch und Folter
an der Tagesordnung seien87.
27.07.2008:
In der „Washington Post“ berichtet Glenn Kessler, dass die Erfüllung
arabischer Finanzzusagen für die Palästinensische
Autonomiebehörde weit hinter den Zusagen zurückbleibe, obwohl
die Öl-Einnahmen gewaltig gestiegen seien. Bahrein, Oman, Libyen,
Kuwait und Qatar seien gegenüber der Autonomiebehörde mit 700
Millionen US-Dollar im Verzug. Dagegen hätten die Weltbank, die
USA und die Europäische Union ihre Zusagen in diesem Jahr bereits
fast erfüllt.
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26.07.2008:
Bei einem Sprengstoffanschlag in Gaza-Stadt werden fünf
Angehörige von „Hamas“ und ein vierjähriges Mädchen getötet. Die
„Hamas“-Führung beschuldigt „Fatah“ der Verantwortung für die
Anschläge und nimmt mehr als zweihundert ihrer Anhänger fest. Im
Gegensatz zu dem seit sechs Jahren für die ARD arbeitenden
Kameramann Sawah Abu Saif können sich die unabhängigen
Abgeordneten des „Palestinian Legislative Council“ Ziad Abu Amr,
Leiter des „Palestinian Council for Foreign Relations“ und
unabhängiger Abgeordneten im „Pelstzinian Legislative Council
(OLC)“, und Zakariya al-Agha der Festnahme entziehen. Am 30. Juli
schließt die ARD ihr Büro in Gaza-Stadt, weil Abu Seif noch immer
von „Hamas“ festgehalten wird. Der ARD-Vorsitzende Fritz Raff
(Saarbrücken) befürchtet, dass der Kameramann gefoltert worden
88
ist . Nach seiner Freilassung am 31. Juli bestätigen sich diese
Vermutungen. Das ARD-Büro soll bis auf weiteres geschlossen
bleiben. Am 15. August wird es vorübergehend wieder geöffnet.
24.07.2008:
Britische Parlamentarier fordern im Unterhaus die Nutzung des
europäisch-israelischen Assoziierungsvertrages, um Israel
„wirksamer zur Einhaltung seiner Verpflichtungen zu übereden“, und
äußern ihr Erstaunen über die EU-Entscheidung, die Beziehungen
zu Israel aufzuwerten, während es nach wie vor internationales
Recht verletze.
23.07.2008:
Während seines eintägigen Besuchs in Israel und in Ramallah wird
der US-demokratische Präsidentschaftsbewerber Barack Obama
vom israelischen Staatspräsidenten Shimon Peres aufgefordert, im
Falle seiner Wahl ein „hervorragender Präsident der Vereinigten
Staaten von Amerika“ zu werden. Die Welt brauche dringend eine
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Vision und eine Führung. Aus seinem Gespräch mit dem
palästinensischen Präsidenten Machmud Abbas zitieren
Nachrichtenagenturen Obama mit den Worten, dass er „nicht eine
einzige Minute verschwenden“ werde, um politische Fortschritte auf
der Grundlage amerikanischer Initiativen zu erreichen. Gegenüber
Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak rückt Obama von der
antisyrischen Boykottpolitik George W. Bushs ab und erklärt, dass
der Friedensprozess zwischen Israel und Syrien sehr wichtig sei.
Wenige Stunden nach Obamas Abreise kündigt der Sprecher des
Verteidigungsministeriums den Bau einer neuen Siedlung im
Jordantal unter dem Namen Maskiot an. Am 25. Juli warnt M.J.
Rosenberg vom linksliberalen „Israel Public Forum“ in Washington,
D.C., vor der Illusion, dass Obama den arabisch-israelischen Konflikt
genau kenne. Das Gegenteil sei der Fall.
22.07.2008:
Ein junger palästinensischer Bauarbeiter aus Ost-Jerusalem fährt mit
seinem schweren Radlader vorsätzlich in eine Passantengruppe
hinein und verletzt achtzehn Personen zum Teil schwer, bevor er von
einem israelischen Grenzpolizisten erschossen wird. Bei der
Begegnung zwischen Israels Staatspräsidenten Shimon Peres und
dem palästinensischen Präsidenten Machmud Abbas in der
Jerusalemer Residenz von Peres, bei der zum ersten Mal die
palästinensische Flagge gehisst wird, verurteilt Abbas den
Terroranschlag. Israelische Politiker verlangen für palästinensische
Attentäter und ihre Familien ein erhöhtes Strafmaß. Wenige Stunden
nach dem Anschlag greift eine große Gruppe israelischer
Religionsschüler im orthodoxen Wohnviertel Makor Baruch zwei
palästinensische Jugendliche mit Schlagstöcken an.
Der nach der Annapolis-Konferenz Ende November 2007 von
Außenminister Condoleezza Rice ernannte Koordinator General
James Jones bereitet nach einer Meldung von „Haaretz“ einen
äußerst kritischen Bericht über die israelische Besatzungspolitik vor.
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94 – Chronologie 2008
In den vergangenen Wochen habe die US-Administration darüber
gestritten, ob der Bericht in voller Länge oder nur als
Zusammenfassung veröffentlicht werden solle. Er nehme sich die
israelische Definition von Sicherheit in der Westbank im Blick auf
einen Endstatusvertrag und die Effizienz der palästinensischen
Sicherheitsdienste kritisch vor, wobei die USA ihre Hilfe für die
Reform dieser Dienste nicht koordiniert hätten.
17.07.2008:
Einen Tag nach einem Treffen mit europäischen Botschaftern im
Außen- und Sicherheitspolitischen Ausschuss der Knesset ruft Yossi
Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“) die europäischen Staaten dazu auf, sich auf
eine Zahl palästinensischer Flüchtlinge festzulegen, die sie im Fall
eines Friedensabkommens bereit sind aufzunehmen. Nur eine
„bestimmte, nicht große“ Zahl würde von dieser Option Gebrauch
machen, fügt Beilin in einem Interview mit der „Jerusalem Post“
hinzu. Eine Sprecherin der EU-Botschaften erwidert, dass es für eine
Festlegung zu früh sei89.
Nach einer Meldung des „Inter Press Service“ spricht sich die
überwältigende Mehrheit der US-amerikanischen Juden für die Wahl
von Barack Obama im November 2008 aus. Gemäß einer Umfrage
von „J Street“ unter 800 Juden lehnen 83 Prozent die Nahostpolitik
von Präsident George W. Bush ab, 16 Prozent stimmen ihr zu.
Fünfzig Prozent stimmen der Frage zu, dass „Israel wahre Sicherheit
nur durch Friedensverträge“ mit den arabischen Nachbarn erreichen
könne, während 34 Prozent die Auffassung vertreten, dass Israels
Sicherheit von der Bewahrung seiner militärischen Überlegenheit
abhänge. 75 Prozent vertreten die Auffassung, dass die
Zweistaatenlösung Israels Sicherheit stärken würde, und 72 Prozent
glauben, dass die Zweistaatenlösung auch im Interesse der USamerikanischen Sicherheit liege. 48 Prozent würden eher einen
Kandidaten wählen, der Positionen einschließlich eines Angriffs auf
Iran vertritt, wenn es ein Nuklearprogramm verfolgt, während 41
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90
Prozent einen solchen Kandidaten eher nicht wählen würden .
Dagegen berichten andere Medien, dass nach einer Gallup-Umfrage
nur 61 Prozent der amerikanischen Juden Obama bei der Wahl am
04. November unterstützen würden.
16.07.2008:
Nach diskreter Vermittlung des deutschen
Bundesnachrichtendienstes (BND) übergibt die „Hisbollah“ am
Morgen am Grenzort Rosh Haniqra die sterblichen Überreste der
beiden von der „Hisbollah“ am 12. Juli 2006 an der libanesischen
Grenze verschleppten israelischen Soldaten Ehud Goldwasser und
Eldad Regev dem Internationalen Komitee vom Roten Kreuz. Ihre
und die Entführung von drei weiteren israelischen Soldaten war der
Auslöser des 33 Tage dauernden zweiten Libanon-Krieges. Im
Gegenzug übergibt Israel 199 libanesische und palästinensische
Tote des damaligen Krieges und lässt die libanesischen Gefangenen
Khaled Zidan, Maher Kurani, Mohammed Srour und Hussein
Suleiman frei sowie den 1980 wegen zweifachen Mordes zu 542
Jahren Gefängnis verurteilten Samir Kuntar91. Ein „Hisbollah“Repräsentant bezeichnet die Freilassung als „offizielles
Eingeständnis der Niederlage“ Israels. Erstmals seit Dezember 2006
zeigt sich der seither im Untergrund lebende „Hisbollah“Generalsekretär Hassan Nasrallah in der Öffentlichkeit. Die fünf
Libanesen werden, in Kampfanzüge eingekleidet, von jubelnden
Demonstranten und am Abend von Staatspräsident Michel Suleiman
am Beiruter Flughafen begrüßt. Ministerpräsident Fuad Siniora
erklärt den Tag ihrer Übergabe zum Feiertag. Viele Geschäfte,
Schulen und Universitäten bleiben geschlossen. Dass die
Freilassung von Kuntar und des am 12. Februar in Damaskus einem
Anschlag zum Opfer gefallenen Imad Mughniyeh92 „im Mittelpunkt
der Feierlichkeiten stehen, wirft ein fahles Licht auf den Heldenkult in
Libanon – zwei Mörder, verehrt von den Massen“, schreibt am 17.
Juli der Libanon-Korrespondent der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen
Zeitung“ Markus Bickel.
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Nach einem Bericht der Moskauer Wirtschaftszeitung „Kommersant
(Der Kaufmann)“ hat Saudi-Arabien der russischen Regierung
angeboten, von ihr Waffen im Wert von 1,5 Milliarden Euro zu
kaufen, wenn sie die Unterstützung Irans einstelle93. Ein Sprecher
von Ministerpräsident Wladimir Putin weist den Bericht zurück.
Marina S. Ottaway und Mohammed Herzallah berichten in einer
Veröffentlichung des „Carnegie Endowment for International Peace“,
dass arabische Staaten zumindest temporär eigene diplomatische
Initiativen im Nahen Osten in die Wege leiten, die der US-Politik
zuwiderlaufen, weil sie nicht länger der Administration in Washington
vertrauen. Das gelte vor allem für die traditionellen Verbündeten
Qatar und die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate. Saudi-Arabien
bemühe sich um die Versöhnung zwischen „Fatah“ und „Hamas“,
obwohl die USA sich weigern, die Islamische Widerstandsbewegung
anzuerkennen. Ägypten sei über die Beendigung der humanitären
Krise im Gazastreifen hinaus mit der ungeklärten
Präsidentschaftsnachfolge belastet, während allein Jordanien
stillhalte, weil es zu stark von US-amerikanischer Hilfe abhängig
sei94.
14.07.2008:
In einem Meinungsbeitrag für die „New York Times“ kündigt der
demokratische Präsidentschaftsbewerber Barack Obama seinen
Plan an, die US-amerikanischen Truppen in Übereinstimmung mit
Vorstellungen des irakischen Präsidenten Nuri al-Maliki innerhalb
von sechzehn Monaten nach seinem Amtsantritt im Januar 2009 aus
dem Zweistromland abzuziehen; Maliki selbst besteht darauf, dass
bis Ende 2011 die internationalen Koalitionstruppen den Irak
verlassen haben Gleichzeitig bekräftigt Obama in einer Rede am 15.
Juli seine Absicht der massiven Truppenverstärkung in Afghanistan
in einer Größenordnung von zehntausend Mann, um die Netzwerke
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von „Al-Qaida“ und „Taliban“ zu zerstören sowie den
„Schurkenstaaten“ den Zugriff auf Atomwaffen zu versperren.
13.07.2008:
Der Co-Vorsitzende des „Israel Palestine Center for Research and
Information“ in Jerusalem, Gershon Baskin, veröffentlicht in der
palästinensischen Tageszeitung „Al-Quds“ einen Meinungsartikel, in
dem er die Chancen für ein ausgehandeltes Vertragswerk zwischen
beiden Seiten bis Ende des Jahres noch immer für möglich hält. Ein
Scheitern würde dem Untergang der Zweistaatenregelung
gleichkommen und eine neue, noch schrecklichere Runde der
Gewalt einläuten. Das Gerede von der Einstaatlösung sei eine Lüge,
denn sie drehe den Konflikt in die Richtung „Wir oder sie“ zurück,
weil ein gemeinsamer Staat das Grundrecht des israelischen und
des palästinensischen Volkes auf Selbstbestimmung leugnen würde.
Scheitert der gegenwärtige Verhandlungsprozess, seien die
Palästinenser aufgefordert, für das Ende der Besatzung zugunsten
ihres souveränen Staates ohne Gewalt mit allen Mitteln des zivilen
Widerstandes zu kämpfen. Der erste Schritt dazu sei die
Proklamation des Staates Palästina in den Grenzen vom 4. Juni
1967 mit Jerusalem als Hauptstadt und die Aufforderung an die
Welt, den neuen Staat in alle internationalen Foren einschließlich der
Vereinten Nationen mit vollen Rechten aufzunehmen sowie die
palästinensischen diplomatischen Vertretungen in Botschaften
umzuwandeln95.
12./13.07.2008:
Unter Vermittlung des französischen Präsidenten Nicolas Sarkozy
sagt der syrische Präsident Bashar Assad im Gespräch mit dem
libanesischen Ministerpräsidenten Fuad Siniora zu, erstmals
diplomatische Beziehungen zwischen beiden Ländern aufzunehmen.
Das französisch-syrische Kommuniqué erwähnt die Zusage Assads
96
jedoch nicht . Iran habe nicht die Absicht, Atomwaffen zu besitzen,
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98 – Chronologie 2008
erklärt Assad zu Interessen, dass sein Land die Beziehungen zu
Teheran einfriert. Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier
äußert am 13. Juli die Hoffnung, dass den Worten Taten folgen. Zur
Aufwertung Syriens durch die französische Einladung nach Paris
wiederholt Rudolph Chimelli am 14. Juli in der „Süddeutschen
Zeitung“ die eiserne Regel für den Nahostkonflikt: „Es gibt keinen
Krieg ohne Ägypten und keinen Frieden ohne Syrien.“
Unter Leitung der Präsidenten Nicolas Sarkozy und Hosni Mubarak
findet in Paris die Gründungsversammlung des neuen
Partnerschaftsprogramms mit dem umständlichen, vor allem
deutsch-französische Kompromisse widerspiegelnden Titel
„Barcelona-Prozess: Union für den Mittelmeerraum“ statt. Die neue
Union hat 44 Mitglieder, darunter alle EU-Staaten, außerdem
Monaco, Kroatien, Bosnien, Albanien und Montenegro, Israel, die
Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde, alle arabischen Staaten sowie
die Türkei. Der libysche Staatschef Muammar Ghaddafi nimmt nicht
teil, Jordaniens König Abdullah II. weilt zu einem Privatbesuch in den
USA. Kurzfristige Absagen kommen vom belgischen
Ministerpräsidenten Yves Leterme und vom marokkanischen König
Mohamed VI., letzterer aus „familiären Gründen“. Israel erhebt bis
zuletzt Einwände gegen die Mitwirkung der Arabischen Liga, weil
diese Israel wegen seiner Siedlungspolitik feindlich gesinnt sei. Der
stellvertretende ägyptische Außenminister Madjali Wahhabi fordert
den Generalsekretär der Liga Amr Moussa auf, die politische
Einseitigkeit der Liga aufzugeben, auch Syrien zeige sich moderater
als in der Vergangenheit. Zu einer Begegnung zwischen Syriens
Präsident Bashir Assad und Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert
kommt es in Paris nicht, dagegen trifft Olmert seinen türkischen
Amtskollegen Recep Tayyip Erdogan zu einem 30-minütigen
Gespräch, woraufhin Erdogan ein 45-minütiges Gespräch mit Assad
geführt habe. Ein ranghoher syrischer Vertreter wird am 14. Juli in
„Haaretz“ mit den Worten zitiert, dass die indirekten Verhandlungen
mit Israel so lange fortgesetzt würden, solange es keinen
amerikanischen Partner gebe. Israel und die Türkei, so heißt es in
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99 – Chronologie 2008
dem Bericht weiter, würden sich gegenwärtig um eine Formel
bemühen, welche die Beteiligung der USA erlaube. Bis zuletzt ist der
für das Abschlussdokument vorgesehene Passus über den
israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt strittig, obwohl es die Absicht
ist, die Mittelmeer-Union gegenüber dem 1995 initiierten Barcelona97
Prozess politisch aufzuwerten . Dagegen kündigt die
Abschlusserklärung sechs Infrastruktur-, Wirtschafts-, Umwelt- und
Investitionsprojekte an: Verbesserung der Wasserqualität im
Mittelmeer, Autobahnbau, Ausbau der Seeverbindungen,
Katastrophenschutz, Ausbau der Solarenergie und
Wirtschaftsförderung, dazu Austauschprogramme für Studenten98.
Ein Jahr später, am 29. Juli 2009, berichtet Nikolas Busse in der
„Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung“, dass die Mittelmeerunion
aufgrund innereuropäischer Kontroversen und
Abstimmungsprobleme sowie der politischen Spannungen zwischen
den Mitgliedern nicht gut vorangekommen sei. Sakozys
Sonderberater Henri Guaino habe vor kurzem in der französische
Nationalversammlung eingeräumt, dass mit „Gesprächen über die
Säuberung des Mittelmeeres“ der Nahostkonflikt, die Teilung
Zyperns und der Streit über die West-Sahara nicht aus der Welt
geschafft werden könnten.
Das „Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network“ bedauert, dass
das Abschlusskommuniqué der Tagung ausschließlich
wirtschaftliche Projekte ausweist und damit den Ansprüchen der
Völker in der Region nach Entwicklung und fundamentalen
Freiheiten nicht Rechnung trage. Die Ernennung von Präsident
Hosni Mubarak als Ko-Vorsitzendem der Mittelmeer-Union und die
Ansiedlung ihres Sekretariats in Kairo unterstütze diktatorische
Führungen und trage dazu bei, dass die Vertreter der
Zivilgesellschaften weiter an den Rand gedrängt würden. Die
Menschenrechtsorganisation betont, dass die Mittelmeer-Union nicht
die Schaffung eines palästinensischen Staates aus den Augen
99
verlieren dürfe .
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100 – Chronologie 2008
In Anwesenheit von Präsident Machmud Abbas erklärt
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert gegenüber Reportern in Paris, dass
„wir noch nie so dicht an der Möglichkeit wie heute sind, eine
Einigung zu erreichen“. In seiner offiziellen Ansprache äußert er sich
vorsichtiger: „Wir sind in der Mitte von Verhandlungen“100, wobei
auffällig ist, dass er dabei auf die Rolle der USA hinweist und Europa
nicht erwähnt. In der gemeinsamen Pressekonferenz entgegnet
Abbas, „dass wir den Frieden innerhalb einiger Monate erreichen
können“. Er würde sich, so Olmert weiter, eine direkte Verbindung zu
Syrien wünschen, doch nicht auf Kosten der Verhandlungen mit den
Palästinensern, „die von größter Bedeutung für uns sind“.
11.07.2008:
Nach monatelangen, zum Teil blutigen Auseinandersetzungen,
denen etwa siebentausend Menschen zum Opfer gefallen sein
sollen, präsentiert sich in Beirut die neue libanesische Regierung
unter Fuad Siniora. Die „Hisbollah“ stellt mit dem Arbeitsministerium
nur einen Posten im dreißig Personen umfassenden Kabinett, doch
wird ihr Gewicht durch fünf Minister gestärkt, die von der mit ihr
verbündeten „Freien Patriotischen Bewegung“ gestellt werden. Drei
Minister, darunter der Verteidigungs- und der Innenminister, werden
von Präsident Michel Suleiman ernannt. Die Opposition hat ihre
Forderung nach einem Vetorecht im Kabinett durchgesetzt. In der
libanesischen Presse werden Bedenken geäußert, ob die neue
Regierung die vor ihnen stehenden Aufgaben, die öffentliche
Ordnung wiederherzustellen, bewältigen könne.
10.07.2008:
In Anwesenheit von Kultur- und Sportminister Raleb Madjadele
sowie Innenminister Meir Shitreet und Bildungsministerin Yuli Tamir
erklärt Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert vor der von seinem Büro
einberufenen „Konferenz für den arabischen Sektor“ in Haifa, dass
die „israelischen Araber keine strategische Bedrohung sind. Sie sind
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101 – Chronologie 2008
Bürger des Staates Israel mit gleichen Rechten. Ihr seid immer Teil
des Staates gewesen und werdet es immer bleiben.“ Er hoffe, fährt
Olmert fort, dass diese Konferenz dazu beitrage, Erscheinungen des
Rassismus in der israelischen Gesellschaft zum Verschwinden zu
bringen, und dass sie zum Wendepunkt „bei der Verbesserung des
Status der israelischen Araber im Land“ werde.
09.07.2008:
Die Jerusalemer Stadtverwaltung veröffentlicht Pläne für den Bau
von je 900 neuen Wohneinheiten in Pisgat Ze’ev und Har Homa.
Die israelische Menschenrechtsorganisation „B’tselem“ („Im
Angesicht“, Gen. 1,27) teilt mit, dass die israelische Regierung die
Empfehlungen des Internationalen Gerichtshofs in Den Haag vom
Juli 2004 („Advisory Opinion“ about „The Legal Consequences of a
Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory“)101, den Verlauf der
Trennungsmauern zu korrigieren, nicht Folge geleistet habe. Bis Mai
2008 seien 57 Prozent der geplanten Route, nämlich 409 Kilometer,
fertiggestellt worden, weitere 66 Kilometer seien im Bau, und mit den
restlichen 248 Kilometern sei noch nicht begonnen worden.
Insgesamt würden damit 11,9 Prozent der Westbank und des
einstigen arabischen Jerusalem dem israelischen Territorium
zugeschlagen, auf dem gegenwärtig 498.000 Palästinenser (davon
222.500 in Ost-Jerusalem) und 381.000 Israelis in sechzig
Siedlungen leben.
„Human Rights Watch“ fordert den jordanischen Ministerpräsidenten
Nader Dahabi auf, den Gesetzentwurf zurückzuziehen, womit die
Arbeit von unabhängigen Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGO’s)
eingeschränkt werden soll. Der Entwurf zeige die Intoleranz
gegenüber einer kritischen Debatte über die Demokratie im
Königreich. Die Europäische Union und die USA werden
aufgefordert, im Zuge ihrer immensen finanziellen Hilfsmittel auf die
Einhaltung der Menschenrechte in Jordanien zu drängen
102
.
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102 – Chronologie 2008
Das „Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS)“ fordert nach
einer Meldung des „Euro-Mediteranean Human Rights Network“ die
syrische Regierung dazu auf, die summarische Exekution und die
unmenschliche Behandlung von Insassen Militärgefängnis Sednaya
zu beenden. Die Union der Mittelmeeranrainer, die am 13./14. Juli in
Paris begründet werden soll und an der Präsident Bashar Assad
teilnimmt, müsse in Damaskus in diesem Sinne intervenieren
103
.
Das iranische Militär feuert nach eigenen Angaben neun Kurz- und
Mittelstreckenraketen bei einem Manöver in der Straße von Hormuz
ab, die die Feinde des Landes zur „Vorsicht bei ihren politischem
und militärischem Kalkül“ veranlassen sollen. Am selben Tag
kündigen israelische Experten den Bau von Spionagesatelliten an,
die auch über den Iran eingesetzt werden können. Am 10. Juli setzt
Iran die Raketentests fort104.
07.07.2008:
Israels Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak verbietet 36 internationale
Organisationen, denen er die Unterstützung und Finanzierung von
„Hamas“ nachsagt. Im vergangenen Jahr sollen sie rund 120
Millionen US-Dollar aus arabischen Staaten in den Gazastreifen und
die Westbank eingeschleust haben. Gleichzeitig beschlagnahmen
israelische Soldaten Computer, Dokumente, Bargeld und Möbel von
Einrichtungen in Nablus, die „Hamas“ zu Wohltätigkeitszwecken
unterhält. Außerdem sollen eine Mädchenschule und ein Sportklub
geschlossen sowie Büros des palästinensischen
Religionsministeriums durchsucht worden sein. Die Razzien dauern
in den folgenden Tagen an.
Das Büro von Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert bestätigt, dass
eine durch die Vereinten Nationen vermittelte Vereinbarung über
einen Gefangenenaustausch Mitte kommender Woche mit der
libanesischen „Hisbollah“ unterzeichnet worden ist. Von israelischer
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103 – Chronologie 2008
Seite gehören dazu Ehud Goldwasser und Eldad Regev, die nach
ihrer Gefangenennahme im Juni 2006 Auslöser für den zweiten
Libanon-Krieg waren. Es wird vermutet, dass beide Soldaten tot
sind.
Die Korrespondentin Sana Abdallah berichtet für „Middle East
Times“ aus Amman über Anzeichen einer vorsichtigen politischen
Abkehr Syriens vom Iran. In einem Interview mit dem Pariser
„Figaro“ am 8. Juli äußert Präsident Bashar Assad die Erwartung, mit
Israel direkte Gespräche aufzunehmen, und kündigt die „Öffnung
nach Frankreich und nach Europa“ an.
06.07.2008:
Nach einem Bericht der palästinensischen Nachrichtenagentur
„Wafa“ hat Israels Staatspräsident Shimon Peres in einem Telefonat
seinem palästinensischen Amtskollegen Machmud Abbas versichert,
dass er entgegen der ihm zugeschriebenen Äußerung am
Friedensprozess festhalte.
02.07.2008:
Ein 30jähriger palästinensischer Arbeiter aus dem Ost-Jerusalemer
Zur Baher, der am Bau der innerstädtischen Stadtbahnlinie beteiligt
ist, tötet mit seinem Bulldozer in der Jaffastraße drei Israelis,
darunter zwei Frauen, bevor er von einem Polizisten erschossen
wird. Die israelischen Behörden gehen von der Tat eines Mannes mit
gewalttätigem Hintergrund aus. Dagegen bezeichnet „Hamas“ in
einer Erklärung den Mordanschlag als das „natürliche Ergebnis der
israelischen Aggression“ gegen das palästinensische Volk.
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert verlangt die Zerstörung des Hauses
des Attentäters, obwohl sich seine Familie von dem Mordanschlag
distanziert. Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak ordnet die
Vorbereitung der Sprengung des Hauses an, auch wenn
Generalstaatsanwalt Menachem Mazouz „ernsthafte rechtliche
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104 – Chronologie 2008
Probleme“ heraufziehen sieht. Das israelische „Committee Against
the Demolition of [Palestinian] Houses“ teilt mit, dass das israelische
Militär seit 1967 rund 19.000 palästinensische Häuser
niedergerissen habe.
01.07.2008:
Die israelische Menschenrechtsorganisation „B’tselem (Im
Angesicht, Gen. 1,27)“ wirft den Behörden ihres Landes
Wasserdiebstahl vor. Jüngster Anlass für die Klage ist die skandalös
ungleiche Versorgung zweier palästinensischer Dörfer in der Nähe
von Ramallah, die im Gegensatz zu der jüdischen Siedlung Har Adar
von privaten Lieferanten Wasser für den täglichen Gebrauch zum
sechsfachen Preis kaufen müssen. Die Bohrung von
Grundwasserquellen ist den Palästinensern verboten. Das Anzapfen
„wilder Brunnen“ gehe mit der Gefahr verunreinigten Wassers
einher, schreibt die Organisation.
Juli 2008:
In seiner Juli-Umfrage berichtet das „Tami Steinmetz Center for
Peace Research“ an der Univerität Tel Aviv, dass mehr als zwei
Drittel aller Israelis nicht nur den Rücktritt von Ministerpräsident Ehud
Olmert fordern, sondern dass 53 Prozent dies auch von der
gesamten Regierung verlagen. Nur 12,5 Prozent sprechen sich für
die Fortsetzung der gegenwärtigen Regierung aus, während 25,5
Prozent zumindest eine neue Führung an der Spitze verlangen. 56
Prozent aller Israelis glauben, dass Jerusalem faktisch zwischen
Israel und den Palästinensern geteilt sei. In den vergangenen fünf
Jahren haben nur 39 Prozent Jerusalem einen Besuch abgestattet,
im selben Zeitraum haben weitere 39 Prozent die Stadt nur zwischen
einem und fünf Mal besucht. Dennoch lehnen 61,5 Prozent die
Übergabe des Ostteils an die Palästinenser selbst im Falle eines
Friedensvertrages ab. 42 Prozent der Israelis halten John McCain
gegenüber Barack Obama für den besseren US-Präsidenten.
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Juni 2008
30.06.2008:
Das israelische Parlament verabschiedet in erster Lesung mit 65
gegen 18 Stimmen ein Gesetz, wonach jeder Rückzug aus den 1967
eroberten Gebieten einem Volksentscheid unterworfen oder von der
Knesset mit Zweidrittelmehrheit gebilligt werden muss. In den Reden
wird vor allem auf die Golanhöhen Bezug genommen. Außerdem
beschließt das Parlament ein Gesetz, das die Kandidatur von
Bewerbern ausschließt, die zu „Feindstaaten“ Kontakt unterhalten.
Da es auf arabisch-palästinensische Abgeordnete abzielt, wird es als
„Bishara-Gesetz“ bezeichnet105. Azmi Bishara war beschuldigt
worden, während des zweiten Libanon-Krieges 2006
landesverräterische Beziehungen zu „Hisbollah“ und Syrien
unterhalten zu haben, und entzog sich im April 2007 der Anklage
durch Flucht ins Ausland106. Arabische Abgeordnete kündigen Klage
beim Obersten Gericht an.
27.06.2008:
In einem Beitrag des „Middle East Institute“ in Washington, D.C.,
wird von Überlegungen Yossi Beilins bei einer Veranstaltung des
„Carnegie Endowment for International Peace“ am 23. Juni berichtet,
dass die Ehud Olmert unterstellte Schwäche in Wahrheit seine
politische Stärke sei: Er habe nichts zu verlieren. Die Kluft zwischen
dem palästinensischen Konzept einer Zweistaatenlösung und der
israelischen Idee eines umfassenden Friedens sei so klein, dass sie
leicht überwunden werden könne. Alles hänge von der
Einflussnahme durch den US-amerikanischen Präsidenten ab. Die
von der iranischen Nukleartechnologie ausgehende Gefahr treffe
nicht Israel. Gefährlich sei indessen, dass Teheran sie „Hisbollah“
und „Hamas“ zugänglich machen könnte.
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24.06.2008:
Mit zwanzig Außenministern und Delegationen aus 43 Staaten findet
die eintägige „Berliner Konferenz zur Unterstützung der
palästinensischen zivilen Sicherheit und Rechtsstaatlichkeit“ statt. Zu
den Teilnehmern gehören der palästinensische Ministerpräsident
Salam Fayyad, die israelische Außenministerin Tsipi Livni, ihre USamerikanische Amtskollegin Condoleezza Rice, der russische
Außenminister Sergei Lawrow, der Generalsekretär der Arabischen
Liga Amr Mussa sowie die Europas Außenkommissare Javier Solana
und Benita Ferrero-Waldner. In ihrer Eröffnungsansprache
unterstreicht Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel, dass die Konferenz
nur ein „kleines Mosaiksteinchen im großen Aufbauwerk der ZweiStaaten-Lösung“ sei. Der Nahostbeauftragte des „Quartett“ Tony
Blair erklärt den erstaunten Publikum: „Wenn die Palästinenser
selbst für Sicherheit sorgen können, entfällt der Grund für die
israelische Besatzung.“ Ferrero-Waldner beklagt bei der
abschließenden Pressekonferenz ohne Namensnennung, dass die
Zahlungsmoral der arabischen Staaten seit der Pariser
Geberkonferenz Mitte Dezember 2007 weit hinter den Zusagen
zurückgeblieben sei. Die Konferenz verständigt sich auf neue
Finanzhilfen in Höhe von 156 Millionen Euro bis 2010 für die
Palästinenser; die Bundesrepublik steuert dazu 15 Millionen Euro
bei. Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier erklärt am
Vorabend der Konferenz in Ersten Deutschen Fernsehen „etwas
vorsichtig“, dass er „eine neue Dynamik im Augenblick“ sehe. Zum
Abschluss der Konferenz betont er, dass von hier „ein klares Signal
der Unterstützung für den Ausbau eines palästinensischen Staates“
ausgehe. Doch „niemand hier um den Tisch ist naiv optimistisch“.
Als „ergänzende Maßnahme“ zur UN-Resolution 1803 vom März
2008 verschärft die Europäische Union ihre Sanktionen gegen Iran
durch Einfrieren von Vermögen. Die Sanktionen treffen vor allem die
in staatlichem Besitz befindliche Bank „Melli“ in den Standorten
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107 – Chronologie 2008
Hamburg, London und Paris. Das größte Kreditinstitut mit Sitz in
Teheran regelt einen wesentlichen Teil der iranisch-europäischen
Geschäftsbeziehungen. Außerdem erweitert die EU die Liste von
iranischen Personen und Körperschaften mit Verbindungen zum
iranischen Atomprogramm. Ihnen soll die Einreise verweigert und ihr
Vermögen eingefroren werden. Die deutsche Industrie befürchtet als
iranische Gegenmaßnahme die Einstellung von Zahlungen für
erbrachte Leistungen. In diesem Fall müssen von den HermesBürgschaften Haftungsansprüche in Milliardenhöhe übernommen
werden.
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert reist zu Gesprächen mit
Ägyptens Staatspräsident Hosni Mubarak in den Badeort Sharm elSheikh. Dabei geht es um die Freilassung des israelischen Soldaten
Gilad Shalit und die unter ägyptischer Vermittlung erreichte
Waffenruhe mit „Hamas“.
23.06.2008:
In Wien findet unter internationaler Beteiligung eine Konferenz zum
Wiederaufbau des palästinensischen Flüchtlingslagers Nahr al-Barid
im Libanon statt, das im Mai 2007 durch innerlibanesische
Auseinandersetzungen zerstört wurde. Am selben Tag flammen
vorübergehend Kämpfe in der Hafenstadt Tripoli auf, bei denen neun
Personen getötet wurden.
22.06.2007:
Frankreichs Präsident Nicolas Sarkozy trifft zu einem dreitägigen
Besuch in Israel ein. Am 23. Juni erklärt er vor der Knesset: „Ohne
ein Ende der Kolonialisierung und eine Anerkennung Jerusalems als
Hauptstadt für zwei Völker kann es keinen Frieden geben.“
Frankreich werde sich jedem entgegentreten, der Israel zerstören
wolle, betonte Sarkozy gleichzeitig. Eine nukleare Bewaffnung Irans
sei nicht hinzunehmen. Bei seinem Eintreffen in Ramallah
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108 – Chronologie 2008
unterzeichnen Sarkozy und Präsident Machmud Abbas einen
Vertrag über die Errichtung eines Industrieparks bei Bethlehem, für
den Paris 21 Millionen Euro zur Verfügung stellen will.
21.06.2008:
Im Vorfeld der internationalen Nahostkonferenz in Berlin am 24. Juni
bezeichnet der palästinensische Ministerpräsident Salam Fayyad im
Gespräch mit der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung“, dass „[m]it
jedem neuen Tag und [mit] neuen Siedlungen (…) es schwerer
(wird), zwei Staaten zu bilden. Siedlungen lassen keinen Platz für
das nationale Interesse beider Staaten.“ Seine Teilnahme an der
Berliner Konferenz, bei der es vorrangig um den Aufbau und die
Verbesserung des Polizei- und Justizwesens sowie um den
Strafvollzug gehen soll, begründet Fayyad damit, dass der Aufbau
des Staates Palästina unabhängig von den Ergebnissen des
Verhandlungsprozesses erfolgen müsse. Seit der Konferenz in
Annapolis Ende November 2007 habe Israel zwölf Mal so viele
Wohneinheiten errichtet wie in den sieben Monaten zuvor, nämlich
1731 statt 138. Die vom Frühjahr 2003 herrührende „Road Map“
unterscheide nicht zwischen den Siedlungen in Jerusalem und in
anderen palästinensischen Teilen.
Dem israelischen Schriftsteller Amos Oz wird der Heinrich-HeinePreis der Stadt Düsseldorf zugesprochen.
20.06.2008:
Die „New York Times“ berichtet von umfangreichen Luft- und
Seemanövern Israels gemeinsam mit Griechenland im östlichen
Mittelmeer um Kreta herum zwischen dem 25. Mai und 12. Juni, bei
denen Bombenangriffe auf iranische Atomanlagen geprobt worden
seien. Israelische und US-amerikanische Regierungsstellen
bestätigen die Manöver.
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17.06.2008:
Unter ägyptischer Vermittlung verständigen sich Israel und „Hamas“,
ohne eine förmliche Erklärung zu unterzeichnen, auf eine halbjährige
Waffenruhe („tachdiyeh“), die am 19. Juni um 6 Uhr morgens
Ortszeit in Kraft tritt, aber praktisch von beiden Seiten immer wieder
gebrochen wird. In der ersten Phase sollen die bewaffneten
Auseinandersetzungen zunächst für drei Tage beendet und im
Gegenzug die Grenzübergänge Erez, Karni, Nachal Oz und Sufa für
Lieferungen in den Gazastreifen geöffnet werden. In der zweiten
Phase soll der im Juni 2006 entführte israelische Soldat Gilad Shalit
freigelassen werden, wofür Israel den Grenzübergang vom
Gazastreifen nach Ägypten bei Rafach öffnet. Am 22. Juni reichen
die Eltern von Shalit Klage beim Obersten Gericht ein, weil die
Vereinbarung ohne die Freilassung ihres Sohnes vereinbart worden
ist. Als Gegenleistung verlangt „Hamas“ die Freilassung von 450
palästinensischen Gefangenen. In- und ausländische
Kommentatoren weisen darauf hin, dass „Hamas“ die Vereinbarung
gegenüber ihren innenpolitischen Kombattanten durchsetzen müsse.
Auch in Israel wird in Regierungskreisen über die Waffenruhe
gestritten, weil „Hamas“ aufgrund des massiven Waffenschmuggels
aus Ägypten stärker denn je und nunmehr auch politisch aufgewertet
sei. Der Chef der von „Hamas“ geführten Regierung Ismail Haniyeh
bestätigt diese Version am 20. Juni: Seine Organisation sei keine
Verpflichtung eingegangen, den Waffenschmuggel einzustellen.
Tatsächlich werden in den darauffolgenden Tagen Raketen und
Mörsergranaten auf israelisches Gebiet mit dem Ergebnis
abgeschossen, dass die Grenzübergänge erneut vorübergehend
geschlossen werden. Im Internet-Forum „bitterlemons“ beklagt sein
Redakteur Ghassan Khatib am 30. Juni, dass die Waffenruhe die
Position von „Hamas“ gegenüber der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde und dem palästinensischen Friedenslager stärke.
Kurz nach der Bekanntgabe der geplanten Waffenruhe bietet die
israelische Regierung der Regierung in Libanon Friedensgespräche
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an. Diese lehnt umgehend das Angebot mit der Begründung ab, statt
separater Vereinbarungen könne es nur eine Gesamtlösung für den
Nahen Osten geben.
15.06.2008:
Nach der Ankündigung des Baus von 1300 weiteren Wohneinheiten
in Ost-Jerusalem zeigt sich die US-amerikanische Außenministerin
Condoleezza Rice nach der Begegnung mit ihrer israelischen
Amtskollegin Tsipi Livni „sehr beunruhigt, dass in einer Zeit, wo
Vertrauen zwischen beiden Seiten entstehen soll, das fortgesetzte
Bauen und die Siedlungsaktivitäten das Potential in sich bergen, den
derzeitigen Verhandlungen zu schaden“. Für den 16. Juni kündigt
Rice Gespräche über die Umsetzung der Vereinbarungen von
Annapolis mit dem Ziel des Endstatus an.
13.06.2008:
In einem Interview mit der indischen Zeitung „The Hindu“ erklärt der
syrische Präsident Bashar Assad, dass in Israel nach vielen Jahren
die Überzeugung wachse, dass seine Sicherheit nicht allein durch
die militärische Stärke gewährleistet werde. Für die Rückgabe der
Golanhöhen werde Israel Frieden erhalten. Assad bestätigt, dass es
sich um eine militärische Anlage gehandelt habe, die israelische
Jagdflugzeuge am 6. September 2007 bombardierten, weist aber
den Verdacht zurück, es sei um ein nukleares
Entwicklungsprogramm gegangen. Die vorgelegten Beweismittel
seien zu hundert Prozent fabriziert worden. Die in Qatar
ausgehandelte Vereinbarung vom 21. Mai zur Beruhigung der Lage
im Libanon würde ein neues Kapitel zwischen beiden Ländern
eröffnen107.
12.06.2008:
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Die „Jerusalem Post“ berichtet, der Rabbiner von Ofra in der
Westbank habe verfügt, dass die Shabbatruhe verletzt werden dürfe,
um den Ausbau der Siedlung zu beschleunigen, um so einem Urteil
des Obersten Gerichts zuvorzukommen, bei dem ein Verfahren
zweier israelischer Menschenrechtsorganisationen gegen den
Ausbau anhängig ist.
Nach einem Bericht der „Jordan Times“ haben die palästinensischen
Arbeitskräfte in der Westbank mit einwöchiger Verspätung am 10.
Juni ihren Lohn ausgezahlt bekommen. Die Verzögerung sei
entstanden, weil die israelischen Behörden die Überweisung von
einbehaltenen Tarifen und Zöllen gemäß dem „Pariser Protokoll“
vom April 1994108 ausgesetzt hätten, nachdem die Palästinensische
Autonomiebehörde gegen die von Israel betriebene Aufwertung
seiner Beziehungen zur Europäischen Union protestiert habe. Am
16. Juni machen die EU-Außenminister auf ihrer Sitzung in
Luxemburg die vertiefende Zusammenarbeit mit Israel von der
Lösung des Konflikts mit den Palästinensern abhängig, nachdem
Israel seinen Wunsch nach Mitbestimmung an EU-Erklärungen zum
Nahen Osten vorgetragen hatte. In der Debatte steht das „IsraelLager“ mit Deutschland an der Spitze dem „Palästinenser-Lager“ mit
Schweden, Belgien und Portugal gegenüber. Frankreich nimmt eine
Mittelposition ein.
11.06.2008:
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert erteilt angesichts der gegen
ihn erhobenen Korruptionsvorwürfe sein Einverständnis zu
vorgezogenen parteiinternen Wahlen um den Vorsitz der „Kadima“Partei. Ein Termin steht nicht fest, doch wird die Wahl nicht vor
September erwartet. Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak will die
Koalition mit seiner Arbeitspartei fortsetzen, wenn „Kadima“ einen
neuen Vorsitzenden kürt. Viele Abgeordnete von „Kadima“ und der
Arbeitspartei fürchten jedoch um ihre Wiederwahl. Vorgezogene
allgemeine Wahlen könnten nach Medienberichten am 11.
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November stattfinden. Auf einer Konferenz zu politischer Korruption
am 13. Juli in Jerusalem weist Generalstaatsanwalt Menachem
Mazouz Forderungen zurück, er möge Olmert für amtsunfähig
erklären. Es sei nicht seine Aufgabe, einen Ministerpräsidenten zu
ernennen oder zu entlassen, dafür sei das politische System
zuständig.
10.06.2008:
Der frühere deutsche Botschafter in Washington, Wolfgang
Ischinger, empfiehlt im Interview mit der „Süddeutschen Zeitung“ der
Bundesregierung und den Europäern insgesamt, „nicht wie gebannt“
darauf zu warten, „bis der neue US-Präsident Anfang 2009 erzählt,
wohin die Reise geht. Die Aufgabe für uns besteht darin, jetzt
Projekte, Ideen und Ziele zu formulieren, damit man nach der Wahl
in Washington konkrete Angebote machen kann. Man kann auch
Erwartungen äußern, zum Beispiel, dass die neue Administration
nicht so viel Zeit verstreichen lässt wie die Regierung Bush, bis sie
sich um einen Frieden im Nahen Osten bemüht. Es gibt eine große
Chance für die EU, sich als ein aktiver Partner zu präsentieren.“
09.06.2008:
In der jüngsten Meinungsumfrage zwischen dem 5. und 7. Juni in der
Westbank und im Gazastreifen ermittelt das „Palestinian Center for
Policy and Survey Research (PCR)“ unter Leitung von Khalil Shikaki
in Ramallah, dass die Popularität von Präsident Machmud Abbas
gegenüber dem „Hamas“-Ministerpräsidenten Ismail Haniyeh um
zwölf auf 52 Prozent gestiegen sei. Beim Vergleich zwischen
Haniyeh und dem seit April 2002 im israelischen Gefängnis
einsitzenden Marwan Barghouti würde letzterer mit 61 zu 39 Prozent
abschneiden. Würden heute Parlamentswahlen stattfinden
(„Sonntagsfrage“), würden „Fatah“ 43 Prozent und „Hamas“ 31
Prozent der Stimmen auf sich vereinigen.
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08.06.2007:
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert und die militärische Führung
weisen die Forderung von Verkehrsminister Shaul Mofaz zurück, Iran
anzugreifen, um dessen atomares Entwicklungsprogramm zu
stoppen.
Der irakische Ministerpräsident Nuri el-Maliki bemüht sich in Teheran
um die Verbesserung der Beziehungen zwischen beiden Staaten.
Das Gespräch mit Präsident Machmud Achmadinedjad soll vor allem
dazu dienen, die iranische Führung davon zu überzeugen, dass das
geplante irakisch-amerikanische „Status of Forces Agreement“ zur
langfristigen Stationierung von US-Truppen im Irak nicht gegen Iran
gerichtet sei; es soll das im Dezember 2008 auslaufende UN-Mandat
ablösen. Die nach der Absichtserklärung im Dezember 2007
aufgenommenen Verhandlungen mit den USA sind nach einer
Meldung der „Washington Post“ vom 13. Juli bislang ergebnislos
verlaufen.
06.06.2008:
Das beim Jerusalemer „Israel Democracy Institute“ angesiedelte
„Guttman Center“ legt das Ergebnis seiner jüngsten Umfrage vor.
Danach vertrauen nur noch 49 Prozent der Justiz – ein Rückgang
um zwölf Prozent –, während das Vertrauen in die Medien als
Garanten der Demokratie auf 36 Prozent steigt. Sechzig Prozent
glauben, dass Israel schwer und weitere dreißig Prozent erheblich
unter der Korruption leidet. Sechzig Prozent sind an politischen
Fragen interessiert. An der Spitze der positiven Umfragewerte steht
das Militär mit 71 Prozent109.
05.06.2007:
Nach einem Treffen mit „Hamas“-Repräsentanten am 2. Juni in
Ramallah betont der palästinensische Präsident Machmud Abbas im
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Fernsehen seinen Willen, „einen umfassenden Dialog“ mit der
Islamischen Widerstandsbewegung aufnehmen zu wollen, „um die
nationale Spaltung zu überwinden“.
04.06.2008:
Am Tag, an dem der US-demokratische Präsidentschaftsbewerber
Barack Obama die parteiinterne Mehrheit der Delegierten für den
Nominierungsparteitag im August in Denver (Colorado) gewinnt, wirft
das Internet-Portal „Middle East Times“ ihm, seiner bisherigen
Konkurrentin Hillary Clinton und dem republikanischen
Präsidentschaftsbewerber John McCain vor, kein außenpolitisches
Profil zu zeigen, das sich vom gegenwärtigen Amtsinhaber George
W. Bush grundlegend unterscheide. Obama habe für seinen
Wahlkampf bisher 218.884.220 US-Dollar ausgegeben, Clinton
185.216.984 US-Dollar und McCain 72.666.309 US-Dollar.
03.06.2008:
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert äußert sich in seiner Rede vor
der „Politischen Konferenz“ des „American Israel Public Affairs
Committee (AIPAC)“ zu Iran, dessen Bedrohung mit allen zur
Verfügung stehenden Mitteln gestoppt werden müsse, zu Syrien und
zu den Palästinensern. Hier rücke die Zeit für schwierige
Kompromisse näher110. Tags zuvor, am 02. Juni, betont der
republikanische Präsidentschaftsbewerber John McCain vor
demselben Gremium die immense Bedrohung des Friedens durch
den Iran, durch die „Hisbollah“ in Libanon und die palästinensische
„Hamas“. Das israelische Volk werde erst in Frieden leben, wenn
eine palästinensische Führung bereit sei, für den Frieden zu sorgen.
Ein Hinweis auf die israelische Siedlungspolitik und die
Kollektivsbestrafung der Bevölkerung im Gazastreifen findet sich in
der Rede McCains nicht. Stattdessen kündigt er die Unterstützung
der erweiterten Militärhilfe für Israel an, die im Oktober 2008
anlaufen soll, um dessen militärischen Vorsprung zu wahren
111
. Der
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115 – Chronologie 2008
demokratische Präsidentschaftsbewerber Barack Obama folgt mit
seiner Ansprache am 4. Juni. Nachdem er sich gegen böswillige
Unterstellungen verwahrt hat, er sei kein Freund Israels, widmet er
sich zunächst dem Eindruck, den die Shoah bei ihm hinterlassen
habe. Obama betont, dass die Unterstützung Israels in den USA im
Falle seiner Gefährdung parteiübergreifend sei. Er werde – wie
McCain – das „Memorandum of Understanding“ zwischen beiden
Ländern implementieren, wonach Israel im nächsten Jahrzehnt
dreißig Milliarden US-Dollar erhalten soll. Im Gegensatz zu seinem
Vorredner erklärt Obama, dass er sich nach seinem Amtsantritt
sofort persönlich aktiv für die Zweistaatenregelung mit einem
ungeteilten Jerusalem als der Hauptstadt Israels einsetzen werde,
weil sie im Interesse aller Parteien sei. Zu den Voraussetzungen
gehören nach seinen Worten das Ende des palästinensischen
Terrors und des Waffenschmuggels in den Gazastreifen hinein
sowie das Ende des Siedlungsbaus. Auch bei den Themen „Iran“
und „Irak“ setzt sich Obama politisch von McCain ab112. Am 13. Juli
bedauert Obama in einem Interview mit CNN, über das die
„Jerusalem Post“ berichtet, seine Aussage zum „ungeteilten
Jerusalem“: Sie sei schlecht formuliert gewesen. Er habe damit
gemeint, dass durch Jerusalem kein Stacheldraht gezogen werden
solle113.
Die für die jüdische Einwanderung nach Israel zuständige „Jewish
Agency“ präsentiert einen Plan, mit dem eine „flexible
Einwanderung“ gewährleistet werden soll: Bevor sich Juden zur
dauerhaften Niederlassung in Israel entscheiden, sollen sie die
Möglichkeit haben, sich an ihr neues Leben zu gewöhnen114. Die
„Jewish Agency“ reagiert mit diesem Programm auf die seit Jahren
rückläufige Einwanderung.
01.06.2008:
Nach wachsendem Druck im Zuge der drohenden Anklage wegen
Korruption und Bestechung115 willigt Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert
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116 – Chronologie 2008
in vorgezogene parteiinterne Wahlen („primaries“) zur Aufstellung
der Kandidaten für die nächsten Parlamentswahlen ein.
Israels Wohnungsbauminister Zeev Boim ordnet die Ausschreibung
für den Bau von 884 Wohneinheiten in Ost-Jerusalem an. Die
Proteste von Präsident Machmud Abbas beim Treffen mit
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert bleiben ergebnislos. Der
Siedlungsbau mache die israelisch-palästinensischen Gespräche
„alles andere als einfach“, betont Bundesaußenminister FrankWalter Steinmeier während seines Aufenthalts in Israel. Am 4. Juni
berichtet der palästinensische Ministerpräsident Salam Fayyad, dass
er die Europäische Union gebeten habe, von einer Aufwertung der
Beziehungen zu Israel Abstand zu nehmen, solange der
Siedlungsbau fortgesetzt wird.
Der ehemalige israelische Justizminister Yosef („Tommy“) Lapid, ein
Überlebender der Shoah aus Serbien, erliegt im Alter von 77 Jahren
in einem Tel Aviver Krankenhaus seinem Krebsleiden. Der Journalist
war 1999 an der Spitze der von ihm mitbegründeten Partei „Shinui
(Wandel)“ in die Knesset gewählt worden. Er wanderte 1948 mit
seiner Mutter in Israel ein, der Vater war in einem
Konzentrationslager ermordet worden. Nach dem Austritt der strikt
antireligiösen Partei aus der Koalition 2004 war Lapid bis zu seinem
Tode Vorsitzender des Direktoriums der Gedenkstätte „Yad vaShem“
in Jerusalem.
Während seiner achten Nahostreise trifft Bundesaußenminister
Frank-Walter Steinmeier zu einem eintägigen Besuch in Beirut ein
und wird von dem neuen Staatspräsidenten Michel Suleiman
empfangen. Durch eine großangelegte Vermittlung des
bundesdeutschen Nachrichtendienstes (BND) wird der zum Islam
konvertierte Nassim Nasser, Sohn einer jüdischen Mutter, der 1991
aus dem Libanon in Israel einwanderte und 2002 wegen Spionage
zu einer sechsjährigen Gefängnisstrafe verurteilt wurde, gegen die
sterblichen Überreste mehrerer israelischer Soldaten ausgetauscht.
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Es wird erwartet, dass der Gefangenenaustausch bald auch den seit
1980 in Israel wegen der brutalen Ermordung eines Vaters und
seiner Tochter in Nahariya einsitzenden Drusen Samir Kuntar und
die beiden seit Juni 2006 von der „Hisbollah“ verschleppten
israelischen Soldaten Ehud Goldwasser und Eldad Regev
einschließen werde
116
. Bei dem Anschlag Kuntars kamen außerdem
eine zweite Tochter in den Armen ihrer Mutter durch Ersticken und
ein israelischer Polizist ums Leben. Am Abend reist Steinmeier nach
Jerusalem weiter. Am 2. Juni trifft er dort mit Außenministerin Tsipi
Livni und Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak zusammen. Steinmeiers
geplante Fahrt nach dem Treffen mit Präsident Machmud Abbas von
Ramallah nach Jenin durch das Jordantal zur Besichtigung des mit
deutscher Hilfe geplanten Industrieparks wird von den israelischen
Behörden aus „Sicherheitsgründen“ untersagt.
Nach einem Bericht der „New York Times“ haben am Vortag an der
jährlichen „Salute to Israel Parade“ in der Stadt nur 50.000 Personen
teilgenommen, obwohl zu den Gästen Israels stellvertretender
Ministerpräsident Haim Ramon gehörte. Trotz erheblicher
Werbeanstrengungen seien besonders wenige Ex-Israelis unter den
Teilnehmern gewesen, berichtet das Blatt. Sie hätten eine kritischere
Einstellung zu ihrem Ursprungsland als die US-amerikanischen
Juden.
Mai 2008
30.05.2008:
Die „Middle East Times” berichtet, dass der Golfstaat Bahrain als
erstes arabisches Land die 43jährige jüdische Geschäftsfrau und
Mutter zweier Kinder, Huda Ezra Ibrahim Nonoo, als Botschafterin
nach Washington, D.C., schicken werde. Ihre Familie sei zu Beginn
des 20. Jahrhunderts aus Irak eingewandert. Das Blatt beziffert die
Zahl der in Bahrain lebenden Juden auf 40 Personen. Frau Nonoo
gehöre zu den Gründern der „Bahrain Human Rights Watch Society“,
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118 – Chronologie 2008
die mehrfach von sunnitischen und schiitischen Fundamentalisten
angegriffen worden sei. Die Gesamtbevölkerung des Königreichs
beträgt rund eine halbe Million. Rudolph Chimelli ergänzt am 2. Juni
in der „Süddeutschen Zeitung“, dass Nonoo zu den vierzig
Mitgliedern der Beratenden Versammlung („Shura“) gehöre, die vom
König ernannt wird, und dass nach Auffassung von Kritikern die
genannte Menschenrechtsorganisation eine Scheinorganisation zur
Förderung von Regierungsinteressen sei. Zu den in Bahrain
lebenden sieben jüdischen Familien gehören nach Angaben von
Chimelli 37 Menschen. Die Gesamtbevölkerung betrage 530.000
Personen.
Nach internationalen Medienberichten hat die Leitung der
einflussreichsten islamischen Hochschule in Asien mit Sitz im
indischen New Delhi ein Rechtsgutachten („Fatwa“) gegen den
Terrorismus mit der Begründung erlassen, dass der Islam eine
friedliebende Religion sei. Der Terrorismus sei eine Geißel der
Menschheit, heißt es in dem Text.
26.05.2008:
Professor Emeritus David Mumford von der Brown und der Harvard
University, der 2008 den prestigeträchtigen „Wolf Foundation Prize”
in Mathematik aus den Händen von Staatspräsident Shimon Peres
erhielt, kündigt an, dass er sein Preisgeld, das er mit zwei anderen
Wissenschaftlern teilt, der Bir Zeit-Universität bei Ramallah für
studentische Austauschprogramme zur Verfügung stellen wird117.
25.05.2008:
Palästinensische Quellen erklären laut Agenturmeldungen, dass
Israel bei den Verhandlungen mit den Palästinensern 91,5 Prozent
der Westbank – ohne Jerusalem – im Austausch für Gebiete in Israel
angeboten habe, dass aber die palästinensischen Unterhändler
lediglich zu einem Gebietsaustausch in der Größenordnung von 1,8
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119 – Chronologie 2008
Prozent bereit seien. Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert
bezeichnet am 26. Mai vor dem Außen- und Sicherheitspolitischen
Ausschuss der Knesset die Vorstellung als „Halluzination“, dass
Israel alle 1967 eroberten Gebiete behalten könne. Gleichzeitig
erteilt er Forderungen nach einem Israel als „Staat aller seiner
Bürger“ eine Absage. Dieser, auf die Ein-Staat-Lösung zulaufende
„sehr gefährliche Prozess“ gewinne bei den Eliten in den USA an
Zustimmung.
24.05.2008:
Der US-amerikanische Historiker Norman Finkelstein wird bei der
Einreise am Flughafen Lod von israelischen Sicherheitskräften
gehindert und nach mehrstündigem Verhör mit einem Flugzeug nach
Amsterdam zurückgeschickt. Entgegen offiziellen Angaben betont
Finkelstein, dem Verbindungen zu „Hisbollah“ und „al-Qaida“
vorgeworfen werden, dass er den Sicherheitskräften alle
notwendigen Angaben gemacht habe. Der von ihm eingeschaltete
israelische Anwalt Michael Sfarad kritisiert die Verhörmethoden als
„Verhalten wie von Ländern des Sowjetblocks“.
23.05.2008:
Das in Jerusalem ansässige „UN Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)” berichtet, dass die Zahl der von Israel
errichteten Sperren in der Westbank zwischen dem 4. September
2007 und dem 29. April 2008 um sieben Prozent auf 607
angestiegen sei. Während 103 Sperren abgebaut worden seien,
seien 144 neue hinzugekommen. Im Mai 2008 habe das Militär
weitere sieben Sperren abgebaut. Israel-Korrespondent Jörg Bremer
stellt am 26. Mai in der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung“ einen
Zusammenhang zwischen der steigenden Zahl der Sperranlagen,
die vor allem der Sicherheit der Siedler dienen würden, und dem
beendigten Weiterbau der „Trennungsmauern“ her.
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21.05.2008:
Die israelische und die syrische Regierung verständigen sich auf den
Beginn indirekter Verhandlungen unter Vermittlung der Türkei. Zu
den umstrittenen Golanhöhen soll Ehud Olmert eine „Formel“
übermittelt haben, deren Einzelheiten noch geheim seien, heißt es
im Umfeld des israelischen Ministerpräsidenten118. Die „Jerusalem
Post“ berichtet am 23. Mai, dass der demokratische USPräsidentschaftskandidat Barack Obama die Aufnahme von
Verhandlungen begrüße. Am 24. Mai erklärt der frühere
Generalstabschef Dan Halutz in Beersheva, dass die Golanhöhen
für die Sicherheit Israels nicht unverzichtbar seien. Am selben Tag
weist die syrische Regierung israelische Forderungen zurück, als
Vorbedingung für Gespräche die Beziehungen zu Teheran zu
kappen.
In Bethlehem treffen sich Hunderte Geschäftsleute, Investoren und
Politiker zu einer Tagung unter dem Titel „Palestine is open for
business“. Nach seinen Gesprächen mit Ministerpräsident Ehud
Olmert, Außenministerin Tsipi Livni und Verteidigungsminister Ehud
Barak in Jerusalem am 22. Mai erklärt der französische
Außenminister Bernard Kouchner Tags darauf in Bethlehem, dass
„nichts die Erweiterung der Siedlungen, die ein Friedenshindernis
sind und die palästinensische Wirtschaftsentwicklung behindern,
rechtfertigen“ könne. Die Tagung endet mit der Zusage von
Investitionen in Höhe von 1,4 Milliarden US-Dollar119.
19.05.2008:
Der französische Außenminister Bernard Kouchner bestätigt in
einem Rundfunkinterview „Kontakte“ zu dem „Hamas“-Chef im
Gazastreifen Ismail Haniyeh und dem „Hamas“-Ideologen Machmud
Zahhar.
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121 – Chronologie 2008
18.05.2008:
Zum Abschluss seiner Besuche in Israel, Saudi-Arabien und Ägypten
fordert US-Präsident George W. Bush auf dem Weltwirtschaftsforum
im ägyptischen Badeort Sharm el-Sheikh die arabischen Staaten zu
politischen und wirtschaftlichen Reformen auf. Sie sollten die
Menschenrechte mehr achten. Er äußert die Erwartung, dass sie
sich den Bemühungen anschließen, Iran von seinem atomaren
Entwicklungsprogrammen abzubringen. Außerdem hoffe er, dass bis
zum Ende seiner Amtszeit ein palästinensischer Staat gegründet
werden könne. Mit politischer Führungskraft und mit Mut sei dieses
Ziel zu erreichen, das den dauerhaften Frieden ermögliche.
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert kündigt eine baldige
„strategische Entscheidung“ an, „wir stehen an der Wegegabelung“.
Der Raketenbeschuss aus dem Gazastreifen müsse beendet
werden.
17.05.2008:
Der Israel-Korrespondent der „Süddeutschen Zeitung” Thorsten
Schmitz berichtet, dass zum Bau der auf 790 Kilometer konzipierten
langen „Trennungsmauern“ bisher 90.000 Olivenbäume in den
palästinensischen Gebieten entwurzelt worden seien.
16.05.2008:
Der frühere Generaldirektor im Jerusalemer Auswärtigen Amt Alon
Liel120 bittet in einem Offenen Brief US-Präsident George W. Bush
um die Entendung eines Sondergesandten zur Überwachung der
diplomatischen Kontakte zwischen Israel und Syrien. Die Syrer, so
würden ihm – Bush – angesehene Orientalisten in Jerusalem
bestätigen können, fürchten die Iraner ebenso wie die Israelis121.
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122 – Chronologie 2008
Der Führer von „Al-Qaida (Die Basis)“, Usama Bin-Laden, sagt in
einer Tonbandbotschaft Israel und seinen westlichen Verbündeten
den totalen Kampf an.
Kurz vor dem Besuch von US-Präsident George W. Bush in Riyadh
kündigt das Weiße Haus an, dass die USA Saudi-Arabien bei der
Entwicklung eines zivilen Atomprogramms helfen wollen.
Die iranische Geheimpolizei verhaftet die gesamte Führung der
Bahai, die mit 300.000 Gläubigen die größte nicht-moslemische
Religionsgemeinschaft im Lande ist. Der Führung wird Kollaboration
mit den USA und Israel vorgeworfen; in Haifa befindet sich das
Weltzentrum der Religionsgemeinschaft, weil dort ihr Gründer
bestattet ist. Die im 19. Jahrhundert entstandene
Glaubensgemeinschaft hatten ihren Mittelpunkt im Iran und wanderte
auf ormanischen Druck allmählich nach Bagdad und in die Nähe von
Istanbul weiter, berichtet Wolfgang Günter Lerch am 7. August in der
„Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung“. Im August 1980 verschwanden
schon einmal sämtliche Mitglieder des „Nationalen Geistigen Rates“
der Bahai, im Dezember 1981 wurden ihre Nachfolger
hingerichtet122. Am 10. Februar 2009 veröffentlicht dieselbe Zeitung
Auszüge aus einem Offfenen Brief von mehr als 40 iranischen
Intellektuellen und Künstlern, die vornehmlich in Deutschland, den
USA und Kanada leben, in dem es heißt: „Wir sind beschämt, dass
die Gemeinschaft der iranischen Intellektuellen schwieg, als diese
Gruppe unserer Landsleute [gemeint sind die Bahai-Anhänger] auch
nach der harten Unterdrückung in den ersten Jahrzehnten der
Entstehung ihres Glaubens … Verfolgung ausgesetzt wurden“. Seit
der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts seien ihr etwa zwanzigtausend
Menschen zum Opfer gefallen.
Bei den vorgezogenen Parlamentswahlen in Kuwait, an denen
sechzig Prozent der rund 360.000 Wahlberechtigten teilnehmen,
verstärken die sunnitischen und schiitischen Kandidaten ihr Gewicht
von fünf auf 26 Mandate und verfügen damit über eine knappe
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123 – Chronologie 2008
Mehrheit in der Abgeordnetenkammer. Eine Frau gehört ihr nach wie
vor nicht an.
15.05.2008:
In einem vertraulichen Brief an Israels Ministerpräsidenten Ehud
Olmert setzen sich die Abgeordneten Yossi Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“)
und Amnon Lipkin-Shahak (Arbeitspartei) sowie ein früherer Chef
des Inlandsgeheimdienstes „Shin Bet“ und ein ehemaliger
Kommandeur des Militärs im Gazastreifen für einen vertraulichen
Dialog mit „Hamas“ ein. Der Boykott der Islamischen
Widerstandsbewegung sei gescheitert, fügt der frühere Direktor des
„Yaffee Center for Strategic Studies“ an der Universität Tel Aviv und
heutige Co-Herausgeber des Internetportals „bitterlemons“, Yossi
Alpher, hinzu.
14.05.2008:
Bei seinem Besuch in Israel betont US-Präsident George W. Bush
die Vertiefung der strategischen Partnerschaft zwischen beiden
Ländern. Ziel der USA sei es, seinen stärksten Partner und Freund
zu unterstützen – Israel habe 307 Millionen Einwohner – und über
seine „hoffnungsvolle Zukunft“ zu sprechen. In seiner Ansprache am
15. Mai vor der Knesset wiederholt Bush diese Verpflichtung und
nennt Israel die „freieste Demokratie im Nahen Osten“. Das Regime
im Iran bezeichnet er als einen „unverzeihlichen Verrat künftiger
Generationen“123. In seiner Erwiderung, bei der mehrere jüdische
Abgeordnete aus Protest das Plenum verlassen – auch arabische
Abgeordnete weigern sich, an der Sitzung teilzunehmen –, zeigt sich
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert davon überzeugt, dass die Mehrheit
der israelischen Bevölkerung die Zweistaatenregelung unterstütze124.
In Ramallah und Gaza-City demonstrieren mehrere zehntausend
Menschen mit schwarzen Luftballons und fordern die Durchsetzung
des Rechts auf Rückkehr.
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124 – Chronologie 2008
Im Interview mit dem „Deutschlandfunk“ bringt Israels
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert seine Erwartung zum Ausdruck, dass
noch in diesem Jahr eine grundlegende Vereinbarung mit der
Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde zustande kommen werde.
Olmert betont, dass dabei die nationalen Interessen Israels nicht
verletzt werden dürften. Der an der George Washington University
lehrende Politologe Nathan J. Brown hingegen kommt dem Schluss,
dass der mit der Madrider internationalen Konferenz im Oktober
1991 in Gang gesetzte Friedensprozess zu seinem Ende gekommen
sei, und stellt seinen Beitrag in der Mai-Ausgabe des Internetforums
des „Carnegie Endowment for International Peace“ unter die
Überschrift „Sunset for the Two-State Solution?“. Der Wahlsieg von
„Hamas“ im Januar 2006 sei keine vorübergehende Erscheinung,
und die israelische Politik habe in den vergangenen vier Jahrzehnten
alles daran gesetzt, einer Zweistaatenregelung die
Lebensgrundlagen zu entziehen. Die internationale
Staatengemeinschaft schließlich habe mit ihrem Boykott von
„Hamas“ auch die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde und ihre
Institutionen bestraft.
In Ashkelon schlägt eine Rakete ein, die im Gazastreifen abgefeuert
worden ist, und verletzt 15 Personen.
13.05.2008:
In seiner Ansprache anlässlich des 60. Gründungsjubiläums Israels
wendet sich der palästinensische Ministerpräsident Salam Fayyad an
die israelische Bevölkerung mit der Frage, wie sie im Wissen um die
damaligen Begleitumstände die palästinensische „Nakba“, die
Siedlungspolitik, die Verbrechen der Siedler, die Haltung des Staates
und das Verhalten der Okkupationsarmee feiern könne. Wenn beide
Völker nicht gemeinsam im Rahmen des Friedens feiern könnten,
gebe es nichts zu feiern.
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125 – Chronologie 2008
Angesichts einer drohenden Anklage gegen Ministerpräsident Ehud
Olmert wegen Betrug, Korruption und Bestechung erklärt USPräsident George W. Bush am Vorabend seines Besuchs in
Jerusalem im Gespräch mit israelischen Journalisten in Washington,
D.C., dass der Friedensprozess nicht allein vom Wirken einer
einzelnen Person abhänge, und nennt als personelle Alternativen zu
Olmert Außenministerin Tsipi Livni und Verteidigungsminister Ehud
Barak. Die USA, fährt Bush fort, könnten keinen Frieden erzwingen,
doch brauchten die Palästinenser einen territorial geschlossenen
Staat und keinen „Schweizer Käse“. Auch wenn er Israel gezwungen
habe, im Januar 2006 palästinensische Wahlen mit dem Ergebnis
des „Hamas“-Sieges zuzulassen, bedauere er seinen Vorstoß im
nachhinein nicht
125
.
10.05.2008:
Daniel Barenboim veröffentlicht im Berliner „Tagesspiegel“ einen
sehr persönlichen Beitrag über sein Leben als Musiker, Ehemann
126
und politisch denkender Mensch in Israel
.
09.05.2008:
Ein Gärtner wird im Kibbutz Aza durch eine Rakete aus dem
Gazastreifen getötet. Die israelische Armee tötet vier „Hamas“Angehörige in einem Vergeltungsschlag.
08.05.2008:
Der Staat und die jüdische Bevölkerung begehen den 60. Jahrestag
der Gründung Israels mit Festen, Veranstaltungen und
Militärparaden. In palästinensischen Fenstern sind dagegen
schwarze Fahnen zu sehen. Daniel Barenboim, Chef des „WestÖstlichen Divan Orchesters“, den Tom Segev den „berühmtesten
und am meisten verehrten Israeli auf der Welt“ nennt127, verzichtet
auf seine Anwesenheit bei den Feierlichkeiten, zumal da die
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126 – Chronologie 2008
israelischen Behörden den aus arabischen und moslemischen
Staaten stammenden Orchestermitgliedern die Einreise verweht
hätten
128
.
Jordaniens Behörden untersagen Veranstaltungen aus Anlass des
palästinensischen Flucht- und Vertreibungsdramas („Nakba“)
1947/48. Vermutet wird, dass sie damit die Kritik an der jordanischen
Politik unterbinden wollen, die damals kein Interesse an der
Entstehung eines palästinensischen Staates an den Tag legte.
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert kündigt an, dass er zurücktreten
werde, sollte die Justiz Anklage wegen Korruption erheben. Olmert
wird vorgeworfen, von einem US-amerikanischen Geschäftsmann in
seiner Amtszeit als Jerusalemer Bürgermeister mehrere
hunderttausend US-Dollar für private Zwecke angenommen zu
haben. Das israelische Parteiengesetz verbietet die Annahme von
ausländischen Finanzmitteln.
Das „Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR)“ in Ramallah
protestiert gegen die vorübergehende Festnahme von drei
palästinensischen Journalisten in Bethlehem, Hebron und Kalkilya,
denen die politische Nähe zu „Hamas“ vorgeworfen wird, durch die
„Allgemeinen Palästinensischen Sicherheitsdienste“. Die Festnahme
widerspreche der Pressefreiheit und dem Recht auf freie
Meinungsäußerung gemäß der palästinensischen Verfassung und
internationalen Rechtsbestimmungen.
Das Komitee für den internationalen Aachener Friedenspreis teilt mit,
dass die diesjährige Auszeichnung am 1. September in Aachen an
die israelische Frauengruppe „Machsom Watch“ verliehen wird.
07.05.2008:
Nachdem die libanesische Regierung das mit Syrien verbundene
organisationseigene Telekommunikationsnetz der „Hisbollah“
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127 – Chronologie 2008
gekappt hat, brechen in Beirut schwere Straßenkämpfe zwischen
Anhängern der schiitischen „Hisbollah“ von Sayyed Hassan
Nasrallah und der Regierung unter Führung des sunnitischen
Ministerpräsidenten Fuad Siniora aus. Die libanesische Fluglinie
„Middle East Airlines“ stellt ihren Betrieb ein, ihr Sicherheitschef
Wafif Shawkeer wird entmachtet. Die Behörden schließen den Hafen
von Beirut. Die Kämpfe greifen auch auf die Hafenstadt Tripoli über.
Beobachter befürchten einen neuen Bürgerkrieg, weil das Militär in
die Auseinandersetzungen hineingezogen werden und als
Ordnungsfaktor ausfallen könnte. Die christlichen Parteien und
Milizen halten sich vorerst in dem schiitisch-sunnitischen
Machtkampf ersichtlich zurück, obwohl die „Hisbollah“ die Residenz
des maronitischen Politikers Saad Hariri sowie seinen TV-Sender
und seine Zeitung angreift. Die Außenminister der arabischen
Staaten rufen in einer Dringlichkeitssitzung in Kairo die Parteien zur
Beendigung der Gewalt auf, können jedoch ihre politische
Hilflosigkeit nicht vertuschen. Ägypten und Saudi-Arabien befürchten
eine schiitische Vormachtstellung in Libanon. Dagegen beschuldigen
die Regierungen in Teheran und Damaskus die USA und Israel, für
den Gewaltausbruch verantwortlich zu sein. Am 10. Mai vereinbaren
Regierung und „Hisbollah“ einen brüchigen Waffenstand, wobei die
„Partei Gottes“ ankündigt, den zivilen Widerstand fortzusetzen.
Markus Bickel weist am selben Tag in der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen
Zeitung“ darauf hin, dass die Kommandeure der im Herbst 2006
eingesetzten UN-Schutztruppe (UNIFIL) die in der UN-Resolution
1701 vorgesehene Entwaffnung der „Hisbollah“ ablehnen, solange
diese ihr nicht selbst zustimme. In einer öffentlichen Erklärung
beschuldigt Siniora am 11. Mai die „Hisbollah“, in Beirut schlimmer
gehaust zu haben, „als es der israelische Feind gewagt hat“. Tomas
Avenarius erwartet am 13. Mai in der „Süddeutschen Zeitung“ die
„Hisbollahrisierung“ Libanons. Am 15. Mai nimmt die Regierung die
Entmachtung des Sicherheitschefs des Beiruter Flughafens und die
Zerschlagung des illegalen „Hisbollah“-Telefonnetzes zurück, das
von der Armee überprüft werden soll. Daraufhin willigt die „Partei
Gottes“ in Vermittlungsgespräche mit der Regierung in Qatar ein, die
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128 – Chronologie 2008
am 16. Mai beginnen. Das nahöstliche Konfliktgeschehen,
kommentiert Avenarius am 16. Mai, sei inzwischen so eng vernetzt,
dass sich die einzelnen Schlachten kaum mehr getrennt schlagen
lassen. Nachdem bei den bürgerkriegsähnlichen Kämpfen 81
Menschen ums Leben gekommen sind, verständigen sich am 21.
Mai die beiden libanesischen Konfliktparteien nach neunzehn
fehlgeschlagenen Versuchen auf die Wahl des bisherigen
Oberkommandierenden Michel Suleiman zum neuen
Staatspräsidenten am 25. Mai. Ferner wird vereinbart, dass elf der
dreißig Personen umfassenden „Regierung der nationalen Einheit“
mit Angehörigen der „Amal“-Partei von Parlamentspräsident Nabih
Berri und ihren Verbündeten besetzt werden, dass sie über eine
Sperrminorität verfügen sollen und dass ein neues Wahlgesetz
vorbereitet wird, das der demographischen Entwicklung seit den
frühen 1940er Jahren Rechnung trägt129. Am 25. Mai erhält der
59jährige Suleiman bei seiner Wahl zum neuen Staatspräsidenten
118 von 127 Stimmen im Parlament. Nach seiner Wahl wird die
Bildung der neuen Regierung eingeleitet. Von den dreißig
Kabinettsmitgliedern werden drei vom Staatspräsidenten ernannt.
06.05.2008:
Das Statistische Zentralamt Israels berichtet, dass sich die
Bevölkerung des Landes am Vorabend der Feiern zum 60.
Gründungsjubiläum auf 7,282 Millionen Menschen beläuft, von
denen zwanzig Prozent arabischer Herkunft sind.
In der Internetausgabe der „Süddeutschen Zeitung“ äußert sich der
frühere israelische Botschafter in Deutschland, Avi Primor, skeptisch
über die Erfolgsaussichten der gegenwärtigen israelischpalästinensischen Verhandlungen. Das Versprechen von USPräsident George W. Bush habe keine großen Chancen, bis Ende
2008 eine Verständigung durchzusetzen. Für die
Sicherheitsbedürfnisse Israels brauche es keine unterschriebenen
Papiere, Versprechen und internationalen Garantien – „das ist alles
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129 – Chronologie 2008
Quatsch“ –, sondern eine internationale Truppe, „die wirklich
gerüstet ist. Und die zweitens eine ganz klare Mission hat, Sicherheit
zu erzwingen.“ Dafür würde er, Primor, muslimische Truppen etwa
aus der Türkei befürworten. Dagegen sollten die Europäer
einschließlich der Deutschen mehr politische Verantwortung
übernehmen.
Nach dem Sieg bei den studentischen Parlamentswahlen an der Bir
Zeit-Universität nahe Ramallah setzen sich auch die „Fatah“Kandidaten mit 21 gegen 20 Sitze für „Hamas“ an der Universität in
Hebron durch.
05.05.2008:
Israels Generalstaatsanwalt Menachem Mazouz erhebt Anklage
gegen den früheren Finanzminister Avraham Hirchson wegen
Veruntreuung, Amtsmissbrauch, Geldwäsche und Bestechung.
In einem Rückblick auf die Entstehungsgeschichte Israels zitiert Ofri
Ilani in der hebräischen Ausgabe von „Haaretz“ aus den jetzt
erstmals vorliegenden Tagebüchern des damaligen Rektors der
Hebräischen Universität, Judah L. Magnes (1877 – 1948) aus der
Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Bei einer Begegnung mit USPräsident Harry Truman habe er versucht, die Amerikaner von der
Anerkennung eines jüdischen und eines arabischen Staates in
Palästina abzuhalten, weil ihrer Errichtung immer neue Kriege folgen
würden. Magnes habe sogar die Verhängung von Sanktionen gegen
beide Staaten vorgeschlagen. Am 7. Mai äußert der palästinensische
Kulturwissenschaftler und Archäologe Nazmi Jubeh, der zum
inneren Kreis der „Genfer Initiative“ gehörte, im Interview mit der
Berliner „taz“ Zweifel, „ob eine Zwei-Staaten-Lösung überhaupt
[noch] sinnvoll, logisch und hilfreich für uns ist. Dies ist keine
Intellektuellendebatte mehr, sondern das interessiert inzwischen
breite Schichten. Die Zahl derjenigen, die nicht mehr an eine ZweiStaaten-Regelung glauben, wächst täglich
130
.“
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130 – Chronologie 2008
Das „Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN)“ fordert
die libanesischen Behörden auf, die ausbeuterischen
Arbeitsbedingungen der überwiegend aus dem Ausland
stammenden Haushaltskräfte nachhaltig zu verbessern. Ihre
Beschwerden würden die Verweigerung und Verzögerung von
Lohnauszahlungen, verweigerte Freizeiten und Ausgehsperren
sowie übermäßig lange Arbeitszeiten einschließen. Zum Missbrauch
gehöre auch die unsichtbare sexuelle Drangsalierung von Frauen.
04.05.2008:
In der gemeinsamen Pressekonferenz mit ihrer israelischen Kollegin
Tsipi Livni wiederholt US-Außenministerin Condoleezza Rice in
Jerusalem den Wunsch nach einer Vereinbarung zwischen Israel
und den Palästinensern bis Ende 2008. Berater von Präsident
Machmud Abbas werden mit der Ankündigung zitiert, dass dieser
zurücktreten werde, wenn in den kommenden Monaten keine
sichtbaren Ergebnisse erzielt würden. Zwei Tage zuvor betont Livni
in London die israelische „Vision zweier Staaten für zwei Völker“, die
in Frieden, Sicherheit und Wohlstand nebeneinander leben. Es
vergehe fast kein Tag ohne Verhandlungen.
02.05.2008:
In einer Londoner Erklärung verlangt das „Nahost-Quartett“ unter
Mitwirkung seines Repräsentanten Tony Blair kontinuierliche und
intensive Verhandlungen zwischen Israel und der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde mit dem Ziel der Schaffung eines
palästinensischen Staates in der Westbank und im Gazastreifen
unter dem Schirm der „Road Map“. Deshalb beklagt das „Quartett“
die fortgesetzten Siedlungsaktivitäten und fordert Israel zu ihrer
Einstellung auf. Schließlich verlangen die Außenminister von den
arabischen Geberstaaten, ihre Zusagen von der Pariser Konferenz
Mitte Dezember 2007 einzuhalten
131
.
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131 – Chronologie 2008
Ghait al-Omari, der in den Jahren 2001 bis 2003 zum
palästinensischen Team der „Genfer Initiative“ gehörte und heute
in Washington, D.C., arbeitet, warnt in einem Kommentar vor der
Illusion, dass die Einbindung von „Hamas“ in den
Verhandlungsprozess ihre Politik erheblich verändern würde.
„Hamas“ weise nicht die Zweistaatenregelung zurück, doch sei ihr
Verhalten einer kalten rationalen Logik verpflichtet. Bisher habe sich
gezeigt, dass ihr die Verweigerung von Kompromissen nach innen
und außen genutzt habe. Gegenüber Israel hätten sich selbst die
pragmatischsten Stimmen lediglich zu einer vorläufigen Waffenruhe
bereit erklärt. Nach innen laute die Botschaft, dass sich Extremismus
auszahle. Die Marginalisierung von „Hamas“ werde nur dann
gelingen, wenn die moderaten palästinensischen Kräfte einen
lebensfähigen palästinensischen Staat auf dem Verhandlungsweg
durchsetzen könnten. Der Autor plädiert deshalb für die
Wiederbelebung der Vereinbarungen von Annapolis im November
2007132.
In einem Interview mit der „Frankfurter Rundschau” macht der in
Jerusalem lebende Historiker und Publizist Tom Segev die
gemeinsame israelische Identität vor allem an der hebräischen
Sprache fest. Obwohl viele junge Israelis einen zweiten Pass
besitzen, glaubten sie nicht mehr an einen Frieden mit den
Palästinensern. Aufgrund des „religiösen Wahnsinns“ auf beiden
Seiten glaube auch er, Segev, nicht mehr an den Frieden. Israel
steuere noch mehr auf eine Apartheid zu. Am Ende laufe es
entweder auf eine weitere Unterdrückung der Palästinenser oder auf
eine binationale Lösung hinaus. Segev wirft Angela Merkel vor, dass
sie bei ihrem Besuch im März die israelische Regierung völlig
kritiklos gewürdigt habe, obwohl im Lande selbst die Diskussion über
diese Politik offener, schmerzhafter und manchmal gewalttätiger sei.
Das „Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN)“
protestiert mit anderen Menschenrechtsorganisationen gegen die
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132 – Chronologie 2008
Exekution von vier Personen in syrischen Gefängnissen im April. Im
Verlauf des Jahres 2007 seien in Saudi-Arabien mindestens 158
Personen, darunter drei Frauen und Kinder, hingerichtet worden. 76
von ihnen seien ausländische Staatsbürger gewesen.
01.05.2008:
Nach zweitägigen Beratungen verabschieden der Vatikan und
iranische Theologen in Rom eine sieben Punkte umfassende
Erklärung zum Verhältnis zwischen Glaube, Vernunft und Gewalt.
Darin betonen sie, dass sich Glaube und Vernunft nicht
widersprechen können und nicht zur Rechtfertigung von Gewalt
missbraucht werden dürfen133.
In Anwesenheit des ungarischen Verteidigungsministers, des
stellvertretenden israelischen Erziehungsministers, des Präsidenten
der Europäisch-Jüdischen Union in Frankreich, des früheren
aschkenasischen Oberrabbiners Israels, hinterbliebenen israelischen
Familien, verwundeten [israelischen] Soldaten und ihren Familien,
Mitgliedern der Delegation „Zeugen in [israelischer] Uniform“ des
israelischen Militärs, jungen Menschen aus Israel und aus aller Welt,
israelischen Staatsbürgern sowie Freunden und Gästen aus aller
Welt hält der israelische Generalstabschef Gabi Aschkenasi eine
Ansprache beim „Marsch der Lebenden“ im früheren
Vernichtungslager Auschwitz-Birkenau. Darin rühmt er den Mut und
die Entschlossenheit der israelischen Kämpfer und Kommandeure
bei der Ausführung des letzten Willens, der Träume und der stillen
Gebete der sechs Millionen jüdischen Ermordeten. „Nie wieder!“ ruft
Ashkenazi der Welt zu, werde es Israel zulassen, bei den anderen
um Gnade zu bitten134.
April 2008
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133 – Chronologie 2008
April 2008:
In seinem „War and Peace Index“ für den Monat April berichtet das
„Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research“ an der Universität Tel
Aviv aus seiner Meinungsumfrage, dass 66 Prozent der jüdischen
Israelis nicht an eine Vereinbarung mit Syrien und 70 Prozent an
keine Vereinbarung mit den Palästinensern glauben. Nur 19 Prozent
befürworten den Rückzug Israels von den Golanhöhen im Gegenzug
für einen Friedensvertrag mit Damaskus, 34 Prozent sind gegen
Verhandlungen mit den Palästinensern, obwohl 70 Prozent die
Formel von der Zweistaatenregelung unterstützen. 55 Prozent
sprechen sich gegen die Übergabe der arabischen Stadtviertel
Jerusalems an die Palästinenser aus, und 60 Prozent lehnen eine
gemeinsame israelisch-palästinensische Verwaltung der heiligen
Stätten ab. 17 Prozent befürchten einen gewaltsamen Aufstand der
arabischen Bürger gegen den Staat. 78 Prozent der jüdischen
Israelis vertreten die Auffassung, dass Israel auf militärischem
Gebiet erfolgreich sei.
28.04.2008:
Das israelische Militär tötet mit einem Geschoss in Beit Hanoun
(Gazastreifen) sieben Palästinenser – darunter eine Mutter mit vier
Kindern zwischen 15 Monate und sechs Jahren während des
Frühstücks sowie einen 17jährigen Passanten –, andere werden
verletzt. Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert bedauert den Tod, macht
aber wie Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak die Raketenangriffe von
„Hamas“ verantwortlich. In israelischen Presseberichten wird am 30.
April eine Untersuchung des Militärs zitiert, wonach die Toten durch
die Detonation eines palästinensischen Sprengkörpers ums Leben
gekommen sein sollen. Der liberal-konservative Uzi Benziman warnt
in einem „Haaretz“-Kommentar davor, den Tod dem Feind in die
Schuhe zu schieben. Die offizielle Lesart erinnere an frühere
Vorfälle, bei denen das israelische Militär später eigenes Versagen
habe einräumen müssen
135
.
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134 – Chronologie 2008
Ein palästinensisches Militärgericht in Hebron fällt ein Todesurteil
gegen den 25jährigen Polizeioffizier Imad Sa’ed, der der
Kollaboration mit den israelischen Sicherheitsdiensten beschuldigt
worden ist. Präsident Machmud Abbas muss das Urteil bestätigen.
Das „Palestinian Center for Human Rights (PCHR)“ appelliert an ihn,
die Todesstrafe umzuwandeln
136
. Die Exekution wäre die erste seit
sieben Jahren. Am 10. Juni teilen die palästinensischen Behörden
mit, dass Sa’ed nicht hingerichtet werden soll. Über die Dauer seiner
geplanten Inhaftierung wird nichts mitgeteilt.
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert bezeichnet die Gründung des
Staates Israel als das historische Wunder des 20. Jahrhunderts und
würdigt bei der Eröffnung der Ausstellung „Meine Heimat“ im
Holocaust-Museum „Yad vaShem“ in Jerusalem den Beitrag, den die
Überlebenden der Shoah zum Aufbau des Staates geleistet
haben
137
.
Nach einem Bericht der „Jerusalem Post“ hat sich die israelische
„Pensionistenpartei“ gespalten, die bei den Wahlen 2006 sieben
Parlamentssitze errang und mit zwei Kabinettsposten in die
Regierung einrückte. Die Abspaltung zweier Mandatsträger will
künftig den Namen „Gerechtigkeit für Rentner“ führen. Sie stehen
dem aus Russland eingewanderten und umstrittenen Multimillionär
Arcadi Gaydamek und seiner Gruppierung „Soziale Gerechtigkeit“
nahe.
26.04.2008:
Aus Israel kommend, sollen während der Pessach-Woche, die an
diesem Tag zu Ende geht, über 50.000 Touristen Hebron besucht
haben. Das israelische Militär habe alles in seiner Macht Stehende
getan, um ihnen den Übergang über die 112 Kontrollstellen in der
Stadt zu erleichtern. Nach palästinensischen Angaben gibt es
außerhalb der Stadt weitere 156 Kontrollpunkte.
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25.04.2008:
In einer Ansprache vor der „American Task Force on Palestine“ –
einem Zusammenschluss von US-amerikanischen Staatsbürgern
vorwiegend palästinensischer Herkunft – in Zusammenarbeit mit
dem „Saban Center for Middle East Policy“ in Washington, D.C.,
scheut der vormalige Leiter des palästinensischen Teams der
„Genfer Initiative“, Yasser Abed Rabbo, voreiner Prognose zurück,
ob der israelisch-palästinensische Konflikt auf einen Kompromiss
oder eine politische Katastrophe zusteuere. Ein Vergleich zwischen
Worten und Taten der politisch Verantwortlichen in den USA und in
Israel laufe auf eine Schizophrenie hinaus. Ähnliche Skepsis äußert
der frühere Nahost-Berater von Bill Clinton, Aaron David Miller138, auf
derselben Veranstaltung. Deutliche Kritik übt Miller an der US-Politik,
der er während des Gipfeltreffens in Camp David im Juli 2000 eine
Voreingenommenheit zugunsten Israels vorhält. Der damalige
Präsident habe keine Strategie gehabt, sondern nur Taktik139. Am 8.
Mai zitiert die „Los Angeles Times“ Abed Rabbo mit den Worten,
dass die Zahl der Palästinenser auch im Kreis rational denkender
Intellektueller abnehme, die noch an die Zweistaatenregelung
glauben. Eine kleine, aber wachsende Zahl von gemäßigten
Palästinensern würde die Auffassung vertreten, fährt das Blatt fort,
dass die israelischen Angebote einer palästinensischen
Unabhängigkeit weniger Gewinn erbringe als ein gemeinsamer
jüdisch-arabischer Staat unter Einbeziehung der Westbank und des
Gazastreifens. Nach den Worten von Qadura Faris, der zu den
palästinensischen Erstunterzeichnern der „Genfer Initiative“
gehörte, sei die palästinensische Strategie der Zweistaatenregelung
erschöpft, so dass die politischen Ziele überdacht werden müssten.
Außerdem habe der politisch unabhängige Kolumnist Ali Jarbawi
Israel mit den Worten angesprochen: „I would say, ‚Be our guest.
Continue your occupation. But we’re going to declare this is all one
state and ask for equal rights. Are you going to be able to keep us
140
under control for another 40 years?’
”
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Die „New York Times“ berichtet, dass prominente US-amerikanische
Juden eine neue Israel-Lobby-Gruppe in Washington, D.C., unter
der Bezeichnung „J Street“ gegründet haben
141
, um den Einfluss von
Organisationen wie dem „American Israel Public Affairs Committee
(AIPAC)“ einzudämmen. Die Gruppe wolle Kandidaten bei den
Wahlen im Herbst unterstützen, die sich nachdrücklich für die
Zweistaatenregelung und die Unterstützung der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde einsetzen. Zu den Initiatoren von „J Street“
gehöre der frühere juristische Berater des israelischen Teams der
142
„Genfer Initiative“, Daniel Levy
. In AIPAC-Kreisen werde
herablassend darauf hingewiesen, dass der Haushalt von „J Street“
nicht mehr als 1,5 Millionen US-Dollar beträgt, während AIPAC
hundert Millionen US-Dollar zur Verfügung stehen.
24.04.2008:
Unter Leitung von Qadura Faris („Fatah“) und dem früheren
Erziehungsminister Nasser Addein al-Shaer („Hamas“) veranstaltet
die „Palestinian Peace Coalition / Geneva Initiative“ in Ramallah
eine Konferenz mit Jugendvertretern und Repräsentanten der
Zivilgesellschaft. Al-Shaer, Stellvertreter von Ismail Haniyeh im
Gazastreifen, gilt als der „starke Mann“ von „Hamas“ in der
Westbank.
Beim 35 Minuten dauernden Treffen von US-Präsident George W.
Bush mit dem palästinensischen Präsidenten Machmud Abbas in
Washington, D.C., betont Bush, dass „ein palästinensischer Staat“
zu seinen obersten Prioritäten gehöre und nicht wie ein Schweizer
Käse aussehen dürfe. Gleichzeitig wird der Präsident aus der
Umgebung von Abbas für seine Absichten während der Nahostreise
im Mai kritisiert: Er habe nicht vor, ein palästinensisches
Flüchtlingslager zu besuchen oder mit Flüchtlingen zu sprechen. Jon
Alterman, ehemals Mitglied des Planungsstabes im State
Department und gegenwärtig Direktor des Nahostprogramms am
„Center for Strategic and International Studies“, wirft Bush vor, die
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Palästinenser nicht nur zu beleidigen, sondern sie auch zu verletzen,
wenn er nach Israel reise, während die palästinensische Führung ihn
in Kairo treffen müsse. Bush wird außer in Israel auch in Ägypten
und Saudi-Arabien erwartet. Am 7. Mai verkündet Bushs nationaler
Sicherheitsberater Stephen Hadley, dass der Besuch des
Präsidenten in Israel rein zeremoniellen Charakter haben werde.
Eine gemeinsame Sitzung mit der israelischen Regierung und der
Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde sei nicht geplant.
In Washington wird in einer nicht-öffentlichen Sitzung der außenund sicherheitspolitischen Ausschüsse beider Häuser des USKongresses ein Video vorgeführt, das nordkoreanische und syrische
Fachleute im Sommer 2007 bei der Arbeit in einer Nuklearanlage im
Osten Syriens zeigen soll. Der Reaktor wurde nach Konsultationen
mit Washington am 6. September 2007 von israelischen
Jagdbombern zerstört. Vier Tage später sollen die Syrer die Reste
der Anlage gesprengt haben, um verdächtige Spuren zu verwischen.
Westliche Fachleute bezweifeln allerdings, das Syrien ein volles
Atomwaffenprogramm entwickeln könne, weil ihm dazu die
fachlichen Voraussetzungen fehlen würden.
Als der libysche UN-Botschafter Ibrahim Dabashi im UNSicherheitsrat die israelische Belagerung des Gazastreifens den
deutschen Konzentrationslagern vergleicht, verlassen die
Delegierten der USA, Großbritanniens, Frankreichs, Belgiens und
Costa Ricas das Plenum. Der südafrikanische Ratspräsident
Dumisano Kumalo bricht daraufhin die Sitzung ab.
23.04.2008:
US-Präsident George W. Bush trifft im Weißen Haus mit Jordaniens
König Abdullah II. zusammen.
Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier unterrichtet in Berlin
den ägyptischen Staatspräsidenten Hosni Mubarak über den Stand
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138 – Chronologie 2008
der Vorbereitungen auf die für den 24. Juni geplante internationale
Konferenz zur Stärkung der palästinensischen Polizei und Justiz.
Der Israel-Korrespondent der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung“ Jörg
Bremer zieht eine ernüchternde Bilanz der Friedensbewegung
„Peace Now“ in den vergangenen dreißig Jahren. Wahrscheinlich sei
sie eine der erfolgreichsten Organisationen ihrer Art, doch scheinen
ihre Vorstellungen eines baldigen Friedens fern zu sein.
Eine syrische Nachrichtenagentur meldet, dass Israels
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert dem syrischen Präsidenten Bashar
Assad durch den türkischen Ministerpräsidenten Recep Tayyib
Erdogan eine Botschaft übermittelt habe, wonach Israel zum vollen
Rückzug von den Golanhöhen bereit sei. Olmerts Büro erklärt dazu,
dass es dazu keinen Kommentar gebe. Die Rechtsopposition
bezeichnet die vermeintliche Bereitschaft als einmalige nationale
Kapitulation, Olmert opfere Israels Sicherheit. Dagegen begrüßt
Yossi Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“) die Absicht und fordert Olmert auf, in
schnelle und intensive Verhandlungen über einen Friedensvertrag
einzutreten. Der Generalsekretär der Bewegung „Frieden Jetzt“,
Yariv Oppenheimer, bezeichnet am 24. April in der „Jerusalem Post“
eine Rückgabe der Golanhöhen als unzeitgemäß. In einem Interview
mit der auflagenstärksten Zeitung „Yediot Acharonot (Letzte
Nachrichten)“ am selben Tag zeigt sich Olmert zu Gesprächen mit
Assad bereit. Dieser jedoch lehnt ebenfalls am 24. April in einem
Interview mit der Zeitung „Al-Watan (Die Heimat)“ in Qatar direkte
Verhandlungen mit Israel ohne Beteiligung der USA ab, die er bis
zum Amtsantritt der neuen Präsidentschaft im Januar 2009 für nicht
zum Frieden bereit hält, und verweist auf die Rolle der Türkei als
Vermittlerin. Der syrische Außenminister Walid Muallem ergänzt,
dass Syrien nicht zu Lasten der Palästinenser verhandeln werde.
Das Büro des iranischen Präsidenten Machmud Achmadinedjad
warnt Syrien, vor den „Konspirationen und den Bürgerkriegen
unserer Feinde“ zu kapitulieren. Nach arabischen Presseberichten
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verlangt Abbas vor dem Beginn von Verhandlungen eine schriftliche
Zusicherung Israels, die Golanhöhen zu räumen.
22.04.2008:
In einem Beitrag in „Le Monde“ schlägt der israelische Autor A.B.
Yehoshua die Stationierung von bewaffneten Einheiten, vornehmlich
aus Europa, entlang der israelisch-palästinensischen Grenze vor, um
die Zweistaatenregelung sicherzustellen.
In einer Anzeige verwahrt sich Meir Margalit, ehemaliges Mitglied der
Jerusalemer Stadtverordnetenversammlung und heute beim
israelischen Komitee gegen die Zerstörung palästinensischer Häuser
tätig, gegen die politisch unverbindliche Rede von Bundeskanzlerin
Angela Merkel vor der Knesset am 18. März. In der „Frankfurter
Allgemeinen Zeitung“ wirft ihr Margalit vor, dass ihr Schweigen kein
Freundschaftsdienst für Israel gewesen sei, das Gegenteil sei der
Fall. Nur wenn die Besetzung palästinensischer Territorien aufhöre,
habe der Staat Israel eine politische Überlebenschance, zitiert
Margalit den israelischen Ministerpräsidenten Ehud Olmert143.
Eine Resolution des US-Repräsentantenhauses aus Anlass des 60.
Gründungsjahres Israels wird ohne Gegenstimme angenommen. Der
demokratische Abgeordnete Dennis Kucinich (Ohio) äußert sich
kritisch zur israelischen Politik gegenüber den Palästinensern,
stimmt jedoch der Resolution zu144.
Der 18. Versuch, einen neuen libanesischen Präsidenten zu wählen,
schlägt in Beirut fehl.
Die US-demokratische Präsidentschaftsbewerberin Hillary Rodham
Clinton droht dem Iran im Falle eines atomaren Angriffs auf Israel mit
„völliger Vernichtung“.
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„Al-Qaida“ verwahrt sich gegen die Behauptung des libanesischen
„Hisbollah“-Fernsehens, dass Israel für die Anschläge am 11.
September 2001 in New York verantwortlich sei, und reklamiert die
Anschläge für sich.
21.04.2008:
Zum Abschluss seiner neuntägigen Nahostreise, bei der er auch mit
dem Leiter des Politischen Büros von „Hamas“ in Damaskus, Khaled
Meshal, und mit Syriens Staatspräsidenten Bashar Assad
zusammentraf, berichtet der frühere US-Präsident Jimmy Carter in
einem Vortrag in Jerusalem, dass die Islamische
Widerstandsbewegung und Syrien zum Frieden mit Israel in den
Grenzen von 1967 bereit seien. 85 Prozent aller Probleme
einschließlich der Grenzfragen und der Wasserverteilung seien
geklärt, wird Assad von Carter zitiert. Gleichzeitig wirft der ehemalige
US-Präsident der israelischen Regierung vor, am Frieden nicht
interessiert zu sein. Noch am selben Tag bekräftigt Meshal, dass
eine Anerkennung des Staates Israel für seine Organisation nicht in
Frage komme, und bietet stattdessen eine zehnjährige Waffenruhe
an. Die israelische Regierung weist diesen Vorschlag umgehend
zurück. Während der Vorsitzende der Partei der „Sefardischen
Thorawächter (Shas)“ Eli Yishai Carter bittet, sich für die Freilassung
des seit Juni 2006 von „Hamas“ inhaftierten Gilad Shalit zu
verwenden, bezeichnet der israelische Botschafter Dan Gillerman
vor Journalisten in Washington, D.C., am 24. April Carter wegen
seines Treffens mit Meshal als bigott. Yossi Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“)
fordert daraufhin am 25. April die umgehende Abberufung
Gillermans. Akiva Eldar berichtet ebenfalls am 25. April in „Haaretz“,
dass US-Außenministerin Condoleezza Rice frühzeitig über alle
Details der Reise Carters unterrichtet gewesen sei und dass die
kritischen Querschläge aus dem State Department nicht von ihr,
sondern von dem ehemals einflussreichen Berater Elliott Abrams
ausgingen. In einem Interview mit der arabischen Fernsehstation „alDjazeera (Die Halbinsel)“ am 26. April erklärt Meshal, dass die
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141 – Chronologie 2008
angebotene Waffenruhe mit Israel nur taktischer Natur sei. Der
Kampf gehe weiter. Am 26. Mai notiert Carter in einem Beitrag für
die „Süddeutsche Zeitung“, dass nach einer Zählung der israelischen
Menschenrechtsorganisation „B’tselem“ zwischen dem 27. Februar
und 3. März 2008 im Gazastreifen 106 Palästinenser, darunter 54
Zivilisten, bei israelischen Militäreinsätzen getötet wurden.
In der hebräischsprachigen Ausgabe von „Haaretz“ wird Jimmy
Carter mit den Worten zitiert, dass die USA jeden Vertrag Israels mit
Syrien unterstützen würden. Das habe er auch Bashar Assad
mitgeteilt. Gegenüber Yossi Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“) schlägt Carter
vor, eine „syrische Genfer Initiative“ in die Wege zu leiten.
In der „International Herald Tribune“ zitiert der Chefredakteur der
Beiruter Zeitung „The Daily Star“ Rami C. Khoury aus einer
Meinungsumfrage unter Leitung der Politologen Shibley Telhami und
James Zogby vom März in Ägypten, Jordanien, Libanon, Marokko,
Saudi-Arabien und den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten. Aus ihr
geht eine von 83 Prozent der Befragten vertretene Ablehnung der
US-amerikanischen Politik in der Region hervor. Nach Auffassung
von 65 Prozent vertritt Washington andere Ziele als die Förderung
demokratischer Werte, und 61 Prozent fordern, dass sich die
Amerikaner aus dem Irak zurückziehen und die inneren
Angelegenheiten der dortigen Bevölkerung überlassen. 81 Prozent
glauben, dass die Lage der Iraker vor der amerikanischen
Intervention besser gewesen sei als heute. 50 Prozent verlangen von
Washington die Förderung eines arabisch-israelischen Friedens. Für
die meisten Befragten stellt der Iran keine große Bedrohung dar, das
Land habe das Recht auf ein eigenes Nuklearprogramm.
In der libanesischen Stadt Zahle werden zwei Mitglieder der
christlichen Phalange-Partei erschossen. Als Hintergrund werden
Rivalitäten zwischen christlichen Fraktionen vermutet.
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18.04.2008:
Unter der Überschrift „Glückwünsche und Sorgen” veröffentlicht die
„Frankfurter Rundschau“ einen Aufruf von deutschen
Wissenschaftlern, Parlamentariern und Intellektuellen zum 60.
Gründungsjubiläum des Staates Israel145.
17.04.2008:
In einer Kolumne für „Haaretz” plädiert Ari Shavit für ein „Geschäft”
mit „Hamas“: einen islamischen Staat im Gazastreifen im Gegenzug
für die Demilitarisierung ihres Widerstandes. Bei „Hamas“ handele
es sich um Verbrecher und Mörder, doch auch Israel habe durch die
Vertreibung der Palästinenser 1948 schweres Unrecht auf sich
geladen146.
Einer der Mitbegründer von „Hamas“ und frühere Außenminister der
Regierung im Gazastreifen, Machmud Zahhar, begründet in der
„Washington Post“ den Kampf seiner Islamischen
Widerstandsbewegung mit der Absicht Israels, gegen die
Palästinenser „einen totalen Krieg“ zu führen, und vergleicht diesen
Kampf mit der Gegenwehr der „mutigen Juden des Warschauer
Ghettos zur Verteidigung ihres Volkes“. Der Friedensprozess könne
nicht einmal beginnen, ohne dass Israels sich zuerst auf die Grenzen
von 1967 zurückziehe, alle Siedlungen auflöse, alle Soldaten aus
dem Gazastreifen und aus der Westbank zurückziehe, die illegale
Annexion Jerusalems rückgängig mache, alle Gefangenen freilasse
sowie die Küste und den Luftraum freigebe. Diese Schritte würden
den Beginn gerechter Verhandlungen signalisieren und den
Grundstein für die Rückkehr von Millionen Flüchtlingen
ausmachen147.
Der religiös-orthodoxe Jerusalemer Bürgermeister Uri Lupolianski
kündigt eine weltweite jüdische Spendenaktion an, damit durch
verbesserte Bildungschancen für palästinensische Kinder und
Jugendliche im Ostteil der Stadt dem Einfluss von „Hamas“ Einhalt
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143 – Chronologie 2008
geboten werden könne. Die Spenden sollen die staatlichen und
kommunalen Mittel ergänzen. Colette Avital (Arbeitspartei), die zu
den Erstunterzeichnern der „Genfer Initiative“ gehört, habe bereits
drei Millionen US-Dollar unter britischen Juden gesammelt.
Eine sieben Personen umfassende Bundestagsdelegation unter
Leitung von Jerzy Montag (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), dem Leiter der
deutsch-israelischen Parlamentariergruppe, wird in Hebron von
Siedlern tätlich belästigt und angegriffen. Die israelische Polizei sei
untätig geblieben, berichten sie. Die Delegation bricht ihren Besuch
ab. Die Deutsche Botschaft in Tel Aviv protestiert im israelischen
Außenministerium. Sie selbst äußert sich zu dem Vorfall nicht148.
Das Auswärtige Amt in Berlin reagiert „mit großem Befremden“.
16.04.2008:
Der US-amerikanische Präsidentschaftskandidat der Demokraten,
Barack Obama, kritisiert den früheren Präsidenten Jimmy Carter für
seine Absicht, in Damaskus mit dem Leiter des Politischen Büros
von „Hamas“, Khaled Meshal, zu sprechen. Carter trifft mit ihm am
17. April zusammen und fordert die Beteiligung von „Hamas“ am
israelisch-palästinensischen Verhandlungsprozess. Zuvor teilt Carter
mit, dass ihm die israelischen Behörden die Einreise in den
Gazastreifen verwehrt haben.
15.04.2008:
Nach dem Tod von drei israelischen Soldaten im Gazastreifen
sterben bei Angriffen israelischer Helikopter fünfzehn Palästinenser,
darunter mindestens fünf Kinder und ein palästinensischer
Kameramann, der für die britische Agentur „Reuters“ arbeitete. Auf
das Gebiet des westlichen Negevs gehen mehr als zwei Dutzend
„Qassam“-Raketen nieder.
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Bei einer Begegnung zwischen der österreichischen Außenministerin
Ursula Plassnik und Yossi Beilin in Wien bezeichnet Plassnik die
„Genfer Initiative“ als wichtigen Anreiz und vitales Zeichen für den
Willen der israelischen und der palästinensischen Zivilgesellschaft
zum Frieden.
14.04.2008:
In einem Beitrag für „DIE ZEIT“ beschäftigt sich Joschka Fischer
insbesondere mit dem künftigen politischen und strategischmilitärischen Gewicht Irans und betont, dass die nukleare Aufrüstung
Teherans nicht auf eine Bedrohung durch die Atommacht Israel
zurückzuführen sei, sondern auf eigene hegemoniale Gelüste und
auf iranisches Prestigedenken. Die drohende Balkanisierung des
Nahen Ostens würde nicht Israel nützen, sondern Iran zugute
kommen, das auf eine sehr alte und stabile Staatlichkeit
zurückblicke, sowie im Falle des Irak der Blindheit, Arroganz und
Inkompetenz der US-Politik anzulasten sei. Die Zeit eines
laizistischen arabischen Nationalismus laufe ab. An seine Stelle trete
ein politischer Islam, der sich erfolgreich der nationalen und sozialen
Frage bemächtigt habe. Am meisten fortgeschritten sei dieser
Prozess mit „Hamas“ in Palästina, doch auch in Syrien und Ägypten
zeichne sich – wenn auch nicht so radikal und schnell – eine
ähnliche Entwicklung ab. In den arabischen Teilen des Irak habe sie
im Gefolge der US-Intervention bereits stattgefunden. Der von den
USA angestoßene Demokratieexport laufe objektiv auf die Stärkung
des politischen Islam hinaus. Am Beispiel der Türkei werde sich
erweisen, ob er sich in Richtung Demokratie und Modernisierung
bewegt. Abschließend formuliert Fischer drei Fragen: 1. Wird der
Prozess der ökonomischen Modernisierung schneller und
erfolgreicher verlaufen als die politische Islamisierung und
Radikalisierung? 2. Wird in der Türkei die Verbindung von
politischem Islam einerseits sowie ökonomisch-sozialer und
demokratischer Modernisierung andererseits gelingen? 3. Wird der
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Hegemonialkonflikt mit Iran zu einer militärischen Konfrontation
führen oder politisch gelöst werden können?
13.04.2008:
Das politisch rechts stehende israelische „Begin-Sadat Center for
Strategic Studies“ publiziert die Ergebnisse einer von ihm in Auftrag
gegebenen Meinungsumfrage. Danach sprechen sich 62 Prozent der
jüdischen Israelis gegen und 29 Prozent für Verhandlungen über die
Teilung Jerusalems aus. 71 Prozent verlangen über die Ergebnisse
der Verhandlungen zu Jerusalem eine Volksabstimmung, während
19 Prozent dies für nicht notwendig halten. 48 Prozent lehnen die
Berücksichtigung der in der Diaspora lebenden Juden in dieser
Befragung ab, 38 Prozent geben eine positive Antwort darauf. Auch
im Rahmen eines Schlussvertrages mit den Palästinensern lehnen
58 Prozent die Teilung Jerusalems ab, während 29 Prozent dazu
bereit sind. 45 Prozent halten eine palästinensische Hauptstadt in
Teilen Jerusalems für nicht möglich, während 14 Prozent ihr positiv
gegenüberstehen.
12.04.2008:
Uri Avnery berichtet in seinem Tagesrundbrief, dass Israels
öffentliche Hand rund 40 Millionen US-Dollar für die Feierlichkeiten
zum 60. Gründungsjahr bereitgestellt habe – obwohl der
Bevölkerung nicht zum Feiern zumute sei, sondern die Stimmung
düster sei.
11.04.2008:
Daniel Levy, ehemaliger Rechtsberater des israelischen Teams der
„Genfer Initiative“ und heute in Washington, D.C., arbeitend,
referiert in seiner regelmäßigen Kolumne, dass nach einem Bericht
des israelischen Fernsehens das Militär analog den
Verfahrensweisen der US-Truppen in Irak plane, die Kontrolle aller
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„Checkpoints“ in der Westbank entlang der „Trennungsmauern“ zu
privatisieren. Die Frauenhilfsorganisation „Machsom Watch“ habe
schon wachsende Spannungen, explosive Auftritte und
eingeschränkte Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten zu den Mitarbeitern
dieser Privatfirmen beklagt.
10.-13.04.2008:
Die „Palestinian Peace Coalition – Geneva Initiative“ veranstaltet
im türkischen Antalya ein Seminar mit palästinensischen und
israelischen Regierungsangestellten, parlamentarischen Hilfskräften,
Journalisten, Friedensaktivisten und Führungskräften von
Frauenorganisationen. Ziel der Veranstaltung ist der Abbau von
Vorurteilen und Stereotypen auf beiden Seiten unter Einbeziehung
von Rollenspielen. Zu den Referenten gehören als Erstunterzeichner
der „Genfer Initiative“ Saman Khoury und Menachem Klein, die über
die gegenwärtige Atmosphäre in beiden Gesellschaften berichten.
10.04.2008:
Nach einer Meldung der „Jerusalem Post” haben Israels
Außenministerin Tsipi Livni und der palästinensischen
Verhandlungsleiter Achmed Qureia („Abu Ala”) in
Geheimgesprächen die Übergabe des ehemaligen Fluggeländes
Atarot im Norden Jerusalems an die Palästinensische
Autonomiebehörde vereinbart.
Yossi Verter zitiert in „Haaretz“ aus einer Ansprache
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert am 7. April vor Offizieren mit den
Worten: „Judäa und Samaria sind strategisch und historisch
bedeutsam, doch nach meiner Auffassung werden wir schließlich
den größten Teil der Gebiete aufgeben müssen. Ich sage dies mit
einem Gefühl tiefen Schmerzes. Ich bin ein Jude, der sein ganzes
Leben in dem Glauben erzogen wurde, dass dies das Land Israel ist,
und dazu habe ich meine Meinung nicht geändert. Doch die Lage ist
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147 – Chronologie 2008
schwierig, und wir müssen uns entscheiden. Nach meiner
Auffassung hat das Volk in seinem Herzen bereits entschieden.“
In der derselben Ausgabe berichtet Yossi Verter von der jüngsten
Meinungsumfrage der Universität Tel Aviv unter Leitung von
Professor Camil Fuchs, wonach die Partei der „Grünen“ bei Wahlen
erstmals mit drei Abgeordneten in die Knesset einziehen würde.
Dagegen würden die Arbeitspartei unter Ehud Barak acht Sitze und
„Likud“ unter Führung von Benjamin Netanyahu sechs Sitze
verlieren.
Der frühere Direktor des „American Jewish Congress“ und heutige
Direktor des „US/Middle East Project“, Henry Siegman, setzt sich in
einem Beitrag für die „Süddeutsche Zeitung“ außergewöhnlich
kritisch mit der internationalen Zurückhaltung gegenüber der
149
israelischen Politik auseinander
.
08.04.2008:
Der seit April 2002 in israelischer Haft sitzende ehemalige Führer
des „Fatah“-Ablegers „Tanzim (Organisation)“, Marwan Barghouti,
zeigt sich in einem Brief an die israelische Bewegung „Frieden Jetzt“
davon überzeugt, dass das palästinensische Volk zu einem
historischen Kompromiss auf der Grundlage internationaler
Entscheidungen mit dem Ergebnis zweier in Frieden miteinander
lebender Staaten bereit sei. Der Brief wird von Qadura Faris, einem
palästinensischen Erstunterzeichner der „Genfer Initiative“, bei der
30-Jahr-Feier der Bewegung in Tel Aviv verlesen. Fares, der
dreizehn Jahre in israelischen Gefängnissen gesessen hat, ist als
Kritiker der geringen Reformbereitschaft von „Fatah“ ein politischer
Verbündeter von Barghouti. Am 17. März hatte dieser angekündigt,
bei der nächsten Wahl des palästinensischen Präsidenten im Jahr
2009 kandidieren zu wollen.
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148 – Chronologie 2008
In der Zentrale des israelischen Teams der „Genfer Initiative“ in Tel
Aviv kündigt Yossi Beilin („Meretz/Yachad“) eine Nahostkonferenz
unter Führung Washingtons für Mai im ägyptischen Badeort Sharm
el-Sheikh an, um die Verabredungen von Annapolis im November
2007 in politische Ergebnisse umzumünzen. Beilins Ankündigung
wird offiziell bestätigt.
In Ägypten finden Kommunalwahlen statt. Sie werden von sozialen
Unruhen, bei denen zwei Menschen ums Leben kommen, und
politischem Streit begleitet. Die in sich zerstrittene
Moslembruderschaft ruft am 7. April zum Boykott auf. Aus den
Wahlen geht die „Nationaldemokratische Partei“ von Präsident Hosni
Mubarak mit einem 95-Prozent-Anteil als Sieger hervor – die
Wahlbeteiligung lag bei lediglich fünf Prozent. Nach Berichten
arabischer Beobachter hat die Regierung erneut Zuflucht zu
autoritären Praktiken genommen und den Reformprozess zwischen
2003 und 2005 eingestellt.
Die Bundestagsfraktion von „Bündnis 90/DieGrünen“ richtet 33
Fragen im Rahmen einer Kleinen Anfrage an die „Politik der
Bundesregierung und EU im israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt
angesichts der Krise im Gazastreifen“150. Einen Vergleich der
Anfrage mit der Antwort des Auswärtigen Amtes übergibt Judith
Bernstein als Mitglied der „Jüdisch-Palästinensischen Dialoggruppe“
bei einem Treffen mit Jerzy Montag am 23. Juni151.
07.04.2008:
Yariv Oppenheimer, Generalsekretär der Bewegung „Frieden Jetzt“,
die in diesem Monat ihr dreißigjähriges Jubiläum feiert, beschuldigt
die israelische Regierung der politischen Doppelzüngigkeit. Ihre
Rhetorik, eine Zweistaatenregelung anzustreben, stehe in
diametralem Gegensatz zu ihren Handlungen, die Siedlungen in
Jerusalem und in der Westbank auszubauen
152
.
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149 – Chronologie 2008
Der Gründer und Direktor der palästinensischen
Menschenrechtsorganisation „Monitoring Group“ Bassam Eid warnt
vor einer simplen Interpretation der innerpalästinensischen Gewalt.
Im allgemeinen werde sie als Ergebnis des Konflikts mit Israel
interpretiert und übersehe die Uneinigkeit und die Zerwürfnisse der
verschiedenen politischen Fraktionen, Familien und Städte, die Eid
mit dem Begriff „Intrafada“ belegt. Auf sie seien zwischen dem
Ausbruch der Zweiten Intifada im Herbst 2000 bis Ende 2007
sechzehn Prozent der palästinensischen Toten zurückzuführen.
06.04.2008:
Der palästinensische Präsident Machmud Abbas kündigt ein
Referendum an, dem sich eine Vereinbarung mit Israel stellen soll.
05./04.04.2008:
Auf ihrem ersten Bundeskongress der „Linksjugend“, die der Partei
„Die Linke“ nahesteht, wird in Leipzig die ursprünglich vorgesehene
Formulierung einer uneingeschränkten Solidarität mit den
Palästinensern gestrichen.
03.04.2008:
Nach palästinensischen und israelischen Presseberichten hat
Yasser Abed Rabbo, enger Berater von Präsident Machmud Abbas,
die Autonomiebehörde aufgefordert, die Verhandlungen mit Israel
einzustellen, solange die „Konspiration“ der Siedlungspolitik
fortgesetzt werde.
02.04.2008:
Der Leiter des Politischen Büros von „Hamas“ mit Sitz in Damaskus,
Khaled Meshal, empfiehlt in einem Interview mit der
palästinensischen Zeitung „al-Ayyam (Die Tage)“ jenen Israelis, die
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150 – Chronologie 2008
sich für Gespräche mit „Hamas“ einsetzen, dass sie ihre Regierung
zur Beendigung der Aggression gegen das palästinensische Volk
aufrufen, weil sich die Araber und die Palästinenser gemeinsam für
die Schaffung eines palästinensischen Staates in den Grenzen von
1967 ausgesprochen hätten. Die USA und „andere in der
internationalen Gemeinschaft“ seien aufgefordert, die israelische
Politik auf dieses Ziel zu verpflichten. „Das ist die Lösung.“
„Haaretz“ berichtet von einer internationalen Umfrage der BBC,
wonach Iran weltweit der negativste Einfluss zugeschrieben wird. An
zweiter und dritter Stelle folgten Israel und die USA. Deutschland
werde der beste Einfluss auf die Weltpolitik zugeschrieben.
01.04.2008:
Arabische Abgeordnete lösen in der Knesset einen Sturm der
Entrüstung aus, als in erster Lesung ein Gesetzentwurf der
„Nationalen Union/Nationalreligiöse Partei“ und der Partei „Unser
Haus Israel (Israel Beitenu)“ debattiert wird, wonach die Bewerbung
eines Kandidaten um ein Abgeordnetenmandat nach dem Besuch
eines Feindstaates ohne vorherige Genehmigung null und nichtig
sein soll153. Ein Abgeordneter der „Vereinigten Arabischen Liste“
bezeichnet den Entwurf „schlimmer als die Nürnberger Gesetze“,
worauf er und seine arabischen Kollegen als „fünfte Kolonne“
charakterisiert werden. Nach Angaben der
Generalstaatsanwaltschaft unterstützt die Regierung den
Gesetzentwurf.
März 2008
Ende März:
In seinem „War and Peace Index“ für den Monat März berichtet das
„Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research“ an der Universität Tel
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151 – Chronologie 2008
Aviv aus seiner Meinungsumfrage, dass 55 Prozent der Israelis die
Westbank als „befreites Gebiet“ und 32 Prozent als „besetztes
Gebiet“ bezeichnen würden. Für 57 Prozent stehe fest, dass die
„Grüne Linie“ von 1967 nicht als künftige Grenze zwischen Israel und
den Palästinensern fungieren solle, dass der Grenzverlauf die
meisten Siedlungen einschließen solle und dass die
palästinensische Bevölkerung Israels auf die palästinensische Seite
umsiedeln sollte.
Der frühere US-Generalkonsul in Jerusalem, Ed Abington, verbreitet
einen Brief, in dem er der Politik seiner Regierung ein vernichtendes
Urteil ausspricht154.
31.03.2008:
Israel-Korrespondent Jörg Bremer berichtet in der „Frankfurter
Allgemeinen Zeitung“, dass die israelischen und palästinensischen
Teams unter Leitung von Tsipi Livni und Achmed Qureia („Abu Ala“)
die „Genfer Initiative“ als „Anregung“ für ihre Verhandlungen
betrachten.
30.03.2007:
In Anwesenheit von Israels Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak und
dem palästinensischen Ministerpräsidenten Salam Fayyad lässt USAußenministerin Condoleezza Rice in Jerusalem gegenüber
Journalisten ihre Ungeduld darüber erkennen, dass die israelische
Regierung ihre eigenen Zusagen nicht einhält, die Bewegungsfreiheit
der palästinensischen Bevölkerung in der Westbank durch die
Auflösung von fünfzig Checkpoints im Umfeld von Jenin, Tulkarem,
Kalkilya und Ramallah zu erleichtern. In Amman verlangt Rice am
31. März nach einem Gespräch mit König Abdullah II. und Präsident
Machmud Abbas: „Settlement activity should stop – expansion
should stop.“
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152 – Chronologie 2008
29./30.03.2008:
Syriens Präsident Bashar al-Assad eröffnet in Damaskus die Sitzung
der Arabischen Liga. Die libanesische Regierung boykottiert die
Sitzung. Saudi-Arabien, Ägypten, Jordanien, Jemen, Irak, Bahrain,
Oman, Marokko und Somalia sind nur mit niederrangigen
Delegationen vertreten. In Riyadh, Kairo und Amman wird Syrien
beschuldigt, an der Beruhigung der Lage in Libanon nicht interessiert
zu sein. Beobachter vermuten, dass durch Kritik an der syrischen
Regierung diese in die Arme von Iran, „Hisbollah“ und „Hamas“
getrieben wird. Letztere fordert die Arabische Liga auf, ihren
Friedensplan von 2002/2007 zurückzuziehen, da Israel nicht am
Frieden interessiert und nur die Sprache der Gewalt sowie des
Heiligen Krieges verstehe. Die Sitzung endet mit der Warnung an
Israel, dass die Gültigkeit des saudischen Friedensplans von Israel
abhänge: „The continuation by the Arab side to present the Arab
peace initiative is tied to Israel executing its commitments in the
framework of international resolutions to achieve peace in the
region.“
27.03.2008:
Der Publizist Ari Shavit fällt in „Haaretz” ein vernichtendes Urteil über
den politischen Charakter von Regierungschef Ehud Olmert und
spricht ihm jede Substanz jenseits liebenswürdiger Umgangsformen
ab. Abgesehen davon, dass er keine Skrupel habe, morgen das
Gegenteil von dem zu behaupten, was er heute gesagt habe, habe
er versagt, das Schulsystem zu revolutionieren, habe das
Rechtssystem beschädigt, habe vor den „Sefardischen
Thorawächtern (Shas)“ kapituliert – eine Anspielung auf Drohungen
der Partei, im Falle von Verhandlungen über Jerusalem die Koalition
zu verlassen –, die Zentralisierung der Wirtschaft vorangetrieben und
die Spaltung der Gesellschaft hingenommen. Unter Olmert sei Israel
zu einem rücksichtslosen Land geworden, das die Armen und
Hilflosen aufgegeben habe
155
. In derselben Zeitung bescheinigt
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153 – Chronologie 2008
Shavit am 3. April Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak, der
Öffentlichkeit nicht die Wahrheit über seine Pläne mitzuteilen, und
schlägt ihm einen Brief vor, um sich politisch zu rehabilitieren
156
.
Das israelische Tourismusministerium teilt mit, dass im Februar rund
200.000 Touristen Israel besucht haben, eine Steigerung gegenüber
demselben Monat im Vorjahr um 46 Prozent. Von den 200.000
Gästen seien 4.800 direkt nach Eilat weitergefahren, während
25.000 – mehrheitlich Russen, Ukrainer und Polen – über den
ägyptischen Grenzübergang Taba einreisten und für einen Tag Israel
besuchten.
26.03.2008:
Präsident Machmud Abbas wiederholt, dass die Gespräche
zwischen der israelischen Regierung und der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde alle zentralen Fragen einschließen: Jerusalem,
Flüchtlinge, Siedlungen, Grenzen und Sicherheit. Er hoffe, dass bis
Ende 2008 eine Regelung gefunden werden könne.
Auf Anfragen des „Meretz”-Abgeordneten Avshalom Vilan erklärt der
Siedlungsbeauftragte von Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak, dass
für Umsiedler aus dem Siedlungsblock Gush Katif im Gazastreifen
vier mobile Quartiere in der Siedlung Teneh Omarim in den
südlichen Hebron-Bergen aufgestellt worden seien. Die Siedlung
liegt östlich der „Trennungsmauern“, von denen die israelische
Regierung bisher behauptet hat, mit ihnen würde nicht der künftige
Grenzverlauf präjudiziert. Vilan bezeichnet die Anlage als eine
„schamlose Kapitulation vor der extremen Rechten“. Weiter berichtet
„Haaretz“, dass andere Siedler aus dem Gazastreifen auf
Zuweisungen in der Nähe von Ariel und im Jordantal warten würden.
Am 27. März veröffentlicht Akiva Eldar in „Haaretz“ ein Feature über
die Bewohner der Siedlung Neve Dotan in der nördlichen Westbank,
wo zahlreiche Häuser leerstehen, und berichtet von Zweifeln, unter
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154 – Chronologie 2008
diesen Bedingungen in anderen Orten neue Wohneinheiten zu
errichten.
Auf Betreiben des neuen „Meretz“-Vorsitzenden Haim Oron
beschließt eine Kommission der Knesset eine Anhörung über den
Völkermord an den Armeniern während des Ersten Weltkrieges. Die
Regierung erhebt keine Einwände.
Der im vergangenen Jahr gewählte Präsident der DeutschIsraelischen Gesellschaft und frühere Leiter der Konrad-AdenauerStiftung in Israel, Johannes Gerster, fordert die Bundesregierung auf,
analog der Einrichtung von Zentren für Deutschlandstudien an den
Universitäten Jerusalem und Haifa Israel-Studienzentren an
deutschen Universitäten aufzubauen. Ziel der „seriösen
Israelforschung“ müsse es sein, „zu einem realistischen Bild Israels
in Deutschland“ beizutragen. „Mit einer breiteren Kenntnis über Israel
heute kann das Interesse junger Deutscher an Israel geweckt und
verstärkt werden“, erklärt Gerster. „Dies ist wichtig für die
Intensivierung der deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen und gegen die
oft unfaire und unzutreffende Darstellung des modernen Israel in den
europäischen Medien und nicht zuletzt ein ganz wesentlicher Beitrag
gegen Antisemitismus und Extremismus in deutschen Landen.“
25.03.2008:
Die Präsidenten Hosni Mubarak (Ägypten) und Wladimir Putin
(Russland) unterzeichnen in Moskau eine Vereinbarung über die
Zusammenarbeit bei der friedlichen Nutzung der Atomenergie.
Danach kann sich Russland bei der vorgesehenen Ausschreibung
für den Bau des ersten Atomkraftwerks in der Nähe von Alexandria
beteiligen.
24.03.2008:
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155 – Chronologie 2008
Nachdem der Vorsitzende der Partei „Unser Haus Israel (Israel
Beitenu)” Avigdor Lieberman den arabischen Staatsbürgern in der
Knesset damit gedroht hat, nach Bildung einer neuen Regierung mit
ihnen „aufzuräumen“, verlassen die arabischen Abgeordneten und
die Abgeordneten von „Meretz“ unter Protest das Plenum.
Lieberman selbst wohnt in der Siedlung Nokdim südlich von
Jerusalem im „Etzion-Block (Gush Etzion)“.
23.03.2008:
Auf Betreiben des jemenitischen Staatspräsidenten Ali Abdullah
Saleh verständigen sich „Fatah“ und „Hamas“ in Sana’a auf eine
Deklaration, wonach zwischen ihnen Anfang April Gespräche
stattfinden sollen. Einen Tag später, am 24. März, streiten beide
Seiten über die Bedeutung der Vereinbarung. Der Sprecher des
israelischen Verteidigungsministeriums warnt Machmud Abbas am
23. März vor einer Einheitsregierung. Dann würden die
„Friedensverhandlungen“ abgebrochen.
20.03.2008:
Jörg Bremer berichtet in der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung”, dass
der palästinensische Chefdiplomat Saeb Erakat in einem Gespräch
mit ausländischen Korrespondenten erklärt habe, Israelis und
Palästinenser seien „noch nie so nah“ an einem Vertrag gewesen,
man befinde sich derzeit in seinen „Geburtswehen“. Am 31. März
schreibt Itamar Eichner in der Zeitung „Yediot Acharonot“, dass sich
Tsipi Livni und Achmed Qureia seit der Konferenz von Annapolis im
November 2007 über fünfzig Mal getroffen hätten.
Der russische Außenminister Sergej Lawrow und Israels
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert geben in Jerusalem eine
Vereinbarung bekannt, wonach Russland der Palästinensischen
Autonomiebehörde 25 Panzerwagen liefert, die ohne
Maschinengewehre ausgerüstet sind. Weitere 25 Wagen sollen
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156 – Chronologie 2008
zunächst in Jordanien gelagert werden, bis Israel ihrer Lieferung in
die Westbank zustimmt.
19.03.2008:
Israelische und ägyptische Unterhändler verständigen sich prinzipiell
darauf, dass Ägypten die Elektrizitätsversorgung im Gazastreifen
allein übernimmt.
Der frühere Herausgeber der „ZEIT“, Theo Sommer, kritisiert in
einem Kommentar den Auftritt Angela Merkels vor der Knesset.
Darin habe sie die Frage offen gelassen, ob ihre Zusicherung,
Israels Sicherheit sei für die deutsche Politik nicht verhandelbar,
automatisch auch den Bündnisfall einer weiteren „Fehlkalkulation wie
den letzten Libanon-Krieg“ einschließe und ob eine „einseitige
Festlegung Berlins zugunsten Israels … als Freibrief verstanden
werden mag, (der allerdings) den Friedensprozess lediglich
erschweren, nicht jedoch befördern“ würde157.
Aus seinen Haushaltsmitteln übergibt Buneesaußenminister FrankWalter Steinmeier zwanzig neue Polizeifahrzeuge an den Leiter der
Palästinensischen Generaldelegation in Berlin, Hael Al-Fahoum.
Der US-amerikanische Generalkonsul in Jerusalem übergibt dem
palästinensischen Ministerpräsidenten Salam Fayyad einen Scheck
über 150 Millionen US-Dollar als erste Tranche von 550 Millionen
US-Dollar in den nächsten drei Jahren.
18.03.2008:
In einer vom Jerusalemer Büro der Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung in
Auftrag gegebenen Meinungsumfrage des Instituts „Near East
Consulting“ zwischen dem 25. September und dem 17. Oktober
2007 sprechen sich 78 Prozent der Palästinenser für einen Staat
aus, der von der Religion gelenkt wird. Die Mehrheit von 41 Prozent
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157 – Chronologie 2008
bezeichnet sich zunächst als moslemisch, gefolgt von
palästinensisch mit 29 Prozent, „ein Mensch“ mit 23 Prozent und
arabisch mit fünf Prozent. 88 Prozent der Befragten weisen die Idee
zurück, dass Frauen allein und ohne Zustimmung ihrer nächsten
männlichen Verwandten reisen dürfen. Gleichzeitig würden 71
Prozent eine Versöhnung zwischen Arabern und Juden begrüßen.
16.-18.03.2008:
Eine deutsche Regierungskoalition unter Leitung von
Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel, zu der Außenminister FrankWalter Steinmeier, Justizministerin Brigitte Zypries,
Umweltminister Sigmar Gabriel, Wirtschaftsminister Michael
Glos, Familienministerin Ursula von der Leyen,
Forschungsministerin Annette Schavan und
Verteidigungsminister Franz Josef Jung gehören, reist zur
ersten Runde der jährlichen Regierungskonsultationen nach
Israel. Solche Verabredungen bestehen bislang zwischen
Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Spanien, Polen und Russland.
Zum Abschluss ihres Besuchs hält Merkel am späten
Nachmittag des 18. März in der Knesset eine rund 20-minütige
Ansprache in Deutsch, die sie mit einem in hebräischer Sprache
gehaltenen Dank beginnt. In ihrer Rede betont sie, dass das
Existenzrecht Israels zur deutschen Staatsräson gehöre
158
–
wobei Merkel das Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts von
1994 übersieht, wonach die Bundeswehr im Ausland nur im
Rahmen von „Systemen gegenseitiger kollektiver Sicherheit“
eingesetzt werden darf, also bei Beschlusslagen der Vereinten
Nationen, der Europäischen Union und der NATO. Zum Konflikt
mit den Palästinensern, die – bis auf eine Würdigung Machmud
Abbas’ – nur im Zusammenhang des Raketenbeschusses aus
dem Gazastreifen vorkommen, äußert sich die Bundeskanzlerin
in großer Zurückhaltung. Mit ihrer Betonung der
Zweistaatenregelung knüpft sie an die Rhetorik der israelischen
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158 – Chronologie 2008
Regierung an, die es vermeidet, die Frage zu beantworten, wo
der Staat Palästina entstehen soll. Merkel selbst begnügt sich
mit der Anspielung, dass Israel „schmerzliche Zugeständnisse“
zugemutet werden müssten. Für ihren Auftritt ist die
parlamentarische Geschäftsordnung der Knesset geändert
worden, die diese Ehre bisher nur Staatsoberhäuptern zuteil
werden ließ. Der Sitzung bleiben fünf Abgeordnete fern. In
einem Kommentar bedauert der Historiker Tom Segev in
„Haaretz“ am 19. März, dass die Regierungskonsultationen eine
„Veranstaltung der vollständigen und unzweideutigen
Unterstützung der [israelischen] Politik“ von deutscher Seite
gewesen seien. Nicht einmal US-amerikanische Politiker seien
so weit gegangen159.
15.03.2008:
In einem Interview mit der Internetausgabe der „ZEIT“ betont Yossi
Beilin, dass die wahren Freunde Israels die seien, die den Frieden
wollen. Indem er auf Angela Merkels Besuch in Israel eingeht, führt
er aus, dass sein Land eine solche Freundschaft nicht brauche.
Der Europäische Rat der Staats- und Regierungschefs erklärt in
einer Stellungnahme zum Abschluss seiner Beratungen in Brüssel,
dass die israelische Siedlungstätigkeit in allen Teilen der
palästinensischen Gebiete einschließlich Ost-Jerusalems nach
internationalem Recht illegal sei. Außerdem wird in der Erklärung die
kontrollierte und dauerhafte Öffnung aller Übergänge vom und in den
Gazastreifen verlangt.
14.03.2008:
US-Außenministerin Condoleezza Rice beschuldigt die israelische
Regierung und die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde, nicht genug
zur Umsetzung der Verpflichtungen aus der „Road Map“ zu tun: der
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159 – Chronologie 2008
Auflösung der „illegalen Außenlager“, dem Abbau von „Checkpoints“
und der Einstellung der Siedlungstätigkeit. Ein Regierungssprecher
in Washington warnt am 15. März Israelis und Palästinenser vor der
Einschätzung, dass Präsident George W. Bush Mitte Mai als „lahme
Ende“ zur 60-Jahr-Feier nach Israel kommen werde. In einem
Bericht spricht Barak Ravid in „Haaretz“ von drei US-amerikanischen
Wünschen: der schrittweisen Auflösung der „illegalen Außenlager“,
der Rückführung von Teilen der „Trennungsmauern“ auf die „Grüne
Linie“ von 1967 sowie der Verabschiedung eines Gesetzes zur
Entschädigung von Siedlern, die nach Israel zurückzukehren bereit
sind.
Die Jerusalemer Polizei nimmt vorläufig den Exekutivdirektor der
„Rabbis for Human Rights”, Arik Ascherman, unter der
Beschuldigung fest, er habe Palästinenser im Stadtteil Silwan zum
Widerstand gegen israelische Pläne ermuntert, Ausgrabungen mit
dem Ziel eines Parks anzulegen, der die jüdische Präsenz von alters
her dokumentieren soll160. Am 17. März berichtet der Friedensaktivist
Reuven Kaminer (Jerusalem), dass die „Frauen in Schwarz“, zu
denen seine Frau Dafna gehört, bei ihrer stillen Mahnwachen am
Freitag Anschläge radikaler Israelis befürchten161.
13.-15.03.2008:
Das „Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research“ in
Ramallah unter Leitung von Khalil Shikaki ermittelt in einer Umfrage
zwischen dem 13. und 15. März, dass in den vergangenen drei
Monaten die Popularität von „Hamas“, ihrer Führung, ihrer
Positionen und ihrer Legitimität um zehn Prozent gestiegen ist.
Nachdem sie nach dem Ausbruch der blutigen Rivalitäten im
Gazastreifen im Juni 2006 gesunken war, würde „Hamas“ im Falle
von Neuwahlen 35 Prozent und „Fatah“ 42 Prozent der Stimmen
erhalten. Die Popularität von „Fatah“ im Gazastreifen liegt bei 43,
von „Hamas“ bei 40 Prozent, während sich in der Westbank 31
Prozent für „Hamas“ und 41 Prozent für „Fatah“ entscheiden würden.
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160 – Chronologie 2008
Bei der Wahl des Präsidenten würde Machmud Abbas 46 und Ismail
Haniyeh 47 Prozent der Stimmen erhalten162.
13.03.2008:
Die in Ramallah wohnende israelische Journalistin Amira Hass ruft
die palästinensische Bevölkerung zum gewaltfreien Widerstand
gegen die israelische Besatzung auf
163
.
Als Araber verkleidete israelische Sicherheitskräfte töten in
Bethlehem vier Palästinenser, die bis 2001 an Terrorakten gegen
Israel beteiligt waren, sich aber mittlerweile davon distanziert haben.
An ihrer Beerdigung nehmen 50.000 Menschen teil.
12.03.2008:
In seinem Korrespondentenbericht schreibt Rainer Hermann in der
„Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung”, dass Syrien an einem
Friedensschluss mit Israel interessiert sei und nicht auf eine
Verständigung zwischen Israel und den Palästinensern warten wolle,
dessen Umsetzung mehr als ein Jahrzehnt in Anspruch nehmen
würde. Voraussetzung des Friedens mit Israel sei die Rückgabe der
Golanhöhen. Dann würde Damaskus seine Unterstützung der
„Hisbollah“ in Libanon einstellen und sich aus der iranischen
Umarmung lösen. Bis dahin wolle das syrische Regime seine
Unterstützung von „Hisbollah“ und „Hamas“ als Faustpfänder gegen
den US-amerikanischen Widerstand durchstehen. Am 15. März
berichten die Medien, dass das syrische Verhandlungsangebot von
dem türkischen Ministerpräsidenten Recep Tayyip Erdogan an die
israelische Regierung übermittelt worden sei. Danach verlange
Damaskus „offene“ Verhandlungen und das vorherige Ende der
Gewalt zwischen Israel und den Palästinensern. Im Gegenzug habe
die israelische Regierung Damaskus vor einer militärischen
Unterstützung der libanesischen „Hisbollah“ gewarnt.
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10.03.2008:
Zum Erstaunen seiner Leser bekennt sich der Publizist Ari Shavit in
„Haaretz“ zu einer „Friedenspartei wie Meretz“, die das Land mehr
denn je brauche. Wenn der Rechtsstaat angegriffen werde, wenn die
Reichen tun, was sie wollten, und wenn sich der Ministerpräsident
bedingungslos der „Partei der Sefardischen Thorawächter (Shas)“
ausliefere
164
, brauche Israel eine sozialdemokratische Partei wie
„Meretz“. Selbst jene, die nicht mit jedem Punkt und Komma der
„Genfer Initiative“ einverstanden seien, sollten die Hoffnung nicht
aufgeben, dass aus den parteiinternen Wahlen in der nächsten
Woche eine Führung hervorgehe, die „Meretz“ als
Menschenrechtspartei stärke. Während sich Yossi Beilin, Shulamit
Aloni und Amos Oz für Haim („Jumas“) Oron ausgesprochen hätten,
trete er, Shavit, für die Wahl von Zahava Gal-On ein, weil sie die
politischen Gegner nicht mit Samthandschuhen anfasse, sondern
gegen sie kämpfe. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten männlichen
Knesset-Abgeordneten zeige sie Rückgrat165. Uzi Benziman ergänzt
in derselben Zeitung am 16. März, dass Oron für die Erweiterung
des Friedenslagers stehe, Gal-On für eine klare linke Politik und der
mittlerweile sich ebenfalls bewerbende Ran Cohen für die
Sozialpolitik. Aus den parteiinternen Wahlen am 18. März geht Oron
aus Sieger hervor; 54 Prozent der abgegebenen Stimmen entfallen
auf ihn. Oron kündigt an, keine Koalition mit der gegenwärtigen
Regierung anzustreben, weil sie das eine sage und das andere tue.
Cohen vereinigt 27 Prozent der Stimmen auf sich, Gal-On 18
Prozent. In seinem Abschiedsbrief als Vorsitzender wiederholt Beilin
seine Hoffnungen, dass noch in diesem Jahr eine „historische
Vereinbarung“ mit den Palästinensern erreicht werden könne166. Am
24. März veröffentlicht „Haaretz“ einen internen Revisionsbericht, in
dem der Partei ein „Zustand der Paralyse“ bescheinigt wird. Sie sei
zu keiner Wahlkampagne fähig, ihre Bankschulden beliefen sich auf
12,4 Millionen Neue Shekel (~ 2,25 Millionen Euro), ihr sei die
Parteijugend verlorengegangen, die Führung habe ihre Autorität an
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162 – Chronologie 2008
die Parlamentsfraktion abgegeben, und der Anteil der arabischen
Stimmen habe bei den Wahlen 2006 nur noch ein Viertel betragen.
Tom Segev bricht für den mittlerweile in Essex lehrenden Haifaer
Historiker Ilan Pappe eine Lanze. In einen Beitrag für „Haaretz“
bescheinigt er ihm, dass er sein Land liebe, dass er das Recht auf
Israels Existenz nicht bestreite, aber den Staat nicht liebe. Seine
Option, die die meisten Israelis zurückweisen würden, laute „ein
Land, das all seinen Bürgern gehört, Juden und Arabern“.
In einem Bericht über den Besuch des neuen israelischen
Botschafters in Berlin, Yoram Ben-Ze’ev, beim Bayerischen
Rundfunk in München vermeiden die anwesenden Redakteure
kritische Fragen zur israelischen Politik gegenüber dem
Gazastreifen, so dass sich der Botschafter veranlasst sieht, sie
selbst ins Gespräch zu bringen167.
In Beirut scheitert der 16. Anlauf, einen neuen Staatspräsidenten zu
wählen. Parlamentspräsident Nabih Berri („Amal“168) kündigt an,
dass mit der Wahl in zwei Wochen grundlegende Wahlreformen
verbunden sein sollen.
09.03.2008:
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert genehmigt die Errichtung von
rund 750 neuen Wohneinheiten in der Siedlung Giv’at Z’eev bei
Jerusalem169. Am 11. März wird die Planung von weiteren 400
Wohneinheiten in Neve Ya’acov bekannt. Olmerts Pressesprecher
Mark Regev betont, dass der Ausbau der großen Siedlungsblöcke
ihren Verbleib bei Israel im Falle eines Friedens mit den
Palästinensern unterstreiche.
Gegenüber dem US-amerikanischen Nahost-Gesandten James
Jones legt Außenministerin Tsipi Livni die Messlatte für die
israelische Zustimmung zu einem palästinensischen Staat noch
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163 – Chronologie 2008
einmal höher, indem sie verlangt, er müsse nicht nur in Frieden mit
Israel leben wollen, sondern auch in der Lage sein, den Terror zu
bekämpfen und versprechen, alle israelischen
Sicherheitsbedürfnisse zu erfüllen. Das gelte nicht nur für die Zeit auf
dem Weg zum palästinensischen Staat, sondern auch nach seiner
Gründung. Damit behält sich Israel nach Livnis Worten das Recht
auf militärische Interventionen vor.
08.03.2008:
Nach arabischen Presseinformationen hat König Abdullah von
Saudi-Arabien angeboten, auf seine Kosten die vom israelischen
Militär im Gazastreifen zerstörten Häuser wieder aufbauen zu lassen.
06.03.2008:
Ein Palästinenser namens Ala Abu Dhaim aus dem Ost-Jerusalemer
Viertel Jebel Mukaber ermordet, als orthodoxer Jude verkleidet, in
170
der „Yeshivat Merkaz haRav
“ im Stadtteil Kiryat Moshe – auf der
Überlandstraße nach Tel Aviv gelegen – acht Israelis und wird bei
einem Schusswechsel getötet. Beim Besuch der Yeshiva am 9. März
wird Erziehungsministerin Yuli Tamir (Arbeitspartei) als „Mörderin“
und „Oslo-Verbrecherin“ beschimpft. Tamir muss den Besuch
abbrechen. In einem Rundfunkinterview kündigt sie am 9. März die
Überprüfung der staatlichen Finanzierung der Yeshiva an, weil sie
keine demokratischen Werte vermittle. Dagegen beklagt Ehud
Olmert ebenfalls am 9. März die toten Religionsschüler und betont,
dass die Yeshiva „viele Generationen lang die besten Soldaten
produziert“ habe, „die das zionistische Bekenntnis realisiert haben“.
Außenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier verurteilt „diesen
verbrecherischen Akt auf das Schärfste“. Die Yeshiva, gegründet von
Rabbiner Zvi Yehuda Kook (1891 – 1982), war – damals noch in der
Jerusalemer Innenstadt gelegen – im Februar 1974 der
Ausgangspunkt für die Gründung des „Gush Emunim (Block der
Glaubenstreuen)“, der der Siedlerbewegung nach 1967 erstmals
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eine organisierte Plattform lieferte. Der Attentäter selbst soll seine
Tat gegenüber seiner Schwester damit begründet haben, dass „die
Bilder aus Gaza ihn nicht schlafen ließen“. Ende Januar 2009 – kurz
vor den Parlamentswahlen am 10. Februar 2009 – entscheidet die
Regierung über die Zuweisung von 169 Millionen Neue Shekel (~ 30
Millionen Euro) an die religiösen Hochschulen für Stipendien, obwohl
sie in den Haushaltsplan nicht vorgesehen sind171.
05.03.2008:
Das polnische Innenministerium kündigt an, dass denjenigen Juden,
die im Zuge der antisemitischen Vorfälle zwischen 1968 und 1972
das Land in Richtung Israel verlassen haben, das Recht auf
Wiedererlangung ihrer früheren Staatsbürgerschaft eingeräumt
werden soll.
04.03.2008:
Nach Gesprächen in Kairo trifft US-Außenministerin Condoleezza
Rice in Ramallah ein, bevor sie nach Jerusalem weiterreist. Dabei
drückt sie die Erwartung aus, dass die israelisch-palästinensischen
Gespräche im Rahmen eines „aktiven Friedensprozesses“
umgehend wiederaufgenommen werden.
In Washington zeigt sich US-Präsident George W. Bush bei einem
Treffen mit Jordaniens König Abdullah II. optimistisch, dass noch in
diesem Jahr ein Friedensvertrag erreicht werden könne. Seine
Außenministerin Condoleezza Rice pflichtet ihm von Ramallah aus
nach Gesprächen mit Präsident Machmud Abbas und
Ministerpräsident Salam Fayyad bei.
03.03.2008:
Das israelische Militär beendet die Bodenoffensive „Heißer Winter“
und zieht am frühen Morgen seine Soldaten aus dem Gazastreifen
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165 – Chronologie 2008
zurück. Ein Sprecher von „Hamas“ bezeichnet den Abzug als „Sieg“,
obwohl Israel die Luftangriffe fortsetzt, bei denen zwei Palästinenser
sterben. Nach palästinensischen Angaben sind bei den Kämpfen in
den vergangenen Tagen 127 Personen getötet worden, fast
vierhundert wurden verletzt. Mehr als 160 Raketen sollen aus dem
Gazastreifen auf israelische Ortschaften abgefeuert worden sein.
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert erklärt in der Knesset, dass sich
Israel alle Optionen für den Fall des fortgesetzten
Raketenbeschusses offenhalte; im selben Sinne äußert sich
Außenministerin Tsipi Livni. Am 4. März nimmt die israelische
Luftwaffe die Angriffe wieder auf und tötet zwei als Terroristen
bezeichnete Palästinenser – darunter einen Anführer des
„Islamischen Djihad“ –, bevor am Abend israelische Panzer in den
Gazastreifen eindringen. Die Waffenruhe hält nicht.
Ein israelischer Siedler tötet einen 17jährigen Palästinenser durch
einen Schuss, nachdem palästinensische Jugendliche auf einen Bus
Steine geschleudert haben.
Der UN-Sicherheitsrat verschärft auf seiner Sitzung in New York die
Sanktionen gegen Iran; nur Indonesien enthält sich der Stimme. Die
UN-Mitgliedsstaaten werden aufgefordert, gegen Personen und
Institutionen Reiseverbote zu verhängen, die mit dem iranischen
Atomprogramm in Verbindung gebracht werden. Außerdem soll in
begründeten Verdachtsfällen in den Luft- und Schiffsverkehr
eingegriffen werden. Gleichzeitig bekräftigt die Resolution den
Wunsch nach einer diplomatischen Regelung des Konflikts. Vom
Sitz der Internationalen Atomenergiebehörde (IAEA) in Wien aus
fordert deren Präsident Mohammed el-Baradei Teheran zur
besseren Zusammenarbeit und zur Aussetzung des Programms zur
Urananreicherung auf.
Nach Agenturberichten gibt UN-Generalsekretär Ban Ki-moon seiner
Sorge Ausdruck, dass die libanesische „Hisbollah“ ihr Waffenarsenal
auf über 30.000 Raketen aufgestockt habe.
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166 – Chronologie 2008
Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel und Frankreichs Präsident Nicolas
Sarkozy verständigen sich in Hannover auf eine „Mittelmeer-Union“,
der außer den südlichen Nachbarn alle 27 EU-Staaten angehören
sollen. Nach den Worten Merkels solle damit der 1995 in Gang
gesetzte, aber ergebnisarme Barcelona-Prozess fortentwickelt
werden. Bis 2007 waren für ihn nicht weniger als 16 Milliarden Euro
eingeplant worden, von denen siebzig Prozent abgerufen wurden.
Für den Neuansatz sind im EU-Haushalt 16 Milliarden Euro bis 2013
vorgesehen. Am 13. Juli – wenige Tage nach dem Beginn der
französischen EU-Präsidentschaft – soll in Paris in Beisein aller
Regierungschefs, Präsidenten und Monarchen diese MittelmeerUnion feierlich gegründet werden. Dem „Figaro“ gegenüber kündigt
Sarkozy am 6. März an, dass sie zwei Präsidenten haben solle,
einen aus dem südlichen und den anderen aus dem nördlichen Teil.
Bei ihrem Treffen am 15. März in Paris verständigen sich die
europäischen Staats- und Regierungschefs auf den Titel „BarcelonaProzess: Union für das Mittelmeer“. Unabhängige Beobachter
bezweifeln, ob er jene Früchte tragen wird, die dem BarcelonaProzess versagt blieben. Am 1. Mai kündigt Sarkozy zum Abschluss
seines Staatsbesuchs in Tunesien an, dass die größte
Herausforderung darin bestehe, das Mittelmeer weltweit zum
saubersten Meer zu machen. Dazu gehören nach seinen Worten die
Schaffung einer Atombehörde für den Transfer von
Nukleartechnologie, die Nutzung der Solarenergie, das
Wassermanagement, die Schaffung schneller Schiffsverbindungen,
gemeinsame Universitäten und die Entwicklung einer gemeinsamen
Forschungsorganisation. Politische Zielsetzungen nennt Sarkozy
nicht. Am 11. Juni erklärt der libysche Staatschef Muamar Ghaddafi,
dass die Mittelmeer-Union zum Scheitern verurteilt sei. An dem
Gründungstreffen in Paris am 13. Juli werde er nicht teilnehmen.
Der Chefredakteur des Londoner „Guardian“, Alan Rusbridger,
entschuldigt sich dafür, dass seine Zeitung im April 2002 bei der
palästinensisch-israelischen Konfrontation im Flüchtlingslager das
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167 – Chronologie 2008
israelische Vorgehen mit dem Angriff von „al-Qaida“ am 11.
September 2001 verglichen habe. Bei der Konfrontation im
Flüchtlingslager kamen 54 Personen ums Leben, die Hälfte davon
israelische Soldaten. Gleichzeitig bedauert Rusbridger, dass eine
Ausgabe in der vergangenen Woche den Begriff „Holocaust“ von
Matan Vilnai übernommen habe.
02.03.2008:
Aus dem Gazastreifen gehen vierzig Raketen auf Israel nieder. Ein
14jähriger Palästinenser stirbt in Hebron durch den Schuss eines
israelischen Soldaten. Bei israelischen Angriffen auf das
Flüchtlingslager Jebaliyah nahe der Stadt Gaza sterben zehn
Palästinenser. Ägypten öffnet den Grenzübergang Rafach zur
medizinischen Versorgung von palästinensischen Verletzten. Das
U.S. State Department verlangt das sofortige Ende der Gewalt.
Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier bedauert die
Unverhältnismäßigkeit des israelischen Militäreinsatzes. Israels
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert spricht Kritik aus dem Ausland jedes
moralische Recht ab.
01.03.2008:
Bei israelischen Angriffen im Gazastreifen kommen 61
Palästinenser, darunter 16 Jugendliche und Kinder sowie ein Baby,
und zwei israelische Soldaten ums Leben. Die Palästinensische
Autonomiebehörde suspendiert die Gespräche mit Israel.
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert kritisiert, dass diese Entscheidung
„Hamas“ in die Hände spiele.
Auf einer Dringlichkeitssitzung des UN-Sicherheitsrates auf Antrag
der Arabischen Liga – vertreten durch Libyen und der
Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde – verurteilt UNGeneralsekretär Ban Ki-moon den Beschuss israelischer Ortschaften
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168 – Chronologie 2008
vom Gazastreifen aus und bezeichnet die israelische Antwort darauf
als „exzessiv und unverhältnismäßig“.
Präsident Machmud Abbas bezeichnet die israelischen Angriffe als
„schlimmer als den Holocaust“, während der Leiter des Politischen
Büros von „Hamas“ in Damaskus, Khaled Meshal, von einem
„wahren Holocaust“ spricht. Einen Tag zuvor, am 29. Februar,
bedauert Israels stellvertretender Verteidigungsminister Matan Vilnai
in einem Rundfunkinterview, dass sein Land „keine andere Wahl“
habe, als militärisch massiv zu operieren, und dass die Palästinenser
„eine größere Shoah über sich bringen, weil wir unsere ganze Kraft
auf Luft- und Bodenschläge einsetzen werden“. Vilnais Sprecher
bedauert später die Verwendung des Begriffs: Sein Chef habe nie
beabsichtigt, sich auf den Holocaust zu beziehen.
Februar 2008
29.02.2008:
In der hebräischsprachigen Ausgabe von „Haaretz“ erscheint ein
Interview mit dem Berater von Präsident Machmud Abbas, Yasser
Abed Rabbo – dem Leiter des palästinensischen Teams der
„Genfer Initiative“ und heutigen Leiter des Exekutivausschusses
der PLO (ohne Mitglied der größten PLO-Organisation, der „Fatah“,
zu sein) –, in dem er sich für den Fall des Scheiterns der
Verhandlungen mit Israel für die einseitige Ausrufung des Staates
Palästina ausspricht. Auf die Frage nach dem Modell dieser
Unabhängigkeit führt Abed Rabbo aus: „Wir werden die
Unabhängigkeit ausrufen und erklären: Israel ist der Angreiferstaat,
der Gebiete eines anderen souveränen Staates besetzt. Wir werden
die Arabische Liga um ein Treffen bitten, bei dem sie unsere
Unabhängigkeitserklärung anerkennt, und wir werden das von der
ganzen Welt erbitten. Wir werden der Welt sagen: Ihr habt innerhalb
von 24 Stunden Kosovo anerkannt, erkennt auch uns an.“ Auf die
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169 – Chronologie 2008
Frage nach der möglichen Reaktion der USA und der Europäer
bemerkt Abed Rabbo: „Ich vertraue darauf, dass einige Staaten
Europas auf diese Idee positiv reagieren werden. Ich glaube, dass
sie ihre Sympathie zum Ausdruck bringen, weil sie wissen, dass wir
das Maximum im Verhandlungsprozess gegeben haben, das war
1988 anders
172
.“ Abed Rabbo räumt ein, dass Abbas der Idee
ablehnend gegenübersteht. Er gesteht Ehud Olmert guten Willen zu,
fürchtet jedoch, dass er auf einen palästinensischen Staat in
vorläufigen Grenzen hinarbeite, was weder von der
palästinensischen Bevölkerung noch von den arabischen Staaten
akzeptiert würde. Eine strategische Partnerschaft mit „Hamas“ hält
Abed Rabbo für ebenso unmöglich wie eine solche zwischen
„Meretz“ und „Shas“ in Israel. Im Zuge der einseitigen
Unabhängigkeitserklärung schlägt er vor, dass die Palästinenser
zum Checkpoint Kalandia ziehen und dort unbewaffnet und
gewaltlos für ihre Souveränität demonstrieren. Beispielhaft führt er
das palästinensische Dorf Bil’in zwischen Ramallah und Modiin an,
das ohne die Geschosse von „Hamas“ gegen die Besatzung
kämpfe173. Am 10. Juli reichen Rechtsvertreter des Dorfes Klage in
Quebec gegen zwei kanadische Unternehmen ein, die die
Vermarktung des Geländes von Modiin Illit in der Westbank
betreiben174. Nach einem Bericht des Tel Aviver Büros der HeinrichBöll-Stiftung vom 28. Juli melden israelische Zeitungen, dass die
Armee 2,4 Kilometer des Sicherheitszauns zwischen Israel und der
Westbank niederreißen werde. Sie würden ersetzt werden durch 4,9
Kilometer dichter an der einstigen „Grünen Linie“, womit 2.500
Dunam (2,5 Quadratkilometer) an ihre palästinensischen Besitzer
zurückfallen würden.
Nach israelischen Presseberichten werden mindestens 26
Palästinenser bei einem Schusswechsel in der Ortschaft Jabaliyah
im nördlichen Gazastreifen durch israelisches Militär getötet.
„Haaretz“ berichtet, dass seit dem 25. Februar insgesamt
mindestens 49 Palästinenser getötet worden seien. In der
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170 – Chronologie 2008
palästinensischen Bevölkerung wird der Vorwurf laut, dass „Hamas“
sie zu Geiseln des Kampfes gegen Israel mache.
28.02.2008:
Mindestens 18 Palästinenser werden durch Operationen des
israelischen Militärs im Gazastreifen getötet, darunter drei Kinder
und ein Baby. Mehr als dreißig „Qassam“-Raketen gehen auf
israelischem Territorium nieder.
27.02.2008:
Seit dem 26. Februar feuert „Hamas“ über achtzig Raketen auf Israel
ab. Dabei kommt ein 30jähriger israelischer Student in Sderot ums
Leben. Auch ein Wohnhaus in Ashkelon wird von einer Rakete der
russischen „Grad“-[Katyusha-]Serie getroffen. Das israelische Militär
tötet fünf als „Hamas“-Aktivisten bezeichnete Palästinenser im
Gazastreifen. Von Tokio aus warnt Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert
davor, dass Israel keine Führungsfigur von „Hamas“ schonen werde.
Noemi Chazan, Mitglied von „Meretz/Yachad“, emeritierte Politologin
an der Hebräischen Universität in Jerusalem und vormalige
Vizepräsidentin der Knesset, wird zur Präsidentin des USamerikanischen „New Israel Fund“ gewählt. Sie tritt ihr neues Amt im
Juni 2008 an.
Nach einem Eklat beim Treffen zwischen dem saudischen
Außenminister Saud al-Faisal mit dem syrischen Präsidenten Bashar
Assad bricht Riyadh die diplomatischen Beziehungen zu Damaskus
ab.
Die Europäische Union protestiert in einem Schreiben an die
Regierung des Iran gegen den Entwurf eines neuen Gesetzes,
wonach künftig „Apostasie, Ketzerei und Zauberei“ mit dem Tode
bestraft werden sollen. Sollte das Gesetz in Kraft treten, würde es
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171 – Chronologie 2008
besonders die Anhänger der „Bahai“ treffen, deren Religion sich im
19. Jahrhundert vom Islam gelöst hatte175.
26.02.2008:
„Haaretz“ veröffentlicht eine Umfrage, wonach sich 64 Prozent der
israelischen Bevölkerung für und 28 Prozent gegen einen
Waffenstillstand mit „Hamas“ aussprechen. Auch die Hälfte der
„Likud“-Wähler unterstütze einen solchen Schritt.
Der für heute vorgesehene weitere Versuch, einen neuen
libanesischen Präsidenten zu wählen, ist in Beirut auf den 11. März
vertagt worden. Die USA entsenden ihren Lenkwaffenzerstörer
„Cole“ ins östliche Mittelmeer, weil die Stabilität im gesamten Nahen
Osten von großer Bedeutung sei.
Ein Gericht in Ottawa weist eine Klage zurück, mit der ein
kanadischer Staatsbürger in seinem Pass die Eintragung seines
Geburtsortes Jerusalem mit dem Zusatz „Israel“ durchsetzen wollte.
Das Gericht erklärt, dass Israel gemäß dem UN-Teilungsplan vom
November 1947 in keinem Teil Jerusalems Souveränitätsansprüche
erheben könne.
25.02.2008:
Israels stellvertretender Ministerpräsident Haim Ramon erklärt vor
einem Kontrollausschuss der Knesset, dass nach Angaben aus dem
Verteidigungsministerium sämtliche 450 Wohneinheiten der seit
1975 errichteten Siedlung Ofra (Westbank) auf privatem
palästinensischem Grund und Boden errichtet worden seien. Keiner
der Teilnehmer, darunter Repräsentanten der Siedlerbewegung,
widerspricht den Angaben Ramons. Ein Berater von
Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak erklärt zusätzlich, dass in den
rund hundert Außenlagern („outposts“) der Siedlungen etwa
siebentausend Menschen leben.
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Tausende Palästinenser folgen im Gazastreifen friedlich dem
Protestaufruf des von „Hamas“ kontrollierten „Komitees gegen die
[israelische] Belagerung des Gazastreifens“, indem sie eine
Menschenkette entlang der rund vierzig Kilometer langen
Verbindungsstraße zwischen dem Norden und Süden des
Landstrichs ziehen. Die israelische Armee sichert die Grenze vor
Übergriffen durch ein großes Aufgebot. Gleichzeitig töten nach
Augenzeugenberichten israelische Soldaten drei „Hamas“-Aktivisten.
Jericho wird an das Elektrizitätsnetz Jordaniens angeschlossen. Die
Kosten sind von der Regierung Norwegens und von der Islamischen
Entwicklungsbank übernommen worden.
Ida Funk, Nili Mirsky und Tuvia Ruebner erhalten den israelischen
Literaturpreis 2008. Eine rechtsgerichtete Gruppierung „Professoren
für den Frieden“ protestiert dagegen, dass der Jerusalemer
Politologe Zeev Sternhell ebenfalls den Israel-Preis erhalten soll.
24.02.2008:
Das israelische Kabinett stellt 350 Millionen Neue Shekel (~ 66
Millionen Euro) für die Befestigung von 3600 Wohnungen in einem
4,5 Kilometer breiten Abschnitt zum Gazastreifen in den kommenden
zwei Jahren bereit.
Die israelische Regierung und die Palästinensische
Autonomiebehörde setzen Verhandlungsteams für die strittigen
Themen von Jerusalem über die Flüchtlingsfrage bis zu Sicherheit,
Handel und Wasser ein.
23.02.2008:
Der stellvertretende israelische Ministerpräsident Haim Ramon regt
in Tel Aviv ein Gesetz an, wonach alle Siedler östlich des
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173 – Chronologie 2008
„Trennungszauns“ in der Westbank entschädigt werden sollen, wenn
sie sich für den Verzicht auf ihre Wohnorte entschließen.
Der Bürgermeister von Sderot, Eli Moyal, befürwortet gegenüber
dem britischen „Guardian” eine Waffenruhe mit „Hamas“, um den
„Qassam“-Beschuss aus dem Gazastreifen zu stoppen, damit „das
Töten unschuldiger Menschen auf beiden Seiten“ aufhört. Am selben
Tag demonstrieren zehntausend Israelis in der Stadt ihre Solidarität
mit den Einwohnern. Im Nachgang erklärt Moyal, dass seine
Bemerkungen von der Zeitung aus dem Zusammenhang gerissen
worden seien.
22.02.2008:
Yossi Verter zitiert in „Haaretz“ einen mit den Verhandlungen
zwischen Israel und der Autonomiebehörde vertrauten Minister mit
den Worten: „Sie sprechen offenkundig über alles, aber sprechen
über alles nicht wirklich.“
21.02.2008:
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert beklagt bei einer Tagung,
dass die zwanzig Prozent der nichtjüdischen Bevölkerung Israels seit
vielen Jahren auf verschiedenen Gebieten unter der
Ungleichbehandlung leiden würden.
Das Parlament der Türkei verabschiedet mit 242 der 341
anwesenden Abgeordneten ein neues Stiftungsrecht, das die
Eigentumsrechte der christlichen und jüdischen Minderheiten – die
keine Rechtspersönlichkeiten sind – ausweitet und die Rückgabe
enteigneten Besitzes vorsieht. Aufgrund eines Gerichtsurteils aus
dem Jahr 1974 beschlagnahmte der Staat in die Tausende gehende
Immobilien im Wert von rund 150 Milliarden US-Dollar
entschädigungslos, die diese Stiftungen nach 1936 erworben hatten.
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174 – Chronologie 2008
18.02.2008:
Vor den anstehenden Kommunalwahlen in Ägypten beginnt eine
Verhaftungswelle gegen die verbotenen Moslembrüder. Im 454 Sitze
umfassenden Parlament sind sie als „unabhängige Kandidaten“ mit
88 Mitgliedern vertreten.
Die palästinensische Nachrichtenagentur „Maan“ meldet, dass im
„Orient House“ in Ost-Jerusalem wieder dreißig bis vierzig Personen
arbeiten. Die einstige PLO-Zentrale in der Stadt war 2001 von den
israelischen Behörden mit der Begründung geschlossen worden,
dass sich ihre Tätigkeit gegen die politische Souveränität Israels
über die Stadt richte. Ein Regierungssprecher bestätigt am 21.
Februar die Fortdauer der Schließung.
In einem Meinungsbeitrag für eine Zeitung in Doha (Golf-Emirate)
plädiert die frühere US-amerikanische Außenministerin Madeleine K.
Albright an die im November zu wählende neue US-Präsidentschaft,
nicht länger die Welt in gute und böse Menschen zu teilen, den Islam
nicht als den Feind Amerikas zu betrachten, nicht zu glauben, dass
sich die USA über das Gesetz erheben könnten, und mit
Entschiedenheit für einen ausgewogenen („even-handed“) Frieden
zwischen Israel und dem palästinensischen Volk zu sorgen. Amerika
müsse mehr lernen und weniger Lehren erteilen.
14.02.2008:
In Beirut versammeln sich mehr als hunderttausend Menschen im
Gedenken an den ehemaligen Ministerpräsidenten Rafik Hariri, der
am 14. Februar 2005 ermordet wurde. Bei dem Anschlag kamen
weitere 22 Personen ums Leben. Wenige Kilometer entfernt findet
eine große Trauerkundgebung für den am 12. Februar in Damaskus
ermordeten „Hisbollah“-Führer Imad Mughniyeh statt. Mughnieh war
der „Hisbollah“-Sekretär in Homs. Kommentatoren halten es für
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175 – Chronologie 2008
wenig wahrscheinlich, dass die Planung des Attentats ohne Kenntnis
des allgenwärtigen syrischen Geheimdienstes möglich gewesen sei.
13.02.2008:
In der Nacht zum 13. Februar wird in Damaskus der 45jährige Chef
des militärischen Arms der libanesischen „Hisbollah“ Imad
Mughniyeh getötet. Mughniyeh soll am Tod von 300 Menschen bei
einem Attentat auf den US-Marinestützpunkt in Beirut und an zwei
Anschlägen auf die dortige US-Botschaft 1983
176
sowie an der
Entführung einer amerikanischen Passagiermaschine beteiligt
gewesen sein. Der US-Geheimdienst setzte eine Belohnung von 25
Millionen US-Dollar zur Ergreifung Mughniyahs aus. Israel wirft ihm
vor, für die Bombenanschläge auf das jüdische Gemeindezentrum in
Buenos Aires 1992 und 1994 verantwortlich zu sein, bei dem 114
Menschen starben
177
, bestreitet aber die Verantwortung für den
Anschlag in Damaskus. „Haaretz“-Kommentator Ari Shavit vermutet
am 22. Februar, dass Israel für den Anschlag auf Mughniyeh
verantwortlich sei. Ein Frieden mit Syrien würde Israel einen kalten,
aber stabilen Frieden bringen sowie Iran und die „Partei Gottes“ im
Libanon isolieren. Am 26. Februar beschuldigt die Witwe
Mughniyehs von Teheran aus das syrische Regime der Ermordung
ihres Mannes. In arabischen Medien wird darüber spekuliert, ob die
nächste turnusmäßige Sitzung der Arabischen Liga in Damaskus wie
geplant mit der Teilnahme der obersten Repräsentanten der
arabischen Staaten stattfinden wird.
12.02.2008:
Der Chefberater der „Hamas“-Regierung, Achmed Yousef, schreibt
in „Haaretz“, dass sich Israel nicht über den Terroranschlag in
Dimona – dem ersten innerhalb von fünf Jahren – wundern dürfe,
nachdem durch israelische Angriffe im Gazastreifen Hunderte
Palästinenser ums Leben gekommen oder schwer verletzt worden
seien. In den vergangenen zwei Jahren seien zweitausend
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176 – Chronologie 2008
Palästinenser getötet worden, ein Verhältnis von 40 zu 1 gegenüber
den israelischen Opfern. Yousef erinnert daran, dass „Hamas“ seit
geraumer Zeit für einen langen Waffenstillstand plädiert habe und
dass neun Monate vor ihrer Wahl im Januar 2006 eine einseitige
Waffenruhe befolgt worden sei. „Wenn die Menschen in Sderot
wissen wollen, warum Raketen um sie herum fallen, sollten sie ihre
eigene Regierung nach dem Gründen fragen.“ Yousef beschuldigt
gleichzeitig Präsident Machmud Abbas, sich der israelischen und
amerikanischen Drohung zu beugen, nicht mit Hamas
zusammenzuarbeiten, so dass er sein Verhandlungsmandat verloren
habe. Angesichts der israelischen Politik in den palästinensischen
Gebieten bleibe den Palästinensern nichts als der Widerstand.
Yousef verzichtet darauf, sich zur politischen Verantwortung von
„Hamas“ gegenüber der eigenen Bevölkerung zu äußern.
In den frühen Morgenstunden nehmen die israelische Armee, die
Polizei und der Sicherheitsdienst Betreiber von vierzehn
Wechselstuben in Nablus, Jenin, Tulkarem, Ramallah und Hebron
(Westbank) mit der Begründung fest, dass sie ihre Gewinne an
palästinensische Terrorgruppen weitergeleitet hätten178. Gideon Levy
berichtet am 21. Februar in „Haaretz“ aus Hebron, dass die dortigen
Geldwechsler nach eigenen Angaben täglich mindestens 100.000
US-Dollar tauschen und dass sich israelische Soldaten persönlich
bei ihren Razzien bereichert hätten.
Die Informationsminister der Arabischen Liga stimmen auf Antrag
Ägyptens und Saudi-Arabiens einer Charta zu, die es den
Mitgliedstaaten erleichtern soll, Nachrichtensendern die Lizenz zu
entziehen, die kritische Talkshows ausstrahlen179.
11.-13.02.2008:
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert führt Gespräche mit der
Bundesregierung in Berlin. Die Schwerpunkte liegen auf dem
israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt und der atomaren Bedrohung
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177 – Chronologie 2008
durch Iran. Es fällt auf, dass Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter
Steinmeier nicht an den Gesprächen teilnimmt, sondern sich in
Staaten Westafrikas aufhält. In der gemeinsamen Pressekonferenz
mit Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel stellt Olmert eine Vereinbarung
über die Grenzfragen mit den Palästinensern noch 2008 in Aussicht;
sie sei „das einfachste“ der drei Hauptprobleme (neben Jerusalem
und der Flüchtlingsfrage). Im Blick auf den Gazastreifen deutet
Olmert Meinungsverschiedenheit mit Merkel an. Für den 17./18.
März sind erstmals in Jerusalem israelisch-deutsche
Regierungskonsultationen vorgesehen
180
.
11.02.2008:
Der Sammelbewegung „Frieden Jetzt” wird ihre Gemeinnützigkeit
entzogen. Ihre bildungspolitische Organisation „Sha’al Education
Enterprise“ sei keine wohltätige Organisation, sondern äußere sich
politisch zugunsten der Zweistaatenregelung. Der Antrag auf Entzug
der steuerlichen Vergünstigung kam von einem Mitglied der
rechtsextremistischen Partei „Moledet (Heimat)“-Partei. „Peace Now“
kündigt Einspruch an. Die „Jüdische Stimme für gerechten Frieden in
Nahost“, die deutsche Sektion der „European Jews for a Just
Peace“, protestiert scharf gegen diese Entscheidung und fordert das
israelische Justizministerium auf, sie rückgängig zu machen181.
Der Nahostkorrespondent der „Frankfurter Allgemeinen Zeitung“
Rainer Hermann berichtet, dass ein ägyptisches Berufungsgericht
das Urteil einer unteren Instanz aufgehoben habe, wonach zum
Islam konvertierte Kopten nicht zu ihrer ursprünglichen Religion
zurückkehren dürfen, so dass ihnen das Innenministerium die
Eintragung als Christen verweigert. Einige Kläger führten ins Feld,
dass sie zum Islam wegen ihrer Heirat mit einer Muslima
übergetreten und nach der Scheidung diesen Schritt rückgängig
machen wollten. Die koptische Kirche selbst lehnt Scheidungen strikt
ab. Der Aufstieg in staatliche Ämter und in der Armee ist den
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178 – Chronologie 2008
Kopten, die rund zehn Prozent der Gesamtbevölkerung ausmachen,
versagt.
10.02.2008:
Die „Jerusalem Post” berichtet unter Bezug auf einen Angehörigen
der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde, dass sich Israel bei
Geheimgesprächen zur Teilung Jerusalems bereit erklärt habe. Ein
politisches Verwirrspiel setzt ein182.
07.02.2008:
In einem Essay für die „London Review of Books“ über die Zukunft
des Gazastreifens weist der Direktor des „US/Middle East Project“
und Professor an der Universität London, Henry Siegman, das
Argument von „Hamas“ zurück, dass ihre Raketen nur zwei oder drei
Israelis getötet hätten, während durch die israelischen Angriffe auch
palästinensische Frauen, Kinder und alte Menschen tödlich getroffen
würden. Dass die „Qassam“-Raketen nicht in israelischen
Kindergärten eingeschlagen seien, sei kein humanitäres Verdienst
von „Hamas“ und des „Islamischen Djihad“, sondern reines Glück.
Andererseits seien die amoralischen Angriffe auf israelische
Zivilisten keine Lizenz für Israel, die Zivilbevölkerung in Gaza fast
verhungern zu lassen.
04.02.2008:
Bei einem Selbstmordanschlag im Geschäftszentrum von Dimona im
nördlichen Negev sterben drei Personen. Einer der beiden
palästinensischen Attentäter wird getötet.
03.02.2008:
Nach zwölf Tagen – seit der gewaltsamen Öffnung am 23. Januar –
riegeln die ägyptischen Behörden das letzte Teilstück der Grenze
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179 – Chronologie 2008
zwischen dem Sinai und dem Gazastreifen wieder ab, gestatten aber
einen kleinen Grenzverkehr.
Januar 2008
30.01.2008:
Israels Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert und Verteidigungsminister
Ehud Barak nehmen den 617 Seiten starken Bericht der WinogradKommission zur Untersuchung des zweiten Libanon-Krieges im
Sommer 2006 aus den Händen des Vorsitzenden Eliyahu Winograd
entgegen183. Olmert lehnt einen Rücktritt ab, obwohl der Bericht
auch ihm Versagen anlastet. Das Militär räumt in einer Antwort
Fehler ein und verweist auf deren Behebung in der Zwischenzeit184.
29.01.2008:
Ägyptische Sicherheitskräfte und „Hamas”-Angehörige beginnen mit
der Sicherung der Grenze zwischen dem Gazastreifen und dem
Sinai durch Stacheldraht.
In einem Beitrag für die „International Herald Tribune“ gibt Daniel
Barenboim bekannt, dass er zusätzlich zur israelischen die
palästinensische Staatsbürgerschaft angenommen habe.
Barenboim, dessen Familie in den frühen 1950er Jahren aus
Argentinien eingewandert war, begründet seine Entscheidung mit der
Diskriminierung der palästinensischen Bevölkerung in Israel und mit
der israelischen Besatzungspolitik in den palästinensischen
Gebieten, die eine Zweistaatenregelung verhindere. Barenboim
fordert alle Israelis auf, seinem Beispiel zu folgen185.
27.01.2008:
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180 – Chronologie 2008
Ehud Olmert und Machmud Abbas treffen in Olmerts Jerusalemer
Residenz zu einem zweistündigen Gespräch zusammen. Im
Mittelpunkt steht die Lage an der Grenze zwischen den Gazastreifen
und Ägypten.
Bei Auseinandersetzungen in Beirut kommen acht Personen ums
Leben.
George Habash stirbt 81jährig an Herzversagen in Amman. Der in
eine griechisch-orthodoxe Familie in Lydda (Lod) geborene Habash
verließ 1948 mit seinen Eltern das Land auf der Flucht, studierte
Medizin in Beirut und gründete nach dem Junikrieg 1967 die
„Volksfront für die Befreiung Palästinas (PFLP)“. Viele Jahre machte
die „Volksfront“ durch Terrorakte und Flugzeugentführungen von sich
reden. Ende 2000 legte Habash sein Amt als Generalsekretär der
„Volksfront“ nieder.
25.01.2008:
In einem Vorort von Beirut wird der Geheimdienstoffizier Eid Wissam
durch eine Autobombe ermordet. Der 31jährige Tote, mit dem
zusammen drei weitere Personen sterben, arbeitete bei der
Aufklärung mehrerer Anschläge mit, so an Ermittlungen um die
Ermordung von Ex-Premier Rafik Hariri am 14. Februar 2005.
23.01.2008:
Mehrere hunderttausend Palästinenser aus dem Gazastreifen
stürmen die von Israel errichtete und von „Hamas“ niedergerissene
eiserne Sperranlage am „Philadelphi-Korridor“ in Rafach, um sich auf
der ägyptischen Seite mit Lebensmitteln und Gütern des täglichen
Gebrauchs zu versorgen. Die ägyptischen Streitkräfte schreiten auf
Anordnung von Präsident Hosni Mubarak zunächst nicht ein. Die
Sprengung der eisernen Grenzanlage wird als schwere Niederlage
des israelischen Sicherheitskonzepts gewertet. Mubarak lädt den
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181 – Chronologie 2008
palästinensischen Präsidenten Machmud Abbas für den 30. Januar
nach Kairo ein. Nach dem Gespräch lehnt Abbas Kompromisse mit
„Hamas“ ab, obwohl ägyptische Diplomaten ihn dazu drängen.
Bundesaußenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier und der
palästinensische Ministerpräsidenten Salam Fayyad treffen in Berlin
zusammen. Dabei bringt Steinmeier die Hoffnung zum Ausdruck,
dass „bis zum Jahresende [2008] die Weichen für einen
palästinensischen Staat gestellt werden können“186.
22.01.2008:
Israel schränkt die Lieferung von Benzin und die Durchleitung von
Elektrizität in den Gazastreifen ein.
21.01.2008:
Ministerpräsident Ehud Olmert ordnet an, dass mit Ausnahme von
Maale Adumim und Beitar neue Baugenehmigungen in OstJerusalem jenseits der einstigen „Grünen Linie“ seiner Genehmigung
bedürfen.
Nach dem Bericht des „Human Rights Council“ für die UNVollversammlung gibt es in der Westbank und in Ost-Jerusalem 149
Siedlungen. Gegenwärtig würde in 88 Siedlungen gebaut, um dem
Bevölkerungswachstum von 4,5 Prozent Rechnung zu tragen.
Außerdem gebe es 105 Außenlager der Siedlungen („outposts“). 38
Prozent der Westbank bestünden aus Siedlungen, Außenlagern,
Militärzonen und israelischen Naturreservaten, in die die
Palästinenser keinen Zugang haben. 83 Prozent der Siedler in der
Westbank wohnen und 69 Siedlungen liegen innerhalb – das heißt
westlich – der „Trennungsmauern“, deren Länge auf 721 Kilometer
geplant sei. Davon seien 59 Prozent fertiggestellt und seit dem
Votum des Internationalen Gerichtshofs in Den Haag vom Februar
2004 um zweihundert Kilometer erweitert worden. Wenn sie
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182 – Chronologie 2008
fertiggestellt seien, würden 60.000 Palästinenser in 42 Dörfern und
Städten innerhalb der „Trennungsmauern“ liegen; dreizehn Prozent
der Westbank mit wertvollen Wasserressourcen und reichen
landwirtschaftlichen Böden wären abgetrennt.
19.01.2008:
Das Europäische Parlament wirft Ägypten Menschenrechtsverstöße
vor. Darauf sagt Kairo den für den 23. Januar geplanten
Menschenrechtsdialog mit der EU ab.
18.01.2008:
Nach einem Zusammenstoß zwischen israelischen Soldaten und
bewaffneten Palästinensern sperrt Israel alle Übergänge in den
Gazastreifen.
13./14.01.2008:
In Herzliya findet die Konferenz „Ein Abkommen in diesem Jahr“ der
Genfer Initiative mit hochrangigen Referenten und Gästen statt187.
09.01.2008:
US-Präsident George W. Bush trifft zu seinen dreitägigen Besuch in
Israel und Palästina ein, bevor er bis zum 16. Januar weiter nach
Bahrain, die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, nach Saudi-Arabien
und Ägypten reist. Bush war 1998 als Gouverneur von Texas zum
ersten und letzten Mal in Israel.
03.01.2008:
Der diplomatische Korrespondent von „Haaretz” Aluf Benn berichtet
von Plänen, die die israelische Regierung dem US-amerikanischen
Präsidenten George W. Bush bei seinem bevorstehenden Besuch
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183 – Chronologie 2008
unterbreiten will. Danach soll die „Road Map“ des internationalen
Quartetts durch eine israelisch-amerikanische Verständigung über
die eingeschränkte Souveränität eines künftigen Staates Palästina
ersetzt werden. Sie solle dem israelischen Militär die
Operationsfreiheit in der Westbank einräumen, Israel die Lufthoheit
sichern, die Grenzen zu Jordanien kontrollieren, Palästina vollständig
demilitarisieren, eine internationale Truppe in der Westbank
stationieren und Israel einen militärischen Zugriff auf das Jordantal
sichern188.
Ehud Olmert stattet dem jordanischen König Abdullah II. in Akaba
einen Kurzbesuch ab. Dabei erinnert der Monarch den israelischen
Ministerpräsidenten an seine Verpflichtungen von Annapolis im
November 2007, einseitige Schritte zu unterlassen, die Fortschritte
beeinträchtigen würden. Im Gegenzug diskutiert Olmert die
Spannungen mit Ägypten wegen der von den dortigen Behörden
zugelassenen Rückkehr palästinensischer Pilger aus Mekka ohne
Einschaltung israelischer Sicherheitskontrollen. Bei den Gesprächen
wollen Abdullah und Olmert Medienberichten zufolge außerdem
Programm und Inhalt des bevorstehenden Besuchs von USPräsident George W. Bush in der Region abstimmen. Tags zuvor,
am 2. Januar, empfing Abdullah den palästinensischen Präsidenten
Machmud Abbas.
US-Präsident George W. Bush bezeichnet die israelische
Siedlungspolitik als „ein Hindernis“ für die Friedensverhandlungen
und erwartet ihren erfolgreichen Abschluss im Jahr 2008189.
In Beirut scheitert der zwölfte Versuch, einen neuen
Staatspräsidenten zu wählen190. Am 12. Januar soll die Wahl
endgültig stattfinden, doch wird befürchtet, dass die pro-syrische
„Hisbollah (Partei Gottes)“ diesen Versuch erneut hintertreiben
könnte.
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184 – Chronologie 2008
Januar 2008:
Der Außenpolitische Sprecher der SPD-Bundestagsfraktion, Gert
Weisskirchen, berichtet in der Januar-Ausgabe der „Jüdischen
Zeitung“ über die erste Tagung der „Organisation für Sicherheit und
Zusammenarbeit (OSZE)“ Anfang Dezember 2007 in Tel Aviv191.
1
Der Kommentar Ari Shavits wird am 02.01.2009, S. 28 f., von der
„Frankfurter Rundschau“ unter dem Titel „’Operation Vergossenes’ Blei“ ist
eine Tragödie, aber unvermeidbar“ übernommen.
2
Mitchell Plitnick on Human Rights and Mideast Progress, in „Tikkun”online 31.12.2008:
As your new administration steps into Washington, riding the wave of
America’s desire for change, we've heard much speculation about how you
will deal with Israel’s conflict with the Palestinians.
There are many options on the table. But whichever of them you choose,
there is one essential component to any hope for progress, one that has
too often been ignored in the quest for peace: an immediate and sustained
improvement in the human rights situation on the ground.
Ensuring the protection of human rights of both Israelis and Palestinians
will not solve the political problems, but it is the only way to make a political
solution viable. We have seen in the past that a diplomatic process that
ignores human rights violations on the ground is doomed to failure.
Thus America must prioritize easing the suffering of civilians in Gaza, lifting
the restrictions in Hebron, and bringing some relief to civilians in Sderot.
Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza struggle under various Israeli
policies that destroy their homes; expose them to daily harassment,
humiliation, and violence; strangle their economy by severely curtailing
their freedom of movement; hamper their access to farmland, family, water,
and medical care; and maintain a separate system of law for them than for
Israeli settlers. They are also victims of Palestinian forces that employ
arbitrary detentions and torture in the factional fighting between the
Palestinian Authority and Hamas. Meanwhile, residents of southern Israel
have lived for years with one eye on the nearest bomb shelter, and all too
often inside it, while residents of other areas live in fear of the next round of
attacks. All of this suffering can be addressed and, at the outset, at least
eased a bit by a real focus on human rights.
It is time for the United States to stop talking about being Israel’s good
friend and start acting like it. That means not only supporting Israeli
security, it means helping Israel comply with its commitments and its
obligations to international law and to upholding human rights standards.
It’s time for a new and more sincere kind of “pro-Israel” president, one who
will not allow his friends to follow a path to moral self-destruction any more
than he will allow them to face danger without his strong support. And one
who recognizes that human rights are universal and equal.
But before the United States can wield that influence with regard to other
peoples, it must restore its own standing with regard to human rights
practices, a standing that has been dreadfully undermined in recent years.
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185 – Chronologie 2008
Your promise that the United States will unequivocally refuse to employ
torture will help. You can make this declaration really count by signing an
executive order banning all torture by any U.S. government agency.
If the United States is to demand that Israeli and Palestinian authorities
respect human rights and international law, it must lead by example. This
means halting illegal detentions in Iraq and Afghanistan and closing the
prison at Guantanamo Bay.
It is change that you promised, and placing respect for human rights
standards at the forefront of American policy in the Middle East is a change
that is long overdue. If there is to be hope in this troubled region, it starts
with human rights, and that must include systems of law and accountability
that guard those rights. If there is to be hope, this is precisely the sort of
change you must bring.
3
Vgl. zur Vorgeschichte die Zusammenfassung des Beitrages von Mouin
Rabbani „Birth Pangs of a New Palestine“ in „Middle East Report Online“
January 7, 2009, in der Zeitleiste am 07.01.2009 in dieser Zeitleiste.
4
Vgl. dazu den Kommentar „Nach Olmert, vor Livni und Obama sowie
das palästinensische Dilemma“ in der Menüleiste „Veröffentlichungen“
dieser Homepage.
5
Vgl. die Eintragungen am 14.12.2008 und am 14.11.2008 in dieser
Zeitleiste.
6
Text of UN Security Council Resolution 1850, 16 December 2008:
Reaffirming its support for the agreements and negotiations resulting from
the 2007 Middle East summit in Annapolis, Maryland, the Security Council
called on the parties, regional States, and other States and international
organizations this morning to intensify their efforts to achieve a two-State
solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as well as peaceful coexistence
among all States in the region.
Adopting resolution 1850 (2008) by a vote of 14 to 0 – with Libya
abstaining – at the end of a meeting in which four permanent members
were represented by ministerial and other high-level officials, the Council
declared its commitment to the irreversibility of the ongoing bilateral
negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians, and supported “their
determined efforts to reach their goal of concluding a peace treaty
resolving all outstanding issues…”.
Toward that end, the Council called on both parties to fulfil their obligations
under the Road Map and to refrain from steps that could undermine
confidence or prejudice the outcome of the negotiations. It called on States
and international organizations to contribute to an atmosphere conducive to
negotiations and assist the Palestinian Authority. At the same time, it urged
intensified diplomatic efforts to foster “mutual recognition and peaceful
coexistence between all States in the region in the context of achieving a
comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East”.
The Council welcomed consideration by the Middle East Diplomatic Quartet
– the United Nations, United States, European Union and Russian
Federation – in consultation with the parties, of an international meeting in
Moscow in 2009.
Before taking action on the text, all Council Members took the floor
following the lead of the Quartet principals – Ban Ki-moon, SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations; Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State of the
United States; Sergey Lavrov, Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation;
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David Miliband, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
of the United Kingdom; and the representative of France, which currently
holds the Presidency of the European Union.
Secretary-General Ban asked the Council to act today to help “set us
firmly, finally and irreversibly on the path to peace in the Middle East” by
passing the resolution, acknowledging that after the Annapolis summit, it
had been hoped that by now the world would be marking the conclusion of
a peace agreement and turning to implementation. “We all regret this is not
the case. And we know we still face many hurdles. But a serious process is
under way. We must ensure that what has been started is seen all the way
through to its conclusion.”
Following Mr. Ban’s remarks, most Council members welcomed the draft
resolution, with many stressing the need to maintain the momentum of the
Annapolis summit, and others noting that the Council had not acted on the
Middle East for nearly five years.
Ms. Rice stressed that the text reaffirmed the Annapolis process as the
way forward, as opposed to the kind of brinksmanship that had failed in the
past. The text described the contours of the negotiations, defined the role
of the international community, confirmed the irreversibility of the bilateral
negotiations, and endorsed the parties’ efforts.
Mr. Lavrov said the call for full implementation of commitments under the
Road Map was a particularly important part of the text, as was support for a
unified Palestinian position. The summit in Moscow had been proposed
with the intention to continue that momentum. Mr. Miliband noted that
Council resolutions over the years had laid the groundwork for a political
settlement of the situation, and it was important now to express
determination to make real progress in 2009.
Libya’s representative, however, said Council action had been sparse over
the past 60 years, noting that when the 15-member body had pronounced
itself, its words had not been translated into deeds. The text contained
deliberate ambiguity and did not confront breaches of illegality, which did
not serve peace as much as harm it. The aggressor could interpret such
texts as acceptance of its practices, and the victim could see them as proof
that the international community was biased, thereby promoting further
despair and frustration.
The situation in the region since the launch of the Annapolis process had
deteriorated further, he said, urging the Council to move quickly to protect
civilians facing collective punishment, which constituted a crime against
humanity. The minimum conditions conducive to a just solution required a
condemnation of such Israeli practices and ending them.
Members also heard a brief introductory statement by Prime Minister Ivo
Sanander of Croatia, in his capacity as Council President.
The Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of China also spoke.
Other speakers today were the representatives of Viet Nam, South Africa,
Costa Rica, Burkina Faso, Indonesia, Panama, Belgium and Italy.
The meeting opened at 11:20 a.m. and ended at 12:50 p.m.
Resolution
The full text of resolution 1850 (2008) reads as follows:
“The Security Council,
“Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions, in particular resolutions 242,
338, 1397, and 1515 and the Madrid principles,
“Reiterating its vision of a region where two democratic States, Israel and
Palestine, live side by side in peace within secure and recognized borders,
“Welcoming the 9 November 2008 statement from the Quartet and the
Israeli-Palestinian Joint Understanding announced at the November 2007
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Annapolis Conference, including in relation to implementation of the
Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,
“Noting also that lasting peace can only be based on an enduring
commitment to mutual recognition, freedom from violence, incitement, and
terror, and the two-State solution, building upon previous agreements and
obligations,
“Noting the importance of the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative,
“Encouraging the Quartet’s ongoing work to support the parties in their
efforts to achieve a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle
East,
“1. Declares its support for the negotiations initiated at Annapolis,
Maryland, on 27 November 2007 and its commitment to the irreversibility of
the bilateral negotiations;
“2. Supports the parties’ agreed principles for the bilateral negotiating
process and their determined efforts to reach their goal of concluding a
peace treaty resolving all outstanding issues, including all core issues,
without exception, which confirm the seriousness of the Annapolis process;
“3. Calls on both parties to fulfil their obligations under the PerformanceBased Roadmap, as stated in their Annapolis Joint Understanding, and
refrain from any steps that could undermine confidence or prejudice the
outcome of negotiations;
“4. Calls on all States and international organizations to contribute to an
atmosphere conducive to negotiations and to support the Palestinian
government that is committed to the Quartet principles and the Arab Peace
Initiative and respects the commitments of the Palestinian Liberation
Organization, to assist in the development of the Palestinian economy, to
maximize the resources available to the Palestinian Authority, and to
contribute to the Palestinian institution-building programme in preparation
for statehood;
“5. Urges an intensification of diplomatic efforts to foster in parallel with
progress in the bilateral process mutual recognition and peaceful
coexistence between all States in the region in the context of achieving a
comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East;
“6. Welcomesthe Quartet’s consideration, in consultation with the parties,
of an international meeting in Moscow in 2009;
“7. Decides to remain seized of the matter.”
Background
The Security Council met this morning to consider the situation in the
Middle East, including the Palestinian Question.
Opening Remarks
IVO SANADER, Prime Minister of Croatia, which holds the Security Council
Presidency for December, said he hoped through today’s meeting to
recognize “a shared momentum we cannot afford to lose” towards a
negotiated settlement of the Middle East conflict that had started with last
year’s summit in Annapolis, Maryland.
BAN KI-MOON, Secretary-General of the United Nations, said that, after
last year’s summit in Annapolis, it was to be hoped that by now the world
would be marking the conclusion of a peace agreement and turning to
implementation. “We all regret this is not the case. And we know we still
face many hurdles. But a serious process is under way. We must ensure
that what has been started is seen all the way through to its conclusion.”
In the new year, the situation on the West Bank and in Gaza must be
stabilized, and all tracks of the process must be intensified, he said. All
stakeholders must maintain unity and redouble their efforts – Israelis and
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Palestinians, regional countries and the Quartet, including the incoming
United States Administration and the Security Council.
Reaffirming his deep commitment to the goal of a just and lasting peace
based on previous Council resolutions, the principle of land for peace, the
Madrid terms of reference and the Arab Peace Initiative, he expressed the
hope that the Council would act today to help “set us firmly, finally and
irreversibly on the path to peace in the Middle East”.
Statements
CONDOLEEZZA RICE, Secretary of State of the United States, said the
situation in the Middle East was very different now from the time when
President George W. Bush had entered office in 2001. At that time, the
Camp David process had collapsed leaving Israelis and Palestinians in a
vicious cycle of violence. No image better captured those desperate times
than the siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. Each time a ray
of hope had penetrated the darkness, it had been snuffed out by
intolerance.
Reforms in the Palestinian Authority in 2003 had inspired hope, yet they
had proved to be superficial, and the hope deceptive, she recalled. The
Palestinian elections in January 2005 and the Israeli disengagement from
Gaza later that year had provided hope that had soon been ended by the
election victory of Hamas in 2006 and the war in Lebanon later that year.
Finally, after Hamas had usurped power in Gaza in 2007, it had become
clear to all that there was no alternative to the Bush vision of a State of
Palestine and a State of Israel, living side by side in peace and security.
President Bush, building on that new dynamic, had convened the Annapolis
Conference, the first major peace conference in 16 years and the only one
of its kind on United States soil, she said. Since then, Israeli and
Palestinian negotiators had bravely demonstrated their commitment to
peace through continuous bilateral and substantive negotiations. They had
made the choice to defeat an ideology of hatred with one of hope. The
support of the United States and the international community had not been
sustained by false hope or an ignorance of the challenges, but by a
genuine belief in progress and in the prospects for success if the parties
continued down that path.
Emphasizing that the United States had a national interest in the
conclusion of a final treaty, she said the establishment of a State of
Palestine was long overdue, and called for an end to the occupation that
had begun in 1967. That was a bilateral process and the two parties would
have to conclude a bilateral agreement, but it was incumbent upon the
international community to support them. For that reason, everyone was
gathered in the Council today to consider a draft resolution sponsored by
the United States and the Russian Federation and to chart the way
forward.
The text described the contours of the negotiations and defined the role of
the international community, she said, adding that it confirmed the
irreversibility of the bilateral negotiations and endorsed the parties’ efforts.
The Annapolis process had advanced under the leadership of both sides
and must be built upon; it was not a matter of lip service, but of genuine
commitment to turning the two-State solution into reality. The Arab Peace
Initiative was a historic proposal, and just as Israel should reach out to the
Arab States, so should they reach out to Israel. There could be no turning
back the clock; the process must go forward along the chosen path.
SERGEY LAVROV, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
said today marked an important stage in the process started at Annapolis.
The fact that the parties were considering the important issues made it a
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crucial process and the momentum must continue, establishing the
irreversibility of the political process. In that context, the call for full
implementation of commitments under the Road Map was a particularly
important part of the new draft resolution, as was support for a unified
position on the part of the Palestinians. Those who would participate in
future negotiations would be expected to continue seriously and with the
intention of moving forward. The summit in Moscow had been proposed
with the intention to continue the momentum and resolve.
DAVID MILIBAND, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth
Affairs of the United Kingdom, said the Council did not lack a consistent
policy on the Middle East; in fact, its resolutions had become the bywords
of hopes for a political settlement of the situation. It was important now to
express determination to make real progress in 2009. Negotiations had
been ongoing but cynicism had grown at the same time. In that context, the
Annapolis process may not have delivered a Palestinian State, but its
absence would have left the situation much worse off.
Stressing that Israelis and Palestinians must lead the process towards
actually reaching a solution, he said it was crucial that they have the
support of the region in a “23-State solution” – 22 Arab States and Israel,
living together in mutual recognition and peace. Those who would make
the process fail must not be allowed to succeed, particularly in light of
threats by Hamas. The United Kingdom was determined to support the
Palestinian Authority in building its institutions, unity and security
capabilities. In any case, progress must be made, he concluded. “The
perils of inertia are clear.”
HE YAFEI, Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of China, noted that, since
Annapolis, the international community had made tireless efforts to
promote the peace process, but regrettably, the negotiations had failed to
achieve major breakthroughs within the set timetable. At present, the
Middle East situation was blessed with opportunities for further
improvements, but it also faced uncertainties and risks. It was incumbent
upon the international community to ensure that it achieved substantive
progress. Today’s meeting would play a positive role in taking up that
common challenge.
He said he would support adoption of the draft resolution, which called for
support for the Palestinians and Israelis in advancing their political
negotiations. Those talks represented the sole, viable and correct path
towards enduring peace in the Middle East. Under the new circumstances,
both parties were expected to work on the basis of the relevant resolutions
and the land-for-peace principle, and, through the talks, attain a two-State
solution at an early date. As the Secretary-General had said recently, 2009
should be a year of harvest for the Middle East peace process. China had
similar expectations, but it realized that the road ahead would be tortuous.
The most urgent task was to ensure that both parties implemented their
respective obligations in earnest and refrained from taking any actions that
would prejudge the outcome.
The construction of settlements in the West Bank and the imposition of the
blockade in Gaza were not conducive to the creation of an enabling
environment for negotiations, he continued. The humanitarian crisis facing
the West Bank and Gaza was troubling, and the international community
should continue to assist and support the Palestinians in their capacitybuilding and in speeding up their economic development. A lasting peace
in the Middle East would, by necessity, be a comprehensive one, of which
the realization of peace between Syria and Israel and between Lebanon
and Israel would be integral parts. The Quartet played an important role in
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promoting a comprehensive settlement to the Middle East question, but it
should exert greater efforts and strengthen its regular communication with
the Security Council. China was ready to work with the international
community to continue to play a constructive role.
GIADALLA A. ETTALHI (Libya) called for a reversal of the Council’s
behaviour of recent years on the Palestinian question, which had
represented a continuous threat to peace and security for more than six
decades. The problem was accompanied by the tremendous suffering of
the Palestinian and other peoples of the region, continuous violations of
human rights, and unprecedented breaches of international humanitarian
law. It had also been characterized by conflicts and cycles of violence. Yet,
the Council had refrained for years from taking explicit and decisive action.
In cases where it had passed resolutions, they had remained mere words
rather than deeds, owing to the lack of genuine political will among some
Council members to reach a just solution which respected international
legality and rejected occupation and repression. Libya would reject today’s
draft resolution in principle, he said, stressing that generalization and
deliberate ambiguity, as well as a failure to confront breaches of illegality,
did not serve peace as much as harm it. The aggressor and occupier must
not interpret such texts as acceptance of its behaviour and policies, nor
should the victim see them as proof that the international community was
serious, but biased, acting with double standards, thereby promoting
further despair and frustration.
The situation in the region since the launch of the Annapolis process had
deteriorated further, he said. The practices of the Israeli occupation had
escalated; killings and detentions had continued; settlement activity had
intensified; the siege on the Gaza Strip had worsened; and the number of
checkpoints in Gaza and the West Bank had increased. All that made daily
life unbearable; the demolition of houses had continued, as had
construction of the separation wall, most of it on Palestinian territory.
Violence had extended to Arabs within and outside the Green Line, he said,
noting that behind aggression by the settlers was a formal acceptance by
Israel. There were explicit breaches of the Road Map and of the pledges
made at Annapolis, as well as of international law. The Council must move
quickly to protect civilians facing collective punishment, which constituted a
crime against humanity. Was it not clear that providing the minimum
conditions conductive to a just solution required a condemnation of such
Israeli practices and ending them, as they could not represent a way
towards peace? Disregarding them was an invitation to continue them.
JEAN-MAURICE RIPERT (France) recalled that, throughout the past four
and a half years of silence during which there had been a lack of
resolutions on the Middle East, his country had urged that the Council
make the situation a priority. The European Union, of which France
currently held the Presidency, would work hard to drive the peace process
forward in the year ahead. It would also support talks between Israel and
Syria and between Israel and Lebanon. The European Union hoped to
work with President Elect Barack Obama on a unified approach.
Speaking in his national capacity, he expressed support for the
establishment of a sovereign State of Palestine, living in peace with Israel.
France called for inter-Palestinian reconciliation for that purpose and for a
comprehensive approach to peace negotiations. In that light, the Arab
Peace Initiative must be translated into action, perhaps in a phased
approach in which confidence-building measures would be essential. There
was also a need for rapid and real change on the ground.
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Commitments made under the Road Map must be fulfilled and Israel must
reciprocate the progress made by the Palestinian Authority, he said,
stressing that it was necessary and urgent for that State to end settlement
activities. In addition, the International community must mobilize to support
the Palestinian Authority. France pledged its continuing support. Absolute
respect for international humanitarian law was crucial, including an end to
terrorism, the firing of rockets at civilian populations, and collective
punishment directed at the population of Gaza and other areas.
HOANG CHI TRUNG (Viet Nam) said the Middle East peace process was
at a critical juncture, with renewed opportunities and challenges. The
current “surge in diplomacy”, amply demonstrated by the continued
commitments of both Israel and Palestine to the Annapolis negotiations on
final status issues, was heartening. Favourable developments included
home-grown efforts by the Palestinian Authority towards statehood and
proactive mediation efforts by the Quartet, the League of Arab States and
regional countries. Indirect talks between Syria and Israel, and promising
steps in the Lebanon-Israeli dialogue were also of note. Those positive
developments could eventually crystallize into an enabling environment of
mutual trust and peaceful coexistence, from which all nations could share
in the peace dividends.
Yet, that progress might have diminutive effects unless it was further
consolidated through efforts by Israel and Palestine to satisfactorily and
peacefully address issues of common interest, he warned. All parties
concerned must demonstrate the political will to keep the peace process on
track and to avoid the crushing letdowns of the past. At such a defining
moment, all parties must exercise the utmost restraint and refrain from any
step or statement that might undermine the peace process and prejudice
final-status negotiations. More concerted efforts should also be made to
achieve more tangible improvements on the ground, on the basis of the
relevant Security Council resolutions, the land-for-peace principle, the
Madrid Conference, the Arab Peace Initiative, the Road Map and the
Annapolis outcome. Viet Nam supported the two-State vision and
welcomed yesterday’s meeting of the Quartet and the Arab League, hoping
that the coming meeting of the Quartet in Moscow would provide even
greater impetus to move the peace process forward on all tracks.
DUMISANI S. KUMALO (South Africa) expressed concern over the lack of
improvement in the situation in the Middle East, particularly Palestine, since
the Quartet Declaration five years ago. Indeed, the illegal occupation of
Palestine had intensified and Palestinians continued to face hardships that
were compounded by the financial embargo, the expansion of Israeli
settlements, the building of an illegal separation wall, and more than 600
roadblocks. The draft resolution before the Council was not perfect, since it
ignored many significant issues that the Council must address, including:
illegal settlement activity in the Palestinian territories; attacks on
Palestinian homes in Hebron by Israeli settlers; and ongoing violence
against Palestinian and Israeli civilians. However, South Africa would
support the resolution because it recommitted the parties to their previous
obligations.
After adoption, the resolution would face two crucial tests, he said. The first
was whether the parties would implement its provisions, and the second
was whether the Council would ensure implementation of its resolution. If
the resolution was ignored, that would further erode the Council’s
credibility. The 2002 Arab Peace Initiative, noted for its importance in the
draft, spelled out clear and specific affirmations expected of both Israel and
the Arab countries, and should be considered a serious contribution to
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bringing about peace in the Middle East. The Palestinian people had been
without a home for 60 years, except for the ghettoes and camps they
occupied around the world. In the Gaza Strip, Palestinians continued to live
under a complete blockade, with only the bare essentials to keep them
alive. Although South Africa would soon leave its Council seat, it reiterated
its invitation to the Special Envoy of the Quartet, Tony Blair, to brief the
Council in the new year on his efforts in the occupied areas.
JORGE URBINA (Costa Rica) said any initiative to promote Middle East
peace was welcome, but the proliferation of efforts in that direction did not
absolve the Security Council of its responsibility for the maintenance of
international peace and security. While the work of the Quartet was
valuable, the majority of United Nations members had received little
information about it. Along with other delegations, Costa Rica had
repeatedly asked the Quartet to inform the Security Council of its actions
with the aim of complementing those efforts instead of the more marginal
role the Council had played in recent years. Costa Rica would support the
draft resolution despite his preference for the inclusion of a reference to the
dramatic humanitarian situation in Gaza caused by Israel’s disproportionate
response to the terrorist attacks perpetrated against its territory.
There was a close relationship between the political perspectives for peace
and the social and humanitarian situation on the ground, and the Council
should not ignore it, he said. The accumulation of Israeli actions
contravened the Council’s resolutions and the Road Map, hindering
progress, as did calls for the elimination of the State of Israel. It was
absolutely unacceptable that the Organization’s Member States ignored the
statehood of other Member States and their right to exist. Also worrying
had been the restrictions on the movement of Palestinians in the West
Bank and the increasing number of illegal settlements since Annapolis.
Unless that trend was reversed, the efforts of the two sides would not
succeed. For those reasons, Costa Rica would have preferred a draft
resolution identifying the core issues of the conflict. It would also have
hoped that the Council would have pronounced itself on the obligations of
the parties.
MICHEL KAFANDO (Burkina Faso) said the Middle East situation was one
of the most complex on the Council’s agenda and a paradox because,
despite the unanimous view that a lasting solution must be found, the
parties and the international community found it difficult to evolve an
acceptable political solution. It had to be acknowledged, once again, that
the goals remained elusive – but not because of a lack of action; there had
been the Paris Conference and the initiatives of Egypt and Yemen. Still,
there were real obstacles on the road to peace. Israeli settlements
continued on occupied Palestinian land, as did the embargo on Gaza, and
the firing of rockets into Israel.
He said that was why his delegation supported the Council’s initiative to
send a message of encouragement and support to the parties by calling on
them to “keep alive and well the spirit of the Annapolis process.” To
achieve that, the parties should continue their frank dialogue and make
bold concessions in order to settle pending issues, strengthen Palestinian
unity and provide assistance for Palestinian refugees, among other things.
The Council itself had an important role to play, and it must play it.
First, the Council must ensure that its resolutions were implemented. The
vision of a Palestinian State living side by side with Israel was not utopian
or a negation of Israeli security. Rather, it would ensure a just and lasting
Middle East peace, and the parties should work towards that goal. Hope
had been born in Annapolis during a crucial stage on the road towards a
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settlement of the conflict, and hope was still alive “because we and the
parties are aware that it is one of the best opportunities to date to resolve
the dispute”. Burkina Faso supported the draft resolution to that end.
MARTY M. NATALEGAWA (Indonesia) said there was no international
issue more important to his country than efforts to find a just, lasting and
comprehensive settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Indonesia had
consistently supported efforts to achieve such a settlement, and had
lauded the two parties’ commitment to the Annapolis peace process. It was
unfortunate that the Security Council’s record on the issue had been less
than sterling, as the Council had been unable to pronounce itself
collectively and with a single voice. “The Council’s silence on the situation
in the Middle East, including Palestine, has been deafening,” though
today’s meeting was a welcome change.
The meeting was providing encouragement to the parties to redouble their
efforts to engage in vigorous, continuous negotiations, and to make every
effort to achieve a meaningful and result-oriented outcome, he said. The
draft resolution before the Council made clear the need to refrain from any
steps that could undermine confidence or prejudice the outcome of those
negotiations, and it was thus imperative to maintain the cessation of
hostilities in the Gaza Strip and southern Israel. It was also essential that
Israel lift the closure of the Gaza crossings immediately. The civilian
population in the Gaza Strip was enduring unacceptable levels of
humanitarian hardship and their plight must be addressed urgently. Also,
Israel must immediately end its illegal settlement activities in the West
Bank, including East Jerusalem.
The challenge now was to ensure that there would be no gap between
peace efforts and the situation on the ground, he said, noting that
improvements in the situation on the ground would reinforce the
momentum of negotiations. To that end, Indonesia attached great
importance to international efforts to develop and strengthen Palestine’s
national institutions, as recognized in the draft before the Council.
Indonesia underscored its position that a comprehensive peace in the
Middle East would require not only a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict, but also progress on the Israel-Lebanon and Israel-Syria tracks,
based on the relevant Security Council resolutions. The outcome of today’s
meeting could help consolidate the peace process and provide a platform
for further progress. Not least, it would send a signal that the Council was
once again shouldering its Charter-mandated responsibilities.
RICARDO ALBERTO ARIAS (Panama) said that, at first glance the text
under consideration was lacking in substance, but on closer examination it
contained many elements needed for progress. They all reflected the
Council’s work on the situation and must be done to end the occupation
and establish a Palestinian State. As the text served to provide impetus for
the peace process, Panama would vote in its favour.
JAN GRAULS (Belgium) said the draft resolution was important as it
reconfirmed the Council’s support for the peace process until the desired
objective was reached. For the first time in eight years, there was enough
momentum to possibly reach a settlement of the situation. The negotiations
were significant as they continued despite the efforts of extremists to derail
them.
He called for international support for the talks, as well as for the
negotiation process, in light of the unusually strong support demonstrated
in the past year, including by his own country. Belgium welcomed recent
confidence-building measures and stressed that progress on the ground
was now crucial, including an end to settlement activity and punishment for
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settler violence. The situation in Gaza remained a catastrophe, and the
firing of rockets into Israel threatened to restart the spiral of violence.
ALDO MANTOVANI (Italy), noting that the negotiations were entering a
delicate phase, said he supported the parties’ resolve, as demonstrated at
the Sharm el-Sheik meeting. It was absolutely essential that they reach a
comprehensive agreement in the form of a peace treaty. There were still
considerable gaps on core positions, however, but now more than ever,
Palestinians and Israelis needed clear and specific solutions and not vague
suggestions. The ongoing political process must become irreversible.
It was also fundamental to contribute to the strengthening of Palestinian
institutions by promoting economic development, as well as institutional
and security sector reform. The two-state solution could only be ensured
through a Palestinian State with sound institutions that functioned in the
setting of the rule of law and good governance. Equally important was the
promotion of a constructive approach by all states in the region. Italy
encouraged the support provided by the Arab League, both economically
and politically. In that context, the Arab Peace Initiative had great potential.
Meanwhile, he said he was concerned about the deteriorating humanitarian
situation in Gaza. There was an urgent need to restore and maintain calm
and to reopen the border crossings. The accelerating construction of Israeli
settlements and violence were also causes for further concern. Italy
welcomed Israeli efforts to prevent further violence and to liquidate
settlements, the expansion of which, particularly in East Jerusalem, did not
facilitate dialogue. Rather, it undermined the credibility of Palestinian
negotiators in the eyes of public opinion.
Action on Text
The Council then adopted the draft resolution by 14 in favour to none
against, with 1 abstention (Libya), as resolution 1850 (2008).
7
Vgl. die Eintragung am 23.02.2007 in dieser Zeitleiste.
8
Vgl. die Eintragung am 24.01.2009 in dieser Zeitleiste.
9
Vgl. die Eintragung am 14.11.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
10
Vgl. die Eintragung am 30.11.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
11
Vgl. die Eintragungen am 01.06., 12.06., 24.08., 04.12.2008 und am
28.03.2009 in dieser Zeitleiste.
12
„Council Conclusions: Strengthening of the Europan Union’s bilateral
relations with its Mediterranean partners”, Brussels 8 and 9 December
2008.
13
Vgl. die Eintragungen am 14.11.2008 und am 21.11.2008 sowie am
04.01.2009 in dieser Zeitleiste.
14
Vgl. dazu meine Rezension des Buches in der Leiste „Rezensionen“ in
dieser Homepage.
15
Akiva Eldar: Obama’s ‚Palestinian friend’ laments catastrophic U.S.
policy in Mideast, in „Haaretz-Online“ 05.12.2008:
No one stopped Rashid Khalidi, the Columbia University professor of
Modern Arab Studies, at Ben-Gurion airport. Having just landed after the
long flight from New York, the professor was anticipating the traditional
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195 – Chronologie 2008
reception from airport security personnel reserved for visitors with
"suspicious" names. To his surprise, he entered the airport like anyone
else, with no problems or delays. Perhaps word had gotten around at BenGurion that he was the Palestinian friend of United States President-elect
Barack Obama.
Khalidi, 60, who spent three weeks in Israel and the territories before
continuing on to Beirut this week, doesn't like all the fuss surrounding his
relationship with the president-elect. Up to now, he had avoided speaking
about it publicly, for better or worse. The reason may be, as reflected in my
interview with him at his hotel in Jerusalem, overlooking Damascus Gate,
his disappointment in his Chicago friend's treatment of the Arab and
Islamic community in the United States. Or maybe it's also discomfort with
the Democratic candidate's response during the campaign to reports about
the ties between them. "He is a respected scholar, although he vehemently
disagrees with a lot of Israel's policy," said Obama in a widely publicized
comment from a May campaign event, in response to a question about
their relationship. His spokesman made certain to add that the presidentelect has been "clear and consistent on his support for Israel."
"Obama was my colleague at the University of Chicago, a family friend,
neighbor and my district representative in the Illinois State Senate," says
Khalidi. "Since I moved to New York in 2003 and he moved to Washington
a year later, we've had much less opportunity to remain in contact." In April,
The Los Angeles Times reported that, at the farewell party at an ArabAmerican community center, Obama noted that they had shared frequent
dinners and interesting conversations, adding, "I'm hoping that, for many
years to come, we continue that conversation – a conversation that is
necessary not just around Mona and Rashid's dinner table," but around
"this entire world." The article further related that Obama said he hoped to
give the Palestinians hope with a new American policy in the Middle East.
Another one of the guests reportedly likened the settlers in the territories to
Osama bin Laden, asserting that both are "blinded by ideology."
Republican presidential candidate John McCain and his running mate,
Sarah Palin, took the story and ran with it, seeking to score some points
with Jewish voters. "Obama is a friend of a Palestinian hater of Israel,"
proclaimed McCain. Palin attacked The Los Angeles Times for refusing to
make public a videotape of the farewell party. Their people "discovered"
that, during the 1980s, when the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
was considered a "terror organization," Khalidi was the organization's
spokesman in Beirut.
Khalidi, considered the successor to Prof. Edward Said among the
Palestinian intelligentsia, studied and taught for 12 years, until 1983, at the
American University of Beirut and the Institute for Palestinian Studies there.
While he did maintain connections with foreign reporters, he was never a
PLO spokesman. Later on, between the Madrid summit in late 1991 and
the Oslo Accords in September 1993, Faisal Husseini got Khalidi added as
a consultant to the Palestinian delegation to the Madrid summit and to the
bilateral talks with the Israeli team, headed by Elyakim Rubinstein. That
was when Khalidi formed his opinion of the coordinator – the U.S. mediator
Dennis Ross, who is one of Obama's advisors on foreign affairs. Khalidi
alludes to him when he says in the interview that he hopes the new
president will not bring back the same people who contributed to the failure
of the peace process here. Nor was Khalidi thrilled to hear that Obama has
appointed Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State. Clinton's courting of Israel
during the darkest days of the intifada made her a darling of the Jewish
community and distanced her from the Palestinian community.
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196 – Chronologie 2008
Obama's campaign went on the counterattack against McCain-Palin: This
is yet another attempt, they said, to recycle controversy and divert public
attention from the fact that McCain supports Bush's economic policies.
Obama's spokesman suggested that instead of berating the media's
supposed double standards, McCain ought to explain why, during the time
he was chairman of the International Republican Institute, for years it
helped fund the Center for Palestine Research and Studies, an
organization that sponsored some of Khalidi's lectures and published some
of his work.
Khalidi, who wanted the black Democratic candidate to win, kept his head
down and avoided the media. As the son of a political family, he is adept at
swimming in such murky waters. His family tree in Jerusalem on his
father's side dates back at least to the 15th century. He says it's quite likely
that some of his ancestors, who were Chief Judges in Cairo during the
Mameluke period, are buried in the Muslim cemetery in the Mamila area
(the designated site of the new Museum of Tolerance). His uncle was the
mayor of Jerusalem from 1935 to 1937, until he was deposed by the British
Mandate authorities and exiled to the Seychelles. In the 1950s, the uncle
was appointed foreign minister of Jordan and, for a brief time, also served
as prime minister under King Hussein.
Khalidi, who is married and has one grandchild, speaks with eloquence and
firmness. He was born in New York in November 1948. His father, a
university student at the time, married a woman from Lebanon and
developed a diplomatic career as an international civil servant working in
the UN Secretariat. After his return from Beirut, Rashid Khalidi earned a
place of honor among the Palestinian intellectual elite, alongside
professors Edward Said, Walid Khalidi (his cousin) and Ibrahim Abu
Lughod. His book Under Siege: PLO Decisionmaking during the 1982 War,
was translated into Hebrew and published by Ma'arachot Press. He is the
Edward Said Professor of Modern Arab Studies at Columbia University and
served as the Director of the Middle East Institute there for five years,
before stepping down last year. In 2006, he published his most recent
book, "The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood"
(Beacon Press).
After being around for about two weeks, after quite a long time away, what
kinds of changes have you sensed in Palestinian society?
"It would be presumptuous of me, after an absence of over two years, and
not having been able to go to Gaza, to pronounce myself on this subject. I
will give some impressions nevertheless. I sense even greater anger than
before in Jerusalem at the systematic choking off of the city from its West
Bank hinterland, the unceasing pressure of new settler strongholds and
property expropriations, and the denial of a minimal level of basic municipal
services to Arab neighborhoods. Just compare the miserable state of the
roads or the schools or the parks in East Jerusalem to those in the West.
On a broader level, I detect enormous popular frustration and disgust with
both wings of the national leadership, Fatah and Hamas. In spite of this
crisis at the political level, there is an irrepressible dynamism, ingenuity and
vitality in the Palestinian economy and society, whether in the West Bank,
Gaza, East Jerusalem or the Palestinian community inside Israel. This is
the underlying strength of the Palestinian people: it is like water that cannot
be dammed up, but finds a way to get through. This resilience is there no
matter what new refinements the occupier devises to torture his captive."
Do you believe that the current PLO leadership will be able to cut a deal
with Israel on a two-state solution that will be accepted by the Palestinian
people?
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197 – Chronologie 2008
"The current PLO leadership does not and will not properly represent the
entire Palestinian people until it can achieve a historic compromise with the
other wing of the Palestinian national movement, and until a renewed,
unified leadership can agree on minimal national goals and a strategy,
whatever they are. This requires resisting the internal and external
pressures that are intent on keeping the Palestinians divided. Only if they
are unified do the Palestinians have a chance of achieving their national
goals. Thereafter, to be binding and legitimate, any agreement that might
be reached would have to be submitted to a referendum of the entire
Palestinian people, inside and outside the country."
How do you see the future of the Palestinian territories?
"Both the occupation regime and the settlement enterprise have gotten
constantly stronger since the negotiating process began in 1991 – after
being weakened by the first intifada. These twin processes went on
steroids after the second intifada started in 2000. If these two bulldozer-like
endeavors are not rapidly reversed – not halted, reversed – then there is
no possibility whatsoever of a two-state solution. These processes – the
consecration of the occupation regime and the expansion of settlements –
have been ongoing for 41 years. I suspect that because of them, combined
with the blindness of Israeli leaders and the weakness of Palestinian
leadership, there is little chance for a two-state solution to be implemented.
And anyone who wants to implement a real, equitable two-state solution
would have to explain in detail how they would uproot all or most of the
settlements. Equally difficult will be overcoming the powerful interlocking
complex of forces in Israeli society that have extensive material,
bureaucratic, political and ideological interests in the Israeli state's
continued control over the lives of 3.5 million Palestinians, a control that is
exercised under the pretext of security."
As someone who has long been involved with the PLO and Palestinian
politics, what can you say about the current Palestinian leadership?
"The Palestinian people have certainly not always had the leadership they
deserved. Israel worsened this situation by systematically liquidating
Palestinian leaders – generally the most effective and intelligent among
them – going back to the early 1970s. Several Arab regimes also played a
part by assassinating key PLO leaders. Historians have pointed to similar
efforts by the Zionist movement in the late 1930s and 1940s.
"That said, the current leadership seems to me to be lacking in several
respects, and certainly does not seem up to the difficult tasks at hand. It is
time for a wholesale renewal of the Palestinian leadership, and the
replacement of the few remaining members of the founding generation of
the modern Palestinian national movement and their entourage with
younger individuals with new ideas. This requires a major effort to confront
the failed policies of the current leaders of both major factions, and to find
new approaches to the grave problems the Palestinian people face."
How do you assess the last eight years of U.S. conduct in the Middle East
and specifically in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
"It has been catastrophic. It made a bad situation worse, undermined
democracy all over the region by helping to sabotage the results of the
2006 Palestinian elections, played a major role in splitting the Palestinian
national movement, and helped Israel dig itself even deeper into the hole of
a permanent occupation. The administration's other foolish Middle East
policies, like the occupation of Iraq, the 'cold war' with Iran and Syria, and
encouraging Sunni-Shi'ite conflict in the region, have all been negative in
and of themselves, but they also had a profoundly harmful effect on the
conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. Many American historians say
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198 – Chronologie 2008
George W. Bush may have been the worst president in American history,
but his impact on this region has certainly been little short of a disaster."
What are your expectations of Barack Obama's administration in the
Middle East? Do you believe he will stick to his promise to put it at the top
of his agenda?
"I have no special insight. I do believe that the president-elect takes this
problem very seriously, and will give it his attention. Obsessed as we are
with our own issues, however, we should not ignore the fact that he faces
the greatest American and global economic crisis since 1929, and must
necessarily give that priority.
"In any case, much will depend on who is chosen for the key positions
relating to the Middle East. If some of the unimaginative, close-minded and
biased advocates of conventional thinking who bear a major share of the
responsibility for the mess we have been in for over 20 years – from the
Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations to that of Clinton, even
before George W. Bush made things even worse – are appointed to
important posts, my expectations will be low. I was involved in the
negotiations as an advisor to the Palestinian delegation from Madrid in
1991 until June 1993, before Oslo. Those American officials who helped
get the Palestinians and Israelis into the mess they are in via a deeply
flawed negotiating process, and a cowardly refusal to confront occupation
and settlement head-on when it would have been far easier to do in the
1980s and 1990s, do not deserve another chance to ruin the future of the
peoples of this region."
Can Obama save the two-state solution, or is it too late? What would you
suggest he could do in order to accomplish this?
"It may well be too late, as I have said. The new administration would have
to prevail on the Israeli government to put into reverse the twin bulldozers
of occupation and settlement. This would mean removing walls and
barriers inside the occupied territories that separate Palestinians from
Palestinians and allowing free movement instead of restricting the
population to segregated inferior roads. It would mean ending land
confiscation and the building of new residential units for settlers all over the
occupied territories, and the return to the population of these territories of
the land stolen from them on various 'legal' pretexts or without a pretext at
all. In sum, it means ending Israeli security control over the occupied
territories, and scrapping the whole overarching structure of the occupation
regime that has constantly grown more deeply rooted for 41 years.
"Doing this would require a lot of the new president's political capital.
Despite the immense significance of Barack Obama's victory in terms of
American history and politics, I do not think things have necessarily
changed in terms of the balance of forces in Washington where
Israel/Palestine issues are concerned. This balance of forces is and has
long been an obstacle to progress toward ending occupation and
settlement and achieving peace."
Are you disappointed with Israeli intellectuals and the peace camp?
"I respect what many Israeli groups and individuals do. However, their
efforts are insufficient in light of the looming prospect of a permanent
occupation and the continuation into the indefinite future of what exists
today. This is a de facto one-state solution, wherein the State of Israel
rules over the entirety of Mandatory Palestine and over more than 5 million
Palestinians, most of whom have no rights at all in the polity that takes all
the important decisions, the Israeli polity. Although the responsibility of
Israel in this matter is paramount, the efforts of Palestinians and of
outsiders have been insufficient as well, and we will all be affected by such
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199 – Chronologie 2008
an outcome, so we all have an urgent responsibility to act. More
immediately, targeting a civilian population of 1.5 million people of the
Gaza Strip with hunger, deprivation and effective imprisonment, whatever
the nature of their leaders, is criminal and is a violation of international law,
as are all attacks on civilian populations, Jewish or Arab – something I
have said repeatedly in talks here. That people, whether in Tel Aviv,
Ramallah, the Arab countries, or the capitals of the world, can remain silent
while Gazans are punished on this scale is beyond belief."
What have you learned from the political-media affair in regard to your
relations with Obama?
"It proved once again that to be of Palestinian origin and to be publicly
opposed to the occupation and critical of U.S. policy is grounds for public
defamation as a 'terrorist.' It attests to the survival of McCarthyite
tendencies in the U.S. media and politics. It also reaffirmed that Arabs,
Muslims and Palestinians specifically are still the 'other' in American
society. A higher percentage of Arab-Americans voted for Obama than any
other ethnic group besides African-Americans, and they voted in record
numbers too, I believe, and yet they are still pushed aside, almost literally.
For instance, two Arab-American women in hijab were removed from the
camera's gaze at one of Obama's rallies during the election. Obama did
not visit one mosque or Arab community center throughout the entire twoyear campaign, and he never mentioned Arab- or Muslim-Americans in his
speeches. Whatever may have been the 'strategic' political reasons for
these actions, they show the kind of atmosphere we in the U.S. live in.
"This situation is linked to the problematic notion that it is acceptable to
create a U.S. Middle East policy which caters to Israel – and specifically to
the Israeli right – and to the concerns of powerful forces like the Israel
lobby that are allied to the Israeli right, but hardly at all to Arab- and
Muslim-Americans. Such a policy is based on the opinions, 'expertise' and
allegiances of Washington insiders who are not knowledgeable about all
the complex realities of the region, and are mainly sensitive to Israeli
concerns. Just as an Obama administration aspires to reflect the entire
country in all its diversity, so should its Middle East policy-making reflect a
comprehensive set of interests and concerns, and not just one narrow
range of them."
Do you believe that J-street and Arab-American peaceniks can contain
AIPAC and Jewish right-wing organizations?
"They appear to have begun to make some headway. They need to
convince American politicians, Democrats in particular, that where Israel
and Palestine are concerned, leaders of the main institutions of the
American Jewish establishment, notably AIPAC, do not represent the views
of the majority of the American Jewish community. In fact, the hawkish
views of most of these leaders are far closer to those of the 24 percent of
that community who voted for McCain than they are to the 76 percent who
voted for Obama.
"Arab-Americans of course have a long way to go before they have
significant influence, although this is already beginning on the local level in
some states. This is still largely a first-generation immigrant community,
although more and more of the young have been born, brought up, and
educated in the U.S., and will play a much larger political role than their
elders. Part of the problem is that the range of opinions that is permissible
in the United States is far narrower than those voiced in politics and the
media in Israel, or anywhere else. And the general level of ignorance in the
U.S. about Middle Eastern ealities, in part due to the unceasing
propaganda bombardment, is higher than any place in the world."
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200 – Chronologie 2008
As an historian – why did Oslo fail and why does it look like our conflict is
reaching a final deadlock?
"Oslo was doomed to fail for several reasons. It was never an agreement
between equals, granting statehood and self-determination to the
Palestinians, nor was it intended to allow that outcome, Palestinian illusions
about it notwithstanding. It did not deal with the key issues between the two
sides – Jerusalem, refugees, land, borders, sovereignty and water – and
failed to halt settlement or end the occupation. It was an agreement that in
effect allowed one side to continue eating the pie that the two were
supposed to negotiate over dividing. Indeed, the decade of negotiations
that began with Madrid saw a doubling of the settler population, the
implementation of plans to parcel up the West Bank into cantons, and the
consecration and strengthening of the occupation regime. The 2000
intifada then gave [former Prime Minister Ariel] Sharon a chance to
accelerate those already ongoing processes. "There is no such thing as
'final' in history. The current situation is inherently unstable, with intolerable
pressure being put on the Palestinians. This pressure will sooner or later
produce a reaction, unless it is relieved. The Palestinian national
movement is currently in eclipse, as has happened before. Who can say
what will come next, but the past 60 years have shown that Palestinian
society, whether the part that remained behind in the Jewish state in 1948,
or that currently under occupation, or that in the diaspora, has shown
enormous vitality and a remarkable capacity to re-knit itself and resist
enormous pressure. Look at the Palestinians in Lebanon, who have
suffered and suffer more than any segment of Palestinian society, except
the people of Gaza. In spite of the serial atrocities committed against them,
the multiple external foes they have faced, and the many terrible mistakes
and failures of the political leadership, like the Gazans they manage to
maintain their social cohesion in conditions of indescribable difficulty."
Vgl. dazu meinen Konferenzbericht „Ein Jahr nach Annapolis“ in der Leiste
„Berichte aus Israel und Palästina“ in dieser Homepage.
16
Diese Spekulation hat sich nicht bestätigt. Kurtzer ist „Visiting Professor
of Middle East Policy Studies“ an der „Woodrow Wilson School of Public
and International Affairs” in Princeton.
17
Vgl. die Eintragungen am 31.08.2008 und 23.10.2008 in dieser
Zeitleiste.
18
Vgl. die Eintragung am 14.11.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
19
Im gleichen Sinne hat sich die Politologin Galia Golan bei der
Konferenz „Ein Jahr nach Annapolis“ Ende Novmber 2008 geäußert. Siehe
dazu meinen Bericht in der Menüleiste „Berichte aus Israel und Palästina“
in dieser Homepage.
20
Vgl. dazu meine Eindrücke auf der Konferenz „Ein Jahr nach
Annapolis“ Ende Novmber 2008 in meinen Bericht in der Menüleiste
„Berichte aus Israel und Palästina“ in dieser Homepage.
21
Text der Friedensinitiative in der Menüleiste „Ergänzende Dokumente“
in dieser Homepage.
22
Tatsächlich war Ami Ayalon gemeinsam mit Sari Nusseibeh im Sommer
2003 der Autor eines Prinzipienkatalogs für einen israelisch-
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201 – Chronologie 2008
palästinensischen Frieden. Als Sympathisant der „Genfer Initiative“ ist
Ayalon nicht hervorgetreten.
23
Vgl. die Eintragung am 09.11.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
24
Vgl. die Eintragung am 29.09.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
25
Address of PM Olmert at the State Memorial Ceremony for Yitzhak
Rabin on Mount Herzl, 10 November 2008:
The Honorable President, Mr. Shimon Peres,
Dear Rabin Family,
Madam Speaker of the Knesset, Ms. Dalia Itzik,
Honorable Supreme Court President, Justice Dorit Beinish,
Mr. Tony Blair, Quartet Special Envoy to the Middle East,
Government Ministers, Knesset Members,
IDF Chief of Staff, Lt. Gen. Gabi Ashkenazi,
Police Commissioner Dudi Cohen,
Chairman of the Jewish Agency, Mr. Ze'ev Bielski,
Mayor of Jerusalem, Mr. Uri Lupoliansky,
Distinguished Members of the Diplomatic Corps,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Thirteen years ago, this autumn day, the 12th of Cheshvan, was marked
on the Hebrew calendar for eternity as one of the darkest days in the
history of the people of Israel. Like the murder of Gedalia Ben-Ahikam
2,600 years ago by an assassin from among his own people – which has
become a national fast day for generations – so is the murder of Yitzhak
Rabin.
The people of Israel will forever mourn the loss of one of its chosen sons
and leaders, a man whose life was devoted to the battle for national revival,
to consolidating Israel's military strength and to Israel's defense, protection
and wellbeing. Our minds cannot bear the thought that a despicable,
contemptible man from among us dared to strike down Israel's Prime
Minister and Minister of Defense, the commander of Israel's armies and the
liberator of Jerusalem during the Six Day War; that this courageous leader,
who made peace with the Hashemite Kingdom in the East and relentlessly
strove to find paths to peace agreements with our Palestinian neighbors
and with Syria in the North, fell victim to three traitorous gunshots in his
exposed back.
Now, thirteen years after that dreadful day, I feel the need to say a few
words, not about the past, but about the future.
Please forgive me, all those who loved Yitzhak Rabin and cherish his
memory, if I deviate from the standard statements and touch upon the
painful issues, those relating to the very essence of our lives and future in
this land.
For decades, there has been an increasingly intense and trenchant dispute
in Israel over what should be here, in our country. Not only has this dispute
not diminished since the murder, it has intensified. The lines of controversy
have not become blurred, but have become sharper, more poignant and
more decisive.
However, the closer we get to the moment of truth, the more we refuse to
look at reality as it is and the more we prefer to turn our heads and avoid
the need to make a decision, as painful and tormenting as it may be.
Yitzhak Rabin did not reach this moment of decision with enthusiasm. We
will not do justice to his memory or his life's work if we try to portray the last
years of his life as if they were devoid of doubts or skepticism. He was
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202 – Chronologie 2008
agonizing before the Oslo Agreement; he had reservations about the
agreement and he was full of doubts after it was signed. One did not have
to be counted among the small, intimate circle of people with whom a
Prime Minister shares his deepest sentiments to know how complex and
complicated the reality of our lives appeared to him. He said it in his own
language – a language which was often abrasive and blunt, but always
candid and direct.
It is precisely for this reason that the path he outlined was so brave and
inspiring. He did not move forward with illusions or false hope.
He understood what more and more people are now ready to accept, with
the necessary caution and awareness of all the risks and difficulties: if we
are determined to preserve the Jewish and democratic character of the
State of Israel, we must inevitably relinquish, with great pain, parts of our
homeland, of which we dreamt and for which we yearned and prayed for
generations, and we must relinquish Arab neighborhoods in Jerusalem,
and return to that territory which comprised the State of Israel until 1967,
with the necessary amendments stemming from the realities created on
ground. We must return to our familiar places, in the Galilee and the
Negev, build them and realize the tremendous potential embodied in the
unbounded energies of our people; we must reignite the flame of ingenuity
and creation, and nurture a new kind of Zionism – realistic, sober,
responsible and bold.
There is nothing easier than outlining to the Israeli people the difficulties
and risks involved in such steps. They are obvious. We have many years
ahead of us before we reach the peace and tranquility of which Rabin
dreamt. However, the decision must be made now, without hesitation,
before the reality we face changes completely and the narrow window of
opportunity to fix the solution in the consciousness of our people and the
peoples of the world fades before our very eyes.
Waiting unnecessarily to make a decision will change the delicate balance
in the international community which currently adheres to the notion of two
states for two people, with defined, agreed-upon, internationally recognized
borders. If, G-d forbid, we drag our feet, we might lose the support for the
idea of two states. The alternative is incomprehensible. Everyone
understands it.
A new regime may take control of the Palestinian territories and be radical
and not open to the negotiation process.
The State of Israel will lose the opportunity to bequeath to the world, as a
basic fact, the idea of two states, and guarantee, for eternity, with the
backing of all international institutions, a recognition of the borders of the
Jewish state.
This is not an easy decision, but it is vital. Rabin headed there, with
hesitation and skepticism, but with a deep inner understanding, for which
there is no substitute. He did not phrase it thirteen years ago as he
undoubtedly would have today. When I stand here, bowing my head in
front of his grave, I have no choice but to say what I believe he would have
said today, had he not fallen in battle.
I know that there are quite a few people who look at me now and think that
they are destined to be standing in this spot and speaking as Prime
Minister, and soon the Israeli public will decide who this person will be. I will
no longer be here in my political capacity and in this position. Therefore,
the only reason and justification for me to be standing here at this point in
time, near this small, special plot which Yitzhak shares with his wife Leah,
may their memories be blessed, is if I say what this nation truly needs and
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203 – Chronologie 2008
not what they want to hear, as stated by our first, and greatest, Prime
Minister, David Ben-Gurion.
The moment of truth has come, and there is no escaping it. We can miss it,
we can postpone it, at a heavy price, for many more years of bloodshed
and unending agonies. However, we must look at it with integrity, pride and
responsibility.
Many things can be said about Yitzhak Rabin's legacy and special
character, but his memory cannot be honored without speaking this truth,
which was the truth of his life and the tragic truth of his death.
I swore to myself that I would honor the memory of this leader by saying
the only things which, even with the passing of time, give meaning to his
murder.
The bullets which killed Rabin could not stop the historic course which he
led. Even after his death, Rabin will prevail, and so will all those who follow
in his footsteps, honor his memory with their actions, decisions and their
courage to speak the truth.
26
Secretary General Ban Kim-Monn after the meeting before the press
reading the conclusions:
Representatives of the quartet met today and heard from Palestinian
Authority president, Mahmoud Abbas, and Israeli foreign minister, Tzipi
Livni, at their request. They were joined by Quartet representative Tony
Blair.
President Abbas and Minister Livni briefed the Quartet on PalestinianIsraeli negotiating efforts since the November 27, 2007 international
conference in Annapolis, Maryland that formally launched bilateral
negotiations to bring an end to the conflict by achieving the goal of two
states, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security.
The Palestinian and Israeli representatives reaffirmed their commitment, as
stated in the Annapolis joint understanding, to vigorous, ongoing, and
continuous negotiations in order to conclude a peace treaty resolving all
outstanding issues, including all core issues, without exception, as
specified in previous agreements.
The parties' representatives have found that over the last year they have
engaged in direct, sustained, and intensive bilateral negotiations, based on
a joint work plan that included the establishment of more than 10
committees. They described how the parties have been actively engaged,
not only on core issues, but on an array of other topics necessary to turn
the two-state solution into a reality.
Without minimizing the gaps and obstacles that remain, the representatives
of the parties share their assessment that the present negotiations are
substantial and promising, and they have succeeded in putting in place a
solid negotiating structure for continued progress in the future.
President Abbas and Foreign Minister Livni stated the parties had reached
a number of mutual understandings on the principles governing their
negotiating process. These include: the need for continuous, uninterrupted,
direct bilateral negotiations; the principle that nothing would be considered
agreed until everything is agreed; the need to reach a comprehensive
agreement addressing all issues, as agreed at Annapolis, rather than just
announce agreement on selected items in isolation.
The parties' representatives also confirmed that, as stated in the Annapolis
joint understanding, the parties remain committed to implementation of
their respective obligations under the Roadmap, and to the agreed
mechanism for monitoring and judging Roadmap implementation, and that,
unless otherwise agreed by the parties, implementation of the future peace
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204 – Chronologie 2008
treaty will be subject to implementation of the Roadmap, as judged by the
United States.
In addition to describing the structure of the negotiations and indicating
areas in which progress has been achieved, President Abbas and Minister
Livni expressed gratitude for international support provided during the last
year, and requested continued support from the Quartet and all members
of the international community.
First, they asked that the international community support the parties'
sustained efforts in the framework of the Annapolis process, and that, in
respect, the agreed principles for their negotiations as described to the
Quartet.
Second, they asked that all states promote an environment conducive to
peace, non-violence, and the two-state solution. In this regard, they urge
political and economic assistance, especially in relation to institutional and
security reform, capacity building, economic development, and the
fulfillment of pledges to the legitimate Palestinian government, which has
accepted the Quartet principles and respects the PLO commitment. They
asked the international community to redouble efforts to confront and deny
support for extremism, incitement, terrorism, and intolerance.
Finally, the representatives stressed that, absent the joint request of the
parties, third parties should not intervene in the bilateral negotiations. At
the same time, they confirmed that international support and assistance will
be vital, once an agreement is reached, and that they intend to jointly
consult members of the international community on this issue at the
appropriate time.
The Quartet expressed its appreciation for the description by the parties of
their joint efforts, which confirmed the seriousness of the Annapolis
process, and underscored the determination of the parties to reach a
comprehensive agreement.
The Quartet reiterated its commitment to supporting the parties' efforts
underlined as a commitment to the irreversibility of the bilateral
negotiations, pledged to respect the bilateral and confidential nature of the
negotiation, and called on all states to adhere to these same commitments.
The Quartet endorsed the goals set out by the parties, and called on all
sides – all states, to lend their diplomatic and political support to that end,
including by encouraging and recognizing progress to date.
The Quartet renewed its call on relevant states and international
organizations to assist in the development of the Palestinian economy to
maximize the resources available to the Palestinian Authority, and to
contribute to the Palestinian institution-building program in preparation for
statehood, as decided during the Paris, Bethlehem, and Berlin
conferences.
The Quartet cited Jenin as an example of the success of reforms instituted
by the Palestinian government, and of cooperation between the two sides
made possible in the context of the Annapolis process.
The Quartet further welcomed the recent deployment of Palestinian
security services in the Hebron governorate as a sign of the progress that
has resulted from increased security cooperation. The Quartet emphasized
its determination to continue to work with Israel and the Palestinian
government to facilitate access and movement, and an improvement in
conditions on the ground, in order to address urgent humanitarian needs,
foster economic activity, and improve the atmosphere for the negotiations.
The Quartet reiterated its call to the parties to fully implement their
obligations under phase one of the Roadmap, including in relation to
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205 – Chronologie 2008
freezing settlement activity and the dismantlement of the infrastructure of
terrorism.
The Quartet emphasized the importance of continuity of the peace
process.
The Quartet agreed that the spring of 2009 could be an appropriate time
for an international meeting in Moscow.
The Quartet reaffirmed its previous statements, including the September
26, 2008 statement issued in New York, further welcoming the recent calls
for a broader peace.
The Quartet offered its support for the expansion of ongoing diplomatic
efforts toward regional peace, noted the importance of the Arab peace
initiative, and reaffirmed its commitment to a just, lasting, and
comprehensive peace in the Middle East, based on United States Security
Council resolutions 242, 338, 1397, and 1515.
27
Vgl. die Eintragung am 28.10.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
28
Vgl. die Eintragung am 25.09.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
29
Vgl. dazu die Eintragung am 23.07.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
30
Vgl. dazu die gegensätzlichen Äußerungen Olmerts im Rahmen seines
Interviews am 29.09.2008 mit „Yediot Acharonot“ in dieser Zeitleiste.
31
32
Vgl. auch die Eintragung am 08.09.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Address of President Peres before the Knesset, 28.10.2008:
Prime Minister, Mr. Ehud Olmert,
Speaker of the Knesset, Mrs. Dalia Itzik,
President of the Supreme Court, Mrs. Dorit Beinisch,
Head of the Opposition, Mr. Binyamin Netanyahu,
Ministers and Knesset Members,
Dear Guests,
Honorable Ones,
This Knesset session is opened against a background of internal and
external turmoil which has aroused great concern in the heart of every
citizen. The difficult process that ultimately ended the days of this
government raises question marks which trouble all of the people of Israel.
The confidence in the conduct of the governing agencies was weakened,
and furthermore, the public trust in their leaders was damaged.
This unpleasant truth must not be hidden or neglected. This is the hour in
which the Israeli Knesset and the political establishment are obligated to do
some deep soul-searching. It is never too late to make amends.
International developments and dynamic trends in our region will have
complicated ramifications for Israel internally, and even existential ones.
We cannot stand before these difficult challenges when our internal
strength is fragile. There is no justification for that.
In the coming days, Israel will enter an election period. This is the first and
most immediate test that stands before you, Israeli elected officials. It is in
your power to make these general elections a turning point, which will
signal that the face of the Israeli political establishment is resolved to move
towards rehabilitation and healing.
It is up to you to conduct legitimate, honorable political battles that do not
deteriorate to verbal violence, that do not turn towards baseless hatred,
and in which you do not accede to the use of deviant and degrading
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206 – Chronologie 2008
propaganda. It is in your hands to highlight before the public the great
dilemmas that are before us and to convince them that your path is the
best of all the parties. The people will choose both based on a vision and
the manner in which the vision is presented.
You should conduct a fair, clean, and substantive debate. Do not assume
that superficial slogans will win the hearts of the public. One who
disparages the intelligence of the public will find in the end that the public
disparages him. The Israeli media also has an esteemed role in the
democratic process. In order to enable it to do its job successfully, we must
ensure that the press enjoys freedom of speech. But the media must also
refrain from taking part in narrowness and one-sidedness. We may
demand from the media a contribution to the quality of the general
elections, just as it is their job to demand from the candidates to present
their platforms in truthful speech which should be reported fairly every day.
It is not enough simply to criticize the ideas of your opponent. You must
present an alternative idea grounded in tangible reasoning.
The uniqueness of Israel is found in the free political and democratic
processes through which it manages itself. The further the reputation of
Israeli politics deteriorates, the more the young generation will refrain from
involving itself in politics, and this will create a vacuum in the quality of
government in Israel. This is a danger to the core of the democratic
system. I call the young generation to view political engagement as an
important challenge in the service of the country. Do not be deterred from
political life. This is the framework in which decisions are made and
through which you will be able to bring real changes to the lives of all
citizens. Our best and brightest will be able to bring about the desired
change if they join political life with the goal of improving it. We must
encourage young people not to turn away from political life. We have to
open all of the doors before them. As the quality of Israeli politics is
improved, so the decisions that the government reaches will improve, as
will the effectiveness of their execution.
Members of Knesset,
The general elections that are before us will demand from you serious and
convincing answers to weighty questions. In my judgment, there are five
questions that should populate the agenda leading up to the election:
1. How will we ensure the security of Israel in the face of all the threats that
are facing us?
2. How will we bring an end to the Arab-Israeli conflict and bring peace to
our people?
3. How will we bring about economic prosperity while safeguarding social
justice?
4. How will we keep internal solidarity and the strength of the Israeli
community: through the power of law, the integration of minorities, and
proper governance?
5. How will we nurture the future of Israel – our young generation?
I believe that every political party in Israel should clearly present their
stance on these five important questions. They comprise our national
agenda. The first question regards the security of Israel. The Middle East is
bustling with dangerous developments, like Iran's rush to develop nuclear
weapons, the creation of long- and short-range rockets, the threat posed
by radical Islam and the cruel terror that it encourages.
Israel must be strong and if we are forced to fight, Israel needs to be able
to defeat any enemy who comes upon her. Israel's abilities need to match
the various challenges developing before us, symmetric and asymmetric.
We must also understand that national security is not measured solely by
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207 – Chronologie 2008
planes and tanks. It is also affected by the human dimension, the quality of
the fighters, the strength and support of the community, and the ability to
cooperate with friends and. even former enemies.
Peace is the most significant component in the equation of Israeli security.
Secondly, we must focus on achieving the peace for which we have
yearned. Israel has progressed in the negotiations it has been conducting
with the Palestinians and with Syria. The questions that are up for
discussion are critical, and to all of us it is clear that the price of peace will
be expensive and painful.
We must pay heed to the voices of all comers from Arab states and the
Muslim world, calling to put an end to conflict in the Middle East and to
arrive at peace.
The Arab Peace Initiative of 2002 put an end to the unity of the Arab
League states around the policy of Khartoum, that is to say, nay to
recognition, nay to negotiations, nay to peace.
Now the answer of the Arabs is "yes!" Yes to peace with Israel! There is no
ignoring the positive change even if we do not accept all of the phrasing in
the Arab Initiative. It is fitting that we examine how we can include the
whole Arab world in a comprehensive peace process that will be stronger
and more credible.
The price of a comprehensive agreement, in its conclusion, will not exceed
the price that Israel paid or agreed to pay in negotiations in separate
negotiations with all the states individually. But the overall compensation
will be of great value – the end of the conflict in all of the Middle East, and
normal relations with all of the Arab states.
In meetings that I have held with Arab and Muslim leaders, I have
discovered that most of them will not give in to Ahmadinejad's imperialistic
attempt, in the name of religion, to take over the entire Middle East and to
subjugate their policies to instructions coming from the ayatollahs in
Tehran. The vision of absolute power in the hands of a religious group,
flaunting missiles and nuclear weapons and creating terror centers and
rebellion, is a disaster for the entire Middle East and for all of its
inhabitants, regardless of religion and nationality.
Fanatic leadership in Iran poses a danger to the whole world. President
Mubarak, like other Arab leaders, including those with whom we do not
have diplomatic relations, have told me they do not see any more reason or
hope in war or terror, and that the time is ripe for a comprehensive
agreement in the Middle East. "An agreement reached between you and
the Palestinians will lay the foundation for an agreement with all of us," the
President of Egypt told me. Governments of Israel, as is customary in
democratic regimes, may be switched, but the desire for peace is shared
by all of us, and we must proceed. Never before, and certainly not during
hundreds of years of conflict, have we been so close to peace as we are
today. Not everything has been solved, but new possibilities have arisen.
The hour of truth for a national decision on these weighty matters is
nearing. The third question has to do with socio-economic issues. We have
to choose a clear socioeconomic path, especially in light of the existing
global economic crisis. The Israeli economy has impressed the world with
its exceptional technological abilities and its financial management, which
was not permitted to run wild without regulations or norms.
Israel is not a "business." Israel was and must be a principled country.
Accordingly, free economic initiative must also establish social solidarity.
As we prevail over our economic and social disparities, the economy will
grow and the society will come together. We cannot allow considerations of
the profits of a few to overshadow the needs and the welfare of the many.
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Creative powers should be rewarded, and punishment should not fall on
those who are hurt by the disparities that we created. In Israel, one third of
the population does not have a well-paying job. Two thirds of the territory of
the country is not properly developed. And half of the young generation
does not receive a sufficient education.
I do not believe in the "average poverty." There are many that are very
poor and a few that are very rich. Between them there is no average, only a
gap. A third of the population that does not have an appropriate job, this is
comprised of a majority of the religious population, and of the non-Jewish
population. There is no reason why Bnei Brak should be the poorest city in
Israel's center and Nazareth should be the poorest city in the North.
We need to make it possible for the religious population to join the labor
force and to pray at the same time. For the Jewish people, not only the
Sabbath is holy, but also the six days of the week which are for work.
There is no reason that modern business should harm the way of life of
religious men and women. Within that population, there is a great deal of
spiritual and scientific potential in that can contribute much to the state and
raise their quality of life so that they will not have to rely on welfare.
The fourth question relates to the internal solidarity and the strength of the
institutions of law and leadership. The citizens of Israel felt deep revulsion
from the threatening berating and the incitement of a small group of
residents of Kiryat Arba towards IDF soldiers and their commanders. I am
convinced that this entire house is united in denunciation of this difficult
phenomenon, which threatens the rule of law and the strength of the
society. The IDF, the police, and the General Security Services do sacred
work while risking their lives to protect the security of the state and its
citizens. We must be united in the appreciation of our security forces.
The mitzvah of "redeeming captives" is a basic principle that expresses the
solidarity of our people. I am convinced that any government will do all that
it can to bring back Gilad Schalit who is in captivity in Gaza and to resolving
the problem of all of the missing IDF soldiers from Israel's battles. A society
that wishes to keep its unity cannot make peace with economic
discrimination that exists in the non-Jewish sector. It is possible to build
industrial parks and technology parks in the Galilee, in the "Arab Triangle"
and in the Negev for the Arab population, the Druse, and the Bedouins.
The minority citizens of Israel have all the potential necessary to integrate
equally into Israeli society to develop in keeping with all the guidelines of
modernity without harming their rights to practice their religion.
Our strength as a united society, proud and embracing life, in my opinion
demands leadership that presents an exciting vision built on great national
objectives that can stimulate the imagination:
Developing the Negev and the Galilee is one such example. The
development has begun but it needs to be executed at a faster pace. If the
necessary resources are allocated we will know a Negev that will constitute
a new addition to Israel for research and development on a global scale
that will be able to focus on two burning issues of our time: alternative
energy and innovative water technologies.
The Galilee can be a medical center of the highest order while its green
beauty and ancient sites draw tourists from all over the world. These
developments will be for the benefit of all of the citizens without regard for
religion or nationality.
Another example is the "Peace Valley vision." Along the entire African Rift
from the Katzrin River in the North to Sharm el-Sheikh in the South it is
possible to create a joint economic region, respecting national borders, and
facilitating the movement of people, consumer goods, and ideas. The ever-
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growing tourism along this route requires a war against terror to be
undertaken by all invested parties.
The Valley of Peace will enable the creation of millions of jobs, draw
investors from throughout the world, establish a solar energy industry and
desalinate hundreds of millions of cubic meters of water for countries
suffering both from a lack of water and a lack of peace.
The fifth question regards nurturing and cultivating the young generation of
Israel. I believe that the upcoming elections are an opportunity to allocate
the necessary resources to education such that there is no child or youth
who does not receive an adequate education. Israeli youth is the real
treasure of Israel society. Investing in the young generation is the smartest
investment for the future of Israel.
We must invest a great deal in the education of the youth and put a lot of
thought into ways to build an exemplary Israeli society. Israeli youth have
great potential. We must place fascinating challenges before them and ask
them to join us in these exciting national tasks.
Esteemed Members of the Knesset,
I am fully aware of the prevailing disagreements affecting our society. We
must not allow them to intensify. Democracy is built on freedom of
expression as much as it is contingent upon the ability to accept the
decision of the majority.
The upcoming elections are an opportunity to raise the foundation of Israel
and to alleviate its various weaknesses. Though competition will shape the
coming months, it is my conviction that an overarching vision of unity
should serve to keep the competition constructive. This vision is what the
hour demands.
33
Address by PM Olmert, Opening of the Knesset Winter Session
(Translation), 27.10.2008:
Honorable President Shimon Peres,
Madam Speaker of the Knesset, Distinguished Guests,
Knesset Members,
Traditionally, at every opening Knesset session, the Prime Minister delivers
a speech which presents the coalition and opposition members with the
Government's goals and the agenda it intends to lead during the months
ahead. Due to the unusual political circumstances created and the
upcoming election break, I have chosen to deviate from this tradition and
settle for a short announcement.
Over the past month, negotiations were conducted on the formation of a
government. I value and appreciate the worthy efforts made by Acting
Prime Minister, Knesset Member Tzipi Livni, to form a government, and I
regret the circumstances which led to the failure of the negotiations.
Approximately two months ago, I informed the Israeli public of my intention
to resign following the establishment of a new government. It was my hope
and expectation that such a government would be formed by the winner of
the Kadima primary elections, before general elections. Since the die has
been cast and it appears that the political system is heading towards
elections, I will remain Prime Minister until the formation of a new
government after the elections. I will do so with the same sense of
responsibility and prudence with which I have acted so far, and thus, the
appropriate distance will be maintained between the turbulent politics which
characterize the election period, and the need to address the critical
matters of state.
My friends, Knesset Members,
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210 – Chronologie 2008
While the members of our Legislature will soon put their parliamentary lives
on hold for a fixed period of time in order to prepare for the elections, life in
the State of Israel does not stop and the country's interests cannot be
shelved. There are still borders to secure and security challenges to
address. The security threats against the citizens of Israel do not wait for
the political processes. The fear of terrorism cannot be postponed just
because some of us are engaged in an election campaign. Hamas'
continued military buildup and the smuggling of weapons in the north and
south do not stop just because we're in the middle of an election campaign.
Iranian leaders do not sit still, but continue to threaten and prepare
destructive weapons – even during an election period in Israel. To all those
I highly recommend not to try our patience or put our ability to the test.
Children continue to go to school and students want to return to their
academic benches at the beginning of next week; there are still burning
social issues, and the internal security problems call to us from newspaper
headlines every day; the police must protect the citizens and their property
– in their homes and places of residence – on a daily basis. Too many
citizens are attacked without having anyone protect them properly. Too
many road accidents exact a painful price in human life. We cannot
abandon this responsibility while waiting for people to take time off from
their busy political schedule.
Gilad Shalit is still held hostage by his brutal captors in the Gaza Strip and
not a day goes by that I do not deal with this issue of the fate of Gilad
Shalit. As in the past, I will not go into details, or provide explanations and
will not enter into argument with all those concerned about Gilad's fate. I
will continue to work quietly, patiently, with determination as I have done
until now, even if, unfortunately, his merciless captors still refuse to release
him.
The sense of a pre-election stalemate is misleading – there are decisions
to be made and a nation to run. Decisions will be made and the country will
continue to be run.
Members of Knesset,
Allow me to dedicate a few words to the challenge which can affect the life
and future of each and every Israeli citizen – the economic situation. It is no
secret that the acute crisis which the global economy is currently
undergoing could affect the Israeli economy, particularly if we do not
exercise extreme caution. This situation compels both the Government and
the Knesset to make preparations, even if the Government is a transitional
one and the Knesset is heading towards elections. This is what the public
expects, and it is exactly what we, as elected public officials, are committed
to doing.
In fact, Israel began confronting the global crisis during the years which
preceded the outbreak of the crisis, through a number of measured,
responsible steps taken by the Government, which have turned the Israeli
Shekel into one of the world's most powerful currencies and allowed an
unprecedented level of growth in this country.
Together with the Minister of Finance and the Governor of the Bank of
Israel, we initiated a socio-economic agenda for the State of Israel and
acted toward increasing growth, encouraging export and productivity and
raising the rate of employment to the highest it has ever been in the State
of Israel. Indeed, the recent years have been the best years ever in the
history of the Israeli economy.
Over the past three years, my Government has acted to ensure that the
weaker strata of society would also enjoy the fruits of growth. We have
done so primarily through employment. We have worked with those
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211 – Chronologie 2008
populations which are not part of the work cycle – the elderly, Holocaust
survivors and those which struggle daily with economic difficulties. I have
said before and I say it again: the fruits of growth must be used for
minimizing social gaps, and also for development. We have no natural
resources apart from one major resource – the human resource. It is
therefore my intention to solve, within the next several days, the higher
education crisis, and to allow the academic year to start as planned.
The fact that the situation of the Israeli economy is relatively better than
that of other leading economies in the world does not relieve us of the duty
to take steps to ensure that the global crisis will exact the minimal possible
price from the State of Israel. The global crisis is not over and its shadow
still threatens not only stock market investors and large or small
companies, but the entire public. Our job as elected officials is to make
sure that the public's assets and economic security remain solid. And this is
what we will do!
It is my intention, to hold consultations together with the Minister of Finance
and the Governor of the Bank of Israel, with representatives of the various
parties, including opposition members and representatives of various
economic sectors, in order to ensure that we can continue managing
Israel's economy in the best, most responsible manner and minimize the
effects of the global crisis on Israel. Together, we will discuss a series of
necessary steps for the coming months, in order to guarantee the stability
and strength of the Israeli economy. We will not tolerate recklessness and
will continue to exercise strict fiscal discipline. I expect all members of this
House to enlist and unite for the sake of this shared interest.
Thank you very much.
34
Meron Benvenisti: A monument to a lost time and lost hopes, in
„Haaretz“-Online 30.10.2008:
Shimon Peres did it in style, as usual. The marking of the 10th anniversary
of the Peres Center for Peace was a glittering event, full of international
celebrities and famous artists, and of course included the poem written by
the principal guest, beginning, "Oh, My Lord, it is time to pray."
The high point of the festivities was the dedication of the Peres Peace
House in Jaffa, a magnificent building of huge green blocks, which cost
$15 million, three times the original estimate. The building is windowless
and air-conditioned throughout and blocked off from its surroundings,
which are home to a poor Arab population. Its faces the sea, as though its
builders were hinting that the chance for peace lies in the West, beyond the
sea, and not in the East, where neighbor enemies dwell.
The magnificence and elegance cannot, unfortunately, blur the sense of
missed opportunity. The events surrounding the establishment of the Peres
Center for Peace in October 1997 powerfully demonstrated the political
culture that favored peace; that was suffused with confidence in the
possibility of achieving peace; and defied the approach of Benjamin
Netanyahu, who defeated Peres and did everything possible to torpedo the
Oslo Accords. The festivities today cannot hide the fact that the only a
meager vestige of the peace camp remains, the peace industry functions
by the power of inertia and those involved in it must invent excuses for their
activity, and that suggests they are turning peace into a tool for achieving
their own personal ends.
Only in hindsight are we able to see the fatal damage done by the Oslo
Accords, which inspired Peres to establish the center: The accords, instead
of bringing about a change in the status quo, have become the pillar of a
de facto binational regime (called "the occupation"), which has become
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212 – Chronologie 2008
institutionalized as a permanent regime. The Oslo Accords are the legal
infrastructure for the division of the West Bank into cantons, which allow for
direct Israeli control over 60 percent of the territory (Area C), as well as a
constitutional infrastructure for the existence of a virtual Palestinian
Authority. The plethora of titles assumed by its leaders and the official
uniforms of its soldiers make it possible to maintain the false illusion of the
temporary nature of the regime of Israeli control, and thus to perpetuate it.
In the activity of the Peres Center for Peace there is no evident effort being
made to change the political and socioeconomic status quo in the occupied
territories, but just the opposite: Efforts are being made to train the
Palestinian population to accept its inferiority and prepare it to survive
under the arbitrary constraints imposed by Israel, to guarantee the ethnic
superiority of the Jews. With patronizing colonialism, the center presents
an olive grower who is discovering the advantages of cooperative
marketing; a pediatrician who is receiving professional training in Israeli
hospitals; and a Palestinian importer who is learning the secrets of
transporting merchandise via Israeli ports, which are famous for their
efficiency; and of course soccer competitions and joint orchestras of
Israelis and Palestinians, which paint a false picture of coexistence.
There is no chance that the activists and administrators of the peace center
will participate in the daily struggle of the Palestinian olive pickers; in the
frustrating efforts to transport critically ill people via the checkpoints; or to
breach the economic siege and sea blockade of Gaza. The Peres Center
for Peace does not publish reports about the catastrophic economic
situation of the Palestinians and does not warn about Israel's responsibility
for this situation; after all, it is not a club of Israel-hating anarchists but one
of respectable people, who mostly contribute to peace in the generous
funding of glittering events and participation in them.
It has always been maintained that the principal, and perhaps revolutionary
contribution, of the Oslo Accords did not lie in the "declaration of
principles," but in the mutual recognition between the Palestinian national
movement and the State of Israel. But this mutual recognition, which turned
the Palestinians from a terrorist entity into a legitimate entity in the eyes of
the Israelis, was erased in the wake of the suicide attacks and the violence
of the Al-Aqsa intifada, after which the pre-Oslo viewpoint returned.
Now the Jews are giving the Arabs a bill of divorce, turning their backs on
them, imprisoning them behind sealed walls and checkpoints, willingly
keeping to themselves and praying that the Mediterranean will dry up or
that a bridge will be built that will connect them directly to Europe.
This mentality has created two monumental structures in the past decade,
whose symbolic significance is greater than their functional value: the
separation fence and the new Ben-Gurion International Airport terminal.
The former is designed to hide the Palestinians and erase them from our
consciousness, and the latter serves as an escape hatch and the basis for
an aerial bridge to the West.
The third monument that was built in this decade, the Peres Peace House
in Jaffa, joins them as a memorial to a time and hopes that have been lost,
and the only thing that remains is to join in Peres' prayer: "Then send a
Ray of Hope for a new way."
35
Nach bislang unbestätigten Meldungen könnte der 10.02.2009 in Frage
kommen.
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213 – Chronologie 2008
36
Vgl. dazu meinen Kommentar „Nach Olmert, vor Livni und das
palästinensische Dilemma“ in der Menüleiste „Veröffentlichungen“ dieser
Homepage.
37
Vgl. die Eintragung am 31.08.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
38
Vgl. die Eintragung am 16.03.2005 in dieser Zeitleiste.
39
Remarks by Palestinian PM Salam Fayyad at ATFP Third Annual Gala,
October 13, 2008:
Ladies and gentlemen,
Your Excellencies,
It is really an honor for me to have the opportunity to address such an
esteemed audience tonight.
Tonight’s event is neatly book-ended by a number of significant events in
the on-going Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Last month, we marked fifteen
years since the signing of the first in a series of interim agreements. Next
month, of course, will mark one year since the renewal of peace
negotiations at Annapolis. And, yet, regrettably, we continue to walk the
bumpy road to peace that began in Madrid seventeen years ago this
month.
A lot can be said, and has been said, about the ups and downs of this
process. But, what we do know is that we all hoped that we would be a lot
closer to peace by now. The Annapolis Conference embodied the hope
that we would achieve a comprehensive peace agreement by year’s end. In
the meantime, we, Palestinians, had expected an improved economic and
security environment to underpin the political track.
Alas, few expectations have been met. Settlements pepper the West Bank
and continue to grow. Every indicator of settlement activity – from publicand private-initiated construction, to tenders and building permits – shows
that rather than stopping, settlement activity has in fact accelerated since
Annapolis. … That’s right. Accelerated.
Similarly, restrictions on access and movement are tighter than they were
before Annapolis. Compare 563 checkpoints and roadblocks before
Annapolis to 630 today, not to mention the severe tightening of the siege
on Gaza. And land confiscations, home demolitions, military incursions and
raids all continued.
Needless to say, the quality of life for the average Palestinian has
worsened. And if we are honest with ourselves, vague pronouncements
that the current peace talks are “on-going” and “serious” mean little on the
Palestinian street and, when all is told, are of little relevance to people who
are living hand to mouth.
As devastating as these developments have been on Palestinians’ fabric of
life, the combination of deteriorating conditions on the ground and the lack
of a political horizon have had an even worse impact on the Palestinians’
state of mind, which had already been seriously deformed by the erosion in
self-esteem, and self- assuredness, prompted by decades of Israeli
occupation and oppression. We, Palestinians, have felt this erosion. Those
old enough to remember the first Intifada felt it during the second Intifada.
We felt the shame of it in June of last year. We felt it last month when
twelve of our citizens, including a baby, were killed in Gaza.
I have always felt that an understanding of how this sad state of affairs
came about was necessary to enable us to position ourselves on a path
that could lead to freedom and independence. The truth is: the loss of selfesteem and assuredness had tended to elicit one of two seemingly
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diametrically opposed reactions among the Palestinian public, namely,
defeatism and belligerence. The painful truth is that neither is constructive.
You cannot end the occupation if you are dominated by a “can do nothing,”
defeatist kind of attitude. Nor will belligerence get you there, with what may
come with it by way of violence and isolationist tendencies.
When viewed this way, it becomes clear that the greatest obstacle that has
prevented us, Palestinians, from achieving our national goals was not
occupation per se or factionalism, not poverty or separation, but that deadly
erosion of self-esteem and consequent loss of faith in our capacity to get
things done.
If this analysis is correct, which I believe it is, it follows that to end the
occupation, we, Palestinians, must first rid ourselves of what four decades
of Israeli occupation have precipitated by way of fear, skepticism, cynicism,
self-doubt, and, yes loss of self-esteem.
I believe we can – though I must confess I didn’t always. At one point, the
erosion of our esteem seemed to have taken on a life of its own, propelled
by its own momentum, becoming almost self-fulfilling … almost. However, I
truly believe we can regain our sense of self-assuredness, once we,
Palestinians, collectively embrace – consciously embrace – a paradigm
that says that, along the way to freedom, defeatism must be defeated and
belligerence must be set aside. To me, this is not only emancipation – it is
deliverance.
Acting on this conviction, and from day one – a day of national tragedy of
virtually unprecedented proportions – my government set out to put in
place and set in motion mechanisms capable of getting us there. My motto
was “building towards statehood despite the occupation”. This involved, in
the first instance, building strong, effective institutions capable of delivering
services to our people in an effective, expeditious and fair manner, all
within the framework of good governance. The effort has already started to
bear fruit. In the area of financial management, for example, I am proud to
say that we now have a system that truly measures up to the highest
international standards and practices. In addition to building up our
credibility at home, this has won our government the international
confidence necessary to secure much needed aid, including from the
United States and the European Union.
Indeed, last March the US Administration transferred US $150 million
directly to the Palestinian Authority coffers. This transfer was the largest
sum of assistance to be transferred to the PA in a single tranche by any
donor for any purpose since the Authority’s inception. What is more, the
Administration is about to transfer another US$ 150 million to us the same
way. Surely this will be another strong message of support and desire to
help, which I deeply cherish. What I cherish even more is the strong
message of confidence in the integrity of our public finance system which
this action by the Administration implies. For, as you know, however strong
the desire to help is – and indeed it is – Congress would not authorize a
transfer directly into our coffers, of this amount or indeed any amount, were
it not for the integrity and the credibility which our financial system and
management have come to enjoy.
This is but one example of the progress we have been able to achieve over
the past year in building towards statehood. There are other important
examples, especially in the sphere of security and law and order. Together,
these efforts prompted UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon to speak of “an
emerging sense of self-empowerment” among Palestinians.
I share his assessment. I have had the opportunity to visit most districts in
the West Bank this past year – which I hope to be able replicate in Gaza –
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and everywhere I have been, I was greeted by a cautious, yet distinct
glimmer of the self-respect, pride and resilience that makes me, despite all
the obstacles we face, so very proud to be Palestinian.
It is there in the streets of Nablus and Jenin, where law and order and,
thus, a modicum of normalcy have been restored. It was there in Manger
Square in Bethlehem one starry night last May, when a thousand
businessmen and dignitaries from all over Palestine and abroad, including
Israel, dined together in the open air. It is there every Friday – and has
been for the past few years, and will continue to be there – in Bil’in, where
villagers peacefully protest against the erection of a despicable wall that
threatens their livelihood and, sometimes, their lives, though never their
spirit. It was there one sad day when Palestinians walked up a Ramallah
hill to bury Palestine’s most highly revered literary icon (Mahmoud
Darwish), conjuring up memories of the day our nation mourned the loss of
our late President Yasser Arafat. It was there the day when a shipment of
Palestinian pharmaceutical products, destined for the first time ever to
Germany, made its way through the maze of economic restrictions in the
West Bank, to meet the most exacting pharmaceutical standards in the
world. And, yes, it was there the day Palestinians welcomed a boat-load of
visitors off the shore of Gaza … And it is there, every single day, that a
Palestinian child goes to school, that a Palestinian farmer manages to work
his/ her land, that a Palestinian mother remains hopeful that her son will be
released from Israeli prison, that a rural community begins to benefit from
the implementation of one of literally hundreds of community projects being
implemented throughout the country, that a Palestinian family chooses –
finds a way – to remain on their land for another day.
We are approaching a critical mass of positive change – positive facts on
the ground, as I like to call them, that are indicative of a most encouraging
shift in the mindset of our people, away from doom and gloom towards a
distinct sense of possibility and the promise of a better future.
When and where possible, with President Abbas’s guidance and support,
our government tried to help generate opportunities and create conditions
to make these things possible – and, in so doing, to nurture our people’s
sense of dignity in themselves. This, more than anything, is what I think our
job is about – as we say here tonight, “the courage to persist, the will to
build”. And I am unequivocally committed to continuing to do that – now
and even after I leave office.
Still, there is no dignity in what is happening to us now. And the same is
true for the Israelis. There is nothing dignified in Israeli parents having to
be afraid while their children are away at school. There is no dignity for the
mother of the Israeli soldier who delayed a Palestinian woman at a
checkpoint near Nablus, causing her to lose her unborn child. There is also
nothing dignified about the world’s fifth largest army subjugating a people
with no country and no army. There is nothing dignified in a country that
prides itself on being a democracy when it allows itself to be held hostage
by a group of extremist settlers who forcibly put their own interests ahead
of the will of the majority.
Despite this – indeed, because of this – we, Palestinians, remain hopeful –
resolute – to reach a peaceful resolution to the conflict between us and
Israelis based on a two-state model. Palestinians long to live in freedom
like any other people. For, in freedom, there is dignity, as there is in
freedom from fear.
In fact, we don’t just seek peace; we seek a meaningful and lasting peace
with Israel. We seek strong ties with Israel. We seek strong economic ties
between the independent states of Israel and Palestine. We seek warm
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relations with Israelis. We do not want to simply get to a point where we
just accept each other – we want to have warm relations where we both
recognize the mutual economic, intellectual, spiritual, and of course
security benefits of living and working together. We do not want to erect
walls; we want to build bridges. We do not want to close Israelis out of our
lives; we want to live with Israelis as our neighbors.
However, let it be known that Palestinians are not interested in just any
state and not at any cost. It is not just Israel who has a constituency it has
to worry about and serve. Let’s not forget the reasons why the results of
Palestinian parliamentary elections were what they were in 2006. As one
prominent Israeli advocate of peace put it, “There is no Palestinian partner
for improving the quality of the occupation – there is only a Palestinian
partner for ending the occupation.” When all is said and done, the
Palestinian leadership will have to take any agreement it negotiates with
Israel to its people.
People have an inherent sense of fairness by which they judge any
settlement. And that inherent sense of fairness tells them that a peace
agreement with Israel must yield a viable, contiguous, independent,
potentially prosperous, sovereign Palestinian state on 22% of their historic
homeland with East Jerusalem as its capital, and a solution to the refugee
issue that honors the refugees and recognizes their legitimate rights and
their suffering. That same inherent sense of fairness tells them that a rump
state made up of disconnected Israeli throw-aways is not what they have
waited so long or sacrificed so much for. It tells them that the great
compromise they made back in 1988, when they relinquished claim to 78
percent of their historic homeland, should be acknowledged and respected
by the other party.
Regrettably, the two-state solution is teetering under the weight of 170
settlements and almost half a million settlers. Time is running out on the
two-state solution. With every brick that is laid in a settler house, with every
road that is paved for settlers, with every concrete slab that is erected for
the wall that snakes in and out of the West Bank, the bond that ties Israelis
and Palestinians together, which originates in the fact that we must share
the same piece of land, grows just a little bit tighter. That is the great irony
of Israel’s settlement enterprise. Prime Minister Olmert recognized this. He
said “The day will come when the two-state solution collapses, and we face
a South African-style struggle for equal voting rights.”
Nevertheless, I remain hopeful that, through negotiations, we can reach a
lasting peace between us on the basis of a two-state solution. For this
process to be successful, however, we must, again, bring to it dignity and
credibility. Oslo stalled because it quickly lost credibility– there was talk of
peace while actions on the ground worked against peace. Annapolis risks
being the same unless Israel reconciles its behavior on the ground with its
stated intentions of peace and creating a viable and independent
Palestinian state.
And so, if we are to get to where we want to be, we have to treat each
other with dignity – lead with dignity. This means behaving like statesmen
instead of politicians – thinking of the next generation, not the next
elections.
For Palestinians, what this means is remaining steadfast not just to our
principles for a solution, but to our commitment to non-violence and
previous agreements. And we are resolute in this. Make no mistake about
it. As I mentioned earlier, I view my role as Prime Minister as one of
assisting our people, to the best of my ability, to live just a little bit better
than the day before, and to stay on their land for another day … and
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another. But we do it – and will continue to do it – through constructive,
non-violent means that honor our very noble cause.
For Israel, what this means is negotiating an agreement with us as equals,
no more and no less. Not bullying Palestinians at the negotiating table with
facts on the ground it only erected yesterday – or five years ago, or 10
years ago, or 35 years ago. Saying “no” to the settlers. Not abusing its
stature as an occupying power to coerce, for example, by withholding
much-needed tax dollars when it disagrees with our legitimate means of
diplomatic protest. Not shutting away 1.5 million Palestinians from the
world for the unacceptable actions of a few.
For the rest of the world, this means showing strength of leadership, and
getting tough with transgressors of our commonly-held values, whether
friend or foe. The world has been generous with us, backing our statebuilding efforts with robust financial investment. And it has been tough with
us when it felt we strayed onto an undesirable path. We now need it to be
equally demanding of our neighbor. We need the international community
to hold Israel to its word when it says it desires the establishment of a
viable Palestinian state. We need the world to take practical steps to keep
the establishment of such a state possible. Wagging its finger at continued
settlement activity is simply not enough.
With the help and encouragement of this US Administration, we are off to a
good start. However, neither we nor the Israelis can afford to wait another
four or eight years. We will desperately need the immediate assistance and
investment from the incoming administration if we are to make a success of
the process begun at Annapolis.
This is where the Palestinian-American community can be of great service.
To members of this community, let me first say that I am privileged to have
lived long enough in this country to appreciate its beauty and understand
why you think this nation of immigrants became so great. You are an
enormous but enormously underutilized source of strength to the cause of
a just and durable peace. We need to work together to create that other
state which, one day, you may wish to call home. We are facing many
domestic difficulties and challenges, especially those related to the current
state of separation. Do not give up on us. We have proposed concrete
ideas the adoption of which is capable of reuniting Gaza and the West
Bank. These include the formation of a national consensus, non-factional
government in the run-up to presidential and legislative elections, and the
utilization of Arab security assistance for a transitional period to help with
the rehabilitation of our security services and with the provision of law and
order in Gaza until our services are rehabilitated. National dialogue on the
key political issues can then proceed, but then against the backdrop of a
reunified country, in the hope of sorting out our political differences or at
least forging a national consensus on how to manage these differences in
a civilized, orderly, and non-violent manner. Just as you were not indifferent
to the less-than-perfect way in which the PNA managed the affairs of the
Palestinian people after Oslo, you cannot, I would submit, be indifferent to
the risk of our country – our state-in-the-making – sliding towards
backwardness, isolation, repression of freedom, gender inequality, and
cultural and religious intolerance. For those who may have crossed that
bridge to nowhere, to nothingness, indeed, destructive nothingness, I
respectfully ask that you to reconsider.
And so, my friends, we are at a crossroads. A lot is riding on the choices
we all make. Outcomes are not ordained or inevitable. We must seek to
draw the right lessons from our experiences of peace-making since Madrid.
Now is not the time to ditch the solution concept which, with President
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Bush’s 2002 speech, became a matter of explicit international consensus,
namely, the vision of two states living side by side in peace and security.
For abandoning that concept would be another escape to destructive
nothingness.
Instead, we should make adjustments. Since Oslo, the pendulum has
swung too far away from what international law and justice prescribes,
towards the diktat of practicality, towards what may be seen as acceptable
to each of the parties to the conflict. This shift would not have been too
problematic had it occurred in a context of parity of influence. However,
with us, Palestinians, holding the shorter end of the stick, this disparity has
necessarily meant an erosion in our position with each round of diplomacy
that did not end with a solution. This structural defect has to be redressed.
It is time for the pendulum to swing back in the direction of what
international law and justice requires. Back in 1988, Palestinians made the
historic and painful compromise that we felt was necessary to secure a
solution to the conflict. As our Israeli neighbors think about what they
consider to be painful compromises, it is my hope that they will devote
equal time to reflecting on the promise that ending the occupation of all
Arab territories holds: normalization not just with Arab countries, but with
the 57 member states of the Islamic Conference who all endorsed the Arab
Peace Initiative. That consideration will no doubt be aided by effective
international engagement, with the US leading the way in close partnership
with the rest of the community of nations, especially the other members of
the Quartet, as well as Arab countries. To me, this is the way forward.
40
41
Vgl. die Eintragung am 25.09.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Address by FM Livni at MFA Policy and Strategy Conference
Jerusalem, 5 October 2008:
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen,
Deputy Director General Yossi Gal,
Director General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Aaron Abramovich,
Deputy,
Foreign Minister Majalli Whbee,
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Informationof the Palestinian Authority Riyad
al-Malki,
Former Foreign Minister of Germany Mr. Joschka Fischer,
and, of course,
Foreign Minister of France, currently President of the European Union, my
friend Bernard Kouchner,
Members of Knesset of all parties who have come to evaluate the situation
with us and to share their positions, foreign ambassadors serving in Israel,
Israeli ambassadors serving abroad.
This has, indeed, been a special week – a week in which we traditionally do
our soul-searching and look ahead to what we want and what we would like
the coming year to be like. An evaluation of the situation, by its very nature,
is a type of soul-searching, but it is not enough. I do not view the process
being conducted here as a kind of academic discussion but rather a first
change that is required on the way to making the right decisions. The first
change that is required, internally, within the state of Israel, is a change in
the way decisions are made. No more shooting from the hip and attempting
to address changing situations, but rather seeing the changes, the trends,
what is happening in the region and around the world, and not just seeing
the change in trends but rather incorporating them into the decision-making
process.
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This year the Foreign Ministry decided to rise above the ordinary course of
events, to evaluate this situation in a serious, in-depth manner, both inside
and beyond the Foreign Ministry, and also to hear what the world has to
say about us, to hear what academia has to add – all of which is intended
to be part of the decisions made by us, by the decision-makers in the State
of Israel.
And for that, I would like, first of all, to thank Director General of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Aaron Abramovich for his ability to understand
and create something that is the first event and the start of a legacy that
will accompany not only the Foreign Ministry, but also the Israeli decision
makers. This is the proper interaction between the professionals and the
decision-makers. The role of leadership in the State of Israel is to create
the vision that is meant to accompany us in making decisions. That is the
writing that is supposed to be on the wall in the rooms where the decisions
are made. But ultimately, we must derive the immediate decisions from the
vision that is already written on the wall, from our worldview and also from
a realistic evaluation of the situation which the professional bodies can
provide for us, the decision makers and leaders of this country.
We cannot observe from the sidelines. We cannot allow ourselves that
luxury. We must also identify the trends, identify whether there are
opportunities that we can utilize in our favor, and if the trends are such that
they create a problem, we must act to change the trends. We must also
understand that, in our decisions, we have the ability to change the trends
and certainly to change the trends in the region.
I am a big believer in activism. Passivism has a price. When we are
passive and the State of Israel does not make a decision, the world does
not stand still and wait for us to make our decisions. The processes
continue. So I believe that time must be utilized to create decisions and
advance processes, because time does not serve those who belong to the
group to which Israel belongs by definition, according to its values,
according to its essence and according to its vision – the group of the
moderate and pragmatic elements in the region – as opposed to the
extremists who are trying to change the processes, those who foster the
extremist religious ideology that has nothing whatsoever to do with a
national conflict and justified demands, but is based completely on hatred.
I believe that promoting diplomatic processes is in the interest of the State
of Israel and stagnancy does not serve it. I suggest to those who think
otherwise not only that they criticize, but also that they propose an
alternative process because, as I said, not doing anything carries a price.
The vision of the State of Israel has been clear to me from the day of its
inception and even before that as the national homeland of the Jewish
people, a Jewish and democratic state in which these values are
intertwined, a secure state in the land of Israel, a state that lives in peace
with its neighbors. Of course, this vision has ramifications for our domestic
decision making and also for our decisions on foreign policy. But Israel is
not, nor can it be, a nation apart, ignoring what is happening around it
because part of our existence, part of what we are, is our part in the
international community, in the free world with which we share the same
values. It is a changing world. A world in which, unfortunately, borders no
longer stop such things as terrorism, a world in which countries sometimes
display less and less responsibility, a world in which international
organizations exploit democracy in order to overpower states from within, a
world in which those organizations take advantage of open borders in order
to enter and cause harm. These are some of the challenges with which we
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220 – Chronologie 2008
must contend. Israel can contend with them, together with the international
community.
I would like to talk about three global challenges. The first, which is on our
doorstep, is the economic challenge. When we talk about the lack of
borders – on the problematic side we are talking about terrorism but on the
positive side we are talking about globalization. Today, however, after
globalization has benefited us and turned the world into a global village,
what happens in various places around the world also impacts on what is
happening domestically in our country, and in all countries individually.
Here I am proud to say, first and foremost, that the Israeli economy is
strong. It is an economy that, until now, despite extremely problematic
processes that are occurring outside our borders, expresses our
robustness. This is a country whose economy has also withstood wars and
continued to grow. The future here will depend, among other things, on the
conduct of the Israeli leadership. We must maintain economic stability. In
order to do so, we must also maintain political stability. The rapid
establishment of political stability is required, not for political reasons but
actually in order to maintain economic stability and to enable us to contend
with external challenges, economic and otherwise.
The policy of the government, any government, must continue to be
responsible. It cannot and must not be governed by a political situation. It
cannot and must not be governed by coalition processes. It must continue
to maintain the frameworks and continue to convey the message to the
Israeli public that there is a responsible government here which will
maintain stability, a government that rises above the immediate political
needs of some of the parties with which I am now conducting coalition
negotiations.
Every citizen must know that he need not contend alone with his concerns
about what is happening outside, which he reads about in the newspapers,
but rather that there is a responsible system here that understands and
prepares, and that even if it believes in the free market, knows that
sometimes, when the market fails, intervention is necessary.
Alongside the economy, we also have political challenges and security
challenges that are common to Israel and to the free world. Part of the
concept that we are talking about here, and part of the political vision, is
the ability to identify the common interests of Israel and its neighbors,
together with the international community, and to translate this into action.
The more we anticipate and have shared knowledge of the challenges that
face us, the less surprised we will be and the more we will know how to
cope with them together.
Iran is not just a problem for Israel, it is not just a problem for the region. It
is not just a problem for its neighbors – though it is a problem for its
neighbors, for the region and for Israel – but it is also an international
problem and it must be handled at the international level. It has absolutely
nothing to do with the Israeli-Arab conflict, except for one fact – Iranian
ideology and leadership will try to prevent us from resolving the conflict
through support of terrorism, whether it is support of Hizbullah in Lebanon
or support of Hamas in the Gaza Strip. The world must know that in a joint
war against Iran, even if we win, and I hope and believe that we can,
resolving the Israeli-Palestinian, Israeli-Arab conflict – this ideology will not
change. This ideology exists, it does not depend on what we do here, so
we must address it as such. We must act together. We cannot satisfy it.
We must fight it.
I know that, today, there is a common understanding in the world about the
threat and about the ways that we must act to stop this threat.
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Unfortunately, there is still not a sufficiently firm translation into action by all
the countries that understand the threat. It is important for the world
leadership to understand that only by combining the knowledge that all the
options are on the table with the effective use of the political and economic
sanctions that are in place today, can we obviate the future use of force
and lead to an Iranian decision in time. But for that, it is not enough to
understand the threat, it is not enough to talk about it, it is not enough to
confer, it is not enough to condemn the intolerable and unacceptable words
of Iran's leaders, which cannot continue to be heard in the United Nations
that was established, after the Second World War under the banner of
"never again". All this is important and necessary, it is a necessary
condition, but it is not sufficient. All these understandings must be
translated now and must be sufficiently effective, so that the difficult
decision will not rest on our desks but rather on the desk of the Iranian
leadership.
Another mutual interest of Israel and the international community is, of
course, the peace process in the region. I hope that we have passed the
stage in which Israel must still prove that we want to achieve peace with all
our neighbors. Israel wants to achieve peace with all its neighbors,
including the Palestinians, the Syrians and the Lebanese. Israel wants to
achieve peace and normalization with all the Arab countries. This desire
exists; we have proven it, not just by entering into the processes but also
by leaving Gaza. I want to clarify that, at least from my standpoint, my
attitude towards our neighbors is not based on hatred, or on anger, or on
frustration, or on the inability to speak, but rather on understanding, among
other things, of the processes that are occurring in the region, on an
understanding of the reality, on an understanding of the struggle that must
be waged between the pragmatic and the extremist elements.
It is not a matter of overcoming emotions; the real matter is not just to
understand for ourselves, the citizens and leaders of Israel what
concessions are required. We have one more responsibility, and that is to
conduct the process correctly. The State of Israel dreams of peace, but our
path leads us through a very complex and complicated reality. In these
processes, we must act on both these levels.
I would also like the international community to be involved, not just in
understanding the situation, but also in the correct way to advance these
processes. We are at various stages of the processes, which must
continue. I believe that the continuation of these processes serves, first
and foremost, the national and security interests of the State of Israel, and
I believe that it also represents international interests. We must continue to
conduct them, and as long as the manner in which we conduct them
represents the interests of Israel, which I believe are also international
interests and Palestinian interests and the interests of Syria and Lebanon
and the entire Arab world. But on the way, we must also change the reality,
part of which is now changing. What is now happening on the Palestinian
side, step by step, is only part of the required change in reality.
A change in reality is required, not as a kind of excuse for why we cannot
achieve a settlement but precisely because I believe that peace is not just
a dream, it is not just a word, it is not just a piece of paper, but rather
peace must change the future reality. After we have identified the
processes in the region, after we have finally understood that the IsraeliPalestinian conflict is not the reason for extremism, though it perhaps
makes it more difficult for us to achieve a solution, we must act on two
levels: both promote the peace process with the pragmatic and moderate
elements and continue to fight extremism.
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We cannot achieve a genuine peace that changes the reality if we act only
on one level. It is not enough to talk peace with one side or to strike at the
other side. We must deal with both the extremists and the pragmatists. And
the pragmatists, too, our partners in the processes, must insist on their
positions within their own public. The very existence of a peace process is
not sufficient if it is not translated in Palestinian society or any other society
into an understanding that there is no other choice, and that terrorism and
force cannot achieve any kind of political outcome. Neither can weakness,
which sometimes exists on the pragmatic, moderate side, serve as an
excuse to give in to terrorist demands. Ladies and gentlemen, the
extremists do not need that excuse. Terrorism does not need excuses. It
has no justifiable reason and terrorism is terrorism is terrorism, and
therefore we must act on these two levels.
These are not conditions meant to create another obstacle on the path to
peace, but rather the conditions that are required so that peace will not end
with a piece of paper and that will only create disappointment in the future,
because we cannot allow ourselves another disappointment in the future.
We must work together on both levels, as we agreed at Annapolis. And
Annapolis will continue. On the one hand, we will strive to achieve an
agreement that will constitute the end of the conflict and, simultaneously,
we will continue to work to change the reality so that when an agreement is
finally reached, we will know that we have ended the conflict and that the
reality has changed.
The Palestinian foreign minister addressed this conference, and he spoke
a great deal about the negotiations. These negotiations must continue as
determined in Annapolis, out of the desire and the belief that we can
achieve an end to the conflict and, concomitantly, any understanding that
we achieve is dependent on the complete and full implementation of a
change on the ground – implementation of the Roadmap, the war against
terrorism, everything that is necessary. But I would like to return to the
agreements that we reached at the beginning of the negotiations with the
Palestinians. The first thing that we agreed on was that nothing was agreed
until everything would be agreed. We agreed that the negotiations would
be conducted in the negotiating rooms and not through newspaper
headlines, and that is how the negotiations must continue. We agreed that
we would continue to negotiate until we reached a situation in which the
two sides are satisfied that each of the parties has achieved what it needs.
I believe that an agreement can be achieved only if both parties feel that it
is a deal in which each one of them can go to their people and say, "Yes, I
made concessions on some things, but we also safeguarded the vital
national interests of each of the two nations." We will continue to negotiate
until the understandings are sufficiently detailed and provide an answer to
the interests of each of the nations.
I want to say now, when we are at the end of the term of office of the Israeli
government and the American administration, when the Hebrew year has
just ended and the Gregorian year will be ending in another few months:
Let us not allow random dates or political changes to stand in our way. Let
us not halt a process of indescribable importance or, alternatively, be led to
places that will not conclude the process but only to incorrect processes.
This temptation exists and, believe me, no one wants peace more than the
citizens of the State of Israel. But if we do not conduct it correctly, if we
leave the negotiating rooms, look at the calendar or think that a
government is changing or an administration is changing and think that
now we must achieve something partial, something that does not provide a
response to the genuine demands of both the Palestinians and the Israelis,
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we will achieve a paper that will remain afterwards as a paper and a
disappointment. That would be a mistake that we cannot allow ourselves –
neither the Israelis nor the Palestinians nor the entire world.
This is why we told the world at Annapolis and since then we reiterate in
our talks, that these are bilateral negotiations, both parties want to conduct
them. We want to achieve agreements that will bring about an end to the
conflict, we want to change the reality. We must ignore the elements that
are extrinsic to the process itself, because otherwise we will not genuinely
succeed in creating the result that is also the correct result for both
peoples.
Bernard, you said that I usually begin the dialogues with what we do not
agree on. So then I thought that maybe now we can actually begin with
what pertains to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict – the Palestinian Foreign
Minister is also here – we can begin with what we do agree on, or,
alternatively, what we should agree on. Our guiding principle is, of course,
Israel's vision of two nation states. I think that we can agree on that. Israel
was established as the national homeland for the Jewish people and, from
the moment of its inception, called to the entire Jewish people to come
here, absorbed all the refugees who arrived from Europe after the
Holocaust, absorbed the refugees who were forced to leave the Arab
countries, and since then has viewed immigrant absorption as a
substantive part of the raison d'etre of the State of Israel. And just as we
realized our national dream and Israel is a state we can be proud of, we
are now conducting negotiations out of the understanding that the
Palestinians also want to realize this dream, which the UN decided upon in
1947 and which has still not been realized. Provided that the concept is to
end the conflict by establishing two nation states, and that the
establishment of the Palestinian state will constitute the full and complete
national solution for the Palestinian people. I believe in this. But only if you
not only believe in it, but also act on it and say that the establishment of the
Palestinian state is the full and complete solution for your people – only
then will we all be able to realize the common dream upon which I am sure
we all agree: two nation states each of which provides the solution for its
people. Absolutely elementary.
And just as you, the Palestinians, want to determine the borders of the
Palestinian state, we are working to ensure that your borders will also be
our borders, and accepted by both sides. And as I believe and hope that
you do not want to live in a state that is all terrorism and extremist hatred,
because we are talking about your lives and the lives of your children, we
want to know what the nature of that Palestinian state will be.
Unfortunately, we must confront reality, and the very fact of the
establishment of a state does not ensure peace. We are determined and
we are conducting a process to achieve the establishment of a state with
which we will be able to live in peace. Let us ensure together the nature of
the future state, for your good and for our good. We have the same
interests. The establishment of a terrorist state or the establishment of a
backward state, or the establishment of a state that is based entirely on
extremist Islamic ideology which does not accept the existence of the State
of Israel, certainly cannot be the dream shared by the entire international
community because that is not the dream of two countries that exist side by
side in peace.
And therefore ladies and gentlemen, it is not enough to understand and to
be partners in that vision, and it is not enough for Israel to convince, and I
hope that we have convinced the international community, that we are not
seeking to control the lives of the Palestinians; but rather we are seeking to
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live our own lives. We want you to be partners in the understandings that
are the basis for any stable peace settlement between us and the
Palestinians. If you are with us in this understanding, and I think that I have
now expressed something with which the entire world must agree, only
then will we really be able to translate this, as I am trying to do today in the
negotiating rooms, not only onto the paper of the peace agreement, but
also to genuinely change the reality and end the conflict. Because we
cannot just throw a key to the other side and hope for the best. We are full
of hope, but we must also ensure that the other side has an effective
government and that it will be a government that accepts the Quartet
conditions as determined by the international community – a government
that recognizes Israel, that is fighting terrorism.
The situation in Gaza is not encouraging and the situation in Gaza is not
just a problem for Israel. Gaza is now controlled by Hamas which is still
holding Gilad Shalit, but this is a shared problem and the way to resolve
the problem is not just by entering the negotiating room with the moderates
who share our vision of two states. I look at the international community
and hope that today, more than ever, the world understands not only that
we have a common vision, but also the right way to implement that vision.
Only then we will really be able to translate our vision into reality.
Here the Arab world has a pivotal role to play. We have spoken about
sides, about processes, about the region, about moderates, about
extremists. Israel does not need to choose sides. Israel, by its very nature,
belongs to the moderate and pragmatic world according to our values. But
every state, every part of the world that surrounds us in the Middle East,
must choose a side not only in words but also in deeds: by supporting any
agreement that we, Israel and the Palestinians, achieve; by supporting the
moderates, by continuing to delegitimize the extremists. Only in that way
will we truly be able not only to analyze the trends in the region, but also to
impact on them.
Israel recognizes its responsibility for the future of the Middle East. We, the
Israeli leaders, recognize our responsibility for the future of coming
generations here in Israel and in the region, and we can create the
partnership that will bring about the change in reality. Unfortunately, in the
short period of time in which we are all speaking we have been dealing
mainly with the Israeli-Arab conflict and, in closing, I would like to say, in a
few words, that Israel is far more than the conflict. It saddens me that when
people speak of Israel it is always perceived through the lens of the conflict
and sometimes that lens is warped, and sometimes the image is what is
portrayed in the picture of the Israeli soldier and the Palestinian child.
People do not see what we want to achieve, they do not understand our
desire to achieve peace, they do not understand our domestic needs. They
do not know what is obvious to us – that Israel is, indeed, a marvelous
creation that is celebrating 60 years under almost impossible conditions,
with an amazing economy, with amazing human resources of which it is
proud.
Israel wants to be a partner not only in changes in the Middle East or in the
peace process or in battling the challenges that face us at the immediate
political and security levels, but also in contending alongside the rest of the
world with processes unrelated to the region – whether this involves
climatic changes, technological changes or the food crisis. We are part of
the international community. Israel wants, and will continue to contribute in
these aspects. Israel, first and foremost, is a state which prides itself on its
values. Israel is a Jewish democratic state, and those values are
intertwined. They are values that we are proud of and with that
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understanding I would like every citizen of Israel, and also the citizens of
the free world, to begin the coming year. Thank you very much.
42
Ilana Curiel: Olmert: Israel’s future does not lie in West Bank, in
„ynetnews“ 30.09.2008. Zu den konfligierenden Interessen zwischen
Olmert und Abbas s. Menachem Klein: Israel-Palestine from Border
Struggle to Ethnic Conflict. London 2010, S. 23 f.
43
Nachum Barnea and Shimon Schiffer: „Ich habe mich geirrt. Ich werde
mich nicht dafür rechtfertigen, was ich 35 Jahre lang getan habe.” Interview
mit Ehud Olmert, in Wochenendbeilage von „Yediot Achronot” 29.09.2009,
S. 3-9 (englische Auszüge):
“... We have an opportunity that is limited in time—a time so short as to
cause terrible distress—in which we may be able to take a historical step in
our relations with the Palestinians and a historical step in our relations with
the Syrians. In both cases, the decision we have to make is a decision that
we have been refusing for 40 years to look at open-eyed. “We face the
need to decide, but are not willing to tell ourselves, yes, this is what we
have to do. We have to reach an agreement with the Palestinians, the
meaning of which is that in practice we will withdraw from almost all the
territories, if not all the territories. We will leave a percentage of these
territories in our hands, but will have to give the Palestinians a similar
percentage, because without that there will be no peace."
Including in Jerusalem?
“Including in Jerusalem,” said Olmert, “with special arrangements that I can
envision on the topic of the Temple Mount and the sacred and historical
sites. Whoever talks seriously about wanting security in Jerusalem and not
wanting tractors and bulldozers to crush the legs of his best friends, as
happened to a close friend of mine (Jerusalem attorney Shuki Kramer),
who lost a leg because he was run over by a terrorist on a bulldozer, has to
give up parts of Jerusalem.
Whoever wants to hold on to all of the city’s territory will have to bring
270,000 Arabs inside the fences of sovereign Israel. It won’t work. A
decision has to be made. This decision is difficult, terrible, a decision that
contradicts our natural instincts, our innermost desires, our collective
memories, the prayers of the Jewish people for 2,000 years.
“I am the first who wanted to enforce Israeli sovereignty on the entire city. I
admit it. I am not trying to justify retroactively what I did for 35 years. For a
large portion of these years, I was unwilling to look at reality in all its
depth."
Do you think, we asked, that had you continued in your post you could
have reached agreements?
"I think that we are very close to reaching agreements…I am not talking in
terms of a terrible war, I am talking in terms of priorities. When there is no
peace, the chances of war are always greater. As a person who sits on this
seat, you have to ask yourself where you direct your efforts, do you direct
the effort at making peace, or at constantly becoming stronger, stronger,
and stronger in order to win the war. And I say, we are strong enough as
we are. The strength we have today is great, and it is sufficient to face any
threat. Now we have to see how we use this infrastructure of force in order
to build peace and not to win a war…
We know full well that my governmental term is short, but the governmental
term of others is also short. We don’t know, for example, what will happen
in the Palestinian Authority after January 9, 2009. It may be that by some
manipulation, which I hope will be successful, Abu Mazen will remain in
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226 – Chronologie 2008
power. But we believe that there is a very great danger that there will be a
bloody clash, which will thwart any possibility of continuing negotiations and
perhaps will force us to be involved in the confrontation, with bloodshed,
with everything that could happen as a result.
The timetable I am talking about is not my personal affair: I resigned, and I
hope that Tzipi will succeed in forming a government as quickly as
possible. The question is what will happen in the meantime in our
immediate surroundings, with the partners that we can now talk to—and I
am not talking only about the Palestinians. Arik Sharon spoke about painful
prices, and refused to detail them. I say, there is no choice but to
elaborate. In the end, we will have to withdraw from the lion’s share of the
territories, and for the territories we leave in our hands, we will have to give
compensation in the form of territories within the State of Israel at a ratio
that is more or less 1:1.
What I am saying to you now has not been said by any Israeli leader
before me. The time has come to say these things. The time has come to
put them on the table.
I read the words spoken by our retired generals, and I say, how is it
possible that they have not learned anything and have not forgotten
anything. Someone once said to me, a very senior official in the Israeli
administration, they are still living in the War of Independence or the Sinai
campaign. With them, it is all about tanks and land and controlling
territories and controlled territories and this hilltop and that hilltop. All these
things are worthless…
The real threat that we face today in the north, the south and the east is
missiles and rockets. We will have to give a response to them, but we will
not reach a response by bargaining over 200 meters.
The goal is to try to reach for the first time the delineation of an exact
border line between us and the Palestinians, where the whole world—the
United States, the UN, Europe—will say, these are the borders of the State
of Israel, we recognize them, we anchor them in formal resolutions of
international institutions. These are Israel’s borders, and these are the
recognized borders of the Palestinian state.
“It is possible that the implementation of the agreements will take time. It
may take many more efforts to ensure that there will be no terrorism from
there and no threats. We all understand this.
But first let’s reach agreements. Why the fear? Whom are we afraid of?
Who thinks seriously that if we sit on another hilltop, on another hundred
meters, that this is what will make the difference for the State of Israel’s
basic security? We can go inside another two kilometers and the range of
the rockets will be another 10 kilometers. As is happening in Gaza, which
we evacuated down to the last meters, and the threat still exists.
I am not saying this to say that we erred in leaving Gaza. It is good that we
left Gaza. I reject the self-flagellation of all the politicians who say that we
should have stayed there, just as I reject the view posed by those who say,
we should make a renewed assault on Gaza and take control of it. The
prices we will pay for this matter are not worth any benefit that we will
derive.
Is the fact that an arrangement has not already been reached between us
and the Palestinians a result of Israel’s insistence? No. Let there be no
doubts on this score. Unfortunately, the Palestinians do not have the
necessary courage, the power, the inner determination, the will and the
enthusiasm. If we do not reach an arrangement, I will by no means be
willing for the blame to be cast on Israel. It will be cast, first and foremost,
on the other side…
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Should I tell you that reaching peace is easy? I agree with you that it is
difficult. Should I say that there are complexities? Without a doubt. That
there are sensitivities? Undoubtedly. Should I tell you that there are
uncertainties? There are uncertainties. Should I say that there are things
that could go wrong? There is no doubt that things could go wrong.
I want to learn from my own mistakes. I did not see it then, I am not trying
to justify myself. Exactly 30 years ago, when Menahem Begin came back
from Camp David, I spoke against and I voted against. I admit it, I am not
hiding it, I am not obfuscating on the matter.
What was the greatness of Menahem Begin, which is not spoken about?
Menahem Begin sent Dayan to meet with Tuhami in Morocco, and before
the negotiations started, before he even met with Sadat, before he knew
whether Sadat would smile one way or the other, whether he would say
one thing to him or the other, Dayan told Tuhami on Begin’s behalf, we are
willing to withdraw from all of Sinai. He started from the end. He first of all
told him, I am willing to withdraw from all of Sinai. Now let’s negotiate.“
44
Walid Salem and Nabil Shalabi: The Two-State Solution: Israel and
Palestine. About the Need for a New Approach for the Alternatives.
Jerusalem 2012.
45
Menachem Klein: The Shift. Israel-Palestine fromBroder Struggle to
Ethnic Conflict. London 2010, S. 24, zitiert Aluf Benn: Olmert’s Plan for
Peace, in „Haaretz“ 17.12.2009, anders als Benn selbst. Dieser schrieb:
Olmert wanted to annex 6.3 percent of the West Bank to Israel, areas that
are home to 75 percent of the Jewish population of the territories. His
proposal would have also involved evacuation of dozens of settlements in
the Jordan Valley, in the eastern Samarian hills and in the Hebron region.
In return for the annexation to Israel of Ma'aleh Adumim, the Gush Etzion
bloc of settlements, Ariel, Beit Aryeh and settlements adjacent to
Jerusalem, Olmert proposed the transfer of territory to the Palestinians
equivalent to 5.8 percent of the area of the West Bank as well as a safepassage route from Hebron to the Gaza Strip via a highway that would
remain part of the sovereign territory of Israel but where there would be no
Israeli presence.“
46
US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 30 September 2008:
WASHINGTON–On September 26, the Defense Security Cooperation
Agency notified Congress of a possible Foreign Military Sale to Israel of F35 Joint Strike Fighter Aircraft as well as associated equipment and
services. The total value, if all options are exercised, could be as high as
$15.2 billion.
The Government of Israel has requested a possible sale of an initial 25 F35 Joint Strike Fighter Conventional Take-Off and Landing (CTOL) aircraft
with an option to purchase at a later date an additional 50 F-35 CTOL or
Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft. All aircraft will be
configured with either the Pratt and Whitney F-135 engines or General
Electric-Rolls Royce F-136 engines.
Other aircraft equipment includes: Electronic Warfare Systems; Command,
Control, Communication, Computers and Intelligence/ Communication,
Navigational and Identification (C4I/CNI); Autonomic Logistics Global
Support System (ALGS); Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS);
Flight Mission Trainer; Weapons Employment Capability, and other
Subsystems, features, and Capabilities; F-35 unique infrared flares; unique
systems or sovereign requirements; reprogramming center,
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228 – Chronologie 2008
Hardware/Software In-the-Loop Laboratory Capability; External Fuel Tanks;
and F-35 Performance Based Logistics.
Also includes: software development/ integration, flight test
instrumentation, aircraft ferry and tanker support, support equipment, tools
and test equipment, spares and repair parts, personnel training and
training equipment, publications and technical documents, U.S.
Government and contractor engineering and logistics personnel services,
and other related elements of logistics and program support. The estimated
cost is $15.2 billion.
Israel's strategic position makes it vital to the United States' interests
throughout the Middle East. Our policy has been to promote Middle East
peace, support Israeli commitment to peace with other regional Arab
countries, enhance regional stability, and promote Israeli readiness and
self-sufficiency. It is vital to the U.S. national interest to assist Israel to
develop and maintain a strong and ready self-defense capability. This
proposed sale is consistent with those objectives.
Israel needs these aircraft to augment its present operational inventory and
to enhance its air-to-air and air-to-ground self-defense capability. Israel will
have no difficulty absorbing these aircraft into its armed forces. The
proposed sale will not affect the basic military balance in the region.
Implementation of this proposed sale will require multiple trips to Israel
involving U.S. Government and contractor representatives for technical
reviews/support, program management, and training over a period of 15
years. U.S. contractor representatives will be required in Israel to conduct
Contractor Engineering Technical Services (CETS) and Autonomic
Logistics and Global Support (ALGS) for after-aircraft delivery.
The prime contractors will be: – Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company,
Fort Worth, Texas – Pratt & Whitney Military Engines, East Hartford,
Connecticut – General Electric/Fighter Engine Team, Cincinnati, Ohio.
There are no known offset agreements proposed in connection with this
potential sale. There will be no adverse impact on U.S. defense readiness
as a result of this proposed sale.
This notice of a potential sale is required by law; it does not mean that the
sale has been concluded.
47
48
Vgl. die Eintragung am 25.09.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Quartet Statement, New York, 26 September 2008:
Representatives of the Quartet – U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon,
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, U.S. Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice, High Representative for Common Foreign and Security
Policy of the European Union Javier Solana, European Commissioner for
External Relations Benita Ferrero-Waldner and French Foreign Minister
Bernard Kouchner – met today in New York to discuss the situation in the
Middle East. They were joined by Quartet Representative Tony Blair.
The Quartet reaffirmed its support for the bilateral and comprehensive
Israeli-Palestinian negotiations and commended the parties for their
serious and continuous efforts since the Annapolis Conference. The
Quartet recognized that a meaningful and results-oriented process is
underway and called upon the parties to continue to make every effort to
conclude an agreement before the end of 2008. It noted the significance of
this process and the importance of confidentiality in order to preserve its
integrity. The Quartet underlined its commitment to the irreversibility of the
negotiations; to the creation of an independent, democratic and viable
Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza, living in peace and security
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229 – Chronologie 2008
alongside Israel; and to an end to the conflict. The Quartet expressed its
desire to see the continuation of the solid negotiating structure, involving
substantive discussions on all issues, including core issues without
exception, in order to ensure the fulfillment of the Annapolis goals. The
Quartet reiterated its previous call for all Palestinians to commit themselves
to non-violence, recognition of Israel, and acceptance of previous
agreements and obligations. Restoring Palestinian unity based on the PLO
commitments would be an important factor in this process.
The Quartet emphasized the need for a renewed focus on improvements in
the situation on the ground and stated that visible and tangible progress
must accompany the negotiations. The Quartet commended the
Palestinian Authority for the encouraging results of its efforts to reform the
security sector, to confront militias and terrorism, and to enforce the rule of
law in areas subject to its security control. The Quartet commended recent
measures by the Israeli government to lift restrictions on access and
movement and encouraged further steps to ease conditions for Palestinian
civilian life and the economy. The Quartet called on the parties to re-double
their cooperative efforts on security to ensure that both Israelis and
Palestinians live in peace and safety. In particular, the Quartet urged the
parties to continue cooperation in order to expand the success observed in
Jenin to other major centers in the West Bank and called on the
international community, including regional partners, to support these
efforts with targeted and coordinated assistance and through the continued
efforts of Quartet Representative Blair. The Quartet called for speedy
implementation of the outcome of the Berlin conference and invited all
donors to fulfill the pledges made at the Paris conference in line with the
Palestinian Reform and Development Plan. It welcomed the September 22
statement of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee and recalled the importance of
equitable burden-sharing.
The Quartet discussed the status of the parties’ obligations under the
Roadmap as an integral part of Annapolis follow-up. The Quartet
expressed deep concern about increasing settlement activity, which has a
damaging impact on the negotiating environment and is an impediment to
economic recovery, and called on Israel to freeze all settlement activity,
including natural growth, and to dismantle outposts erected since March
2001. In this regard, the Quartet reiterated that the parties must avoid
actions that undermine confidence and could prejudice the outcome of the
negotiations. Quartet Principals condemned the recent rise in settler
violence against Palestinian civilians, urging the enforcement of the rule of
law without discrimination or exception. The Quartet also condemned acts
of terrorism against Israelis, including any rocket attacks emanating from
the Palestinian territories, and stressed the need for further Palestinian
efforts to fight terrorism and dismantle the infrastructure of terror, as well
as foster an atmosphere of tolerance.
The Quartet commended Egypt for its endeavor to overcome Palestinian
divisions and to reunite Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza under the
legitimate Palestinian Authority. The Quartet welcomed the continuing calm
between Gaza and southern Israel, which has largely persisted for over
three months and expressed its hope that this calm will result in further
relief for the civilian population of Gaza, including the regular opening of
the crossings for both humanitarian and commercial flows, and sustained
peace on Israel’s southern border. The Quartet stated its expectation that
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230 – Chronologie 2008
movement of persons and goods will be normalized in the coming months,
as foreseen in the Agreement on Movement and Access, and expressed its
strong support for the immediate resumption of stalled UN and other donor
projects in Gaza. This will facilitate economic activity, reduce dependence
on humanitarian assistance, and restore links between Gaza and the West
Bank. The Quartet welcomed the offer by the EU to resume its monitoring
mission at the Rafah crossing point.The Quartet called for the immediate
and unconditional release of Israeli Corporal Gilad Shalit.
The Quartet welcomed efforts toward comprehensive regional peace and
stability, including Turkey’s facilitation of indirect Israeli-Syrian negotiations.
It expressed hope for an intensification of these talks with the goal of
achieving peace in accordance with the Madrid terms of reference.The
Quartet noted the importance of the Arab Peace Initiative as a major
element in moving the process forward and re-affirmed its support for a
just, lasting, and comprehensive peace in the Middle East based on U.N.
Security Council Resolutions 242, 338, 1397, and 1515.
The Quartet expressed its intention to work closely with the parties in the
important period ahead. The Quartet agreed that the spring of 2009 could
be an appropriate time for an international meeting in Moscow.
The Quartet noted with appreciation the parties’ suggestion to brief the
Quartet on their ongoing negotiation process, with due regard for the
confidential and bilateral nature of the discussions. The Quartet expressed
its interest in coordinating such a meeting for a mutually accepted time.
49
Vgl. die Eintragung am 25.02.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
50
Interview mit Ari Shavit in „Haaretz”-Online 08.03.2008.
51
PRESIDENT OF ISRAEL SPOKESPERSON'S OFFICE, September 22,
2008: Announcement of the President of the State following the round of
consultations:
Good evening,
With the power vested in me by the Basic Law: The Government, and after
having consulted with all of the factions of the Knesset, I have decided to
bestow the task of forming the next government on Knesset Member Tzipi
Livni. Knesset Member Tzipi Livni has agreed to take this task upon
herself.
Since the resignation of the Prime Minister, I have held conversations with
all 13 factions of the Knesset, and I have asked to hear their stances.
In these meetings I came to recognize the desire of all of the factions to
bring, as quickly as possible, stability and leadership, and to allow the
government that will arise to confront the challenges that stand before the
state.
I would like to note with great appreciation the respectful manner in which
the representatives of the delegations honestly and clearly presented their
recommendations, each one according to his perspective. This was proof
that it is possible to hold public deliberations while maintaining a respectful
and statesmanlike demeanor.
According to the law I am obligated to bestow the responsibility for forming
the government on a member of the Knesset. After consulting with the
delegations, it has become apparent that among the Knesset members,
one candidate has been recommended to me. Therefore I have decided to
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231 – Chronologie 2008
bestow this task on Knesset Member Tzipi Livni. A portion of the factions of
the Knesset have called for early elections and there were some who
refrained from suggesting a candidate.
Approximately an hour ago, I spoke with Ms. Tzipi Livni and she has made
clear to me her awareness of the heavy responsibility with which she has
been charged.
I wish her the best of luck and I hope that this task will be quickly
accomplished, and the Israeli democracy will prove once again its vitality.
Happy New Year to all the citizens of the State of Israel.
52
Address by the President of the State of Israel, Shimon Peres at the
United Nations General Assembly, 23 September 2008:
Mr. President, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,
Over Sixty years have passed since the United Nations General Assembly
voted on the historic resolution that would have put an end to the ArabIsraeli conflict. Resolution 181 called for the establishment of a Jewish and
an Arab state.
Its title was: "Plan of Partition with Economic Union". It envisioned two
states for two peoples, each fulfilling a distinct national aspiration. The
Jewish people adopted the resolution and established the State of Israel.
The Arabs rejected it and led to war. What happened in the ensuing years
is much different from the resolution's original intent. While much has
changed, the ironies of history summon similar circumstances today.
Today, again, we are the middle of the lake. There is no sense in rowing
back. Continuing forward will show how near we are to the shore of peace.
Mr. President,
A year prior to Israel's declaration of statehood, its first Prime Minister,
David Ben-Gurion, called me, a young man from a Kibbutz, to serve in our
national defense.
Since then, I participated in Israel's dynamic realities: the building of
security, striving for peace. So, I need no book to learn the history. I
witnessed its miraculous unfolding.We went through seven wars. All have
paid heavily. Tears still flow down the faces of bereaving mothers.
Remembrance Days fill the air with silent prayers of widowed families who
lost young boys and girls in battle. They are, today, at the same age, but
lifeless. Israel turned military victories to a peace process, knowing that the
cost of life renders imperfect peace superior to perfect victories.
We have also achieved two peace agreements. The first with the largest
Arab country, Egypt. The second with the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan.
All the land, water, and natural resources that fell in our hands through war,
were repatriated after peace was signed. Our countries can now offer
remedies to other disputed areas.
But for peace, the call in our region is to repair the damaged environment
and wounded land leading to poverty. If we shall not overcome the desert,
the thirst, the pollution – they will overcome us.
Joint ventures can meet this call. Nature does not carry a national
passport. With the Palestinians, we negotiate full peace. Both parties
agreed to building a Palestinian State side by side with Israel, living in
peace, security and respect.
We tried to conclude the negotiations this year. It will take longer. But, I
believe it can be accomplished within the next year.
We agreed to progress in spite of possible changes that may take place in
the leadership. Gaps have been narrowed through negotiations.
Particularly the territorial ones. But, peace is not just a matter of territorial
compromise.
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232 – Chronologie 2008
Rogue politics reject peace even where territorial dispute was resolved. In
Lebanon, we implemented resolution 425. Yet Hezbollah paralyzed the
country and cut the road to peace. From Gaza, we withdrew completely
and dismantled our settlements. Hamas responded with a bloody takeover
and turned the strip into a basis of rocket fire.
These militants carry no positive alternative – but the agonies of Jobe.
They added kidnapping to bombings, bringing strife for innocent families.
From this important stage, I call for the immediate release of Gilad Shalit.
The son of Aviva and Noam. A peace-loving family. This honored assembly
should make his release top of its agenda. Holding a hostage in Gaza
determines its isolation and further deterioration.
Mr. President,
At the center of this violence and fanaticism stands Iran. It built a danger to
the entire world. Its quest for religious hegemony and regional dominance
divides the Middle East and holds back chances for peace, while
undermining human rights.
Iranian support for Hezbollah divided Lebanon. Its support for Hamas split
the Palestinians and postpones the establishment of the Palestinian State.
Yesterday, on this very stage, the Iranian leader renewed the darkest antiSemitic libel – the protocols of the elders of Zion. An attempt to bring to life
one of the ugliest plots of history. Their despicable denial of the holocaust
is a mockery of indisputable evidence, a cynical offense to survivors of the
horror. Contradictory to the resolutions adopted by this assembly.
Iran continues to develop enriched uranium and long range missiles. They
introduce a religion of fear, opposing the call of the lord in respect of life.
The Iranian people are not our enemies. Their fanatic leadership is their
problem and the world's concern. Their leader is a danger to his people,
the region and the world. He is a disgrace to the ancient Iranian people. He
is a disgrace to the values of Islam. He is a disgrace to this very house, the
United Nations, its basic principles and values. His appearance here is
already shame.
The Jewish People have known, throughout history, to stand firm at the
face of evil. Alongside the enlightened humanity we shall know to enable
good and freedom to prevail.
Tehran combines long-range missiles and short-range minds. It is pregnant
with tragedies. The General assembly and the Security Council bear
responsibility to prevent agonies before they take place. Israel has shown
that democracies can defend themselves. We do not intend to change.
Terrorism did not solve a single problem. It never has, and never will. They
will make the world ungovernable. If small groups of violent killers are
allowed to threaten innocent masses, the world will be without order or
security. A hopeless battleground.
The free world must unite to combat it. Israel, on its part, shall continue to
seek peace. We suggest immediate peace with Lebanon. Israeli prime
ministers indicated to Syria that for peace, we are ready to explore a
comprehensive compromise. In order to gain trust, and save time, we have
suggested face-to-face meetings with President Assad: "Follow the
successful example set by President Sadat and King Hussein".
We still await an answer. I know there is a growing concern that peace is
far away. My life-long experience provides me with a different point of view.
True, I have seen stagnation and regression in our journey. But, today, I
can identify a road leading to the right direction.
In addition to the peace agreements, a series of summits took place –
Madrid, Oslo, Wye, Camp David, Sharm and Annapolis. Their accumulated
sum encourages a clear direction. In fact, Israelis and Arabs are marching
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233 – Chronologie 2008
towards peace. After a long internal debate, Israel accepted the two state
solution.
The Arabs replaced the three NOs of Khartoum (no peace, no negotiation,
no recognition) with a peace initiative, inaugurated by King Abdullah Abdul
Aziz Al Saud. I call upon the king to further his initiative; it may become an
invitation for comprehensive peace, one to convert battlegrounds to
common grounds.
I invite, respectfully, all leaders to come and discuss peace in Jerusalem,
which is holy all of us. Where we all pray to the same lord, as offspring of
the same father. Israel shall gladly accept an Arab invitation at a
designated venue where a meaningful dialogue may take place.
Mr. President,
We are facing a serious economic crisis. Maybe it has happened because
we are rich and light with funds and poor and heavy with ideas. While we
live in an era where science, not land, is the basis of economy. Science
does not stop at borders. Is not disturbed by distance. Wisdom is not
conquerable by armies. Knowledge diminishes discrimination because it
operates through good will and transcends race, nationality and gender.
The Global dangers unite and divide us at the same time. The dangers are
the deterioration of environment. The shortage of water. The lack of
renewable energy. The spread of terrorism and the increased poverty.
Divisions of the free world will increase them. Unity offers the potential of
alternatives. It will direct global investments to new areas and demanding
challenges like health, security, education and environment.
The future is not in the hands of oil or gold. Intellectual assets, new
inventions and superior education hold the key to our future. In our region,
border areas can become open economic zones. Enabling free movement
of people, commodities and ideas. They may encourage tourism and build
High Tech incubators. They will cultivate advanced agriculture. Economic
zones will provide a million jobs and produce billions of cubic meters of
desalinated water. We started to do so. The first steps are promising.
The 21st century calls for pioneers. It is an opportunity to provide our
children with peace and knowledge. Strength and friendship. It is their right.
It is our moral obligation.
Mr. President,
The Jewish people are celebrating a new year. I would like to end with a
quote from Rabbi Nachman of Breslav: "May it be thy will to remove war
and bloodshed from the world and perpetuate the wonders and greatness
of peace. All the inhabitants of the world shall recognize and know the
truth: that we have not been placed on this earth to wage war and not for
hatred or bloodshed. " Amen.
Shana Tova.
Thank you, Mr. President
53
Address by Mr. Aaron Abramovich, Director-General of the Israel
Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee on Israeli
Measures to Assist the Palestinian Authority, New York, 22 September
2008:
The host of this meeting, Secretary General Ban, Distinguished Chairman,
Prime Minister Fayad, Quartet Envoy Tony Blair, Colleagues, ladies and
gentlemen,
First of all let me share with you the very best wishes of Israel's foreign
minister Tzipi Livni for a successful meeting, and her apologies for not
being able to be present due to current political events in Israel.
Mr. Chairman,
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234 – Chronologie 2008
The people gathered here share a common interest. We all seek the
establishment of responsible, functioning and vibrant Palestinian state that
can be the homeland of the Palestinian people, and a peaceful neighbor to
Israel.
This is a vision shared by Israel, embraced in the Road Map and charted in
the process we launched last year at Annapolis.
This vision has always comprised two core elements:
The first is the elaboration of an alternative future in the context of a
bilaterally negotiated comprehensive peace agreement that ends the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The second is the creation of alternative present so that any agreement
can take root and be implemented and the two State solution can become
a reality.
This forum addresses the economic challenges associated with achieving
this second core element – building the foundations of a Palestinian State.
But, with your permission, I would like to say a few words about the first
core element – the political negotiations that are underway.
Since negotiations were launched ten months ago, the parties have
engaged in an intensive, confidential and serious bilateral dialogue to
resolve the issues between them and create a blueprint for the two-state
solution. These talks take place at both the political and professional level,
with committees that have been established to address all aspects of a
future agreement.
When we launched this process, we were not naïve enough to believe that
the negotiations would be easy. Gaps remain and difficult decision lay
before both sides. But we know also that the alternatives to a negotiated
solution are worse for both of us. We know that the confidentiality of the
talks – so necessary to maximize the chances of success – is also a
potential source of frustration and skepticism. We believe that progress
has been made and that we have succeeded in creating a forum for
genuine dialogue and a negotiating framework that can produce results.
We remain committed to uninterrupted negotiations with the context of the
Annapolis process until we reach agreement and we ask the international
community to help us preserve this process until its goals are achieved.
Mr. Chairman,
No political agreement is reached in a vacuum. Changing the reality on the
ground is not less important than designing a common vision for the future.
It is both a condition and a catalyst for success. This present meeting of
the AHLC allows us to make an assessment of our joint efforts to advance
this goal.
Building the Palestinian economy, while at the same time managing a
budget, is a complex and challenging endeavor, especially under present
conditions. I wish to commend the efforts of President Abbas and Prime
Minister Fayyad for the success of the Palestinian Finance Ministry in
preparing the 2008 budget and for its advances in the process of reform
and development. We also welcome the effort to expand the scope of
income of the Palestinian treasury by collecting fees for services provided
by the government to its citizens.
We also support the spirit and culture of responsibility that the present
Palestinian government is beginning to advance.
We hope that the Palestinian government intensifies these efforts to
develop effective and accountable governance, including through the
enforcement of the rule of law, countering terrorism and incitement and
preparing the basis for co-existence and economic progress throughout
Palestinian society. We also hope, while ensuring humanitarian welfare,
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235 – Chronologie 2008
that Gaza can be rid of terrorism and restored to the control of the
legitimate Palestinian government so that genuine reform and economic
development can be possible there as well. Neither Israelis nor
Palestinians, nor the international community can afford a terrorist State in
the Middle East.
Mr. Chairman,
Israel's status in this forum is a special one. We are not here as a donor
state, but we are aware of our responsibilities and our influence on this
process, as we are aware of the impact the success or failure of this
process will have on us.
Israel has acted and will continue to act, both in direct dialogue with the
Palestinian Authority and together with the representatives of the
international community led by the Quartet envoy, Tony Blair, to strengthen
the Palestinian economy. Israel stands by its commitments to the
government of the Palestinian Authority that has accepted the Quartet
principles to an ongoing monthly transfer of tax revenues collected within
the joint customs framework.
Israel is also committed to assisting and supporting Palestinian security
reform in accordance with the Road Map, which is critical for success. We
look forward to the day when we can hand over the responsibilities over
security to the PA security services in more areas. We are acting in this
regard in direct cooperation with the PA, as well as with General Dayton
and the EUPOL COPPS, whose team has recently been expanded to
include 20 additional advisers. It is also important that we work to
implement the decisions of the Berlin Conference on civil security and the
rule of law and Israel stands ready to assist in this regard.
In recent months Israel has carried out a series of steps to ease the
situation on the ground, enhancing a model for regional development in
Jenin area, a model that relies on two pillars: security and economy.
Among the measures that have been adopted in order to renew civil
security: 17 police stations (out of 20 that were agreed) have been opened,
civil security forces have been trained in Jordan and a list of required
equipment has been approved. In order to boost the economy, the number
of permits to work in Israel has been increased, and where possible,
checkpoints (7) and roadblocks (122) have been removed in order to
facilitate the movement within the West Bank. Israel is currently
considering further steps in other areas as well.
We were pleased that we could help facilitate the successful convening of
the Bethlehem conference which provided an important opportunity to
attract investments from the private sector and we are willing to cooperate
in follow up activities.
The Israeli-Palestinian Joint Economic Committee (JEC) now meets
frequently to discuss a wide range of economic subjects in order to
advance common economic objectives and projects. Led by two
professional teams, the JEC aims to facilitate a variety of infrastructure
requirements for the planned industrial parks, discuss labor issues such as
an increase of working permits, address local real-estate initiatives in the
West Bank, and deal with many other issues that call for consultation and
elaboration.
We are encouraged by the positive trend reflected in some economic
indicators, which show an improvement of the economic development in
the West Bank. This is seen in the increase in tourism to Bethlehem and
Jericho, and the increasing movement in the marketplaces. Also, the
permit granted the operation of a second cellular communications network
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236 – Chronologie 2008
"Wataniya" is an important catalyst both for the Palestinian Authority
budget as well as a source of employment for many.
These signs of progress are not a cause for complacency but a call to
further action. We are aware that much more needs to be done and we
especially understand the importance of further easing access and
movement in the West Bank to allow for economic growth.
The challenge here is a difficult one. As Minister Livni has said, Israeli
security and Palestinian welfare are not competing interests they are
interconnected ones. We must seek ways to facilitate further economic
development, but at the same time we cannot afford the setback of
renewed violence and terror. One need only look at the situation in Gaza,
since Hamas seized control, to understand the threats we face and the
fragility of the situation.
Regrettably, the motivation to launch terror attacks in the West Bank still
exists, and we must continue to confront that threat. At the same time, and
to the extent that the security situation allows, Israel is committed to
promoting and expanding measures to improve access and movement.
Mr. Chairman,
Strengthening the Palestinian economy will not be possible without the
active and continued involvement of the international community including
regional states.
It is particularly important for Palestinians and Israelis to know that the Arab
states of the region are ready to share the burden of Palestinian state
building. Many of these states have made strong statements of concern for
the Palestinian economy, and of readiness to make tangible contributions
to its development. There is no better time than the present to turn words
into action and to share the risks entailed in establishing the foundations
for lasting peace.
We commend the great effort being exerted by members of the donor
community. There are few short-cuts in the developing sound economic
foundations, and it continues to be vital to ensure a continuous, permanent
and stable transfer of the donors' funds into the Palestinian Authority's
budget, including the fulfillment of existing pledges.
To the extent that there will be greater coordination there will be an
improvement in the ability of the international community to more effectively
support the strengthening of the Palestinian economy. The reconvening of
the Joint Liaison Committee (JLC) in its original form will be an important
step in this direction.
We also believe that this forum, the AHLC, can be used more effectively to
coordinate between the various actors in the field of financial and
development assistance to the PA. I hope my colleagues in the Israeli
delegation will have an opportunity to raise some practical suggestions in
this regard during the afternoon panel sessions.
Ladies and Gentlemen, we are confronted by an enormous challenge, yet, I
believe it is a worthy one. I do not think we should minimize the progress
that has been achieved, just as we should not minimize the distance still
before us. In several respects, the West Bank of 2008 is a better place
than the West Bank of 2007, even if it is not yet the place we all want it to
be.
Further progress is not guaranteed, and present progress is unfortunately
both fragile and reversible. The potential for genuine change and lasting
success exists. But it requires the concentrated efforts of all those inside
this room and many outside it will be required to achieve it.
Thank you.
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237 – Chronologie 2008
Uri Avnery: Fly, Tzipora, fly! 20 September 2008:
THE POLLS were wrong, as usual. And in a big way. As usual. Instead of
winning by a huge margin, as predicted until the very last moment by all the
polls, she just squeaked through. Of the 72 thousand or so registered
Kadima members, only 39,331 troubled themselves to go to the polls, and
among these she defeated Shaul Mofaz by just 431 votes. But a majority is
a majority. Tzipi Livni was duly installed as Kadima chairperson.
What does that say about the Israeli public?
FIRST OF ALL: this is the victory of a person without a military background
over someone with almost nothing apart from a military background. On
the advice of his right-wing American political strategist, Stanley
Greenberg, Mofaz emphasized the word "security" on every occasion,
almost in every sentence. A popular talk-show turned this into a parody:
Security, security, security, security.
Well, it did not work. T-h-e general, the chief of Staff, the Defense Minister,
was beaten by a mere woman devoid of any military experience (even if
she did serve for 15 years in the Mossad.)
That does not mean that Tzipi Livni may not turn out to be a warmonger,
like Elisabeth I, Catherine the Great, Margaret Thatcher and Indira Gandhi.
But fact is fact: the Kadima voters have preferred a non-general to a
general.
MOREOVER, KADIMA is a party of the center. The very center of the
center. Its members are not fervent about anything, neither on the right or
the left, they have no strong convictions of any kind. So their decision can
be regarded as a reflection of the general mood. Mofaz presented himself
not only as Mr. Security, but also as a genuine right-winger, a man who
opposes both peace with Syria and peace with the Palestinians, a leader
prepared to set up a coalition with the Right, even with the extreme Right.
He was the declared exponent of open-ended-war.
Tzipi Livni presented herself as the personification of the peace effort, the
woman who conducts the negotiations with the Palestinians, who prefers
diplomacy to war, who points the way to the end of the conflict. All this may
be sleight of hand, pure deceit. Perhaps there is no difference at all
between the two. But even if this is so, that is not the most important
aspect. The important fact is that the Kadima voters, the most
representative group in the country, accorded victory – well, a tiny victory –
to the candidate who at least pretended to favor peace.
In his "The Second Coming", the Irish poet W. B. Yeats describes utter
chaos: "Things fall apart, the center cannot hold". The metaphor is taken
from military history: in bygone days, armies drew up for battle with the
main force in the center, and lighter forces defending the two flanks. As
long as the center held, everything was fine. In Israel today, the center is
holding. The centrist party voted for the woman of the center.
It can also be described otherwise: in Israel, 2008, the forces are divided
equally between the "Right" and the "Left", and the "Left" won this time by
the smallest possible margin.
I REMEMBER the elections nine years ago. In May 1999, Ehud Barak won
a decisive victory over the incumbent, Binyamin Netanyahu: 56.08%
against 43.92%, a difference of 388,546 votes. The public was just fed up
with Netanyahu.
The response was overwhelming. The general feeling in the peace camp
was of a release from servitude to freedom, from an era of failure and
corruption into an era of peace and well-being. Without any proclamations,
without anybody planning it, masses of people streamed into Tel-Aviv's
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238 – Chronologie 2008
Rabin Square, the place where a Prime Minister had been assassinated
four years earlier. I was among them.
In the square, the atmosphere was intoxicating. Delirious people danced,
embraced each other, kissed. Tel Aviv had not seen anything like it since
November 1947, when the United Nations General Assembly decided to
establish a Jewish (and an Arab) state. I experienced a similar scene in
April 1948, when I was part of the force that brought a huge relief convoy
into beleaguered and starving West Jerusalem. A similar atmosphere was
captured by film of Charles de Gaulle entering liberated Paris.
Barak promised to be a second Rabin, only more so. He promised to make
peace with the Palestinians within months. A rosy future was warming the
horizon, "the dawn of a new day".
A year and a half later, nothing of all this remained. Ehud Barak, the hero
of peace, brought on us the greatest disaster in the annals of the struggle
for peace. He came back from the Camp David conference, which had
taken place on his express demand, with a declaration that was to become
a mantra: "I have turned every stone on the way to peace / I have offered
the Palestinians unprecedented generous terms / Arafat has rejected
everything / We have no partner for peace."
With 20 Hebrew words Barak destroyed the peace camp and brought
about a public mood which even Netanyahu could not create: that there is
no chance for peace that we are condemned to live with an everlasting
conflict.
Therefore, no one got excited about Tzipi Livni's victory. The masses did
not stream into the square, did not dance and did not embrace – and not
only because this was just a party-internal election. The general reaction
was a sigh of relief and a shrug of the shoulder. So Kadima has voted. So
it has a new chairperson. So there will be a new Prime Minister. Let's wait
and see.
SO WHAT to expect, after all?
There are already jokes circulating about "Tzipi and the Tzipiot" (a Hebrew
word-play, "tzipiot" meaning expectations), a new rock-band which is about
to take to the road. Nobody really knows what kind of a Prime Minister she
will be. Strong or weak. Determined or open to pressures. Tough or
compromising. Warmonger or peace-seeker. One can only point at her
background, as I hinted last week, and perhaps go into some detail.
On the eve of the elections, in one of those vapid questionnaires the media
are so fond of, she was asked who was her hero. Her answer: Jabotinsky.
That was the most predictable answer there could be. Tzipi Livni grew up in
a Revisionist household. She is a Revisionist, model 2008. What does that
mean?
Her father, Eitan, who was born in Grodno (a town that has belonged
variously to Lithuania, Poland, Russia and now Belarus), came to this
country at the age of 6 and joined the Irgun underground in 1938 (the same
year as I did), when he was 19 years old. He lived all his life under the
influence of Ze'ev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky and his teachings.
Eitan Livni, as I knew him, was not a brilliant or exceptional person, but
rather solid, loyal, as his name suggests. (In Hebrew, "eitan" means strong,
steadfast). A person one could rely on. He served in the Irgun as an
operational officer, and among other operations he took part in the daring
break-out from Acre prison, where he was being held. As a Knesset
member for the Herut Party, the predecessor of today's Likud, he was
rather inconspicuous and supported Menachem Begin through thick and
thin.
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239 – Chronologie 2008
In order to understand Tzipi, one has to go back to Jabotinsky. His many
enemies have often called him a Fascist, but that is inaccurate. He was
born in the 19th century, and was a nationalist in the 19th century mold.
Born in Odessa, he lived for some years as a young man in Italy, and his
heroes were the leaders of contemporary Italian nationalism: the ideologue
Giuseppe Mazzini and the fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Jabotinsky wanted, of course, all of Palestine to become a Jewish state.
When he founded his party in the 1920s, he named it according to this
vision: the demand was for a "revision" of the British decision to separate
the land west of the Jordan river from the land east of the river, today's
Kingdom of Jordan, then called Transjordan. In her youth, Tzipi sang
Jabotinsky's most famous song: "Two banks has the Jordan – this one
belongs to us and that one, too."
But Jabotinsky was also a real liberal, and a real democrat. He entered the
political arena for the first time when he formulated the "Helsingfors
(Helsinki) Plan", which demanded human and national rights for the Jews
and the other minorities in Czarist Russia.
A PERSON educated according to these values is faced today with a tough
dilemma.
Years ago, the Revisionists used to tell this joke: rewarding David BenGurion for founding the state, God promised to grant him one wish. BenGurion asked that every Israeli should be honest, wise and a Labor Party
member. "That's too much even for me to grant," God replied, "but every
Israeli can choose two of the three." So a Labor member can be wise but
not honest, a Labor member can be honest but not wise, and somebody
who is wise and honest cannot be a Labor member.
Something like this is now happening to the Revisionists themselves. They
ask for three things: a Jewish State, a state that encompasses all of
historic Palestine and a democratic state. That is too much even for God.
So a Revisionist must choose two of the three: a Jewish and democratic
state in only a part of the country, a Jewish state in all the country that will
not be democratic, or a democratic state in all the country that will not be
Jewish. This dilemma has not changed over the last 41 years.
Tzipi Livni, an honest to goodness Revisionist, has announced her choice:
a Jewish and democratic state that will not encompass the whole of the
country. (We leave open here the question of whether a "Jewish" state can
be democratic.)
In up-to-date Hebrew, we differentiate between "national" and
"nationalistic" attitudes. A national view recognizes the importance of the
national dimension in today's human society, and therefore respects and
recognizes the nationalism of other peoples, too. A nationalistic view says
"we and no others", my nation ueber alles.
It seems that Tzipi, like her hero Jabotinsky, adheres to the national view.
Hence her emphasis on "two nation-states for two peoples". She speaks
about a Jewish nation-state and is ready to sacrifice Greater Israel on this
altar. That may not be an ideal basis for peace (what would be the status of
Israel's Arab citizens in this Jewish nation-state?) but it is realistic. If she
has the power to implement her ideas, she can make peace. If.
REACTING TO the election results, Gideon Levy wrote that the heart
wants to hope, but the brain cannot. That is an understandable reaction.
Since Tzipi, short for Tzipora, means bird, one wants to cry out: Fly,
Tzipora, fly! Fly to heaven! After your election as Prime Minister, lose no
time! Set up a government coalition with the peace forces, use the first few
months of your term to achieve peace with the Palestinians, call new
elections and submit yourself and the peace agreement to the public test!
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240 – Chronologie 2008
As Livni herself phrased it in her direct way: "There is no time for
bullshitting!"
That is what Ehud Barak should have done in 2000. He did not take the
chance, and therefore he lost.
Will Tzipora the bird reach these heights? The heart hopes. The brain has
its doubts.
55
Rundbrief von Reuven Kaminer: Tzipi and the Generals, Jerusalem, 23
September 2008. Kaminer ist der Autor des Buches “The Politics of
Protest. The Israeli Peace Movement and the Palestinian Intifada. Sussex
(U.K.) 1996.
56
Government of Israel, Cabinet Communiqué 14 September 2008:
Prime Minister Ehud Olmert referred to recent events in northern Samaria:
„As you know, there was a terrorist attack at Yitzhar in which a terrorist
infiltrated the community. A young boy was wounded and there was an
attempt to perpetrate a more serious attack. This was a serious and harsh
thing and our security forces are dealing with these issues and will reach
those who were involved and will do what needs to be done, as they do so
admirably throughout the year. However, the residents of Yitzhar and
nearby places responded by assaulting Arab residents in a nearby
Palestinian village. They used live weapons and wounded Palestinian
residents even though there was no basis to assume, and no knowledge to
the effect, that these residents were at all connected, whether directly or
indirectly, to the terrorist attack in Yitzhar. This phenomenon of taking the
law into one's hands, of violent disturbances, of brutality by Jewish
elements living in communities in Judea and Samaria, whether in
recognized communities or in illegal outposts, is intolerable and will be
dealt with sharply and harshly by the law enforcement authorities of the
State of Israel.
There will be no pogroms against non-Jewish residents in the State of
Israel. We have law enforcement authorities. We have police. We have
security services. First and foremost, we have a military that knows how to
deal with incidents in which Jews are attacked and to fight terrorists, and it
will not lend a hand to those who take the law into their hands and attack
innocents as was done over the weekend in the gravest manner. There
have been incidents in which this violence and this brutality have been
directed against not only those whom the settlers suspect to be terrorists
but also against Israeli soldiers and commanders. An IDF company
commander's hand was broken by settlers. This is intolerable and I instruct
the security elements in the territories to act strongly in order to prevent
such events from recurring and to bring those responsible to justice, pure
and simple."
Prime Minister Olmert also said:
"I must also comment on the statement that was made over the weekend
regarding publications in foreign newspapers about Israeli activities,
whether they actually took place or not. Over the past year, we have taken
care not to comment on, respond to, confirm or deny, and to act with the
necessary restraint and responsibility, regarding security issues of the
highest order. It is inconceivable that somebody – for whatever reasons, be
they political or personal – allows himself to say things that I unequivocally
reject."
57
Vgl. dazu die Rezension „Sorge um Israel – Frieden in Nahost” in dieser
Homepage.
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241 – Chronologie 2008
Prime minister: The ‘Greater Israel’ idea is over, in „The Jerusalem
Post” 14.09.2008:
Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said Sunday that the 'Greater Israel' idea was
over.
"'Greater Israel' is finished. There is no such thing as that anymore.
Whoever talks in those terms is only deluding himself," said the prime
minister at the weekly cabinet during which Vice Premier Haim Ramon's
evacuation-compensation bill was discussed.
"It doesn't help Israel. The international community has changed its
perspective ahead of the possibility of Israel becoming a bi-national state.
We can prove that we were always the initiators and were more creative
and that it was the other side that was more stubborn. However, as usual,
we are winning the argument but are gradually going to lose the most
important thing," he said.
Olmert explained that although excellent justifications could be brought as
to why talk of of concessions to the Palestinians should be postponed, time
was "not ticking in Israel's favor."
Olmert admitted that he had changed his mind on the subject. "I admit that
I didn't always have this opinion. I thought and I also said to [Defense
Minister] Ehud Barak that the concessions he offered at Camp David were
exaggerated. I believed that the land from the Jordan River to the
Mediterranean was all ours since in every place there that is excavated,
there is evidence of Jewish History.
"But finally, after a lot of suffering and misgivings, I came to the conclusion
that we need to share the land with whom we are residing if we don't want
to become a bi-national state."
The prime minister emphasized that Israel was the strongest country in the
region. "We are strong like no other country in the region, no entity can
overcome us," he said. "The strategic threats don't come from questions of
where the borders are. We can argue over every small detail but we will
then have no peace partner and no international backing. We will just feel
that we were right, as we have done for the last 40 years."
According to Ramon's evacuation-compensation bill, NIS 1.1 million will be
given to each family that voluntarily moves from isolated areas of the West
Bank to the Negev.
Ramon's bill would give a 25 percent increase in compensation offered to
settlers who leave the West Bank for the Negev and a 15% increase to
those who move to the Galilee. Ramon told ministers that 18% of the
settlers east of the security fence (over 11,000 individuals) were prepared
to leave of their own accord.
The evacuation of residents living in the West Bank, insisted Ramon, was
"an inevitable step for those who believe in the two-state [solution], who are
the majority of the Israeli public. The government's assertion, that Israel is
not prepared to continue to control areas east of the [security] fence, will
strengthen Israel in its negotiations with the Palestinians and with the
international community. This program will also strengthen the settlement
blocs west of the [security] fence and leave the area under Israels
sovereignty."
Ramon also said that Israel and the Palestinians weren't close to reaching
even a scaled-back version of a peace agreement, further diminishing
hopes of any significant strides by the end of the year.
"Right now, we don't see reaching a shelf agreement or a declaration of
principles on the horizon," he said.
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242 – Chronologie 2008
Meanwhile, Public Security Minister Avi Dichter criticized the bill, saying
that "the current discussion is a mistake in its essence and also in its
timing," he said, adding that it was "putting the cart before the horse."
"Even if houses that should be destroyed are destroyed, legislation
preventing them from being rebuilt is problematic, full of difficulties and
may even provoke violence," he continued. "Voluntary evacuation will only
weaken, not strengthen Israel."
Transportation Minister and Kadima leadership candidate Shaul Mofaz also
seemed to oppose the bill, but was more tempered in his reservations.
"Evacuation compensation in a reality that lacks an agreed upon
framework, will only raise the Palestinians' demands and cause damage,"
Mofaz said during the meeting. AP contributed to this report.
59
Zur Rivalität zwischen der „alten” und der „jungen Garde” in „Fatah“ s.
besonders Khalil Shikaki: Palestinians Divided, in „Foreign Affairs”
January/February 2002, S. 89 ff.
60
Gideon Levy: Last call for Kadima voters, in „Haaretz”-Online
14.09.2008:
This is the last call for passengers boarding the Kadima train: Do not vote
for Shaul Mofaz. Vote for Tzipi Livni or Meir Sheetrit – preferably not Avi
Dichter – anything but Mofaz. True, a lot of you became Kadima members
in the first place only because the chairman of your work committee
instructed you to sign up to support the transportation minister, who is good
to your workplace. True, your vote contractor pledged that you would put
the "right" slip in the ballot box, you and your families. But you can break
your pledge. In fact you cannot just break it – it is your duty to do so.
If something beyond wheeling and dealing is dear to you; if you consider
matters beside the work committee, the clique, the clan and your workplace
important; if you care about the country, society, the army and even,
excuse the expression, our morality – you cannot vote for Mofaz. If Mofaz
becomes your candidate for prime minister of Israel on Wednesday, it will
be a black day, on which an unworthy, invalid, almost illegitimate candidate
was chosen. Ehud Olmert's sins, which you are now trying to expiate, will
appear as white as snow compared to Mofaz's escapades as chief of staff
and defense minister. This man – a man of force and violence whose way
is one of force and violence – must not head the government of this
country, particularly at this dangerous time.
You handful of Kadima voters are not an easy bunch to persuade. Most of
you became members of this nothing-party only to serve personal interests.
Why else would you sign up for Kadima? Because of its non-existent
ideology? Its lofty ideas and admirable leadership? A good many of you
simultaneously became members of one or two other parties, just to be on
the safe side.
They have placed the votes you pledged in sealed containers. They are
counting on your blind obedience to your boss and the local party hack.
This is the time to prove that this is not you, that there is another thing or
two beyond your personal advancement and the job that was promised to
your relative that's making you loose sleep. Prove that beyond your urge to
take revenge on the Arabs, to punish, pulverize, strike, kill, arrest and
starve them, you are also willing to think about tomorrow. Show us that you
believe Israel is more enlightened than your candidate; prove that you do
not want force to become the sole language of the country in which you
live. If you choose Mofaz, it will be.
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243 – Chronologie 2008
In a properly-run country, Mofaz would be considered an outcast, persona
non grata. "I think we must strike very hard," he told the members of the
Winograd Committee examining the conduct of the Second Lebanon War,
encapsulating in a few words his wretched worldview. That is the way he
has always expressed himself and that is the way he always acted. Strain
your memory: Did Shaul Mofaz ever express a single intersting idea? Was
there ever a single opportunity when he did not support yet another military
operation?
This is the time to remind you: Mofaz was one of the cruelest defense
ministers to ever hold that office here. None was more cruel. He always
saw the Arabs through the sights of a gun, an Apache, a tank and a plane.
He never even considered another way. He is a serial refuser to making
peace. Mofaz never really supported any diplomatic move that went slightly
beyond the battlefield he knows so well.
Formerly Sharon's contractor for assassinations, as chief of staff Mofaz
opposed the withdrawal from Lebanon as well as the partial withdrawal
from Hebron, for which he was almost fired. As defense minister he first
opposed the disengagement and then supported it, on condition that the
Israel Defense Forces remain in the Gaza Strip "as a bargaining chip,"
after he hurriedly and opportunistically toed Sharon's line.
Mofaz is the eternal supporter of the "major action" in Gaza, opponent of
the cease-fire, and now of a withdrawal from the Golan Heights. In his role
as head of the parliamentary caucus in favor of assassinations, or at least
deporting Yasser Arafat, surely you remember his voice, as chief of staff,
caught by chance on a microphone, calling for Arafat to be deported – a
scandal in its own right. On his orders Israel demolished the mechanisms
of Fatah's government in the territories; the bitter outcome of that foolish
policy can now be seen in Gaza. The Mofazes who neutralized Arafat aided
Hamas' rise to power. Your Mofaz is also one of the Israelis who generated
the second intifada. Do you want him to bring upon us a third one, and
perhaps most terrible of all, the bombing of Iran?
If there is one figure who represents no other way but force and violence, it
is he. During his term as defense minister Israel killed 1,705 Palestinians,
372 of whom were children and teens, six times more than the number of
Israelis who were killed during that same bloody period. This is the only
thing Mofaz knows how to do – the father of the assassination school of
thought – the only school of thought named after him. You will most
certainly recall how he came to you: at the last minute, only after realizing
that he had no chance in Likud. This, therefore is your last call: Do
something momentous this week. The alternatives do not promise much,
but remember there is Mofaz – and there are all the rest.
61
Aluf Benn: What Happened on September 15 [2008]?, in „Haaretz“
15.07.2009.
62
Akiva Eldar: Abbas to Haaretz: We will compromise on refugees, in
“Haaretz”-Online 13.09.2008:
RAMALLAH–Perhaps it was the daytime fast and abstention from smoking
during the holy month of Ramadan, and perhaps it was the conversation
about the exhausting negotiations with Israel that caused Palestinian
Authority President Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen) to press the white
button at least three times in the course of last Wednesday's interview.
Sa'id, his personal assistant, enters without a word, pulls out the packet
and lights a cigarette for the president. Abu Mazen's relaxed mood does
not hint at all the troubles bombarding him from inside and out.
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244 – Chronologie 2008
He dismisses the threats of colleagues, including the chairman of the
Palestinian negotiation team Ahmed Qureia (Abu Ala) and rivals such as
Prof. Sari Nusseibeh, to replace the negotiations over two states with a
demand for equal rights between Israelis and Palestinians in one state. He
also promises that, just as he opposed the second intifada, he will not
support a third one.
The message is almost self-evident: Don't miss your opportunity with me.
You won't have a partner like me. But on one point he is insistent: the right
of return. Israel will have to absorb refugees in its territory, he emphasizes,
following negotiations regarding their numbers.
He is aware of the arguments in Israel about his political weakness. "It's a
good excuse for Israel not to fulfill its obligations," he says with a bitter
smile. "I'm still reading in your newspaper that it won't be possible to reach
a peace agreement because your prime minister, Ehud Olmert, is accused
of corruption and I'm too weak. But even senior Israeli officials now admit
that we are doing an excellent job."
Even Amos Gilad, the head of the diplomatic-security headquarters in the
Defense Ministry, and a sharp critic of the PA?
"Even Amos Gilad. We have restored order to the West Bank cities, we are
taking steps against anyone who tries to undermine security and stability,
whether it is Hamas, Islamic Jihad or even Fatah. In Israel and in the
United States they are well aware that the Palestinian security forces have
prevented many attacks. We even dismantled Fatah's Al-Aqsa Martyrs'
Brigades. Today there is one armed force and one authority in the field."
Abbas' situation in public opinion surveys conducted in the territories is
better than ever. The chaos that reigned in the cities of the West Bank has
been replaced by the Palestinian police. The security systems are
garnering praise from those very senior Israeli officials who in the past
leveled penetrating criticism against their functioning – including the head
of the Shin Bet security service, the defense minister and generals in the
Israel Defense Forces. The economic situation in the West Bank is also
improving. And nevertheless, Abu Mazen knows that without a diplomatic
agreement, all these achievements will evaporate and the Palestinians will
return to Hamas' embrace.
Do you remember that Saturday, September 13, is the anniversary of the
Oslo Accords?
"Unfortunately."
Why unfortunately?
"Because it didn't succeed. Fifteen years have passed since then, and we
are still far from an agreement."
Olmert is about to resign. What do you feel on the personal level?
"I admire him very much and for over a year we've been working together.
Now he is about to leave and we will honor what the Israeli public decides.
We will conduct negotiations with any prime minister elected in Israel, and
bid farewell to Olmert. But I intend to conduct negotiations with him until his
last moment in the job."
It is evident that the elections for the leadership of Kadima are a source of
great concern to those sitting in the Muqata, the PA's seat of government,
in Ramallah. Abu Mazen's advisors are busy not only with issues related to
Hamas and Fatah, but also with the attempt to guess who will win:
Transportation Minister Shaul Mofaz or Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni. On this
subject, as on others, MK Ahmed Tibi (Ra'am-Ta'al), who was present at
the interview, serves as a guide for the PA president. In addition, Abbas
makes sure to keep abreast of reports from the Israeli media.
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245 – Chronologie 2008
Olmert said that we have never been so close to an agreement. Had he
remained in the job would that have changed anything?
"I cannot say that 'an agreement is near' or 'not near' is the correct term to
use, but it is doubtful whether we could have completed an agreement by
the end of 2008 [as the sides promised at the Annapolis conference], even
had he remained in the job. So far there has been no achievement in the
negotiations. There are various proposals regarding borders and the
refugee issue, but they have remained proposals only and all six central
issues of the final status agreement [Jerusalem, borders, refugees,
security, settlements and water] have remained open. I cannot say that
there has been an agreement on a single issue. The gap between the
sides is very large. We presented our ideas and demands regarding the six
issues, and have yet to receive any answer from the Israeli side."
Jordan's King Abdullah said recently to a French newspaper that he is not
convinced that Israel wants to solve the conflict, due to the absence of a
long-term vision. Do you agree with that statement?
"I tend to agree with King Abdullah. We can reach an agreement because
the outline is known, and it is not clear to me why there is no progress.
Perhaps because of internal political disputes in Israel. I can say that the
Americans continue to play a central role, and are even eager for us to
reach an agreement by the end of the year. They are convinced we are
capable of that."
We have heard many different versions about the percentage of the area
of the West Bank Israel is willing to transfer to the Palestinian state. Could
you tell us the exact percentage?
Abu Mazen smiles. "We have been presented with more than one
proposal. I can tell you that, among other things, we raised the demand to
conduct negotiations over no-man's land and not only over the entire West
Bank." [One example is the Latrun area.]
Have you told the Israelis that they have to refer to previous documents, to
previous negotiations like those conducted in Taba in 2001?
"Israel now claims that those talks were conducted by other teams. 'It's not
us. It's Yossi Beilin,' they say."
Abbas looks very excited when he mentions the 2002 Arab peace initiative,
in which 22 Arab countries agreed to normalize relations with Israel if Israel
withdraws to the 1967 boundaries. He asks his secretary of many years,
Intisar, to bring the version of the Arab initiative adopted by the Islamic
summit conference. The paper is decorated with the flags of various
Islamic countries, including Iran.
"Yes, yes, even Iran agreed at the time [2002 – before Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad's era] to the principles of the Arab initiative, and never
regretted it," he says. "I presented this paper to Olmert, who didn't react to
it. Unfortunately, to date there has been no discussion of the initiative in the
Israeli government. You should remember that this is the first time even the
king of Saudi Arabia, who is the guardian of the places holy to Islam,
enlisted for the sake of solving the conflict."
Is it clear that on the issue of the right of return, the refugees will return
only to the areas of the Palestinian state?
"Not at all. This issue is not at all clear. There are today five million
Palestinian refugees whose forefathers were expelled from the area of
Israel, not from the West Bank and Gaza. We understand that if we
demand of you that all five million return to Israel, the State of Israel would
be destroyed. But we must talk about compromise and see to what
numbers you can agree.
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246 – Chronologie 2008
"We have to talk about Israeli recognition of its responsibility for the
refugee problem, and then discuss the right of return in practice. The
Palestinians who don't return to Israel can return to Palestine. If they
decide to remain in the countries where they are living, they will receive
compensation, as will the countries that absorb them. There is a central
issue that Israel tends to ignore: the assets of the absentees. That is a very
important issue, almost the basis of the problem.
"We intend to hold talks with Israel about the number of refugees who will
return to its area. I am criticized for not demanding the return of all five
million, but I say that we will demand the return of a reasonable number of
refugees to Israel. The Arab peace initiative also discusses that – a
solution to the refugee problem has to be agreed upon with Israel,
according to UN General Assembly resolution 194 [from 1948]."
Foreign Minister Livni said that when the Palestinians erase the word
"nakba" from their lexicon [the "catastrophe," the expulsion and flight of the
Palestinians in 1947-1948], there will be peace.
"Can I forget the nakba, which happened to so many people and even to
me? [Abbas is a refugee from Safed.] That is our memory. Just as I can't
ask you to forget your national memory, you can't demand that of me."
President Shimon Peres claims you said that you would oppose the
participation of Hamas in the January 2010 elections, if it does not
recognize agreements with Israel and international decisions.
"Let's put it differently. If we want to establish a unity government of
professionals, according to the Arab League's proposal, it must honor all
the commitments and agreements that we have signed, like the road map.
We cannot agree to any initiative that does not accept that. And of course,
you have to accept the Arab peace initiative."
When does your term end? Hamas claims in January 2009 and not in
January 2010, as you claim.
"I think that the elections for parliament and the presidency should take
place together, in January 2010. We will decide, and issue a presidential
order accordingly. And we will definitely demand that the elections be held
in Jerusalem as well."
Will you run in the next elections?
"I don't know yet. It's too early to talk about that."
Was it a mistake to allow Hamas to participate in the 2006 elections?
"No, it was a good test as far as we're concerned. Had we rejected its
participation we would have rejected a large part of the Palestinian people.
Now, after the nation has come to know and experience Hamas, it will have
to decide who to vote for."
Do you see a possibility of reconciliation between Hamas and Fatah, and
unity between the West Bank and Gaza?
"Gaza and the West Bank must unite, otherwise there will be no
Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. But we will not use force to
do that. There are contacts for reconciliation being conducted by the
Egyptians, and in the end an Arab proposal will be presented, with the
support of the Arab League."
Are you aware of the fact that if Israel releases the Hamas members of
parliament as part of a deal to release [kidnapped IDF soldier] Gilad Shalit,
there is a good chance that the Palestinian parliament will not extend your
term?
"Yes, but without any connection to my term, I'm not opposed to their
release. I have even demanded of Olmert more than once to release the
speaker of the parliament, Aziz Dweik of Hamas. There is no reason to
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247 – Chronologie 2008
leave them in prison, and we have made it clear to Israel that in the context
of any peace agreement, all the Palestinian prisoners will be released."
What do you think of the rise of Al Qaida in Gaza?
"I was the first to warn about it, and we are opposed to it. But you must
understand that you have to remove the siege of the Gaza Strip in order to
stop the strengthening of these extremist factors. You must open the trade
crossings to the Strip, because distress will only strengthen organizations
like Al Qaida."
What do you think of the calls by senior Palestinian officials, in light of the
failure of the negotiations, to dismantle the PA, transfer responsibility to
Israel and establish one state for two nations?
"That is an issue that came up in the Arab League, too. But in my opinion,
we should stick to implementing a solution of two states for two nations.
That is the best proposal. But you must not prevent this solution and push
people into a corner. A continuation of your dangerous policy in the West
Bank – construction in the settlements, the roadblocks, the raids on West
Bank cities – will only distance the two-state solution."
"We don't want one state for two nations, and various people who are
doing that, including Abu Ala, are doing it out of despair. You must treat the
Palestinians with respect, as full partners, human beings like you. If you
believe in occupation and the Palestinian partner becomes irrelevant, no
Israeli will feel secure."
Did you make a mistake in the second intifada when you turned to
violence?
"I have said this in the past. We made a mistake when we turned the
intifada into an armed struggle, and I will do everything possible so that
there won't be a third, armed intifada. But you mustn't push people into
acting violently."
The interview takes place mostly in English. Occasionally MK Tibi whispers
into the ear of the rais and the conversation continues. The secretary of the
PA, Tayeb Abed al-Rahim, one of people closest to Abu Mazen, is present
at the interview and adds his comments.
When will you meet with U.S. President George W. Bush, and what will you
tell him at your last meeting?
"I'll be meeting with him on September 26, and I'll listen to what he has to
say. I admire him very much. He did very good work, and nevertheless we
did not succeed in reaching an agreement. It's not his mistake, nor mine.
As far as he is concerned, he made the required effort."
Did you think that 15 years after Oslo we would still be sitting here and
talking about the chances for a peace agreement?
"It's unbelievable, it's beyond any imagination that we haven't succeeded in
reaching an agreement until now. But even today, I'm convinced that I
would have signed the Oslo Accords. I risked my life for peace and if I have
to pay for it with my life, that's a negligible price. I don't regret the Oslo
Accords. Twenty years before the agreement I believed in peace with the
Israelis, and I still believe in it."
63
Ari Shavit: Facing the storm, in „Haaretz”-Online 12.09.2008.
64
Yossi Beilin: The season for decision making, in „Haaretz“-Online
11.09.2008.
65
Zwischen 1958 und 1988 sind von der Knesset elf „Basic Laws”
verabschiedet worden: „Parlament”, „Grund und Boden”, „Staatspräsident”,
„Staatswirtschaft”, „Militär”, „Hauptstadt Jerusalem”, „Rechtswesen”,
www.reiner-bernstein.de
248 – Chronologie 2008
„Staatskontrolleur”, „Menschenwürde und Freiheit”, „freie Berufswahl” und
„Regierung”:
66
Der Beitrag kann abgerufen werden via
www.hagalil.com:80/archiv/2008/09/avnery.htm.
67
Jörg Bremer: Das israelische Jerusalem wächst, in „Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung“ 11.09.2008, S. 5.
68
„Al-Ayyam“ 11.09.2008:
American consul general in Jerusalem Jacob Wallace said that American
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice told the Palestinian and Israeli parties
during her recent visit that what is being negotiated is based on the 1967
borders, which include the West Bank and Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem
and parts of the Dead Sea. Adjustments to the border must be agreed
upon between the parties.
Wallace stressed in a special interview with Al Ayyam that the U.S. does
not seek a transitional solution before the Quartet Committee in New York
meets late this month and said: "Do not look for transitional solutions that
can be reached in September. Our aim, as I said, is to reach agreement at
the end of the year and the month of December. "
The American consul general tried to dispel fears of Palestinian officials of
the possibility that U.S. President George W. Bush may present his ideas
for a solution and said: "I do not want to talk on behalf of President Bush,
or pre-judge what can be done to decide, but we have said to both parties
that we do not intend surprises, and we do not intend to do what cannot
help the process."
He added: We see our role as a facilitator, and if the parties think that there
is something we can do to help that's fine, but we do not intend to carry out
things that of one or both parties thinks does not help. This clearly would
not be done.
Wallace acknowledged that there have been many Israeli settlement
expansions after the Annapolis conference and said: We have seen a very
slight progress towards the removal of outposts... He added: We would like
to see more efforts in the Israeli side on the issue of transit and movement
of the Palestinians, and this not only helps the daily lives of Palestinians,
but is an important factor for economic recovery – a goal shared by
Israelis and also this is why we would like to see more action taken on.
69
Der Text der Initiative befindet sich in der Menüleiste „Begleitende
Dokumente“ bei www.genfer-initiative.de.
70
Alexandra Senfft: Pionier des Dialogs, in „Jüdische Allgemeine“
11.09.2008, S. 13.
71
Die HSFK trauert um Prof. Dr. Dan Bar-On. Der 1938 in Haifa geborene
israelische Psychologe und Publizist verstarb am 4. September 2008 in Tel
Aviv. In Deutschland ist Dan Bar-On, der aus einer Familie stammte, die
1933 aus Hamburg nach Palästina ausgewandert war, insbesondere durch
seineBemühungen um Gespräche zwischen den Kindern von Nazi-Tätern
und Nazi-Opfern bekannt geworden. Dan Bar-On weitete sein Dialogmodell
des "Storytelling" später auf andere Konflikte aus. In den letzten drei
Jahren engagierte er sich in einem Dialog-Trainings-Programm mit
Teilnehmern aus verschiedenen Kontinenten bei der Körber-Stiftung,
Hamburg.
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249 – Chronologie 2008
Dan Bar-On stand viele Jahre mit der HSFK in enger Verbindung. Er war
gemeinsam mit dem palästinensischen Erziehungswissenschaftler Sami
Adwan Gründungs- und Co-Direktor des 1998 auf Initiative und mit
Unterstützung der HSFK in Beit Jalah gegründeten Peace Research
Institute in the Middle East (PRIME). Dieses Institut stand und steht für die
grenzüberschreitenden Friedensbemühungen zwischen Israelis und
Palästinensern. Ein besonders innovatives Projekt von Dan Bar-On und
Sami Adwan war das gemeinsam mit israelischen und palästinensischen
Lehrern entwickelte Geschichtsbuch, das die verschiedenen historischen
Narrative beider Völker einander gegenüber stellte. Dazwischen ließ es
Platz, um Schülern beider Seiten zu ermöglichen, auch die Sicht ihrer
eigenen Familie auf die Vergangenheit aufzuschreiben. Dieses Buch, das
in mehrere Sprachen übersetzt wurde, dient auch als Modell für die
Aufarbeitung anderer Konfliktgeschichten. Dan Bar-On war ein großer
Wissenschaftler und eine starke Persönlichkeit. Sein Engagement für den
Frieden war konsequent und unbeirrbar. Für die wissenschaftlich
abgestützte Friedensarbeit im Nahen Osten wird Dan Bar-On fehlen.
72
Vgl. die Eintragungen am 14.02.2008, 30.05.2007, 13.03.2007,
19.12.2006, 14.02.2006, 20.10.2005, 12.10.2005, 24.03.2005 und
14.02.2005 in dieser Zeitleiste.
73
Der vollständige Text der Ansprache Bsirskes ist auf der Homepage
des Aachener Friedenspreises veröffentlicht.
74
Vgl. die Eintragung am 02.09.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
75
Siniora weist darauf hin, dass Spenden mit einer Kreditkarte online via
www.ipcri.org/donate.html überwiesen oder per Scheck an IPCRI, PO Box
9321, Jerusalem 92092 / Israel, geschickt werden können.
76
Dan Wischnitzer wurde in Gablonz (Sudentenland) geboren und war
zwischen 1960 und 1992 hauptamtlicher Mitarbeiter von „Mapam“, davon
die letzten zehn Jahre als Sekretär des „Israel Peace Committee“. Vgl.
seinen Beitrag „Die Barriere – Annexion geht vor Sicherheit“ in der
Menüleiste „Berichte aus Israe und Palästina“ in dieser Homepage.
77
Aluf Benn: Shas chief: Olmert has no authority to decide the fate of
Jerusalem, in „Haaretz“-Online 31.08.2008:
Hours before Prime Minister Ehud Olmert was to suggest international
involvement in negotiations over Jerusalem in a meeting with Palestinian
President Mahmoud Abbas, Shas Chairman Eli Yishai said Sunday that the
prime minister has no legal or public authority to make a deal with the
Palestinians, and certainly not to decide the fate of Jerusalem. "The
leadership of the Palestinian Authority is virtual," Yishai said. "Any
agreement with them will be the basis for more terror. It is clear to
everyone that Jerusalem's fate cannot be negotiated like it was a currency,
and certainly not with international participation."
The Olmert-Abbas meeting, scheduled for Sunday in Jerusalem, will likely
be their final session before the Kadima primary on September 17, after
which Olmert will step down from his post.
Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni also commented on the expected talks Sunday,
saying "I support negotiations, but a final agreement has to explicitly reflect
Israel's interests. We can't allow time constraints to rush us into making
grave mistakes in trying to bridge gaps that are too big in a way that will
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250 – Chronologie 2008
bring about a clash, nor can we compromise on critical issues only for the
sake of results. This is not how I operate in negotiations."
Olmert was expected to try convincing the Palestinian leader to accept an
agreement of principles on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that will represent
a framework for a two-state solution. As far as Olmert is concerned, the
talks with Abbas have entered the "final straight" and there are about two
weeks left to reach an agreement before the prime minister steps down.
However, veteran Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat said Saturday that he
does not expect the two sides to conclude a joint document during
September. Erekat made the comments Saturday following various reports
that the Bush administration would like to present a joint document of
understandings between Israel and the PA before the UN General
Assembly in September.
Central in Olmert's proposal to the Palestinians is that the talks on
sovereignty and control over the holy sites in Jerusalem be held under an
international umbrella, where governments and other interested parties will
be able to contribute their views. The negotiations will be held directly
between Israel and the Palestinians, and international parties will not be
able to impose their views on a solution. The role of the international
parties would be to bolster the agreement that the two sides will agree
upon in direct negotiations.
According to Olmert's proposal, a five-year timetable will be set out for
completing a settlement on Jerusalem. Olmert's proposal, which was
discussed in recent talks with Abbas, is meant to bridge his promise to
coalition partner Shas that Jerusalem will not be raised during the current
round of talks, and the Palestinian demands that any agreement between
the two sides would include mention of "all the core issues" – borders,
security, refugees and Jerusalem.
The solution offered by the prime minister is to agree to a mechanism for
discussing the issue of Jerusalem, and delay the substantive talks on the
subject to the future.
This is the first time that Israel has proposed involving international parties
on the Jerusalem issue, even if their role will be limited to a consultative
one. The idea was raised during the Camp David talks of 2000, when
Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat argued that he does not have a mandate
to decide the future of the holy sites – which are important to the entire
Muslim world – and rejected the offer of then-prime minister Ehud Barak to
divide Jerusalem.
Olmert's proposal was meant to gain broad backing for the Palestinian
leadership's decisions, and prevent any collapse of the agreement because
of opposition from other countries and religious groups. Olmert is probably
planning to include in the negotiations members of the international Quartet
(the U.N., U.S., EU and Russia), as well as Jordan, Egypt, the Vatican and
possibly the king of Morocco. From Israel's point of view, broadening the
international, inter-faith element only increases the chances of finding an
acceptable agreement, even though there is risk in involving parties who
are opposed to Israel's sovereign control over the holy sites in Jerusalem.
The prime minister presented his detailed proposal to the Palestinians to
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice during her visit to Jerusalem last
Tuesday. Rice told Olmert that "it is a very generous plan" for the
Palestinians and discussed it with Abbas, with whom she met several hours
after her talks with Olmert. Olmert told Rice that he presented his plan to
Abbas a month ago, but the PA president had still not given him a final
answer.
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251 – Chronologie 2008
In the past few weeks, Olmert sent a number of emissaries to Abbas and
his aides, in an attempt to convince them to adopt the plan. Among the
emissaries were Vice Premier Haim Ramon, MK Yossi Beilin and U.S.
businessman Daniel Abraham, a personal friend of the prime minister.
Abbas and his closest aides presented Olmert's emissaries with a series of
reservations, and argued that they were being offered a "partial
agreement" of the kind that will weaken Abbas. They also said that "the
timing is not good for an agreement at this time." In response, Olmert's
emissaries said that an agreement will allow Abbas to present an
achievement ahead of the PA presidential elections scheduled to take
place in January 2009.
78
Daniel Abraham ist der Stifter der nach ihm benannten S. Daniel
Abraham Professur „Middle East Policy Studies“ am Princeton University’s
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Im Studienjahr
2008/09 wird sie von Daniel S. Kurtzer innegehabt (vgl. Reiner Bernstein:
„Our Middle East“ in dieser Homepage).
79
Zur wechselvollen politischen Biographie Nathans s. Tom Segev: 1967.
Israels zweite Geburt. Berlin o.J. [1967], S. 22 ff.
80
Remarks With Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas Secretary
Condoleezza Rice, Ramallah, August 26, 2008 via
www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/08/108921.htm:
PRESIDENT ABBAS: (Via interpreter.) In the name of God, the merciful
and the compassionate, again, we welcome Dr. Rice and thank her for her
repeated visits, unprecedented level of visits – number of visits,
unprecedented in the history of the region. These visits, if they indicate
anything, they indicate basically the will and the determination of the
American Administration to reach a solution for the core issues that are
contested, which are the main core issues that we always remind the
people of, which are Jerusalem refugees, borders, settlements, water and
security. And therefore, this visit comes in this context and in this
determination that we appreciate highly for the American Administration,
President Bush personally and Dr. Rice.
Yesterday, 198 Palestinian prisoners were released and this means that joy
has overwhelmed all the Palestinian people, particularly in the West Bank.
And we hope that efforts continue in order to release all the prisoners. And
we understand that once we reach an agreement, that the issue of
prisoners would be one of the issues of the main issues that will be
addressed, and that have to be cleared and have to be solved by the final
solution. Today, we have exchanged conversation about these issues. We
have focused on these issues. And we have focused also on the settlement
activities that continue, that are ongoing, and that are undoubtedly an
obstacle, a main obstacle in the road of the peace process. And as you all
know, we reject all the settlement activities in principle because they
contradict with the agreements and the Roadmap plan and the objectives
of Annapolis that have started one year ago – almost one year ago.
We have also discussed the situation in Gaza Strip and the urgent need to
alleviate the suffering of the Palestinian people and opening the doors and
the crossing borders – points for the people and for the goods, so that life
can continue in the Gaza Strip, despite the fact that there is a truce in Gaza
Strip and we have supported this truce and we have provided all support to
this truce – yet the situation in Gaza Strip is intolerable, unbearable.
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252 – Chronologie 2008
And I would like to add here that we are seeking reconciliation, Palestinianinternal reconciliation based on the Yemenite initiative and the initiative by
– that was endorsed by the Arab League in Damascus. And we are ready
for the national dialogue that is being conducted in Cairo and that is led by
the initiative of Egypt, which is exerting huge efforts in this context.
We have also discussed the issues related to the importance of reaching
complete, comprehensive solutions, not partial solutions, and not
postponing any of the main issues. The solution should be comprehensive,
and as we have worked relentlessly throughout this peace process in order
to achieve the aspirations of the – our people and their dream in having an
independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with its capital,
Jerusalem, within the framework of the Palestinian fundamental principles.
And we here – we will continue our efforts with the Bush Administration,
President Bush's Administration, in order to reach the solution.
And we hope that – we have to exert all efforts, ongoing efforts, relentless
efforts in the coming period, and we should not leave any opportunity and
should not miss any opportunity or waste time. And this is our policy and
this is our willing, because it is in the interest of our people and the interest
of Israel and the region and the world as a whole that we reach a
comprehensive and genuine peace agreement.
Finally, I thank Dr. Rice again for all her efforts and I thank her for coming
here in this repeated manner and this space of visits, which is
unprecedented. And I reiterate here that it indicates, really, the willingness
and the determination to reach a peace solution. You're welcome, Dr. Rice.
SECRETARY RICE: Thank you very much, Mr. President. Thank you very
much for welcoming me here. I've had a series of very good discussions
here, also earlier today in the trilateral with the chief Palestinian negotiator,
Abu Ala and Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni. We have discussed the progress
that the parties are making in the negotiations toward a two-state solution.
We've also had discussions of how to move other aspects of the Annapolis
process forward, including improving life for Palestinians, the Palestinian
people on the ground, as well as the Roadmap obligations. General Fraser
is here and, in fact, as the Roadmap monitor, and General Fraser will stay
on for a couple of days to continue the work on the Roadmap
implementation.
Mr. President, I want to thank you for your continued dedication to the
Annapolis process and I believe that with will and with effort, we can reach
the goals of Annapolis. And so, again, thank you for having me here and I
think we are ready for your questions.
QUESTION: (Via interpreter.) Mr. President, you said that the American
Administration wants to reach a solution and is determined to reach a
solution. But the American Administration has failed so far to stop
settlement activities. How do you think that they will help in achieving a
solution?
Dr. Rice, you are talking about an opportunity that there might be progress
in the peace process. Where is this opportunity and what kind of progress
that you are talking about?
PRESIDENT ABBAS: (Via interpreter.) I can say that the American
Administration is exerting genuine efforts to reach peace – a peace
agreement and is exerting genuine efforts to implement the first article of
the Roadmap plan, which Dr. Rice have implied and indicated, particularly
in the presence of General Fraser, who is working towards this objective.
Since things have not succeeded so far, it does not mean that we have
failed. It means that there is more determination and more willingness to
find a solution for all these issues.
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253 – Chronologie 2008
SECRETARY RICE: Yes, on the settlement issue, I think I've made very
clear the U.S. position that the settlement activity is not conducive to
creating an environment for negotiations, yet negotiations go on. We
continue to press the Israelis about their Roadmap obligations and to work
with the Palestinians on their Roadmap obligations as well. As to progress
in the peace process, I would just like to remind everyone that this time last
year, we, of course, didn't have a peace process. And perhaps it's well to
go back to when President Bush came to office in 2001, in the midst of the
breakdown completely of the peace process with the second intifada
underway, with the election of Prime Minister Sharon who explicitly did not
come to power intending to be a part of the peace process. And so
President Bush has worked tirelessly over the last years – last seven years
of his Administration to lay a foundation for this peace process, to declare
the importance of a two-state solution not just to Israel and to Palestinians,
but to the United States as well, and to support the establishment of the
institutions of a Palestinian state, including the Roadmap monitoring role,
including the date and mission on training and equipping of Palestinian
forces, including the fact that the United States, for the first time,
transferred directly to the budget of the Palestinian Authority American
taxpayer resources.
And so I would just like it understood that President Bush has been a
tireless advocate of the establishment of the institutions, and ultimately, the
establishment of the Palestinian state itself. We still have a number of
months before us to work toward the Annapolis goal and we're going to do
precisely that. But again, this is not easy. If this had been easy, somebody
would have solved it a long time ago. And it has fallen to us to try again to
find a solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. God willing and with the
goodwill of the parties and the tireless work of the parties, we have a good
chance to succeed.
MR. MCCORMACK: Matt Lee of AP.
QUESTION: Hi. Madame Secretary, Mr. President, I'm – I have to
apologize because I have to ask two things that are a bit further –
SECRETARY RICE: I've already told the President you weren't going to
ask about –
QUESTION: – further afield.
SECRETARY RICE: – the Palestinian issues. (Laughter.)
QUESTION: – which I apologize for. Madame Secretary, this morning,
we've had several rather significant developments: one, the North Koreans
have announced that they are going to – they have suspended their
disablement because you have not yet removed them from the state
sponsors of terror list. I'm wondering what your reaction is to that and how
you think that will affect the process. And then secondly, just within the last
hour or so, President Medvedev has signed a decree recognizing the
independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. He's done this despite
strong warnings from yourself and from the Bush Administration, as well as
others. How does this square with the ceasefire that he signed and what
does it mean for U.S. policy? Thank you.
SECRETARY RICE: First, on North Korea, look, we have made very clear
– we made clear at the Six-Party ministerial that we were awaiting a
verification mechanism that could assure the accuracy of the statements
that North Korea made in its declaration or – and/or gave us ways to verify
those – the accuracy of those statements. So I assume that North Korea
recognizing that it – recognizes that it still has obligations. I would just note
that the Chinese President and the South Korean President reaffirmed just
– I'm not sure on the timing, because of the time changes, either yesterday
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254 – Chronologie 2008
or today – that the work ahead is to get that verification mechanism and
therefore, to proceed with denuclearization. We actually are in discussions
with the North Koreans. And I think we'll just see where we come out in a
few weeks. Now, as to the matter of the Russian apparent or intention to
recognize two parts of – two regions that have been in conflict, but are
clearly within the internationally recognized borders of Georgia by multiple
Security Council resolutions, I think it is regrettable. It puts Russia, of
course, in opposition to a number of Security Council resolutions to which it
is party as member of the Security Council, as member of the United
Nations, and most appallingly, as a member of the P-5. The ceasefire also
talked about the importance of moving forward to an international way to
deal with these zones of conflict. And so to preempt those international
discussions is extremely unfortunate. Not only has the United States
warned about this, but so has Europe. It simply means that the Russian
President continues not to honor the commitments on – that the Russians
have signed onto. But I want to be very clear: Since the United States is a
permanent member of the Security Council, this simply will be dead on
arrival in the Security Council. And therefore, in accordance with other
Security Council resolutions that are still enforced, Abkhazia and South
Ossetia are a part of the internationally recognized borders of Georgia, and
it's going to remain so. Thank you.
MR. MCCORMACK: (Inaudible.)
SECRETARY RICE: Oh, I'm sorry. There's another –
QUESTION: (Via interpreter.) Mr. President, do you believe that the
American Administration has done enough in order to reach a peaceful
agreement with the Israelis? And what do you expect from the new
American Administration? (Back to English) Madame Secretary, you've
said earlier today that you're still hopeful that the sides can reach to a
peace deal before the end of this year. How can you convince, first of all,
President Abbas that this is doable? And how can you convince the critics
that the timeline is very short, since already eight months have passed
without achieving anything? Thank you.
PRESIDENT ABBAS: (Via interpreter.) As we are – we know, the peace
process since Camp David has stopped. And consequently, since the
beginning of the – Mr. Bush's Administration until before Annapolis
conference, there were no contacts whatsoever, or efforts from any party
towards the peace process, and particularly from the United States. And
when President Bush announced his call for a meeting – for an
international meeting in July 2007 and then after that, the Annapolis
conference, from that time, since then, the real efforts – the American
efforts have started towards the peace process. And when I mentioned
earlier that Dr. Rice have visited us more than 12 times now as well as
President Bush, who also visited us, I think this is towards – it shows the
keenness and the efforts by the American Administration towards the
peace process. And therefore, I am fully convinced of the credibility and the
genuine efforts of the American Administration in terms of the peace
process. What do we want of the new administrations? That they will
continue with the peace process. If we fail to reach an agreement, at least
we should not waste – seven years should not be wasted and should – to
find new solutions. And therefore, we should focus now on the coming
period, regardless of how short this period of time is. At least we should
exert all the efforts. It's important not to waste time. It's to benefit from the
time that – and what is important is that everyone is very serious and
committed. And if we reach an agreement, then it's very good. If we do not
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255 – Chronologie 2008
reach an agreement, then we wish for the new administration, that it will
continue what we have already started and where we've reached today.
SECRETARY RICE: As to convincing the critics, I'm not going to try. It's
not actually my concern. As to discussing this with President Abbas and
with Prime Minister Olmert, with Abu Ala, with Tzipi Livni, I see people who
are committed to trying to achieve this goal. And so that is my role, is to
help them work to achieve this goal. And again, the parties made a very
wise decision early on that they were not going to go to the microphones
every time they met and talk about what they have or have not achieved,
because they have a principle which is very important, that they don't want
a partial agreement, that they understand that there are – these major
issues are interconnected and therefore, until everything is agreed, you
can't have an agreement. And so I don't think you should expect that
they're going to come out and talk about any partial progress that they
have made, because it would only harm the process to do so. What I can
tell you is that it is a very serious negotiating process. They are dealing
with all issues before them. No issue is off the table. This is the most
intensive discussions that have been there at least since Camp David and,
in some ways, they've employed new mechanisms to deal with these
issues that were not even there in 2000. And so this is very, very hard. I
just want to repeat, if there had been an easy solution to the establishment
of two states living side by side, it would have been done a long time ago.
But obviously, there are many, many interlocking problems. But I can tell
you again, when we go into these trilaterals, I am impressed by the work
that they have already achieved in between, the work that they're still trying
to do. And my job is to help them find ways to – ways of convergence and
ways to get greater convergence and to do whatever the United States can
to mobilize the international community in supporting them.
MR. MCCORMACK: Last question (inaudible).
QUESTION: Yes. For both of you, it's Madame Secretary's seventh visit
here since Annapolis. Can both of you at least give us some measure of
the progress you've made in those seven visits on the core issues?
SECRETARY RICE: Look, if it took two visits or 22 visits, I think that it
would be worth it to see the Palestinians and the Israelis engaged in as
serious a negotiating process as they are engaged in now.
The fact of the matter is these issues are very hard. And just like they're
not going to give you a partial update on what they've done, I'm not going
to give you a partial update on what they've done. Their job and ours is to
keep the momentum going, to keep working at the issues, to keep finding
solutions when there is a road that seems not open to find another road to
address the same issue. And that's the kind of work that they do. And so
this isn't a matter of a scorecard, that after one visit we've achieved onetenth of a solution, and after another, we've achieved two-ninths of the
solution. That's not the way that this works. But I can tell you that they are
very seriously working. They have a very serious process despite, by the
way, a lot of odds against them, whether it is a lot of complications
politically which are always – always seem to be here in this region, some
understandable and undeniable bitterness about Roadmap applications,
implications about settlement activity and so forth. Despite all of that, they
continue to press forward. And that's what I'm here to do, is to help them
continue to press forward.
MR. MCCORMACK: Thank you.
RESIDENT ABBAS: (Via interpreter.) In one word, briefly, I would like to
say that these efforts that have been exerted were not wasted, were not
done in vain. If they – we felt it was done in vain, then we would have
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256 – Chronologie 2008
stopped. So we feel that we are exerting efforts and that there is – there
are benefits inevitably from these efforts. And hopefully, in the future, you
will see these results.
81
82
Meron Benvenisti: Moot argument, in „Haaretz“ 21.08.2008.
Akiva Eldar: Sari Nusseibeh: We are running out of time for a 2-state
solution, in “Haaretz”-Online 16.08.2008:
At the end of my conversation with Sari Nusseibeh at the American Colony
Hotel in Jerusalem, the highly respected president of Al-Quds University –
and cosignatory of “The People’s Choice” [together with Ami Ayalon in
summer 2003] a peace plan that he formulated with former Shin Bet chief
Ami Ayalon – told me he wouldn't be surprised if one of the Palestinian
residents of the city ran for mayor in the municipal elections in November.
The candidate would not run as a representative of Jerusalem per se,
Nusseibeh stressed. Rather, he would be running on behalf of all
Palestinians in the occupied territories.
"Why don't you do it?" I blurt out. The 59-year-old son of Anwar Nusseibeh,
a Jordanian government minister, does not smile. "It's possible," says the
professor of Islamic philosophy, who briefly replaced Faisal Husseini a few
years ago as the top Palestinian official in East Jerusalem. "Anything is
possible," he adds without batting an eyelid.
Nusseibeh's previous contention that the Oslo "house of cards" had begun
to collapse was further confirmed by this week's report in Haaretz
regarding Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's latest peace offering (Israel would
annex 7 percent of the West Bank and compensate the Palestinians with
territory in the Negev, which would be equivalent to 5.5 percent of West
Bank land; an agreement on the future of Jerusalem would be postponed
to a later date; there would be no right of return for Palestinian refugees to
Israel; and the entire plan would be implemented after Hamas is removed
from power in the Gaza Strip).
Nusseibeh says he knows full well what happens during negotiations – or,
to be more specific, what does not happen. For over 20 years the
Palestinian leadership has been trying to persuade their people to agree to
a state along the June 4, 1967, lines, while Israel has been destroying that
option, Nusseibeh explains, adding: "You cannot negotiate anything about
final status if you don't talk about Jerusalem. Final status consists primarily,
I believe, of Jerusalem and refugees. If you want to postpone Jerusalem,
you postpone refugees. Really, you are not dealing with the problem. You
have to discuss these issues, and that is exactly where the trade-off has to
be made."
Is Sari Nusseibeh, the secular Palestinian, the symbol of moderation,
Ayalon's guy, burying the two-state solution?
"I still favor a two-state solution and will continue to do so, but to the extent
that you discover it's not practical anymore or that it's not going to happen,
you start to think about what the alternatives are. I think that the feeling is
there are two courses taking place that are opposed to one another. On
one hand, there is what people are saying and thinking, on both sides.
There is the sense that we are running out of time, that if we want a twostate solution, we need to implement it quickly.
"But on the other hand, if we are looking at what is happening on the
ground, in Israel and the occupied territories, you see things happening in
the opposite direction, as if they are not connected to reality. Thought is
running in one direction, reality in the other."
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257 – Chronologie 2008
Nusseibeh says the struggle for a one-state solution could take a form
similar to some of the nonviolent struggles waged by oppressed ethnic
groups in other places.
"We can fight for equal rights, rights of existence, return and equality, and
we could take it slowly over the years and there could be a peaceful
movement – like in South Africa," he notes. "I think one should maybe
begin on the Palestinian side, to begin a debate, to reengage in the idea of
one state."
'Jerusalem is out'
"We have failed in the last 15 years," Nusseibeh continues, "to create the
world we wanted to create. We were supposed to be very clever; we
convinced ourselves that we were going to be very democratic and clean, a
model for the rest of the Arab world. And Jerusalem was supposed to be
our capital. That's what we believed. But then it turned out that all of this
was total rubbish. Jerusalem is out, all we have is Ramallah. And we lost
Gaza. There is corruption and inefficiency. This is not what we vouched for
when we sat back in the early 1980s and ideologized the two-state solution.
"It so happens that Fatah, in particular, the mainstream party and the only
viable alternative to extremes on the left or on the right, now needs a
strategy, an ideology. Because the ideology that Fatah has adopted over
the last 15 years – a two-state solution – seems to be faltering, and with it,
Fatah is faltering. So it is time maybe to rethink, to bring Fatah around to a
new idea, the old-new idea, of one state. "
The recent "bulldozer terrorism" in Jerusalem did not highlight the
difficulties inherent in a binational state model?
"These are isolated incidents, but they do reflect a major sickness in our
Jerusalem Arab society. A sickness that has resulted in pressure,
schizophrenia, the fact that these people speak Hebrew, and listen to
Hebrew songs, go out with Israeli girlfriends while at the same time they
live in Arab neighborhoods and under the influence of Muslim culture.
There are contradictory forces pulling at them.
"What is the driving force behind a two-state solution? The fact [is] that it
seems more acceptable to a majority of people on both sides and therefore
more applicable. The primary motivation is to minimize human suffering.
This is what we should all be looking at. If there will be a one-state solution,
it will not come today or tomorrow. It's a long, protracted thing, not the ideal
solution. Unless, in an ideal world, people really want to be together, then it
is the ideal solution. The best solution, the one that causes the least pain
and that can actually be instrumental to a one-state solution, is to have
peace now, and acceptance of one another on the basis of two states."
Is this an ultimatum?
"That's an ultimatum. Unless a major breakthrough happens by the end of
this year, in my opinion we should start trying to strive for equality. Back in
the 1980s, before the first intifada, I was saying there was schizophrenia in
the body politic of the Palestinian people. It was like the head was going in
one direction, which was the direction of seeking independence, national
identity – but the body was slowly immersed in the Israeli system, and I
said it can't last because it looks like it will snap. Either the body will join the
head so that there will be a civil disobedience campaign, or the head will
have to join the body, so that there will be a civil rights campaign, to
become part of the Israeli system.
"Fifty, 100, 200 years down the road there will be some kind of conclusion.
Sometime in the future – however far away this future is – I believe we'll be
living at peace with one another, in some way or another. I am not sure
how, whether in one state or two states, or in a confederation of states, but
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258 – Chronologie 2008
people finally will come to live at peace. In the meantime, we will simply
cause pain to one another. It's tragic. It is very tragic, because we know we
can do it now. That today it is possible with some guts, leadership, vision,
we can make it happen today, we can reach a peaceful solution today.
[The Arab Peace Initiative proposed in 2002] is a fantastic chance. The
Palestinians have adopted it, they'll go with it all the way. It is a perfect
chance. It doesn't even mention right of return. It is even better than the
Ayalon-Nusseibeh plan, but I am willing to accept it."
'Dead money'
Asked why he – who realizes so well how complicated it will be to reach a
fair and logical solution regarding Jerusalem – is opposed to Olmert's idea
of postponing discussion on that issue, Nusseibeh says he hopes that the
prime minister is not repeating the same mistake made by Ehud Barak at
Camp David, and that the idea of postponement was broached strictly for
public relations purposes.
"Because for Israel, however important Jerusalem may be, the primary
factor is the Jewish character [of the state]. And however important the
refugees might be, what is more important for the Palestinians and
Muslims is Jerusalem. It is the issue over which the most extremist of
refugees will be willing to make a sacrifice. Let's hope this is not where
[Olmert and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas] are disagreeing. If that
is what they're disagreeing about, then there's no hope. We have to do
everything now, we have to put everything on the table.
"The facts on the ground are making [the situation] irreversible," Nusseibeh
warns. "Take the Clinton parameters [of December 2000] – Palestinian
neighborhoods are Palestinian sovereignty, Jewish neighborhoods are
Jewish sovereignty. They are acceptable in principle, but with realities on
the ground, like the expulsion of Arab families from their homes in the
Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood, and the inhabitation of those areas by Jewish
settlers, it's going to be unacceptable on a practical level. That's why we
don't have time."
You ruffled some feathers among the Palestinian leadership when you
recently asked the Europeans to halt financial aid to the Palestinian
Authority. Someone even wondered whether you would be willing to give
up the aid provided for Al-Quds University.
"Ramallah's reaction was a bit worried. They called me a few times, a bit
worried."
Nusseibeh adds that the PA is still dogged by corruption – different from
the corruption of which Olmert is accused – whereby donor states
subsidize thousands of salaried employees at nonprofit organizations. This
creates what he sees as an unhealthy dependency on foreign entities.
"We have a terrible situation. Our political bible, our platform, our moral
values –- we need to be brought together again. If [it is] not for creating a
state, then [it is] for our own sanity and for own values as a people. Apart
from in Ramallah, everybody is living under very bad conditions. The
occupation is terrible. The siege is everywhere. Pressure. As it is, the
Europeans are financing the occupation. And the Europeans are happy,
because they feel they're doing something, it cleans their conscience. And
the Israelis are happy because they're not paying for it. And the
Palestinians are happy because they are getting their wages paid. It keeps
the economy going, and people are getting complacent about it. It's dead
money [going] after dead money."
Nusseibeh mentions the recent meeting he had with British Prime Minister
Gordon Brown at the British consulate in Jerusalem, together with four
other Palestinians, during which the premier stated he would like to
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259 – Chronologie 2008
assume a role in the peace process more central than that of a cash
register. "I said, I want to tell you what you can do to transform yourself
from a payer into a player: Make your money payments conditional on
tangible progress in the peace process."
Not long ago, the professor continues, "I was in Brussels. I gave a talk and
I said to the Europeans: If you want to pass on money, do it only on the
condition we build a state, in which case it makes sense for you to spend
money to build us an international airport. But if in the end there isn't going
to be an independent Palestinian state, why waste your money? Waste
your money, if you need to, on integrating us into Israeli society. Makes
more sense. Pay the money for us to become part of Israel, to have equal
rights. Raise our level of education, bring our standards of living up. But to
have the PA taking all this money, creating all this debt, makes no sense.
Maybe the Europeans should link the aid they are giving us to real
progress in peace talks, so that both the Israelis and the Palestinians will
be shocked out of their complacency, or lack of commitment."
What do you make of the growing support among Palestinians for the
dismantlement of the PA?
"The PA has no use. If we fail to reach a peace agreement by the end of
this year, I believe it would be best to go back to the period when we were
living happily under occupation. We had a small civil administration, they
were paying back some $20 million a year to the Israeli treasury, so they
were making money off us. Today, we are creating, year after year, bigger
deficits. We are spending billions, we have 160,000 employees, half of
them are security personnel, who give us no security whatsoever, we are
spending masses of money on guns, which we only use against each other
and which provide us no security. The whole thing is a mess."
Nusseibeh says that to this day, the Palestinians have opposed taking part
in the Jerusalem municipal elections because they feared doing so would
sever the link between Jerusalem's Arabs and the Palestinians in the West
Bank and Gaza. Now, given the diminishing likelihood of a two-state
solution, perhaps it is time for the Palestinians to reconsider.
"People in Jerusalem – why should they attach themselves to the Muqata,
to Ramallah? There is no reason. There's nothing. The municipal election
in Jerusalem [could serve as a launching point for seeking equal rights in a
binational state]. We begin with Jerusalem, not as a separate part, but as a
spearhead of the entire Palestinian body. Why not? Why not turn the
weakness into a strength?
Are you disappointed by the Israeli peace camp? Did your partner, Ami
Ayalon, who joined the same government you now accuse of distancing
itself from your proposal, betray you?
"I respect Ami Ayalon. He is a very honest person, that is something that
has always attracted me to him. It is not a betrayal of me personally. I look
upon it as the ultimate submission by the individual to the wheels of history.
You reach the point where you feel no longer able to do what you want, to
steer the wheels in the direction you want them to go. And you submit, and
become a part of the machine. So it's not really a betrayal. It's rather an
expression of weakness. I am sad more than surprised. I recognize it as
part of human weakness.
"I was still hoping because, before he went to the Labor Party, he came
and spoke to me. I like this about him. I knew what he was doing. People
were pushing him for a long time, trying to get him into the system, and he
resisted. But then at one stage, I think he made up his mind: 'Maybe I can
lead the Labor Party, and then this is the best place for me to be.' I said,
fine, do it. I was unhappy that ... he became marginalized as minister
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260 – Chronologie 2008
without portfolio." Nusseibeh says he lost touch with Ayalon since the latter
became a minister.
Asked if Abbas would be able to muster Palestinian support for an
agreement like "The People's Choice," Nusseibeh says both the
Palestinian president and Olmert need to courageously take on their
respective opposition camps. For instance, if Abbas "would come to the
Palestinian people and say, 'I initialed such a document. I want to dissolve
the legislative council and run for election and this is going to be my
political platform. Not only for me as a president, but also as leader of
Fatah.' Let us assume that he does this and then he creates a debate in
our society. It will be a very far-reaching, democratic debate, in which he
will be looked upon as presenting his project. [This would] mark the
beginning of a process, of a struggle.
"I believe that on Israeli side, Olmert could do the same. We don't know
whether both leaders will be reelected, but it's worth doing, even if they're
not, because at least we know we've given this peace agreement a
chance."
Ami Ayalon says, in response: "I agree with Sari Nusseibeh that time is
running out for the two-state solution. He voices the frustration and
desperation of the Palestinians, and we have to consider that. If a man like
him, a son of a Palestinian refugee who relinquished his right of return and
was bodily attacked because of it, comes to the conclusion that the twostate solution is no longer an option, it means that the whole pragmatic
Palestinian approach is crumbling.
"I share his view that Olmert missed a chance to get an agreement due to
efforts to insure his own political survival. The Labor Party will not succeed
in getting back in power by attacking the other parties, but only by raising
the common banner of security and political agreements."
83
Eine ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Papier erfolgt in
Kürze in der Menüleiste „Rezensionen“ in dieser Homepage.
84
Abu Rdeineh: Olmert's Reported Proposal Rejected, „Wafa“ [PLO News
Agency] 12.8.2008:
Presidency spokesperson, Nabil Abu Rdeineh, said on Tuesday that the
Palestinian Leadership rejects a reported Israeli peace proposal because it
does not provide for a contiguous Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its
capital.
Abu Rdeineh told WAFA said the proposal did not fall in line with
requirements of the Road Map and the Annapolis understandings that the
borders of the future Palestinian state should correspond with Israel's pre1967 borders. The Presidency spokesperson was responding to a report in
the Israeli daily Haaretz on Tuesday that said Israel had made the
proposal, which included land compensation and an offer of a corridor that
would connect the Gaza Strip with the West Bank.
'The Israeli proposal is not acceptable,' he said. 'The Palestinian side will
only accept a Palestinian state with territorial continuity, with holy
Jerusalem as its capital, without settlements, and on the June 4, 1967
boundaries.' According to the Report, Israel would maintain large blocs of
Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Jerusalem. It also says that the
proposal rejects the Palestinian demand for what Palestinians call the right
of return for Palestinian refugees.
The report said Jerusalem was not included in the proposed agreement
and was postponed until a later date, because of internal Israeli political
considerations. Under the proposal, Israel would return to the Palestinians
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261 – Chronologie 2008
some 92.7 percent of the occupied West Bank, plus all of the Gaza Strip,
according to Western and Palestinian officials briefed on the negotiations.
In exchange for West Bank land that Israel would keep, Olmert proposed a
5.3 percent land swap giving the Palestinian side a desert territory adjacent
to the Gaza Strip. Abu Rdeineh commented that the Palestinian side would
not accept any land swap unless it was acceptable in both 'size and
quality.'
He affirmed that just peace can only be achieved through implementing the
national and international principles, pointing out that 'if Israel seriously
seeks peace, it should abide by the resolutions of the international
legitemacy, the Road Map and the vision of the US President George
Bush.'
85
Über die Konferenz s. den Reisebericht von Reiner Bernstein in der
Menüleiste „Berichte aus Israel und Palästina“ in dieser Homepage.
86
Yitzhak Benhorin: Livni: We'll continue to push for peace deal by year's
end, in YNET 31.07.08, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L3576205,00.html:
In first public appearance after PM Olmert's announcement that he will step
down after Kadima primaries, foreign minister says she has been striving to
reach agreement with Palestinians this year and will continue to do so,
calls on all parties to unit behind agenda of Israeli security and peace
process.
WASHINGTON – Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni said Thursday that she will
continue to push for a peace deal with the Palestinians this year, despite
the uncertainty of the domestic political situation. In her first public
appearance since Prime Minister Ehud Olmert announced that he would
step down after the Kadima primaries, the party premiership candidate said
she had been striving to reach an agreement with the Palestinians this
year. "We continue to do so," she said.
I am here as the foreign minister of the Israeli government and I can
assure you that I plan to represent the State of Israel's interests in the
future as well, Livni said.
Speaking to reporters after meeting with UN Secretary-General Ban Kimoon in New York, the foreign minister said that the internal political
procedures in Israel did not change the security problems or the need to
work for kidnapped soldier Gilad Shalit's return. All candidates are
committed to the same interests of the State of Israel, she said.
"Moreover," she added, "I believe that the internal division we are used to,
and the thought that there are extreme differences in agendas and
ideologies between the various parties, is an issue of the past and is no
longer true.
"There is a common agenda which can be represented by any party, both
in terms of the diplomatic issues and in terms of the ability to deal with the
threats." The foreign minister also conveyed a message to all Israeli
parties, in an attempt to create an atmosphere of stability and prevent the
need for general elections. She said all parties should unite behind the
agenda of Israeli security and the peace process.
"I will continue to call any party that can be a partner to this agenda to put
aside all these internal calculations and create unity inwards and
outwards," she said, adding that all parties' main goal was "to restore the
public's trust in Israeli politics."
In her meeting with the UN chief, Livni and Ban discussed the Iranian
threat, Hizbullah's activity in Lebanon and Hamas' activity in Gaza, as well
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262 – Chronologie 2008
as the efforts to secure Shalit's release. Reuters and AP contributed to this
report.
87
Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR), Press Release, 30 July
2008:
PCHR Gravely Concerned over the Deterioration of the Human Rights
Situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. PCHR is gravely concerned
over the continuous deterioration in the human rights situation in the
Occupied Palestinian Territory caused by Palestinian security services in
the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including attacks against civil society
organizations, political arrests campaigns and attacks against journalists.
PCHR calls upon the two Palestinian governments in Gaza and Ramallah
to stop such human rights violations and to ensure respect for the Basic
Law and international human rights standards.
Security services of the government in Gaza have continued their attacks
against civil institutions belonging to Fatah movement in the Gaza Strip.
The latest of such attacks was on Tuesday, 29 July 2008, as security
services ordered the closure of Rafah Service Club in Rafah for the second
time in 2 days, and Sharek Youth Forum in Gaza City. It is worth noting
that Palestinian security services in Gaza and the 'Izziddin al-Qassam
Brigades (the armed wing of Hamas) launched on 26 July 2008 a
campaign against civil society organizations belonging to, believed to be
close to, or even not linked at all to Fatah movement throughout the Gaza
Strip. According to PCHR's documentation, the number of civil society
organizations that have been attacked throughout the Gaza Strip since 26
July 2008 has increased to 152.
Over the past few days political arrest campaigns escalated in the West
Bank and Gaza Strip at the hands of security services of the governments
in Gaza and Ramallah. In the West Bank, Palestinian security services
resumed arrests of Hamas supporters over the past few days. PCHR's
documentation indicates that the arrests campaign that started on 26 July
has targeted more than 100 detainees, many of them academics, religious
leaders, school principals, community figures, university students, and
elected municipality officials from the pro-Hamas change and reform party.
In Gaza, Palestinian security services continued to detain Fatah supporters
in prisons or detention centers. These arrests are part of a campaign
launched by these security services on 26 July against dozens of Fatah
supporters.
Over the past several days attacks by security services on freedom of
expression escalated in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Center's
preliminary investigations indicate that the latest violation occurred in the
Gaza Strip. At approximately 1:00 on Wednesday, 30 July, a Police Force
arrived at the house of journalist Emad Eid (36) in Tal El-Hawa Quarter in
Gaza City. Eid is the Director of Maan News Agency office in Gaza City
and the correspondent of Al-Manar Satellite Station. The Police asked him
to accompany them to El-Abbas police station in Gaza City to discuss a
news item published by Maan News Agency on 29 July. He was released
half an hour later.
In the same context, the Palestinian Police in Gaza city banned the entry of
three daily newspapers (Al-Quds, Al-Ayyam, and Al-Hayat) into Gaza for
the third consecutive day. The agents for the three newspapers headed to
Beit Hanoun (Erez) crossing on 28 and 29 July to receive the newspapers.
However, Policemen near the crossing prevented them from receiving
them and confiscated the 28 July editions.
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263 – Chronologie 2008
At approximately 21:30 on Saturday, 26 July, agents of the Internal
Security Apparatus in Gaza raided the WAFA News Agency offices in ElAydi building in Tal El-Hawa Quarter in Gaza City. They confiscated all
belongings and carried them in trucks to undisclosed locations. An Internal
Security Apparatus force is still stationed at the entrance of the WAFA
office.
At approximately 3:00 on Saturday (26 July), masked gunmen from the
Internal Security Apparatus in Gaza detained the journalist Sawwah Abu
Seif (41), the correspondent of German TV, from his residence in the
Journalists' Building in Tal El-Hawa Quarter in Gaza City. They took him to
an undisclosed location. The Internal Security Apparatus confiscated his
laptop computer. Abu Seif's fate remains unclear till now.
In the West Bank, a force of the Preventive Security Apparatus raided the
Arabi Media Center in the town of Durra southwest of Hebron, at
approximately 21:30 on Tuesday (29 July). They detained the Center's
Director, journalist Awad Ibrahim Mohammad Rjoub (31), who is the
correspondent of Al-Jazeera Net and other news agencies. He was taken
to the Preventive Security Compound in the town. Awad's brother, Mu'ath,
informed PCHR's fieldworker that the force confiscated two computers, a
cellular phone, and documents belonging to his brother.
In the morning of Tuesday (29 July), Palestinian security forces detained
the journalist Farid Hammad (35) from the town of Silwad northeast of
Ramallah. He works in the editorial section of Al-Ayyam newspaper. Farid's
wife informed PCHR's fieldworker that two days ago her husband received
a summoning order from a Palestinian security service she did not identify.
He went to the headquarters of that security service and did not return
home or call his family since then.
In the evening of Saturday (26 July), the Palestinian General Intelligence
Service detained the free-lance journalist Mustafa Ali Sabri (41) from his
house in the town of Qalqilya. He was taken to the General Intelligence
compound in the city. Sabri informed PCHR's fieldworker that General
Intelligence operatives threw him on the ground, beat him, and used
derogatory language against him. He was released on Sunday (27 July)
without charges.
At approximately 12:10 on Tuesday (26 July), several photographers were
covering a demonstration for the Islamic Liberation Party in Hebron. Two
Palestinian security officers in military attire asked the photographers to
stop shooting. And Immediately afterwards they snatched the camera of
journalist Jusri Mahmoud El-Jamal (32); and one of them started pounding
the camera against a car, destroying the camera. El-Jamal works for
Reuters.
It is noted that Palestine and Al-Resala newspapers, close to Hamas, have
been banned from distribution in the West Bank after Al-Ayyam Printing
House declined to continue printing them in the West Bank since 16 June
2007 after receiving a threat from anonymous parties on 14 June 2007.
On another front, PCHR has documented additional attacks by members of
Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions, the armed wing of Hamas, which included
shootings, severe beatings, and torture against people and raids against
houses. The Center's preliminary investigation indicates that the most
prominent of these violations are the shooting of persons after being
abducted by Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions. In Gaza City, El-Qassam
masked gunmen in a vehicle abducted Emad Ahmad El-Sheikh Khalil (28)
in the afternoon of 26 July. They abducted him from his neighborhood of
El-Twan in Jabalia as he was walking near his house. Later during the
same day, an unknown caller contacted Emad's brother using Emad's
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264 – Chronologie 2008
cellular phone and informed him that Emad is injured and is near ElNawras resort west of the town. Emad's relatives headed to the area and
found him injured by several bullets in the pelvis and legs. They took him to
Shifa Hospital where his condition is listed as serious.
In the town of Bani Suhaila, east of Khan Yunis in southern Gaza,
members of Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions abducted 9 members of Abu
Sa'da clan at approximately 21:00 on Sunday (27 July). They took them to
the El-Qassam outpost in the town. The gunmen fired pistol shots at one of
the abductees, Abd El-Hamid Suliman Abu Sa'da (32) inside the outpost.
He was injured by 4 bulletss in his right hand and right leg. They other
abductees were beaten and humiliated by El-Qassam members.
In Jabalia refugee camp in the northern Gaza Strip, members of Izzedeen
El-Qassam Battalions abducted Zeyad Hasan Abu Samak (35) at
approximately 1:00 on Saturday (26 July). He is a construction materials
trader from the refugee camp. They took him to an undisclosed location.
Approximately 1.5 hours later, people found him near Abu Obaida School
in Beir El-Na'ja area in a bad health condition as a result of severe beating.
They took him to Shifa Hospital in Gaza City where sources said he was
suffering from concussions in the head and bruises to the body. He was
transferred to Barzelai Hospital in Israel due to the severity of his condition.
In another incident, Ali Majed Hussein (25), a released abductee, informed
PCHR that at approximately 23:10 on Saturday (26 July), Izzedeen ElQassam Battalions gunmen traveling in a car abducted him from his
grocery store in El-Mashtal Street northwest of Gaza City. They took him to
a residential building near the former headquarters of the General
Intelligence Service in the Sudaneya area west of Jabalia. The abductee
stated that the gunmen beat him with their hands and gun butts on the
way. Then they forced him to sit in an open area near the residential
building and threw 4 construction bricks at his feet. Then they tied his feet
and put cement blocks with protruding iron rods on his feet. Then they took
him to an open area near Khaled El-Alami school in Mashtal Street and
forced him to lie face down on the ground. Then they beat him and left the
area. The area residents took him to Al-Quds Hospital in Gaza City
suffering from bruises and punctures in his feet caused by pressure from
the cement blocks.
On another front, Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions members closed the
house belonging to Abd El-Qadir El-Mash'harawi, the father of Fatah leader
Samir El-Mash'haraw, and the house of Zahir Abu Baker in El-Daraj
Quarter in Gaza City. At approximately 00:00 on Tuesday (29 July), tens of
El-Qassam Battalions members arrived at the house of Abd El-Qadir ElMash'harawi and forced him to evacuate the house that consists of 5
stories and houses approximately 30 people, most of them women and
children. They closed the house entrance with an iron-wielding machine,
and wrote on the walls "closed by order of Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions."
Adnan Abd El-Qadir El-Mash'haraw informed PCHR that the commander of
the gunmen informed him, "This is a message to your brother Samir in
order to refrain from making statements."
About 15 minutes later, Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions gunmen closed the
house of Zahir Mohammad Abu Baker located approximately 20 meters
away from El-Mash'harawi house using the same method. The house
consists of 3 stories and houses 6 people. It is noted that Abu Baker
purchased the house from Zeyad Abd El-Qadir El-Mash'harawi on 2 August
2007.
On another front, Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions confiscated private
vehicles. The most prominent case occurred at approximately 23:00 on
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265 – Chronologie 2008
Saturday (26 July) when 10 masked El-Qassam gunmen in 3 vehicles
arrived at the house of Hasan Jum'a El-Efranji in Jamal Abd El-Naser
Street in Gaza City. The searched the house garage and confiscated 3
vehicles, one of them a governmental vehicle and the other 2 private. At
approximately 1:30 on Monday (28 July) the owners retrieved the 2 private
vehicles from El-Qassam Battalions. One was suffering from a serious
mechanical flaw due to misuse by members of El-Qassam.
PCHR strongly condemns these violations, and:
1) Calls upon the government in Gaza to stop the campaign against civil
society organizations and to retreat from all measures of closure and
confiscation against dozens of organizations.
2) Asserts that the right of association is ensured by the constitution and
international human rights standards, and that all measures taken by
security services and the 'Izziddin al-Qassam Brigades violate Law #1 of
2000 Related to Charities and NGOs.
3) Calls for neutralizing the civil society from the conflict between Fatah
and Hamas movements, and stresses that independence of the civil
society and the vital role played by NGOs in providing social, economic,
developmental and cultural services.
4) Calls for the immediate release of all political detainees in the West
Bank and Gaza Strip; and reminds of the Palestinian High Court Decision
of 20 February 1999 outlawing political arrests; and calls upon all executive
parties to respect the High Court decision and retrain from conducting
illegal political arrests.
5) Points with concern to the recurrence of attacks on freedom of
expression and journalism freedoms; affirming the need to provide
protection for journalists and media outlets in order to fulfill their tasks
freely in respect of freedom of expression and journalism freedoms.
6) Strongly condemns the continued illegal detentions perpertrated by
Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions, and calls for their immediate stop and for
the closure of all El-Qassam-controlled detention centers. The Centre
affirms that Izzedeen El-Qassam Battalions is not a law-enforcement
agency and is not empowered to conduct arrests or deal in civilian matters
in this form.
Annexed herewith is a list of civil society organizations, which have been
attacked, as documented so far by PCHR staff.
Civil Society Organizations That Have Been Attacked in the Gaza Strip
Northern Gaza Strip:
1. Jabalya Service Club
2. Life and Hope Association–Jabalya refugee camp
3. Fatah Headquarter in the Northern Gaza Strip
4. North Association for Social Development–Beit Lahia
5. Beit Lahia Development Association
6. Educational Enrichment Association–Beit Lahia
7. Capacity-Building Center of the Association for the Rehabilitation of the
Handicapped–Beit Lahia
8. Al-Nahda Association–Beit Lahia
9. Freedom Association for Community Development
10.Palestinian Forum Association
11. Jabalya Friends Association
12. Palestinian Association for Development and Charity
13. Palestinian Upholsterers Association
14. National Sports Club–Beit Hanoun
15. Ta'alof Association
16. The Coast Association
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266 – Chronologie 2008
17. North Gaza Governorate
18. Culture and Arts Center
19. Life and Hope Association–al-Twam area
20. Free Homeland Association for Development
21. Afaq Association for Development
Gaza City:
1. Palestinian Council for Foreign Relations
2. Abna'ona Association for Development–the Beach Camp
3. Ajyal Association for Creativity and Development–al-Tuffah
neighbourhood
4. The library of National Work Corporation
5. Office of Fatah Movement–Martyr Ayman Jouda Groups
6. General Union of Palestine Students
7. Shu'aa' Association–al-Tuffah neighbourhood
8. Palestinian Youth Association Center
9. Gaza Sports Club
10. Palestinian Family Services Associations
11. Department of Refugees' Affairs
12. Palestine of Tomorrow Association
13. Al-Mashtal Sports Club
14. Al-Jalaa' Sports Club
15. The Beach Service Club
16. Culture Revival Association
17. Al-Zaytoun Sports Club
18. Freedom Association for Community Development–al-Tuffah
neighbourhood
19. Charity Association for the Rescue of Palestinian Families
20. National Association for Martyrs
21. Gaza Governorate
22. Steadfast Home Association
23. Palestinian National Association for Construction
24. Palestine Is Our Home
25. Media Development Center of Bir Zeit University
26. Arab Knights Association–al-Nasser neighbourhood
27. Wafa News Agency
28. Financial Department of Fatah Movement
29. Haneen Association
30. The Headquarter of Fatah Movement
31. Office of Fatah Parliamentary Bloc
32. Office of Dr. Ibrahim Abu al-Naja
33. General Union of Palestinian Women
34. The Right to Life Association
35. Palestinian Youth Center
Central Gaza Strip:
1. Deir al-Balah Service Club
2. Governorate of the Central Gaza Strip
3. Hittin Charity
4. Sun of Freedom Association
5. Palestinian Commission for Development and Culture
6. Cultural and Social Development Association
7. Local Association for Social Development
8. Al-Maghazi Association for Local Development
9. Al-Maghazi Association for the Rehabilitation of the Handicapped
10. Yasour Charity
11. Buds of Hope Association
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267 – Chronologie 2008
12. Student Welfare Association
13. Communication Forum
14. National Association for the Rehabilitation of the Handicapped
15. Al-Maghazi Municipality (old office)
16. Al-Manal Association for Women's Development
17. Union of Women's Committees
18. Al-Aqsa Sports Club
19. Palestinian Home Development and Rehabilitation
20. Al-Aqsa Youth Association–Deir al-Balah
21. Al-Boreij Association for Community Rehabilitation
22. Al-Musaddar Association for Rural Development
23. Palestinian Association for Community Development (Ataa')–Nussairat
Khan Yunis:
1. Khan Yunis Governorate
2. Buthaina Hijju Association–al-Amal neighbourhood
3. Al-Awda Charity in Khan Yunis
4. Al-Amal Kindergarten–Khuza'a village
5. Tear of Palestine Association
6. Youth Dawn Association
7. Watan Association for Folklore and Family Development
8. Khuza'a Agricultural Center
9. Young Scientists Forum
10. Al-Huda Development Association
11. Rights and Justice Association
12. Nawwar Educational Center of Culture and Free Thought Society
13. Women's Loans Program
14. Palestinian Youth Volunteers Association–Khan Yunis Camp
15. Happy Society Association for Development–al-Qarara village
16. Office of Fatah Movement in the center of Khan Yunis
17. Office of Fatah Movement in the west of Khan Yunis
18. Union of Women's Committees for Social Work
19. National Association for Social Development
20. Palestinian Democratic Union (Fida)
21. Al-Safaa' Development Association
22. Palestinian Cultural Forum Association
23. Qaa' al-Qurain Development Association
24. Al-Fukhari Development and Culture Association
25. Al-Qarara Youth Forum
26. Al-Qarara Center for Social Development
27. Al-Qarara Association for the Development of the Child in Rural
Communities
28. Pioneers Association for Palestinian Youth–'Abasan village
29. Al-Hawa and al-Nour Association–Bani Suhaila village
30. Rural Development Association
31. Al-Shorouq Center–Bani Suhaila village
32. Future Association–Khuza'a village
33. Youth without Borders–Khuza'a village
34. Al-Nahda Rural Development Association
35. Palestinian Association for Development
36. Bayader Association for Development–Bani Suhaila
37. Khalil al-Rahman Association–'Abasan village
38. Palestinian Youth Forum–Bani Suhaila village
39. Zahwa Kindergarten
40. Al-Mashriq Charity
41. Palestinian Hopes Charity
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42. University Graduates Association–Bani Suhaila village
43. Bunyan Charity
44. International Friendship Club for Children
45.Country Association for Palestinian Folklore – 'Abasan village
46. Union of Palestinian Pharmacists
47. Candles of Hope Association for the Development and Culture of the
Child
48. Life Impulse Association
49. The Holy Mosques Islamic Charity
50. Al-Quds Association for the Development of al-Mawasi Area
51. Al-Karama Sports Club
52. Shiny Tomorrow Association
Rafah:
1. Collective Center for Public Service (Collective Sports Club)
2. Rafah Service Club
3. Al-Karama Compound for Culture and Arts
4. Rural Activities Center of Yabous Association
5. Public Committee of Refugees
6. Office of Fatah Movement–Khaled al-Hassan Area
7. Youth Forum Office
8. Rafah Governorate
9. Office of Fatah Movement–Salah Khalaf Area
10. Office of Fatah Movement–Majed Abu Sharar Area
11. Al-Nasser Women Center (Rural Women Development Association)
12. Generations Development Center (Ghiras)
13. Yebna Charity
14. Al-Hayat Charity
15. Future Generations Association
16. Palestinian Vision Association (Fajr)
17. Youth Intellectual Development Association
18. Office of Fatah Movement–Sa'd Sayel Area
19. Al-Salam neighborhood Charity
20. Isdoud Charity
21.Al-Nasser Charity
For more information please call PCHR office in Gaza, Gaza Strip, on +972
8 2824776–2825893 #
PCHR, 29 Omer El Mukhtar St., El Remal, PO Box 1328 Gaza, Gaza Strip.
E-mail: [email protected], Webpage http://www.pchrgaza.org
88
[email protected], 30.07.2008: ARD schließt Büro in Gaza:
ARD-Kameramann Sawah Abu Saif immer noch nicht frei. ARDVorsitzender Fritz Raff: "deutliches Zeichen des Protestes". Fünf Tage
nach seiner Festnahme durch die radikal-islamische Hamas in Gaza ist der
ARD-Kameramann Sawah Abu Saif immer noch nicht in Freiheit. Wie die
ARD vor Ort erfahren hat, soll der Gesundheitszustand von Abu Saif
kritisch sein. Nach Erkenntnissen von Studioleiter Richard C. Schneider
muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass er möglicherweise gefoltert
wurde und wird.Bislang hat sich die Hamas noch nicht bereit erklärt, den
ARD-Kameramann freizulassen. Aus Protest schließt die ARD ihr Büro in
Gaza solange, bis Sawah Abu Saif wieder frei gelassen wurde und sicher
zu seiner Familie zurückgekehrt ist.
Der ARD-Vorsitzende Fritz Raff sagte: "Die ARD ist in großer Sorge um
ihren Kameramann Sawah Abu Saif. Palästinensische
Menschenrechtsorganisationen und Human Rights Watch berichten
übereinstimmend über Folter im Gazastreifen und im Westjordanland. Es
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269 – Chronologie 2008
gibt auch ernstzunehmende Hinweise darauf, dass unser Kameramann
davon betroffen ist. Das ist unmenschlich und wir fordern deshalb die
Hamas noch einmal nachdrücklich auf, unseren Mitarbeiter sofort
freizulassen. Die gegen ihn gerichteten Vorwürfe, das wissen und sagen
alle, die mit ihm arbeiten, sind haltlos. Wir bitten deshalb auch alle, die vor
Ort überhaupt etwas ausrichten können, sich für Sawah Abu Saif
einzusetzen. Unter den gegebenen Umständen ist journalistisches Arbeiten
in Gaza nicht mehr möglich. Deshalb und als deutliches Zeichen des
Protestes schließt die ARD ihr Büro dort bis auf weiteres." Der Bayerische
Rundfunk hat sich als Arbeitgeber klar hinter seinen verhafteten Mitarbeiter
in Gaza gestellt. Fernsehdirektor Gerhard Fuchs stellt dazu fest: "Sawah
Abu Saif ist ein äußerst zuverlässiger Kollege.Er hat unser vorbehaltloses
Vertrauen. Er und seine Kollegen setzen sich für eine faire
Berichterstattung aus dem Krisengebiet ein. Wenn das Wohl und der
Schutz unserer Mitarbeiter vor Ort nicht gewährleistet ist, müssen wir
handeln und unser Büro in Gaza schließen."
66100 Saarbrücken, Tel: 0681 / 602 2040, Fax: 0681 / 602 2049
E-Mail: [email protected]
89
Etgar Lefkovits: ‚EU should absorb Palestinian refugees,’, in „The
Jerusalem Post“ 17.07.2008:
Meretz MK Yossi Beilin on Thursday called on European countries to
declare how many Palestinian refugees and their descendants they would
be willing to absorb as part of any future peace agreement between Israel
and the Palestinians.
"It is important that we know now how many Palestinian refugees [third]
countries are willing to absorb, so that when we get to the critical moment
[of a peace agreement] we will be prepared for such an eventuality, and be
able to carry it out," Beilin said in an interview with The Jerusalem Post.
The dovish lawmaker made the remarks one day after he told a group of
European ambassadors at a closed-door meeting of the Knesset's Foreign
Affairs and Defense Committee that each of their countries needed to
decide what their quota would be for absorbing Palestinian refugees and
their descendants.
In the interview, Beilin conceded that only a "certain, not large" number of
Palestinian refugees and their descendants would be willing to go to third
countries as part of a peace agreement, with the bulk choosing to be
resettled in a future Palestinian state or remain in the countries where they
are currently living.
Nevertheless, he said it was important for such information to be known in
advance of any future accord, even if it were only a symbolic move, to be
ready for such a solution to the problem, partial though it may be.
Beilin said that Europeans have never given a "clear picture" of how many
refugees – if any – they would be willing to absorb as part of a future peace
accord, and that no "affirmative answer" has been received on the issue
until now.
EU spokeswoman Christina Gallach said Thursday that it was premature to
respond to such a proposal at this time.
"This is not something that has entered into the pipelines of practical
considerations, and I am not aware of specific discussion of this issue," she
said in a telephone interview from Brussels. "The EU will be ready to
continue to contribute in a clear manner to the final status of peace
agreement as negotiations continue," she said.
Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians – with estimates ranging from
400,000 to 750,000 – left their homes in 1948 and 1949, and they, along
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270 – Chronologie 2008
with their millions of descendants, make up one of the prickliest issues to
be dealt with by Israeli and Palestinian negotiators as part of any resolution
to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The super-sensitive issue of dealing with the Palestinian refugees, has
been largely untouched in Israel for years, due to the Palestinian demand
for the "right of return" of Palestinian refugees to Israel which the Jewish
State flatly rejects as a move which will indelibly alter the character of the
country.
"We want to put this issue on the table, and not keep it under the table, and
deal with it not tomorrow but today so that we can work on an agreed upon
solution," said MK Amira Dotan of the ruling Kadima Party, who co-chairs a
Knesset committee on the issue together with MK Benny Elon of the rightist
National Union-National Religious Party.
"We want to push the buttons so that the dynamics can begin," Dotan said.
In contrast to Beilin, who shares the view of the international community
that a solution to the refugee problem can only happen after a peace
accord is reached between Israelis and Palestinians, Elon believes that the
issue of Palestinian refugees can – and should – be dealt with now,
especially since no peace agreement is in sight in the foreseeable future.
"It has been a big mistake not to deal with the issue of the Palestinian
refugees," said Elon, who advocates dealing with the issue head-on for
humanitarian reasons. A cornerstone of the hawkish parliamentarian's
recent diplomatic initiative includes dismantling the United Nations Relief
and Works Agency (UNRWA), the mammoth UN body that deals with
Palestinian refugees and their descendants, and resettling the Palestinian
refugees into countries outside of Israel, in keeping with long-standing
Israeli government policy that an influx of refugees would demographically
damage Israel's character as a Jewish state.
Meanwhile, a much-anticipated visit by UNRWA Commissioner-General
Karen Koning AbuZayd to the Knesset for a special parliamentary
committee meeting which was scheduled for this week was indefinitely
postponed, after AbuZayd said that a fund-raising trip to Saudi Arabia this
week was extended.
90
Daniel Luban: Doves Outnumber Hawks in Jewish Community,
17.7.2008:
new poll suggests that US Jews hold views about the Middle East that are
considerably more dovish than frequently acknowledged, with large
majorities favoring diplomacy with Iran, supporting a two-state solution in
Israel/Palestine, and advocating US withdrawal from Iraq.
US Jews also favor Barack Obama over John McCain by a wide margin in
the upcoming November presidential elections, according to the poll, which
was released Wednesday by the Jewish advocacy group J Street.
And as Washington prepares for a major summit next week hosted by
Pastor John Hagee's hawkish Christians United for Israel (CUFI), the poll
finds US Jews highly skeptical of political alliances with right-wing
evangelical groups such as CUFI.
"There is a major gap between the attitudes of American Jews and the
conventional wisdom about how they view America's role in the Arab-Israeli
conflict," said Jim Gerstein of Gerstein/Agne, the firm that conducted the
poll.
The 800 US Jews surveyed overwhelmingly disapproved of the Middle East
policies of the George W. Bush administration. Eighty-three percent
disapproved of Bush's overall job performance, versus 16 percent who
approved; the participants also disapproved of his handling of the Iraq war
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271 – Chronologie 2008
by a 79-21 margin, and felt that Israel was less secure as a result of his
policies by a 61-25 margin.
The poll found widespread support for an active US role in the Arab-Israeli
peace process, with 87 percent supporting such a role and 70 percent
feeling that the US should push both sides to make compromises in order
to achieve peace.
Seventy-five percent of respondents saw a two state solution as necessary
to strengthen Israeli security, and 72 percent saw a two state solution as an
important US security interest as well.
Further, 50 percent agreed more strongly with the statement that "Israel
can only achieve real security through peace agreements", versus 34
percent who agreed more strongly with the statement that "Israel can only
achieve real security by maintaining its military superiority."
With regard to Iran, 69 percent said that they were more likely to vote for a
candidate who rejected Bush's equation of diplomacy with appeasement
and pursued "strong but tough diplomacy" with Iran, while 21 percent said
that they were less likely.
But attitudes about military action against Iran were somewhat ambiguous.
A plurality of 48 percent of respondents said that they were more likely to
vote for a candidate whose positions included attacking Iran if they pursued
a nuclear program or supporting an Israeli preemptive strike; 41 percent
said that they were less likely.
Respondents also favored beginning to withdraw US troops from Iraq by a
64-28 margin.
Perhaps unsurprisingly given these positions and their historical voting
record, US Jews were heavily leaning towards Senator Barack Obama in
the 2008 presidential elections. Sixty-two percent described themselves as
likely to vote for Obama, versus 32 percent for his opponent, Senator John
McCain.
However, support for Israel was not particularly high on the priority list of
respondents. Only 8 percent described Israel as one of the two most
important issues for them in the upcoming election, placing it seventh on
the list of issues; far more important were the economy (55 percent) and
the war in Iraq (33 percent).
The survey comes at a critical moment with regard to the 2008 elections.
While Jews make up only about two percent of the US population, their
exceptionally high rate of voter participation gives them almost twice the
voting power.
Their numbers are also concentrated in several "swing" states, such as
Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Jersey, Florida, and Illinois, that could very likely
decide a close election next year.
Moreover, funding by Jewish donors of Democratic party candidates is
traditionally highly significant, accounting, for example, for as much as one
half of all campaign contributions received by Democratic candidates to the
Senate in the last election cycle.
The opinions revealed by the survey could therefore prove influential in
shaping the positions of candidates during the election season, challenging
the widespread perception that US Jews hold hard-line views about Middle
East policy.
This perception, critics charge, has been in part a product of the
dominance of the hawkish American Israel Public Affairs Committee
(AIPAC) in shaping Israel policy.
J Street, the group that released today's poll, was founded in April 2008 in
large part out of the belief that the more dovish views of most US Jews
were being neglected in Washington.
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272 – Chronologie 2008
"The poll only confirms the impression that we had that America's elected
officials have really misread the Jewish community because they have not
moved beyond the loudest and most influential members of the
community," said Jeremy Ben-Ami, the executive director of J Street.
The survey also comes at a highly charged moment in Washington, as the
city prepares for next week's summit hosted by CUFI, the right-wing
evangelical group headed by Pastor John Hagee.
Hagee's views have attracted a great deal of controversy, causing John
McCain to renounce the minister's endorsement earlier this year.
Among other things, Hagee has claimed that Christians should seek an
undivided Israel and confrontation with Iran as necessary preconditions for
precipitating the Armageddon, and that Hitler was a biblically ordained
"hunter" who was necessary in order to force Jews to settle in Israel.
Yet Hagee has maintained his ties with AIPAC – he told the Jerusalem
Post in 2006 that he envisioned CUFI as "a Christian version of AIPAC" –
and with leading Israel hawks such as Senator Joseph Lieberman, who is
slated to deliver the keynote address at the CUFI summit on Jul. 22.
The J Street poll found little sympathy for Hagee and his organization
among the broader US Jewish community.
51 percent of participants in the survey had a negative impression of CUFI
prior to being told any information about the group, compared to 19 percent
who had a positive impression.
After hearing descriptions of CUFI's Israel policies, 78 percent of
respondents felt that Jewish leaders and institutions should not form
alliances with the group. (Inter Press Service)
„J Street“ ist im April 2008 nach eigenen Worten mit dem Ziel gegründet
worden, als „erste und einzige Lobbygruppe“ der Sicherheit Israels dadurch
dienen zu wollen, dass sie die Richtung der US-amerikanischen
Außenpolitik im Nahen Osten ändert und eine politische Debatte über
Israel und den Nahen Osten in Gang setzt. Zu „J Street“ gehören jüdische
und nichtjüdische Persönlichkeiten wie der frühere Berater Bill Clintons,
Robert Malley – der heutige für den Nahen Osten und Nordafrika bei der
„International Crisis Group“ zuständig ist –, und der frühere US-Botschafter
in Israel, Samuel Lewis. „J Street“ versteht sich als Gegenstück zu „K
Street“, dem Namen für das traditionelle Lobby-Establishment in
Washingto, D.C.
91
Vgl. die Eintragungen am 01.06.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
92
Vgl. die Eintragung am 12.02.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
93
Agence France Press: Saudis offer Moscow billions to break with
Tehran:
Saudi Arabia has offered to buy Russian arms worth 2.4 billion dollars (1.5
billion euros) if Moscow stops supporting Iran, a Russian newspaper
reported Tuesday, citing diplomatic sources.
"The kingdom's government advised Moscow to cut back its cooperation
with Tehran, and in exchange it held out the prospect of profitable
contracts with Saudi Arabia," the daily business newspaper Kommersant
wrote. A spokesman for Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin denied the
report.
"Any claims that military-technical cooperation between Russia and Saudi
Arabia is in any way linked to Russian-Iranian dialogue are inappropriate
and do not correspond to reality," the Interfax news agency quoted Putin’s
spokesman Dmitry Peskov as saying.
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273 – Chronologie 2008
The newspaper report came one day after Putin met with the general
secretary of Saudi Arabia's Security Council, Prince Bandar bin Sultan.
Citing sources in Russia's defence industry, the newspaper said Saudi
Arabia was ready to buy at least 100 BMP-3 combat vehicles, 150 T-90
tanks and 160 Mi-17, Mi-26 and Mi-35 helicopters. Kommersant put the
total value of the equipment at about 2.4 billion dollars.
Moscow has opposed stiffer international sanctions on Iran for its nuclear
programme, which Tehran says is civilian in nature. Relations between
Russia and Saudi Arabia – a traditional US ally – have warmed
considerably in recent years.
94
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 Julyx 2008:
Arab diplomacy contradicts U.S. policy, U.S. lacks leverage over Arab
allies: Arab countries are undertaking diplomatic initiatives that clearly
contradict U.S. policy, because they no longer trust the U.S. capacity to
contend with escalating regional crises. Even Arab countries traditionally
aligned with the United States are no longer willing to follow Washington’s
lead on policies toward Iran, Lebanon, or Hamas, concludes a new paper
from the Carnegie Middle East Program.
Marina Ottaway and Mohammed Herzallah assess the diplomatic efforts of
Arab regimes seeking to fill the power vacuum left by the absence of a
strong regime in Iraq and ineffectual U.S. policy in.
Key Conclusions:
– While new Arab diplomatic initiatives may contradict current U.S. policy,
they may not contravene long-term U.S. interests.
– Arab regional diplomacy lacks an overarching vision and is instead based
on a desire to reduce imminent threats.
– Influence in the Arab world has shifted to the Gulf and the change is
likely permanent due to increased oil wealth and the crises engulfing other
regions.
– The United States and Saudi Arabia, historically close allies, often hope
for the same outcome in regional conflicts but pursue different strategies.
In trying to contain Iran, Saudi Arabia seeks to avoid confrontation through
diplomatic engagement, while the United States favors isolation. Saudi
Arabia promotes reconciliation between Fatah and Hamas as a necessary
step in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, while the United States
refuses to recognize Hamas.
– Qatar and the United Arab Emirates unexpectedly emerged as extremely
active participants in the new regional diplomacy. Qatar’s success in
negotiating the Doha agreement between Lebanese rivals prompted other
initiatives among other Gulf countries.
– Egypt, consumed by domestic challenges and a looming succession
crisis, has refrained from intervening in regional issues unless directly
affected, such as the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.
– Aid-dependent Jordan remains a quiet ally of the United States, neither
opposing the initiatives of other Arab countries, nor embarking on any of its
own.
95
Gershon Baskin: Planning for failure – how to end the occupation,
create the Palestinian state and make peace with Israel without
negotiations, in “Al-Quds” 13.07.2008:
While I remain somewhat optimistic that it is still possible to reach a
negotiated agreement for the two-state solution, the possibility of failure of
the negotiations is very real. Failure of the process without a clear and well
thought out detailed plan for a strategy of ending the Israeli occupation,
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274 – Chronologie 2008
establishing the Palestinian state next to Israel and making peace with
Israel will probably result in a new round of violence which is likely to be
much more horrific than what we have seen until now.
Failed negotiations may very well mean the final demise of the two-state
solution and there is no other real solution to this conflict. Talks of a one
state solution is a lie. It is no solution. It turns the conflict back into an
existential conflict of "us or them" rather than "us and them" as the two
state solutions is defined. The so called one state solution denies the basic
right of both the Israeli people and the Palestinian people to self
determination. It denies both people the right to a nation state of their own
– a political framework that gives expression to their cultures, heritage
national aspirations, cultural and national identities.
If the peace process fails we must be ready to launch a strategy for ending
the occupation, bringing about the creation of the Palestinian state next to
Israel, making peace between the two states – all of this without
negotiations.
A new strategy would be based on unilateral actions mainly taking place by
the Palestinian. Functionally the primary impetus of the strategy is the
unilateral assertion of Palestinian sovereignty in every non-violent way
possible. The fundamental basis of the strategy must be a well disciplined
national project led by the political leadership. Non-violent, direct
confrontation with the occupation is the key, leadership and disciplines are
the tools.
The first stage of the strategy is the call of the leadership announcing that
from this moment forth the Palestinian state exists. The borders of the
State of Palestine are the borders of June 4, 1967 and East Jerusalem is
the capital of Palestine. The State of Palestine is under occupation, and the
Palestinian people will force Israel to end the occupation through a nonviolent direct confrontation campaign led by the Palestinian leadership. The
leadership would call to the international community to provide full
membership in all international forums, including the UN and all of its
agencies. The Palestinian leadership will call on all foreign governments to
announce that their representative offices and consulates to the Palestinian
Authority will now be Embassies to the State of Palestine. The foreign
Ambassadors should be called on to submit their letters to accreditation to
the President of Palestine, Mahmoud Abbas. Likewise, President Abbas
should call on all of the countries in the world to recognize the PLO and
other Palestine interest offices around the world as Embassies of the State
of Palestine.
Following the Presidential decrees, Palestinians would then begin to
implement a strategy for imposing its sovereignty. There will be high prices
to pay and there will be many violent confrontations with Israel, but it is
essential that the violence be one sided. If Palestinians will respond to
Israeli violence with violence, the strategy will surely fail. Palestinians must
conquer the higher moral ground to succeed. There must be absolutely no
violence of any kind coming from the Palestinian side – not even the
throwing of stones! The only violence seen on television throughout the
world would be Israeli attacks against Palestinian civilians.
One of the immediate short term goals of the strategy is for the entire
leadership of the Palestinian people to be arrested by Israel. Ten of
thousands and if possible hundreds of thousands of Palestinians must fill
the Israeli prisons s that there will be no room to hold them.
A detailed plan of direct confrontation must be developed. The following will
provide some ideas of the kind of strategy needed:
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275 – Chronologie 2008
With East Jerusalem as the declared capital of Palestine, President Abbas,
the President of Palestine calls on Palestinians all over Palestine to go with
him to pray in al Aqsa mosque. The march to al Aqsa would be led by the
President and the leadership and the first confrontation with the Israelis
would be by the President. Israelis who support the Palestinians should be
called on to meet them at the checkpoints to march together to Jerusalem.
Mayors, parliament members, heads of NGO’s, doctors, teachers and
others should lead people to remove the road blocks that prevent free
movement and access from the villages to the main roads. People should
remove road blocks with their bare hands and with bulldozers. The roads of
Palestine belong to the people of Palestine and they will no longer
cooperate with the policies of occupation.
The government of Palestine should declare that all of the settlers living in
the Palestinian state are now citizens of the state of Palestine. They must
adhere to Palestine laws. They must apply to Palestinian driver’s license
and new license plates for their vehicles. Unarmed Palestinian check points
should be set up at junctions near the settlements to issue traffic tickets to
settlers for driving in Palestine without a valid licenses.
Each new day a press conference should be held by the leadership to
announce the direct confrontation activities for the day. Symbolic and real
acts must take place everyday. The Government of Palestine should issue
maps of the State of Palestine with copies of the Declaration of
Independence. On another day, the Government of Palestine should issue
a draft Treaty of Peace with the State of Israel including all of the
permanent status issues and signed by the President of Palestine, leaving
a space for the signature of the Israeli Prime Minister. Palestinians should
constantly declare that their goal is to have friendly, peaceful and full
diplomatic relations with all neighbors including the State of Israel.
The Government should announce the ground breaking ceremonies for the
establishment of at least three new cities in the West Bank. The
Government should identify the areas for establishing those new cities and
should convene ground breaking ceremonies, making sure to invite
international diplomats to the ceremonies. The ground breaking
ceremonies, will of course take place in areas under Israel’s direct control.
Appropriate political and symbolic names should be selected for the cities
such as Independence City, Freedom City, City of Hope, City of
Knowledge, etc.
Palestinians should boycott all Israeli goods until Israel recognizes the
Palestinian state. The Government of Palestine should issue a list of goods
that should be focused on. The principle is to deny the right of Israelis to
profit from the occupation. Hurt them in the pocket.
The Palestinian prisoners carry a huge moral weight amongst Palestinians.
Using this strategy their numbers will grow considerably. At the right time a
prisoners’ hunger strike should be called for. This will create great solidarity
with the Palestinian prisoners and many Palestinians not yet in prison
should join in. The Government of Palestine should call on friends of
Palestine and peace around the world to hold their own symbolic hunger
strikes in front of the Embassies of Israel in their capital cities.
The Government of Palestine should call to Palestinian Diaspora to
immigrate to the new state. The doors of the Palestinian state are open to
all Palestinians. Even if physically these new immigrants cannot yet come
to Palestine, the Government should issue Palestinian passports to all of
those wishing to immigrate to the new state.
Many more ideas can be proposed. This article is serving as a call to
Palestinians and to Israelis who support real peace with Palestinians to
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276 – Chronologie 2008
wake up now and to begin to prepare the strategy for failure, that we hope
will never have to be used. Failure in negotiations may happen. Violence
after failure should not be the answer. It is time to get smart.
Vgl. die gleichgerichteten Aussagen von Yasser Abed Rabbo in dieser
Zeitleiste am 29.02.2008.
96
Joint Communique [of President Nicolas Sarkozy] with Mr. Bashar Al
Assad, President of the Syrian Arab Republic, 12 July 2008:
The President of the French Republic, Mr. Nicolas SARKOZY, and the
President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Mr. Bashar Al Assad, made a wideranging, referring to bilateral issues, regional and international interest.
In the light of regional developments positive, the two Presidents agreed on
a work plan to ensure the revival of bilateral relations, with a common goal
to strengthen political ties, economic and cultural ties between the two
countries, particularly in education , Academic and linguistic diversity.
In this context, the French President will visit Syria at the invitation of
President Bashar Al Assad, before mid-September 2008. This visit will be
prepared by a trip to Paris, Deputy Prime Minister DARDARI, 21 and 22
July in Paris and a visit to Damascus from French Minister of Foreign
Affairs, Mr. Bernard Kouchner.
Both Presidents emphasized the importance of Syrian-Israeli peace
process and noted the progress already made in the proximity talks held
between Syria and Israel under the auspices of Turkey. The Syrian
President said that he hoped that France, with the USA, can make its full
contribution to a future peace agreement between Israel and Syria in the
phase of direct negotiation as in the implementation of the agreement,
including for security arrangements as may be necessary. The President
French marked the availability of France to respond to any request to that
effect, if the parties were interest.
The two presidents reiterated their full support for the Doha agreement.
The French President welcomed the strong determination of President of
Syria to establish diplomatic relations with Lebanon, after the formation of a
government of national unity of Lebanon. The French President, on behalf
of the Presidency of the European Council, will initiate the appropriate
procedures for signing the association agreement between the EU and
Syria, and the launch of the ratification process as soon as possible.
The two countries will cooperate in an active manner to ensure the success
of the Union for the Mediterranean.
97
Das Auswärtige Amt in Berlin verweist in diesem Zusammenhang auf
die „Agreed Conclusions of the 9th Euro-Mediterranean Meeting of
Ministers of Foreign Affairs“ in Lissabon am 5./6.11.2007. Darin heißt es im
Abschnitt „I – Political and Security Partnership“: „In this context [i.e. a
regular review of the political situation in the Middle East], the Ministers
reaffirm their commitment to achieve a just, comprehensive and lasting
solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict, consistent with the terms of reference of
the Madrid Conference [October 1991] and its principles, including land for
peace and based on the relevant UNS[ecurity]C[ouncil] resolutions and the
Road Map. Partners also call for the reinvigoration of efforts to promote
progress in the Middle East Peace Process on all its tracks. Ministers
welcome the positive role played by the EU in the Middle East, notably in
the framework of the Quartet. They encourage the resumption of
substantial bilateral talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority
which should pave the way to the fulfillment of the vision of two national
states, a safe and secure Israel and a viable, sovereign and democratic
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277 – Chronologie 2008
Palestinian State living side by side in peace and security. Final state
issues, including border issues, have to be agreed by the partners.” In dem
Statement des EU-Ratsvorsitzenden, des portugiesischen Außenministers
Luis Amado, das der Lissabonner Erklärung beigefügt ist, heißt es
vorsichtig. „The paragraphs on the Middle East Peace were – as in the past
– discussed at length, and as you understand it has not been easy to find
common language. In the agreed common text on the Middle East, we
refer in general terms to recent developments.”
98
99
Vgl. die Eintragung am 17.02.2009 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Call an heads of States in the European Union:
Paris, 11 July 2007 – On 13 July 2008, many heads of State s of Europe
and the South -East Mediterranean bank should meet in Paris for the
official launch of the now called “Barcelona Process: Union for the
Mediterranean (UfM)” initiative.
The presence of heads of States – notably from South and East
Mediterranean countries – who are universally renowned for their dismal
record of grave human rights violations and the exclusiveness they give to
economic projects to the detriment of any political ambition at the summit
endangers the interrelatedness between economic development and
democratisation that has been so many times reaffirmed by human rights
organisations and more generally by all democrats. The emphasis given to
economic projects alone seriously misunderstands the aspirations of the
people of the region who yearn for development as much as they yearn for
the enjoyment of fundamental freedoms they are denied in practice.
The will to reinforce a shared ownership of the Euro-Mediterranean
cooperation is another key objective of the UfM. The terms of this shared
ownership are notably the co-presidency and the setting-up of a Secretariat
in one of the partner countries of the Union for the Mediterranean. The
appointment of the State in charge of the co-presidency for a two-year term
and that of the country hosting the Secretariat might be done in total
disregard of the political situation prevailing in the concerned country,
thereby supporting dictatorial leaders and contributing to the reinforcement
of the marginalisation of independent civil society representatives who fight
for the fundamental rights of populations who have them flouted by their
governments.
The signing organisations consider that by fitting this new initiative into the
Barcelona Process and the Good Neighbourhood Policy, blocks and
ambiguities as observed in the Euro-Mediterranean partnership should be
overcome notably to reach a just and sustainable peace in the Middle-East
enabling the creation of a Palestinian State, to promote a democratic
reform process and to respect human rights.
They consider that the reaffirmation of the respect for the universal values
of human rights and democratic principles as essential foundations in the
final declaration of heads of States meeting at the UfM [Union for the
Mediterranean] summit draft should result into concrete acts.
The signing organisations call on the European Union to:
– make respect for human rights and democracy a priority both of its
internal and foreign policy;
– actively contribute to seeking the peace in the region notably in the
Middle East by implementing the relevant resolutions for a just and
sustainable peace and the recognition of the fundamental rights of the
Palestinian people of the international community;
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278 – Chronologie 2008
– respect the rights of migrants and refugees who are victims of an
unprecedented repressive and securitarian policy;
– recognize the actors of civil society notably human rights NGOs as fullyfledged partners in the partnership and cooperation both at the institutional
and at the project level.
100
Prime Minister Olmert at the Mediterranean Union Summit, Paris, 13
July 2008:
The Honorable President of France, Chairman of the Mediterranean Union
Summit,
The Honorable President of Egypt, Co-Chairman of the Mediterranean
Union Summit,
Leaders of the Mediterranean Countries,
Leaders of the European Countries,
Distinguished Guests,
Honorable Chairmen,
I came here today, to Paris – the capital of France, from Jerusalem – the
capital of the State of Israel, in order to take part in the vision of
courageous men. On behalf of the people of Israel, I would like to express
our tremendous appreciation for your hard work and your sincere efforts to
realize the vision of regional cooperation – a vision of hope, a vision of
peace and closeness among the peoples of the Mediterranean.
Members of the Summit,
According to Jewish tradition, and for many generations, we believe in a
value called tikkun olam, or repairing the world. This means that each and
every one of us is responsible not only for ourselves, but also for repairing
the world and solving its crises.
The global crises in the fields of energy, the climate and food threaten us
all. However, in addition to these, the Middle East faces additional
problems such as water scarcity and an expansion of its deserts. Israel,
like its neighbors, which must deal with these challenges on a daily basis,
encouraged the finest Israeli researchers to conduct intensive research &
development in the field of water technology.
Thanks to this experience, Israel currently has unique experience in
managing a limited water economy, reclamation of sewage for agricultural
irrigation, desalinization, and in advanced agricultural irrigation
technologies. The State of Israel is successful in reusing sewage at the
highest rate in the world – 75%.
We pay special attention to desalination technologies, and by 2012,
approximately two-thirds of the amount of water for domestic use (600
million cubic meters) will be derived from desalination. In Israel, the largest,
most advanced and cheapest reverse osmosis desalination plant in the
world operates, and in one year an additional plant will be established –
one even larger. The cost of desalination, which has become highly
attractive at less than 70 cents per cubic meter of desalinated water, led to
the solution of desalination becoming the most concrete and attainable
solution.
Agricultural development in the Negev, the "Israeli desert", presented us
with difficult challenges. Drip irrigation, a revolutionary Israeli invention
which only grows more sophisticated over time, contributes to the maximal
utilization of irrigation water – 70% to 80%, as opposed to 40% with regular
irrigation – around the world.
I do not list these accomplishments in order to tell you of our successes.
These achievements and others can significantly reduce the water problem
and the increased desertification of the Middle East, as well as in other
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279 – Chronologie 2008
areas in the world; improve agricultural production; and reduce poverty
around the globe.
To this end, we must create partnerships and cooperate with our neighbors
on matters of water technology; we must integrate Israeli inventions which
are
used in many countries around the world, including in the European Union
– in the Middle Eastern countries as well.
Indeed, from the earliest times until today, the Middle East has been
witness to tensions, conflicts and even wars waged over water distress.
However, today we have the technological solutions to water shortages and
desertification in our hands, and we must discover a way to cooperate and
work together – governments, academia and businesspeople – so that we
can take full advantage of the accumulated knowledge to improve the use
of water for the benefit of our citizens, and primarily – in order to prevent
unnecessary tensions.
Distinguished Leaders,
The foundation for good relations between peoples and the building of
long-term interests is supported, in great part, by economic cooperation. I
believed so when I signed agreements for industrial cooperation with my
colleagues in Egypt and Jordan, and I still believe so today when I stand at
the head of a country with an impressive scope of trade with other
countries in the Mediterranean region.
I believe that we must expand the framework for this cooperation, not only
with the countries with which Israel already conducts economic and
commercial ties, but also with those with whom we do not have ties.
I take this opportunity to respond to statements made here during this
important summit: the State of Israel is committed to continuing the
process of political negotiations in order to bring about a stable, speedy
and comprehensive solution to the historic conflict with the Palestinian
people, represented here by their president, Dr. Mahmoud Abbas, and with
the Arab countries who have yet to sign peace accords with us.
We are in the middle of negotiations. We will continue the negotiations they
are important, they are serious, and they are being conducted with caution
and responsibility. I know that all those who are seated here around this
table, and many who are not here – first and foremost, the United States of
America, headed by President George Bush and led by Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice – are working towards, wish for and strive for our
success in reaching an agreement which will lead to greater stability, to an
atmosphere of greater justice and calm, to a cessation of violence and to
peace for us and the Palestinians founded on the vision of two states for
two people: the State of Israel – the state of the Jewish people, and a
Palestinian state for the Palestinian people.
We are doing so; we will continue to do so with all Arab countries with
which we have yet to sign peace accords. Israel may be a young country –
th
one which recently celebrated its 60 anniversary – but it has managed to
develop many capabilities. Together with these capabilities, Israel also
comes to the table with a large measure of good-will – the good-will to
create partnerships with countries so that there will be economic prosperity
and stability in the Middle East.
Any great accomplishment seems impossible until one individual stands up,
determines a goal and makes it a reality. This individual is each and every
one of us, Fellow Heads of State – not tomorrow, not in the future, not
when the processes have been completed, not when all the disagreements
have been ended – but today! Today we must act to create bridges
between our nations; today we bear the responsibility for the welfare of our
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280 – Chronologie 2008
peoples; today we must work together for the Middle East and the entire
Mediterranean region – for ourselves, for our children, for the coming
generations.
Here, in Paris, today, I call, together with you, for the creation of a new
economic horizon for the entire region, and I thank you, sir, President of
France, Nicolas Sarkozy, for your initiative, your leadership, your
determination and your strength, together with your Co-Chair, my friend,
Hosny Mubarak – to hold this Summit and reach this starting point which
can lead to agreement, cooperation and peace for our peoples.
Thank you very much.
101
102
Vgl. die Eintragungen seit dem 09.07.2004 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, 9 July 2008: Jordan:
Scrap New Laws That Stifle Democracy – US, EU Should Condition Aid on
Kingdom’s Rights Record:
(New York, July 1, 2008) – Prime Minister Nader Dahabi should withdraw
two new draft laws on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and public
assembly from consideration by parliament, Human Rights Watch said
today in a letter to the prime minister. The draft law on NGOs would further
expand the government’s wide control over establishing, operating, and
funding NGOs. The draft law on assembly would continue to restrict
Jordanians’ right to congregate, requiring the Ministry of Interior’s approval
for meetings that discuss “public policies.”
“These draft laws show Jordan’s intolerance for critical debate in a
democracy,” said Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East director at Human
Rights Watch. “Jordan is trying to put a legal veneer on its efforts to stifle
civil society.”
The government introduced the two new laws at an extraordinary session
of parliament in May and June 2008, after Dahabi had withdrawn an earlier
draft of the NGO law from parliamentary consideration in January 2008 and
urged a revision of the assembly law. This followed criticism from NGOs
and political parties, including a December 2007 Human Rights Watch
report, “Shutting Out the Critics,” which documented how Jordan’s existing
laws and policies violated the rights to association and assembly.
International law allows only for restrictions on these rights in narrow
circumstances that are “necessary in a democratic society.”
The draft NGO law represents a drastic step backwards for the
development of independent civil society organizations. The law would give
the government power to obtain an NGO’s future work plans, governmental
approval for donations to an NGO, and allow the government to shut down
an NGO for minor infractions. The law allows the government to appoint a
state employee to serve as temporary president of an NGO. Several
European Commission- and US-funded human rights NGOs in the
kingdom currently are registered as “non-profit companies,” under the less
stringent Law on Companies. Under the new NGO law, however, such nonprofit companies would need to comply with the new NGO laws’ provisions
within one year, including mandatory Cabinet approval for foreign funding.
The government’s goal with this law appears to be shutting out critics or
rivals. In 2006, the government already had taken over two of Jordan’s
largest NGOs, the Islamic Center Society (ISC) and the General Union of
Voluntary Societies (GUVS). It relied on measures that the new draft law
would legalize, such as continuing to run the NGO through governmentimposed management and forcing the groups to accept new members with
voting rights.
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281 – Chronologie 2008
The new draft assembly law makes only modest improvements over the
existing law, allowing NGOs to hold General Assembly meetings without
prior approval, provided it is “tied to the realization of [a NGO’s] objectives
and according to the legislations regulating its work and efforts.” However,
government approval would still be required for all other NGO meetings.
Jordan announced it is seeking increased financial assistance from the
European Commission, which is set to examine progress toward human
rights in Jordan at the end of July 2008 under the bilateral Association
Agreement. The commission stated in its 2007-2010 plan that a priority for
Jordan is reforming the NGO law to comply with international human rights
standards, but the proposed new laws show that the European
Commission is apparently having little positive impact.
Jordan is currently seeking $1 billion in aid from the United States, making
US aid per capita to Jordan one of the highest in the world. The United
States values its security cooperation with Jordan, whose intelligence
service detained and tortured CIA prisoners rendered to Jordan from 20012004, and rarely criticizes Jordan publicly for its human rights violations,
despite its professed support for increased democracy in Jordan.
“Those giving money to Jordan should explain to their taxpayers why they
have allowed Jordan to regress on human rights without protest while
continuing ever-higher aid disbursements,” Whitson said.
The European Commission and the United States should include among
their existing conditions for financial assistance to the kingdom that Jordan
pass laws on assembly and association that comply with international
human rights standards.
103
Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, 9 July 2008:
The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies calls on Syrian authorities to
cease committing summary executions and inhuman treatment against
inmates at the Sednaya Prison, and calls on the Union for the
Mediterranean states’ leaders to intervene
The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) expresses its deep
concern towards the events currently taking place at Sednaya prison. The
prison has been surrounded for three days, starting on the 5 July, by Syrian
security forces, armed with heavy artillery. Human rights organizations in
Syria have reported that around 25 prisoners have been killed and scores
have been wounded by Syrian security forces after violence broke out
between the prisoners and prison guards. The events were triggered when
political prisoners began protests against the inhumane treatment they
have long been subjected to at the prison.
CIHRS urges the Syrian government to take note of the negative
diplomatic and legal repercussions the government of Syria could suffer as
a result of the excessive and deadly force used against the Sednaya
prisoners; on par with the acts committed by the same security force at
"Tadmor" prison in Syria on 27 June 1980, in which hundreds of political
prisoners were killed. International diplomatic and legal repercussions may
be heightened due to the growing media coverage concerning the further
police abuse and injuries inflicted on dozens of prisoners’ relatives as they
sought to find out the names of those prisoners who had been killed or
injured. On the 6 July, Syrian security forces and military police based near
Sednaya prison attacked and abused a crowd of people that had gathered
outside of Tishrin Military Hospital where the injured and dead prisoners
were taken, and who were demanding to know the condition of particular
inmates at Sednaya prison.
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282 – Chronologie 2008
CIHRS condemns the Syrian government’s refusal to provide detailed
information on the circumstances and acts carried out against prisoners at
the prison, as well as the government’s refusal to allow human rights
defenders within a sufficient distance from the prison to monitor the
situation.
However, according to information that has been collected, Syrian security
forces have committed a host of serious and grave human rights violations
during the siege of the prison, and have paid no heed to the recurring calls
of Syrian, regional and international rights organizations to immediately
cease all acts of arbitrary killing and summary executions, as well as
inhumane treatment and abuse of prisoners and their relatives.
The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies also urges Mr. Philip Alston,
United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary
executions and Mr. Manfred Novak, United Nations Special Rapporteur on
torture and other cruel and inhuman or degrading treatment to immediately
intervene in order to pressure the Syrian government to immediately cease
such acts, and conform to its international legal obligations as contained in
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.
CIHRS moreover calls upon leaders of the Union for the Mediterranean,
scheduled to meet in Paris on 13 July 2008, which will include Syrian
President Bashar Al-Asad, to firmly condemn all arbitrary killings and abuse
carried out by Syrian forces at the prison, and to take all necessary
diplomatic measures to ensure an end to this massacre prior to the
beginning of the summit.
104
105
Vgl. die Eintragung am 20.06.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Rebecca Anna Stoil: New law states visitors to enemy countries cannot
become MKs, in The Jerusalem Post” 30.06.2008: Some of Israel's Arab
parliamentarians face a ban from serving in the next Knesset, after a bill to
prohibit anyone who visited an enemy state in the recent past from
becoming an MK became law on Monday. Arab MKs immediately
denounced the new law harshly, calling it unconstitutional, and said it would
be challenged and beaten in the Supreme Court.
But the legislation, which passed by a 52-24 vote, was hailed by its
sponsors as a guarantee that "Trojan horses" and "enemies" would no
longer be allowed to sit in the Knesset. "This law will return some of our
trampled honor as a nation and will give us a good reason to stand
upright," said MK Estherina Tartman (Israel Beiteinu), who – together with
MK Zevulun Orlev (NU-NRP) – submitted the bill. "From now on, Israeli
citizens can be calm – enemies will no longer sit in the legislature. As in
every normal, enlightened, democratic state, anyone who disregards
national security will know that he won't be able to be elected to the
Knesset."
The bill is also known as the Bishara Law, because it was submitted after
the publication of the case of former Balad MK Azmi Bishara, who made
numerous trips to Lebanon and Syria and is currently wanted for
questioning by the Israel Police under suspicion of treason for allegedly
aiding Hizbullah during the Second Lebanon War.
"From today onward, Arab MKs will have to decide – the Syrian parliament
or the Israeli parliament. The law will put the brakes on the infiltration of
Trojan horses into the Knesset," said Orlev. "We must demand of the Arab
leadership unconditional loyalty to the state of Israel as a Jewish and
democratic state just as every democratic state asks of its elected
officials."
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283 – Chronologie 2008
The legislation is based on clause 7A of the Basic Law: Knesset, which
states that "a list of candidates or a candidate can be elected as long as
their goals or their actions, literally or interpretively, do not negate the
existence of the State of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, [express]
incitement to racism or support of the armed struggle of an enemy state or
a terror organization against the state of Israel."
The new law now adds that "anyone who has illegally visited an enemy
state in the seven years preceding the [submission of his name on the
party list] will be seen as a supporter of armed struggle, unless they prove
otherwise." Arab MKs, who look likely to be directly harmed by the law due
to their visits to Lebanon and Syria, said the law would be overruled by the
Supreme Court.
On Monday, MK Ahmad Tibi (United Arab List) said that because the bill
had failed to be approved by a simple majority of all MKs – 61 votes – it
could not be considered approved as an amendment to a Basic Law, and
would not withstand the test of the Supreme Court because it impinged on
equality.
MK Muhammad Barakei (Hadash) said that "it is a law of terror by any
other name. It aims to impose a rule of terror in thought and political
opinion. It is an unconstitutional law – you can't call visits by relatives and
visits for the promotion [of] peace support for terror." Balad MK Jamal
Zahalka said he planned on appealing the law to the Supreme Court as
well, arguing that Arab MKs should have the right to visit Arab countries.
106
107
Vgl. die Eintragung am 08.04.2007 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Complete transcript of interview with President Bashar al-Assad of
Syria to Siddharth Varadarajan of The Hindu at the Presidential Office,
Damascus, June 8, 2008, via www.hindu.com/nic/syria_prez_int.htm:
Varadarajan: Your government recently confirmed that there have been
indirect talks between Syria and Israel through Turkey. Now, Israel is
occupying the Golan Heights – which is Syrian territory – and obviously
Syria is asking to get its territory back. But what can Syria give to Israel in
return?
President Assad: First of all, as you said, Syrian land is occupied by Israel
so they have to give us back our land. We don't have something to give but
we have something to achieve together, which is peace. It is not something
we have. So, if both sides achieve a certain treaty, including giving back
the Golan Heights, this means achieving peace. The other thing besides
the land is discussing normal relations, water, security arrangements and
all these details that are related to the concept of peace. As I said, it is
something we achieve together, but Israel has the land and hould give it
back.
Q: But it is said that Israel wants Syria to abandon its friends in the region –
friends like Hamas, Hizbollah and Iran. What is the Syrian response?
A: Nobody asked us to do this. The Israelis have been talking about
negotiations without pre-conditions. So, they cannot ask for conditions for
the negotiations, and they have not asked either. This is first. Second,
Hamas is related to the Palestinian Track and we are talking about the
Syrian track; we are not responsible for that track. Hizbollah is part of the
Lebanese track and we are not in Lebanon today. So, we are only talking
about the Syrian track. This is our position.
Q: Jimmy Carter stated recently that 85% of the issues linked to the Israeli
occupation of the Golan Heights have been sorted out. What is left is the
question of the last 15%? Is that an accurate assessment?
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President Assad: You mean during Rabin's government?
Varadarajan: Yes exactly.
A: Actually, we achieved 80% of what we have to achieve before signing
the treaty but of course we do not have precise criteria; this is our
estimation. But that is true; we achieved a lot during Rabin, but because of
his assassination everything stopped. That's why we have been asking for
starting from where we stopped during Rabin, where we talked about the
security arrangements, which was the most difficult issue. Of course, we
had Rabin deposit which means giving back the Golan Heights till the line
of 4th June 1967, and we were about to talk about other issues like normal
relations such as having embassies and things like this, and we did not talk
about water; this is what has been left. That is true.
Q: What do you think is the Israeli compulsion to talk peace with you at this
time? It seems that the Americans themselves are not very happy with
what Israel is doing. What do you think is motivating Israel to take this step
right now?
A: The Israelis used to think that with time they are going to be stronger
and any opposition to their policies will be weaker, but actually what
happened was the opposite. Now, the Israelis learned that without peace
they cannot live safely and Israel cannot be safe. I think this is true
especially after the war on Lebanon and because of the result of that war
inside the Israeli society; this is the main incentive for the Israelis to move
toward peace. This is our analysis.
Q: As an outside observer, it seems strange that you can be talking peace
with Israel a few months after Israel bombed your territory at al-Kibar
[September 6, 2007], claiming they targeted a secret nuclear facility. Is this
one of the issues you raised with them – that how could they have bombed
your territory?
A: No we did not. Of course, we have not met with them because it is an
indirect negotiation. But, the question here is why did they announce it
seven months after the bombing? Why did they not announce it at that time
in order to send a delegation from the IAEA to see what is happening? Let
us put it this way: they said there was a facility and they bombed this facility
and now they have the evidence. How could we not have this evidence
seven months ago? Why do they have the evidence today? Because after
seven months you could say that Syria built that facility and now it is
demolished and they rebuild it in a different way; this is their excuse. While
if they gave this alleged evidence at that time, their story would not have
been proved genuine or credible. So, this is their ploy, and we did not raise
this issue, and we said that time that this is an evidence for us that the
Israelis are not serious about peace. That is why we talked about indirect
not direct negotiations. It is like probing the intention of the Israeli side; are
they serious in giving back the Golan Heights to Syria or is it just a tactic or
maneuver for internal Israeli politics. That is why we did not raise the issue
and we did not have the chance anyway to meet with them. But we raised it
with the IAEA.
Q: So what was the nature of that facility?
A: It is a military facility, and I announced this, but what the content of that
facility is, you do not usually announce a military content. But it is not
nuclear; how could it be nuclear, where are the radiations, where are the
protections of this facility? How can you build such a facility under the daily
watch of satellites? We know that. So it is not nuclear but completely a
different issue.
Q: Why did the Israelis bomb it?
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285 – Chronologie 2008
A: I think because they did not know about it; they were suspicious about
its content and they could not know. I cannot answer on their behalf; you
should ask them. I think they had wrong information; they were entrapped.
How they should explain to the Israelis and the rest of the world why they
bombed it? This is where they created this story of a nuclear facility. At the
beginning they said that this is a site where they can bring armaments to
Hizbollah, but how? It is in the middle of Syria and you have Turkey in the
north and Iraq in the east. How can you bring the armaments to Hizbollah?
From Turkey, or from Iraq where the Americans operate? This is not
logical. Then they said that this is where the Turks used this site, but later; I
think a month ago, they said it is nuclear. So, it was clear that they did not
have any evidence that it is a nuclear site; they created this evidence
through manipulation on the computer that this is a copy of the North
Korean plants.
Q: So, this so-called photographic evidence and video evidence which
indicated that this was a plutonium producing plant made with North
Korean help – all of this is fabricated?
A: Yes it was fabricated 100%. Of course, they talked about photos of
Koreans in Syria, but we have normal relations with North Korea; we
receive them formally and publicly, and I receive them and other levels in
the government. I received North Korean officials, scientists and whatever.
So, this is not true.
Q: One of the reasons why the world got a little bit suspicious about this
issue is that the Syrians moved quickly to clean up the site. What was the
need for that? I mean you should have actually been proactive even in
September last year to invite the international community to see the Israeli
aggression, for example. Why did you keep quiet for so long and why was
this site cleaned up?
A: First of all, they did not say at the beginning it was a nuclear site and
there were few weeks. Second, it was attacked by missiles; you do not
keep it as it is, so we rebuilt it. We did that right away; after the attack by
few days, we started rebuilding the site. So, it is something normal to
remove the debris and have another site.
Q: So the facility was rebuilt basically? What about the debris?
A: May be in a different or the same site; it is a military issue and we do not
usually announce what it is. May be it is different building for another
purpose.
Q: I know you invited IAEA to visit the site. Now the US has said that that
site is not enough and they should be allowed to visit other sites. Why
would the Americans make that demand and what is your response to
that?
A: We have an agreement between Syria and the Agency and every
procedure implemented in Syria should be according to this treaty.
According to this treaty, you cannot just come and visit any place according
to intelligence information; you cannot. Because every day they may come
to the Agency and say we have this information. So, it is a never-ending
problem. So, we usually come with certain evidence to see the suspicious
place. Actually, they did not come because it is a suspicious place; they did
not bring any convincing evidence, I mean the Americans, but we said that
we have an interest to bring the Agency to come to this site, but talking
about other sites is not within the purview of the agreement. So, we have to
be very precise; it is not political but technical issue. And we have a nuclear
board or commission that has an agreement with them and they work
within this agreement.
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286 – Chronologie 2008
Q: So, do you think that the US is trying to create an atmosphere of
suspicion against Syria?
A: Yes, because this is the image of this administration; everybody in the
world still remembers what happened in Iraq when they had all that
evidence, but then it was proved that everything was fabricated; even Colin
Powel confessed in an interview that he was not truthful, and we all know
the same, and most of the countries know about the problem between
Syria and the US, and they always try to find traps for Syria. This is reality.
Q: One of the speculations is that this Israeli attack was linked to judging
their own preparedness for an attack on Iran? Have you heard this story?
A: Yes, but nobody can tell what is the real intention of that attack.
Q: Your Excellency, turning to Lebanon, the Doha Accord has been seen
as a major victory not just for the different Lebanese political players but
also for Syria's policy. Do you think the Doha Accord [Qatar of May 21,
2008] and the new coalition agreement will mark the opening of a new
chapter in Syrian-Lebanese relations?
A: Definitely, yes from different aspects. The first aspect as you mentioned,
it is a victory for the Lebanese. This is so because Syria protected itself;
when you have chaos, conflict, civil war and whatsoever in Lebanon we will
be affected directly, this is the first victory. The second victory is that many
Lebanese and many officials around the world used to accuse Syria of
creating problems in Lebanon, and that we have an interest in creating
these problems and having conflicts in Lebanon, but the Doha Accord
which was supported directly by Syria was a stark proof that Syria is
working in the other direction, not like what they used to mention; this was
very important for Syria. And even the proposals we used to propose few
months ago before solving the problem were the same proposals the Doha
Accord depended on. So, we were proved to have the vision for a safe
Lebanon.
Q: Do you think if things move fast, you will make a visit to Beirut?
A: Yes, and about the other aspect as I mentioned because we proved that
we can see now that many Lebanese noted that Syria is working for the
sake of Lebanon; the interests of Syria and Lebanon are common. So, the
relations should move in the right direction to be better in the future. But
the visit of the president, this is related to the formation of the national unity
government in Lebanon first. Second, this is related to the discussion
between me and the Lebanese president; we have not had any discussion
about my visit. But, when I spoke to him after the Doha Accord, I told him
that we are ready to help Lebanon and help him personally in his mission.
He said we want the help of the Syrians in the future and we said we are
ready; we are still waiting.
Q: And will this lead to opening an embassy in Beirut?
A: Yes, and we mentioned this three years ago and we said that we do not
have any problem. But, the problem is that if you have bad relations with
any country, you usually withdraw your ambassador and close the
embassy. So, how do you open an embassy with a country or government
with whom you have bad relations not good ones? Now, when they have
this national unity government, it is going to be normal for Syria to open an
embassy in Lebanon.
Q: I have been struck by the paradox in Syria's policy where internally
Syrian society is very strongly secular and you oppose sectarian politics
and you do not allow that kind of politics in your country, but most of your
best friends in the region all come from sectarian backgrounds like Hamas,
Hizbollah and even the Iranians. Is this a problem for Syria?
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A: Actually in politics, you have to be pragmatic; the first question that you
have to ask is who is effective in our region, you do not ask who is like you
or who is not. Hamas is effective and important in Palestine. Hizbollah is a
very important party in Lebanon, and Iran is a very important country in the
region. Without those players, you cannot have stability, you cannot have
any solution and you cannot reach anything you are looking for. So,
whether you like it or not or whether you agree with or disagree, you have
to deal with them. You do not say like this administration 'black and white',
'evil and good' and things like this; this does not work like this in politics. If
you want to solve problems, you have to deal with the players.
Q: The Iranians were not very happy when Syria took part in the Annapolis
Conference and I would imagine they are not happy with the indirect talks
with Israel. Have you had any feedback from Tehran?
A: We were not very happy with Annapolis Conference too! This is because
we knew that this is not a serious administration; we knew in advance from
subsequent events that they are not serious towards the peace and they
announced that many times. They said we are not interested in the Syrian
track recently even after Annapolis. So, we knew that these events were
window dressing just to tell the American people that we are working for
peace. For us, it was important to bring up the issue of the Golan again on
the international podium because most of the world was in Annapolis.
That's why we had to go in order to put the Golan on the table, but at the
same time we were not happy. And now after 6 or 7 months nothing
happened on any track. Again, this is a Syrian issue and Iran does not
interfere in Syrian issues; they support the Syrian cause whether we are
happy or they are happy, and that's why the relations between Syria and
Iran are very strong. And in the 1980s most of the world was supporting
Saddam Hussein, including the US, against Iran and we were one of very
few countries in the world to say that Iran was right at that time and
Saddam was wrong. Now, the rest of the world says we were right at that
time. So, Iran never forgets that we supported them at that time when the
rest of the world used to be against them. That is why the relation is very
strong between Syria and Iran.
Q: Turning to the UN tribunal being set up in The Hague to deal with the
assassination of Rafik Hariri, do you have confidence that it will work
objectively?
A: If it is not politicized, we should say it is trustworthy and it should solve
the problem and who are the criminals. But, usually like any other
investigation, you should have forensic evidences in order to have this
tribunal, and that is why they said now that they are going to extend the
mission of the delegation in Lebanon. This means that things are moving
on the right way so far. We hope this tribunal to be a very professional
tribunal not politicized one.
Q: But, based on the [UN-investigator Detlev] Mehlis report [about the
circumstances of the assassination of former Lebanese Premier Rafik
Hariri on February 14, 2005], do you fear there is an attempt to frame
Syria?
A: I think that the reports which came after Mehlis have refuted completely
what Mehlis said. That is why we feel relaxed and everything is going on in
a professional way.
Q: So, the Syrian authorities will fully cooperate once the tribunal gets on
the way?
A: Definitely, and they mentioned that many times in their reports that the
Syrian cooperation was satisfactory.
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Q: What would happen if the tribunal asks for Syrian citizens to be sent
there for trial?
A: Usually they should have an agreement, like what happened with
Lebanon when they formed the tribunal; there was an agreement between
the Lebanese government and the United Nations and now they must have
another agreement between them and between Syria because we have our
jury and we have our sovereignty and our judicial system which we will not
replace by another one whatsoever. So, there must be an agreement
between Syrian and the United Nation about this cooperation.
Q: Do you think post-Doha that the Lebanese government will be in a
stronger position to influence the tribunal and make sure that it goes in the
right direction?
A: Of course if you have a unity government formed in Lebanon that will
mean that the tribunal should work professionally and not in a politicized
way. This is an important guarantee and this means that you have
consensus in Lebanon about certain issues, and if you have this
consensus, it means that the tribunal cannot be politicized. You are right,
this is about the government not about the opposition.
Q: Turning to your forthcoming visit to India, what are you expectations?
Your father came to India in 1978. Many people remember that visit. Mr
Vajpayee came here in 2003 and relations have been ongoing. What are
your expectations now from your visit?
A: Now we are talking about a different India. We are talking about the rise
of India. With the rise of India and China we have a different Asia and a
different world. We have, let us say, more hopes than we had in the past.
Maybe the policies of India at that time were different as part of the nonaligned movement. At that time we used to look at India as a closer
country, but now we see it a big country, an important country; so we have
different hopes but in the same way. So, the question is what role can India
play in the world, especially regarding our issues, like the peace issue, the
Iraq and Palestine issues and all these problems. How we can cooperate
on them. So, this is about politics. India and China should play a role with
other countries in making a balance that we have missed for more than 18
years now. It is almost 20 years, because this happened in the late 1980s,
even before the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Q: So you think if India were to involve itself in the peace process issue,
this could bring about a balance?
A: Yes, because it has two aspects: the first aspect if you are interested,
you can play a direct role between the two sides, Syria and Israel, and the
Palestinians and Israel. That will make the region more stable, and that will
affect India itself in the long run and the world at large, especially Asia.
Second, it's about the role that you can play through your weight or your
position as India, a big country, in making dialogue with other powers of the
world that is the United States then Europe, your region. How can you help
the Middle East become more stable; because you are going to be affected
by our problems anyway, and you are already affected I think. What is
happening in Indonesia cannot be separated from what is happening in
Palestine, for example, especially in the Muslim world. So that is how we
see the Indian role from the political point of view. And economic?
A: Everybody knows about the huge development that you have in India,
especially in the IT field. I am interested in this because I was head of the
Syrian Computer Society which is a Syrian NGO before I became
President. And I think that developing countries cannot achieve much in the
field of hardware, but they can achieve a lot in software because it is about
the brains and we have the brains. We just need to provide the appropriate
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environment to develop, and this is where India can help. Third, it is about
bilateral relations, about investment, how we can attract Indian investment
based on the stability in Syria despite the different circumstances based on
the geo-political position and the geographical position on the
Mediterranean and among the Arab countries. So this is what we hope
from the visit. Mainly, according to our circumstances, the reason is
political.
Q: Turning to other economic matters, one of our Indian public sector
companies, OVL, has invested in the al Furat project. In fact, when we
bought that share from the Canadian company, the Americans were very
unhappy with India. They complained that we shouldn't do business in
Syria. But our oil companies are eager to expand their presence here. Is
there any prospect for Syria at some point in the future changing the terms
of its production sharing agreement? Now there is a requirement that all
extracted oil should be sold to the Syrian Petroleum Corporation (SPC).
A: This is a very technical question, and I don't have the answer right now.
We should ask the government about this. Again, it is technical not
political. We are developing our system in Syria, but I don't know about this
contract.
Q: But you are prepared to be quite flexible in terms of policy arrangements
for the oil sector?
A: Yes, of Course. That is what happened during the past few years. In the
past everything used to go through the SPC. Now we have many other
companies working without the SPC. But as to how to sell it, this is what we
have to study. Because we are liberalizing our market step by step, but
about the oil and about the national sector, we have more opposition to
liberalizing it. We have to be more careful. We have an emerging
economy, a budding economy which is still weak. It is not strong enough
and confident enough to be liberalized fully.
Q: What is the impact of the Syria Accountability Act, the sanctions against
Syria? Has it hurt you in anyway?
A: No, because we don't have real bilateral relations with the United States
anyway. Most of our relations used to be with Europe and now with Asia. A
few years ago we took a strategic direction to move towards Asia and even
South America, which is south – south, but not with the United States. We
have a few hundred thousand dollars in terms of trade balance. The effect
is more political than economic.
Q: Turning to the US presidential elections, how do you think the outcome
would affect the prospects of peace in Iraq and the withdrawal of American
occupation forces there?
A: Usually in Syria we don't bet on who is going to be the President of the
United States, especially in a campaign. You don't listen to what they say
during the campaign. We usually bet on the policies not speeches, but of
course the common thing among those candidates is about the failure of
the previous government or administration. This is very important. As long
as they see the failure, they are not going to adopt the same doctrine or
policy. This is very important for us. Now, how to find a solution? You
cannot find a solution in the US. You have to make it in the region. If you
want to make it in the region, you have to find out who are the main
players: first of all, the Iraqis, and second the rest of the countries
surrounding Iraq. They can help. You have to make discussions, to make
dialogue. The problem with this administration is that they do not have
dialogue even with their allies, in Europe or in the region, including the
British first of all, who supported them in their war. So, what we heard from
the Democrats, Obama and Hilary Clinton was positive regarding the Iraqi
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issue, that you have to make dialogue, to have a political process in order
to have withdrawal at the end. What we heard from McCain, that he is
going to stay for a hundred years in Iraq: I don't think that's what you may
hear from a politician usually, any politician, that he wants to stay one
hundred years. But anyway, we have to wait until somebody is in the office.
Q: But do you think a clean and quick withdrawal is feasible militarily, and
could it have adverse effects?
A: This is not the debate, this is the wrong debate. I read it in the American
media. It is not whether to leave or not. Now, after five years, they made
the situation much worse, and it is getting worse everyday. If they withdraw
right now, it is bad anyway. So, there is no difference if they leave or not. It
is about the political process. First of all, they have to say that they are
going to leave, but when and how, this is the question. They have to put a
schedule, a certain timetable and at the same time you should have the
political process. In that political process, you first have a dialogue, second
constitution, third legitimate institutions and in parallel the withdrawal. This
is the political process. So, it is not about the concept or the principle: are
you going to withdraw or stay in Iraq. You have to withdraw, but how and
when? If you use it the right way, if you answer how and when, you can
leave Iraq with a better Iraq, not worse. Now they say, if we leave it is going
to be worse. Of course, if you leave it like this it is going to be worse.
Q: Were you surprised by the statements that Mr Barack Obama made at
the AIPAC meeting the other day?
A: No. Again, this is a campaign. If you are in a campaign, you usually talk
to your audience. So, AIPAC supports Israel, so it is normal for any
candidate in the US to use this language in front of them. So, I wasn't
surprised.
Q: Recently there was [Deputy Prime Minister] Mofaz in Israel raising the
issue of the need to take military action against Iran. Is it something that
you are afraid of, or do you think that is not a possibility.
A: This is the biggest mistake anyone could make in Iran, whether Israel or
the US. I think that the repercussions of this mistake are going to be huge
and maybe for decades. On the other hand, they get angry when
Ahmadinejad says that Israel is going to disappear. So, why do they have
the right to say they are going to attack Iran?
Q: And make Iran disappear.
A: Disappear or not, they are using the same language. Iran said many
times that this is a peaceful nuclear [programme], and as long as they
follow international law, why be against them? They said it is peaceful and
mentioned many times that they are going to cooperate with the IAEA, but
the problem with some Europeans and with the American administration is
that they don't want them to have what they have right to have: the fuel.
There is no international law which says you cannot have [nuclear] fuel.
This is the problem; and it is a national issue in Iran. So, what Mofaz said
will make the situation for Israel before the rest of the world and the region
worse. That is how we see it.
Q: Your Excellency, if we turn to domestic issues before we end, are you
thinking, let's say in four to five years, of widening the scope of domestic
political activities? I read a statement by you somewhere that there should
be a greater role for the so-called patriotic opposition. What is your vision
of political developments inside Syria for the next five years?
A: When I said we're going to have reform in Syria when I became
president, this means every aspect of reform. You may say the main axes
are the political, economic and social – upgrading society in general.
Usually you move faster in the most urgent axis and where you can
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achieve more, where it is faster to move forward. The most urgent in Syria
is the economic, because we have poverty; the second one is the political.
When you talk about the opposition in the process of political reform that
depends on the laws. What laws are you going to have, and what
circumstances you are living in today in order to have the good result that
you are expecting from a good law, not like what happened in Algeria in
1988, when they had good laws, but they did not have good circumstances.
So, they have been paying the price till today. Not like what happened in
Lebanon. They have full democracy, but they have been moving from one
civil war to another, from one conflict to another for more that 200 years.
This is not our goal. What happened during the last seven years: I became
president in August 2000, two months later the Intifada started, the conflict
in Palestine started and has not stopped. It is getting worse everyday. The
problem in Lebanon started in 2004. You have 9/11 after one year and we
have the war in Iraq, which is the worst, in 2003. All these circumstances
affected Syria directly. Usually in such circumstances you have tension,
you have more closed minded people, you have more extremism. For
example, we started seeing those terrorist attacks in Syria in 2004. We
hadn't seen them since the early 1980s in Syria, especially al-Qaeda, who
have the same roots as the Muslim Brothers who were in Syria in the
1980s. So, the whole society is affected. This means the whole political
process is going to be affected. We used to think that many things would
be implemented in 2005. We couldn't so far. And we have all this American
pressure. This doesn't mean that we stop. Now we had the first private
satellite TV station last year, the first political magazine three years ago,
and now we have many private magazines in different fields. We have
more freedom in Syria than before. We are moving slowly and cautiously.
We have to be very frank and very clear about this. We don't move fast,
and we cannot move fast. The next step is going to be the expansion of the
participation of different currents in Syria by having an upper house of
parliament, and we are discussing what kind of house will have more
participation. Second, the local administration law: how to have freer and
more dynamic elections around Syria. Third, and that is what we discussed
in 2005 and we didn't discuss before, a new modern party law. This is the
most important aspect of the political reform. Actually, we were supposed
to do that in 2006, but the problem is that most difficulties started in 2005,
after the assassination of Hariri and the embargo imposed by most
countries in the region, in Europe and in the US on Syria. This is why we
said we have different priorities. Now we started talking again about it. It is
not going to be implemented in 2008 because we expect this year to be
dangerous. We are going to wait and see what will happen with this
administration, then we can discuss it. We are moving forward; and we are
not talking about patriotic or not patriotic opposition. Many people want to
participate, whether they are opposition or otherwise. I am talking about
reform in general. We said that we have opposition but it is not legal
because we don't have these laws, but it exists in Syria wherever you go,
you can sit with them, you can criticize the government and the state in
general, the officials. So, we are dealing positively with opposition, but it
doesn't exist as a legal entity yet, because we need these laws for the
opposition to be legitimate by law, but it is there and we deal with it as
reality.
Q: You mentioned Algeria. Is one of your fears that too fast an opening
politically may lead to the emergence of Islamist or sectarian parties.
A: Sectarian, yes. You come from India. You have the same mosaic, but
you have a successful democracy. For different reasons, it was not a
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successful democracy in Algeria. Maybe because you have different pillars
of society. In our society, we have the Islamic pillar and the pan-Arabism
pillar. We have many different currents, but none of them will lead: only
these two will lead. If you don't have good relations between the panArabism and the Islamic, you will have problems. And that's what
happened maybe in the early 1960s. We had this division between the
Islamic and the pan-Arabist. They looked at it as very secular; and in the
past they used to think that secular meant atheist – against God, and this
one supports God. So, they had conflict with each other. That is why it
wasn't easy for us to have real democracy. This is one of the reasons of
course. Now you need to have good relations in order to have democracy.
This is one of the main issues, but many in the west don't understand the
relationship between the Islamic and the pan-Arab pillars.
Q: Within Syria, the role of Islamic social charity organizations like the
Qubaysis and so on is increasing. Could these eventually emerge as
political trends? Are you looking at that as a possibility?
A: No, no sectarian current is allowed to be politicized. This is for the
security of our region and our country. We cannot allow that.
Q: And that law will never change?
A: No, they have the right to practice any kind of activity related to Islamic
teachings but not in politics. Politics in Syria has its rules and laws.
Q: One last question. There is the case of a Syrian-Canadian individual
called Maher Arar [who was arrested in the U.S. in 2002 and handed over
to Syria for interrogation]. You must have read about him. Now, his case is
finally being investigated in the USA to see whether the U.S. violated its
own laws. The paradox is that on the one hand, the Americans accuse
Syria of human rights violations and then they send someone here to be
mistreated. What happened with him?
A: We hadn't known anything about this man. After 9/11, we started the
first cooperation between Syria and the USA in the security field. One of
their messages was about a terrorist called Maher Arar who was coming to
Syria, and they wanted Syria to catch him because he is al-Qaeda
member. We caught him according to American information, and we
trusted the information at that time. So, we put him in prison. After the
investigation, we arrived at the conclusion that he is not an al-Qaeda
member, so we freed him. He accused Syria, and Canada accused Syria,
while they must accuse the USA. This is the price of cooperating with the
USA! So, we don't have anything to do with him.
Q: But are you prepared to share any information you have about which
American officials contacted you to have him detained here?
A: Of course.
Q: So, if there is a legal process, then you will be willing to cooperate?
A: Of course, we do not have anything to do with him. It is an American
issue. They asked Syria to cooperate, and we caught him.
Q: And is there any ongoing security cooperation of this kind, or has that
come to an end?
A: No, it has completely stopped. We cannot have security cooperation
while we don't have political cooperation. We said no, and were very frank
in this context: we told them when we have political cooperation we are
ready for any other aspect of cooperation, including security cooperation.
Now, there is no cooperation at all; and we are not ready for it yet. We
have to wait for another administration and another policy. We are not very
optimistic, but it is definitely going to be better. I don't think we can have
worse than this policy in the modern history of the USA and the history of
the world.
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Varadarajan: On that note, thank you very much.
President Assad: Thank you very much for coming to Syria.
108
Vgl. Reiner Bernstein: Der verborgene Frieden. Politik und Religion im
Nahen Osten. Berlin 2000, S. 178 ff.
109
Democracy Index 2008, ed. by the Guttman Center at the “Israel
Democracy Institute”, June 6, 2008:
For the first time, the media, cited by 36%, overtakes the Supreme court by
one percentage point as the “institution which best safeguards Israeli
democracy.”
Only about 60% of the public report that they are interested in politics –
representing a drop of some 15 percentage points compared with last year.
Fifty-seven percent believe that the services which civil organizations
provide are better than those provided by the state but, nevertheless, the
majority of the public wishes to receive these services from the state. The
findings of the Democracy Index, conducted by the Guttman Center at the
Israel Democracy Institute, reveal growing mistrust of government
institutions and strong anti-political feelings, together with a demand for the
state to improve its functioning and resume its position as the main player
in the political-social-economic arena.
According to the findings of the Democracy Index, the Israeli public
continues to show interest in politics and feels a sense of belonging to the
state. At the same time, however, the level of trust in decision-makers is at
its lowest since the surveys were begun. In this context, one can explain
the emergence of strong negative feelings toward politics, politicians, and
political parties. As a result, the political involvement of citizens and their
belief that elected officials are representing them properly have eroded
considerably. The same anti-political phenomenon is also spurring support
for solutions for the management of the state and society that are not
necessarily democratic, as well as a strong reliance on civil society
organizations.
The public is also frustrated by the reduction of the extent of the state's
involvement in, and its shirking of responsibility for, the economic and
social welfare of its citizens. The public is aware that the state's place has
been taken, in many cases, by civil society and its many non-governmental
organizations which deal with a wide spectrum of issues, from advancing
social justice, civil rights, and environmental quality, to food distribution and
health services. Civil society and the vital services it provides are
appreciated by the public, but they are not viewed as a permanent
substitute of equal standing for social services provided by the state, but
rather as default or interim services. According to the Democracy Index, a
strong call can be heard on the part of the public for the government to
improve its functioning and to resume its central role in the political-socialeconomic arena.
The Democracy Index is presented today to the President of the State of
Israel, Shimon Peres. It was prepared by the Israel Democracy Institute's
Guttman Center by Prof. Asher Arian, Prof. Tamar Hermann, Nir Atmor,
Yael Hadar, Yuval Lebel, and Hila Zaban, and is based on international
comparative measures and on an analysis of the perception of democracy
as reflected in public opinion polls. The Index presents findings of a public
opinion poll, representative of the adult population in Israel, with 1,201
respondents taking part in one of three languages, Hebrew, Arabic or
Russian (maximum sample error margin: +/-2.8%).Safeguarding
democracy: For the first time in many years, respondents do not consider
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294 – Chronologie 2008
the Supreme Court as the "institution which best safeguards Israeli
democracy" (35%). This year, it is the media which wins the top slot at 36%
as the institution that the public believes best safeguards Israeli
democracy. For the first time too, major changes are seen in the third and
fourth slots, with the Knesset ranking third (16%) and the Prime Minister
fourth (13%).
Trust in institutions: The public's trust in the Supreme Court fell by 12
percentage points: 49% this year as compared with 61% in 2007. This is a
dramatic decrease. Only 36% of the public have trust in the Attorney
General, while 64% do not. The IDF heads the list of institutions which the
public trusts the most, at 71% – a decline of 3 percentage points compared
with 2007. Trust in the President of the State rose from 22% to 47%. Trust
in the police fell substantially from 41% to 33%, and in the Knesset from
33% to 29%. The Prime Minister receives an expression of trust of only
17%, while political parties are at the bottom of the list with a rating of 15%.
The media – which is viewed as the institution that best safeguards Israeli
democracy – received 37%, representing a drop of 8 percentage points
compared with 2007. Most of these findings highlight the serious flaws in
the functioning of the Israeli political system and point to anti-political
trends.
Interest in politics: Only 43% of respondents acknowledge that they discuss
political issues with their friends or family members; only about 60% say
that they are interested in politics – representing a dramatic fall compared
with 2006, when 73% said they were interested in political issues. Seventythree percent of respondents would not advise friends or family members
to enter politics; this should be viewed against the backdrop of 68% of
respondents who believe that politicians do not take into account the
opinion of the man in the street.
Corruption: Ninety percent of respondents believe that Israel is tainted with
corruption – 60% believe that the level of corruption is very high, while 30%
believe that it is quite high. In contrast, only 9% believe that there is very
little corruption in Israel, and just 1% believe that there is no corruption at
all. More than half of the respondents (51%) believe that corruption is
necessary in order to reach the top echelons of Israeli politics today.
International comparison: Israel receives better evaluations from
international research institutes compared with previous years.
Nevertheless, there is no change in Israel's ranking among a sample of 36
countries, and in certain cases, its ranking has fallen. In other words,
despite the relative improvement in Israel's scores in certain categories, the
situation of other countries has improved more and, relative to them,
Israel's ranking has fallen.
Civil Society
Fifty-seven percent of respondents believe that the quality of services
provided by civil organizations is better than that provided by the state.
Nevertheless, the majority of citizens is still interested in receiving the
services they need from the state rather than from civil society
organizations: 53% of respondents agree with the statement that it is
preferable for the state to continue its previous level of involvement in
social and economic domains, while 28% prefer to see a reduction in state
involvement in these domains; 46% prefer to receive services from state
organizations, while 29% prefer to receive services from social
organizations. The public believes that its elected representatives are
concerned, first and foremost, with the furthering of their private interests
and are not attuned to the wishes and needs of the voters. This is a
dangerous situation for democracy. Should these trends continue, the
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295 – Chronologie 2008
involvement of citizens with the political system will gradually decrease, as
distrust and alienation increase. This might irrevocably erode the legitimacy
of representative democracy in Israel.
Satisfaction with the functioning of Israeli democracy: The public's level of
satisfaction with the functioning of Israeli democracy has risen: 43%
expressed satisfaction, compared with 34% who expressed satisfaction in
the 2007 democracy survey. The 2008 democracy survey also shows that
the majority of citizens are very proud to be Israeli (80%), and many of
them (83%) are certain that they want to continue living in Israel in the long
term. It should be pointed out that these findings primarily attest to an
emotional loyalty to the state and homeland, and less to respondents'
feelings about the present situation.
Israeli democracy is still fragile and needs nurturing, particularly in view of
the governance crisis and the trend toward alienation from politics, which
are prominent in the 2008 Democracy Index.
110
Prime Minister Ehud Olmert at the AIPAC Policy Conference 2008,
June 3, 2008:
Distinguished members of the United States Congress, President of
AIPAC, David Victor,
Chairman of AIPAC, Howard Friedman,
Executive Director, Howard Kohr,
AIPAC Board of Directors,
Representatives of the students' organizations,
Israeli Ambassador to the United States, Mr. Salai Meridor,
Honorable guests,
Dear Friends,
Thank you AIPAC for providing this opportunity for all of us to come
together and show support for Israel! It is always amazing to see the
number of people that AIPAC manages to gather in one room. I believe this
is the largest such gathering ever. After speaking to this audience via video
conference last year, I knew that this year I would not miss the opportunity
to participate in the unique experience of the AIPAC Policy Conference.
It's truly a pleasure to be here, with so many great friends of Israel. Israel is
grateful for AIPAC's tireless efforts and unending dedication to promoting
the joint American-Israeli relations, values and interests. AIPAC empowers
the next generation of American supporters of Israel and ensures that the
alliance between Israel and the United States is never taken for granted. I
am therefore delighted to see so many students here, representing the
younger, future generation. It serves to assure me, and all of us, that the
traditional bonds of friendship between Israel and America will continue to
be nurtured and strengthened.
I understand that there are some members of Congress in the audience.
Israel is grateful for the long-standing bi-partisan Congressional friendship
and support, manifested most recently by the initiative to mark Israel's 60th
anniversary. We are particularly thankful for your support and recognition
of the 10-year Memorandum of Understanding between our countries. The
approval of the MOU, from 2009 onward, is crucial to maintaining Israel's
security and qualitative edge.
I recently had the opportunity to have lunch in Jerusalem with the Speaker
of the House, Nancy Pelosi, who led a distinguished Congressional
delegation to Israel. Our meeting allowed us to discuss a range of issues of
mutual interest in a more personal and ntimate forum, and served to
assure me that the bi-partisan support for Israel is stronger than ever. I
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296 – Chronologie 2008
extend an open invitation to each and every one of you to come to Israel
and do the same. I assure you that you will be among friends.
As we celebrate 60 years of US-Israeli relations, I feel personally obliged to
take a moment to reflect on and remember a close personal friend,
Congressman Tom Lantos. Tom was a visionary congressman, a
dedicated American patriot and a symbol of friendship to Israel. Earlier this
week, I met with Annette Lantos in Jerusalem and presented her with a
special message of commemoration signed by the entire Government of
Israel, as a tribute of Israel's appreciation for Tom's work. I understand that
this is the first AIPAC Policy Conference without Tom, and he is sorely
missed by us all. I would also like to use this platform to mention another
close friend of mine and Tom's, who passed away this week, Yosef Tommy
Lapid, former deputy prime minister and minister of justice. Both Tom and
Tommy grew up in Hungary, lived on the same street one block apart from
each other, and they were both Holocaust survivors saved by the legendary
Wallenberg. Tommy was an almost permanent fixture in Israeli public life.
He was an articulate, sharp and courageous publicist and politician, but
above all, he was a true and loyal friend. The void left by these great men
in their passing is as deep as the impact they made in their lives.
Ladies and gentlemen,
As you know all too well, the situation between Israel and its neighbors, the
Palestinians and the other Arab states, is sensitive and complex. My
responsibility as Prime Minister, and that of every government in Israel, is
first and foremost for the security of its citizens, and we will never
compromise on this principle. Israel will never capitulate to terrorism or
choose appeasement in the face of evil. Our stand in this regard is
unequivocal and is completely on a par with the policies of President Bush
and his administration. We will continue to exercise our inalienable right to
defend ourselves against all acts of aggression and we will prevail!
At the same time, we will never abandon our efforts to achieve peace and
reconciliation with our neighbors, as we truly believe that only real peace
can ultimately provide the security we all deserve. While we actively pursue
peace, we cannot ignore the numerous pitfalls on the path to peace and
those forces in the region which seek to sabotage any hope of peace
between Israel and its neighbors.
The most serious and imminent threat to global security and stability is
undoubtedly Iran. Iran is the world's largest exporter of terrorism, a
fundamentalist dictatorship, motivated by utter contempt for the values
represented by the free world and an uninhibited ambition to achieve
military superiority and regional hegemony. It openly calls for the
elimination of Israel and actively seeks nuclear capabilities to enable it to
translate its sinister plans into action. Iran's fingerprints are evident in
almost every terrorist organization across the Middle East, from Hamas
and Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip to Hizballah in Lebanon. Hizballah,
Iran's major protégé, receives its directives, ammunition and finances
directly from Tehran, with the help of Syria, and is actively engaged in
torpedoing any chance of calm in Lebanon. Its long-standing record as a
ruthless terrorist organization has earned Hizballah a place of honor on
almost every list of global terrorist organizations. I urge you to work
together with us to include Hizballah in the terrorist list of the European
Union and encourage other countries to do the same.
The Iranian threat must be stopped by all possible means. International
economic and political sanctions on Iran, as crucial as they may be, are
only an initial step, and must be dramatically increased. Iran's defiance of
international resolutions and its continued tactics of deception and denial
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leave no doubt as to the urgent need for more drastic and robust
measures. The sanctions must be clearly defined and religiously enforced.
Any willingness to overlook Iranian violations or justify Iran's questionable
tactics will immediately be interpreted as a sign of weakness and will only
encourage them to proceed with more vigor.
The international community has a duty and responsibility to clarify to Iran,
through drastic measures, that the repercussions of their continued pursuit
of nuclear weapons will be devastating. The sanctions initiated by the UN
are of immense importance, as they represent a unified stand by a large
number of nations, but sanctions should also be initiated by individual
countries which have dealings with Iran. Each and every country must
understand that the long-term cost of a nuclear Iran greatly outweighs the
short-term benefits of doing business with Iran. While Iran may be a large
oil exporter, it imports almost half of its refined oil products.
Sanctions can be imposed on the export of gasoline to Iran and they can
be imposed on countries which refine gasoline for Iran. Governments
should announce that Iranian businessmen are no longer welcome in their
countries, and that funds arriving from or channeled to Iran should not be
transferred through their banks.
Israel and the United States have long understood the acute danger
embodied in a nuclear Iran, and are working closely in a concerted,
coordinated effort to prevent Iran from becoming nuclear. Israel will not
tolerate the possibility of a nuclear Iran, and neither should any other
country in the free world.
Dear friends,
On May 21, Israel and Syria simultaneously announced the start of
negotiations for comprehensive peace, under the auspices of Turkey,
based on the principles of the 1991 Madrid Conference. Syria is currently a
threat to regional stability, but if it ultimately makes the choice to have
peace relations with Israel, for which it will have to disengage from its allies
in the Axis of Evil, this will constitute a drastic, strategic shift in the entire
Middle East. Iran's negative response to this process can serve as an
indication of the benefits embodied in it.
Peace between Israel and Syria is a clear Israeli interest, but it is also a
Syrian one. I know all too well the fears, suspicions and criticism which
have always surrounded the Israeli-Syrian negotiations, and I do not take
them lightly. I can only assure you that any future agreement, if and when it
is reached, will be backed by all the necessary security guarantees, and
that I will never compromise on anything which could undermine Israel's
security or vital interests.
While the negotiations with Syria are only at a very initial stage, the
negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians are continuous and
intensive. The Annapolis meeting in November 2007, initiated by President
Bush, launched this process and outlined the principles underlying it, and
we have been proceeding on this basis ever since. The current leadership
in the Palestinian Authority, headed by President Mahmoud Abbas,
presents a rare opportunity to achieve an agreement. President Abbas and
his government recognize Israel's right to live in security and are as
committed as we are to achieving peace. They know full well that the path
of terrorism only condemns the Palestinian people to misery and
hopelessness, and have a genuine desire to see a Palestinian state living
side by side with Israel, in peace. I am wholeheartedly convinced that we
are at a critical crossroads, and that this opportunity must not be missed.
My obligation, as Prime Minister, is to explore every avenue to reach an
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understanding, and I truly believe that now, perhaps for the first time ever,
it is attainable.
President Abbas and I have met many times over the past two years, and
the two teams have been meeting on a weekly basis in a serious effort to
achieve a historic breakthrough in the course of 2008. The negotiations
cover all outstanding issues between us, and the agreement, if and when it
is reached, will reflect the vision introduced to the world by President Bush
in June 2002, and its implementation will be subject to the Roadmap. Israel
entered this bilateral process with the Palestinians in good faith and with a
genuine willingness to make the necessary compromises. The time for
both parties to make difficult decisions is soon approaching. I believe that
the leadership of Israel and the people of Israel are ready for it, and hope
that when the moment of truth finally arrives, the Palestinian leadership will
respond to the challenge.
The moderate, responsible Arab states, headed by Saudi Arabia and other
Gulf states, could play an important role in this process. These nations,
which want to promote peace and which fully recognize the direct threat to
them posed by a nuclear Iran and by foreign and domestic extremism, now
have a golden opportunity to support a process of normalization and
reconciliation with Israel, which will isolate Iran and the extremists and help
foil their pursuit of regional dominance. I hope they will choose to take a
constructive part and create an environment which is conducive to the
peace negotiations currently taking place between Israel and its neighbors.
A clear distinction must be made between the Palestinian Authority,
headed by President Abbas, and the Hamas terrorist organization,
operating in and controlling Gaza. Israel has never, nor will it ever,
negotiate with Hamas, as long as it refuses to accept the three principles
set forth by the international community. The reality on Israel's southern
border is intolerable. Tens of thousands of innocent Israeli citizens live
daily in constant fear and anxiety, under a barrage of missiles, serving as
pawns in a cruel, malicious game of roulette played by the Hamas and its
cronies in the Gaza Strip. While we have no desire to see the uninvolved
Palestinian population in Gaza suffer, we cannot be expected to accept a
situation that no other nation in the world would tolerate.
You have just seen and heard the brave people of Sderot. Sderot and the
other communities in the south of Israel have, over the past seven years,
suffered the largest number of missiles launched from the Gaza Strip.
These good, hard-working citizens, demonstrate incredible courage and
fortitude in their daily struggle to conduct seemingly normal lives in an
impossible, incomprehensible situation, and they are an inspiration to us
all.
Members of Congress,
I turn to each and every one of you and ask – if one city, one small city in
your state, in your district, was bombed, not even on a daily basis, but just
once, with one single missile, what would you do? Would you not demand
that your government stand up immediately and take the necessary action
to defend your citizens? Would you not expect the entire international
community to unequivocally denounce the group responsible for these
atrocities? Would you not look to your government to provide a solution?
Israel will not be deterred by a large military operation in Gaza if and when
we come to the conclusion that this is the best way to restore calm on our
southern border, but the fact that no such operation has yet taken place
does not imply that we are not taking action. The battle against the
terrorists in Gaza is a daily and continuous one. Every day, the government
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and the security forces weigh all possible alternatives, and make the choice
which we believe is the wisest and most effective.
Hopefully, our dialogue with the Palestinians will ripen into an agreement
which will clearly show the Palestinian public that there is an alternative to
violence and that the key to living in prosperity, honor and dignity lies in
reconciliation with Israel.
Ladies and gentlemen, friends of Israel,
In the sixty years since our founding, we transformed a barren land into a
prosperous state, and turned swamps and deserts into modern, flourishing
cities. We have founded a strong and vibrant democracy, absorbed millions
of Jewish immigrants from across the globe, and created a world class,
ground-breaking economy. All this was achieved despite wars and
continuous threats to Israel's security. However, the great mission of
attaining peace with our Palestinian neighbors and the other Arab states is
still ahead of us.
Recently, Jews around the world read in the weekly Torah portion about
God's decree to the Jewish people. After explaining the ensuing prosperity
should the Jewish people follow his commandments, G-d declares "I will
provide peace in the land, and you will lie down with none to frighten you."
(Leviticus, ch 19 vs. 5)
A classical interpretation of the order of these passages suggests that
while prosperity follows commitment to G-d's commandments, its value is
meaningless if there is no peace. According to G-d's precedence, peace is
of greater value than all material things combined.
We must believe that peace is a possibility, and strive to make it a reality,
and I assure you that I will spare no energy and leave no stone unturned in
my efforts to secure a better future for the people of Israel in the Jewish
State. This is my duty, this is my obligation and this will be my contribution
to my people. I also take this opportunity to stress, once again, that the
Government of Israel will spare no effort to bring our three captive sons
home – Gilad Shalit, who is being held by Hamas in Gaza, and Ehud
Goldwasser and Eldad Regev, who were captured by Hizballah almost two
years ago. This is the State of Israel's absolute commitment, and I am sure
that you all share our strong desire to see them home safely.
The AIPAC Policy Conference is an ideal platform for me to express, on
behalf of the people of Israel, my admiration and gratitude to a remarkable
friend, President George W. Bush. Without the President's personal
involvement, the bilateral process between Israel and the Palestinians may
never have progressed. Yet, despite his desire to see peace in the region,
the President never expected Israel to compromise its security. His recent
visit to Israel on the occasion of our 60th anniversary, and his inspiring,
memorable speech at the Knesset, were the ultimate expression of
America's unshakable commitment to Israel's security and well-being. The
people of Israel will always remember, appreciate and cherish President
Bush's understanding, friendship and support.
Ladies and gentlemen,
Given the recent political developments in Israel, of which I am sure you
are all aware, I hesitated as to whether it was the right time and the right
thing to leave everything behind and meet with you today. I didn't hesitate
for too long. Your friendship to Israel, your dedication to consolidating the
strategic bond between Israel and the United States and your steadfast
commitment to Israel's security and welfare have all inspired me. Israeli
politics is accustomed to all kinds of trials and tribulations, but your love
and support for the State of Israel provides a powerful foundation, a solid
rock on which we know we can always rely, in good times and in times of
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crisis. One of the most fundamental pillars of Israel's national security is its
alliance with the United States, and you have dedicated your lives to
ensuring that not only will this alliance never weaken or fail, but that it will
grow stronger and deeper. I thank you for giving me this opportunity to
address you this evening. When I see all of you here, I know that my
country is truly blessed.
Thank you.
111
Senator John McCain at the AIPAC Policy Conference 2008, June 2,
2008:
Thank you very much. Thank you for that kind welcome and thank you,
Ron [?], for your generous remarks and the invitation to address you. I see
that we have some students here, including a few from Arizona and I
welcome you to Washington and your money and it's – it's a pleasure as
always to be in the company of the men and women of the American Israel
Public Affairs Committee.
And I know that all of us are proud to be in the company of my dear and
beloved, distinguished Senator from the State of Connecticut, my dear
friend, Joe Lieberman. Joe, thank you; a man of humility, a man of
kindness, and a great and dear friend – not only of America – my family,
State of Israel and the world. My friends, all of you involved in the work of
AIPAC have taken up a great and vital cause and a cause set firmly in the
American heart. When President Truman recognized the new State of
Israel 60 years ago he acted on the highest ideals and best instincts of our
country. He was a man with courage and a sense of history; and he surely
knew what great challenges the Jewish State would face in its early years.
To his lasting credit, he resolved that the people of Israel would not face
them alone because they would always have a friend and ally in the United
States of America.
The cause of Israel and of our common security has also depended on
men and women of courage, and I've been lucky enough to know quite a
few of them. I think often of one in particular, the late Senator Henry
"Scoop" Jackson. I got to know Senator Jackson when I was the Navy
Liaison Officer to the United States Senate. In 1979, I traveled with him to
Israel where I knew he was considered a hero. But I had no idea just how
admired he was until we landed in the airport in Tel Aviv to find a crowd of
700 or 800 Israelis calling out his name, waving signs that read God Bless
You Scoop and Senator Jackson, Thank You. Scoop Jackson had the
special respect of the Jewish people, the kind of respect accorded to brave
and faithful friends. He was and remains the model of what an American
Statesman should be.
The people of Israel reserve a special respect for courage because so
much courage has been required of them. In the record of history sheer
survival in the face of Israel's many trials would have been impressive
enough but Israel has achieved much more than that these past 60 years.
Israel has endured and thrived and their people have built a nation that's an
inspiration to free nations everywhere.
Yet no matter how successful a nation of Israel or how far removed from
the Holocaust their experiences will never pass from memory. Not long ago
I was in Jerusalem with Senator Lieberman and our colleague Lindsay
Graham, and we went to the Holocaust Memorial, Yad Vashem. And for all
the boundless examples of cruelty and inhumanity to be found there, for all
the pain and grief remembered there, somehow I was especially moved by
the story of the camp survivors who died from the very nourishment given
to them by their liberators. They'd starved and suffered so much that their
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bodies were too weak even for food. They endured it all, only to die at the
moment of their deliverance. These are the kinds of experiences that the
Jewish people carry in memory and they are far from the worst experiences
of the Holocaust. These are the kinds of grieves and afflictions from which
the State of Israel offered escape, and today when we join in saying never
again that is not a wish or request or a plea to the enemies of Israel; it is a
promise that the United States and Israel will honor against any enemy,
against enemy – any enemy – against any enemy who cares to test us.
The threats to Israel's security are large and growing and America's
commitment must grow as well. I strongly support the increase in military
aid to Israel scheduled to begin in October. I am committed to making
certain Israel maintains its qualitative military edge. Israel's enemies are
too numerous – Israel's enemies are too numerous, its margin of error too
small, and our shared interests and values too great for us to follow any
other policy. Foremost – foremost in all our minds is the threat posed by
the regime in Tehran. The Iranian President has called for Israel to be
wiped off the map and suggested that Israel's Jewish population should
return to Europe. He calls Israel a stinking corpse; that it's on its way to
annihilation but the Iranian leadership does far more than issue vial insults.
It acts in ways directly detrimental to the security of Israel and the United
States. A sponsor of both Hamas and Hezbollah, the leadership of Iran has
repeatedly used violence to undermine Israel in the Middle East peace
process; it has trained, financed, and equipped extremists in Iraq who have
killed American soldiers, fighting to bring freedom to that country. It
remains the world's chief sponsor of terrorism and threatens to destabilize
the entire Middle East from Basra to Beirut.
Tehran's continued pursuit of nuclear weapons poses an unacceptable
risk, a danger we cannot allow. Emboldened by nuclear weapons, Iran
would feel free to sponsor terrorist attacks – any – against any perceived
enemy. It's flouting of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty would render that
agreement obsolete and could induce Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and
others to join a nuclear arms race. The world would have to live indefinitely
with the possibility that Tehran might pass nuclear materials or weapons to
one of its allied terrorist networks. Armed as well with its ballistic missile
arsenal an Iranian nuclear bomb would pose an existential threat to the
people of Israel.
European negotiators have proposed a peaceful end-game for Tehran
should it abandon its nuclear ambitions and comply with the UN Security
Council Resolutions. The plan offers far-reaching economic incentives,
external support for a civilian nuclear energy and program, and integration
into the international community. But Tehran has said no. The Iranians
have spent years working toward a nuclear program and the idea that they
now seek nuclear weapons because we refuse to engage in Presidential
level talks is a serious misreading of history.
In reality – in reality a series of Administrations have tried to talk to Iran and
none harder – none tried harder than the Clinton Administration. In 1998
the Secretary of State made a public overture to the Iranians, laid out a
road map to normal relations and for two years tried to engage. The Clinton
Administration even lifted some sanctions and Secretary Albright
apologized for American actions going back to the 1950s. But even under
President Khatami a man by all accounts less radical than the current
President, Iran rejected these overtures. Even so we hear talk of a meeting
with the Iranian leadership offered up as if it were some sudden inspiration,
a bold new idea that somehow nobody has ever thought of before.
[Laughs]
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Yet it's hard to see what such a Summit with President Ahmadinejad would
actually gain except an earful of anti-Semitic rants and a worldwide
audience for a man who denies one Holocaust and talks before frenzied
crowds about starting another. [Emphasis Added]
Such a spectacle would harm Iranian moderates and dissidents as the
radicals and hardliners strengthen their position and suddenly acquire the
appearance of respectability. Rather than sitting down unconditionally with
the Iranian President or Supreme Leader in the hope that we can talk
sense into them, we must create the weary world pressures that will
peacefully but decisively change the path that they are on. Essential to this
strategy – essential to this strategy is the UN Security Council which should
impose progressively tougher political and economic sanctions. Should the
Security Council continue to delay in this responsibility, the United States
must lead like-minded countries in imposing multi-lateral sanctions outside
the UN framework. I'm proud to have been a leader on these issues for
years having co-authored the 1992 Iran/Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act.
Over a year ago I proposed applying sanctions to restrict Iran's ability to
import refined petroleum products on which it is highly dependent and the
time has come for an international campaign to do just that. A severe limit
on Iranian imports of gasoline would create immediate pressure on
Khomeini and Ahmadinejad to change course and to cease in the pursuit of
nuclear weapons. At the same time, we need the support of those in the
region who are most concern about Iran and of our European partners as
well. They can help by imposing targeted sanctions that will impose a
heavy cost on the regime's leaders, including the denial of visas and
freezing of assets; as a further measure to contain and deter Iran, the
United States should impose financial sanctions on the Central Bank of
Iran which aids in Iran's terrorism and weapons proliferation. We must – we
must apply the full force of law to prevent business dealings with Iran's
Revolutionary Guard Corps.
I was pleased – I was pleased to join Senators Lieberman and Kyle in
backing an Amendment calling for the designation of the Revolutionary
Guard as a terrorist organization responsible for killing American troops in
Iraq. Over three-quarters of the Senate supported this obvious step, but not
Senator Obama. He opposed this Resolution because its support for
countering Iranian influence in Iraq was he said quote a wrong message
not only to the world but also to the region. [Laughs] But here too, he's
mistaken; holding Iran's influence in check and holding a terrorist
organization accountable sends exactly the right message to Iran, to the
region, and to the world.
We should privatize the sanctions against Iran by launching a worldwide
divestment campaign. As more people – businesses, pension funds, and
financial institutions across the world divest from companies doing
business with Iran the radical elite who run that country will become even
more unpopular than they are already. Years ago – years ago the moral
clarity and conviction of civilized nations came together in a divestment
campaign against South Africa helping to rid that nation of the evil of
apartheid. In our day, we must use that same power and moral conviction
against the regime in Iran and help – and help to safeguard the people of
Israel and the peace of the world. In all of this, we will not only be
defending our own safety and welfare, but also the democratic aspirations
of the Iranian people. They are a great – they are a great and civilized
people with little sympathy for the terrorists their leaders finance and no
wish to threaten other nations with nuclear weapons. Iran's rulers would be
very different if the people themselves had a choice in the matter and
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American policy should always reflect their hopes for a freer and more just
society.
The same holds true – the same holds true for the Palestinian people most
of whom ask only for a better life in a less violent world. They are badly
served by the terrorist led group in charge of Gaza; this is a group that still
refuses to recognize Israel's right to exist, refuses to denounce violence,
and refuses to acknowledge prior peace commitments. They deliberately
target Israeli civilians in an attempt to terrorize the Jewish population. They
spread violence and hatred and with every new bombing they setback the
cause of their own people.
During my last visit to Israel in March I saw for myself the work of Hamas in
the town of Sderot just across the Border as you know from Gaza. I saw
the houses that had been hit by Hamas rockets; in the face of injuries,
death, and destruction thousands of Israelis have had to flee. Many others
have stayed to carry on as best they can. I visited the home of a man
named Pinhas Amar, who lives with his disabled wife, Aliza and their
children. One day last year the sirens sounded again to alert the town to
incoming rocket-fire. The rest of the family found cover. Aliza on the other
side of the house was knocked out of her wheelchair and struck by
shrapnel. This occurred on December 17th and from that day until the day
of my visit just some three months later, more than 1,000 rockets had
struck Sderot. Today, siren warnings are commonplace; the elementary
schools are surrounded by concrete shelters and children walking the
streets in costume for Purim celebrations did so in fear.
No nation in the world would allow its population to be attacked so
incessantly, to be killed and intimidated so mercilessly without
responding.And the nation of Israel is no exception. Prime Minister Olmert
and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas are engaged in talks that all of
us hope will yield progress toward peace. Yet while we encourage this
process we must also insure that Israel's people can live in safety until
there is a Palestinian leadership willing and able to deliver peace. The
peace process that places face in terrorists can never end in peace and we
do no favors to the Palestinian people by conferring approval upon the
terrorist syndicate that has seized power in Gaza.
Likewise, Israel's chance for enduring peace with Lebanon depends on a
Lebanese government that has a monopoly on authority within its country's
Borders. That means no independent militias, no Hezbollah fighters, no
weapons and equipment flowing to Hezbollah. Hezbollah fighters recently
took up arms against their fellow Lebanese starting the worst internal
fighting since the Civil War ended in 1990. In the process they extracted an
agreement for a new political arrangement in which Hezbollah and its allies
can veto any Cabinet decision. As a leader of Hezbollah often reminds us,
this group's mission is the defeat of Israel. The international community
needs to more fully empower our allies in Lebanon, not only with military
aid but also with the resources to undermine Hezbollah's appeal – better
schools, hospitals, roads and power generation and the like. We simply
cannot afford to cede Lebanon's future to Syria and Iran.
And we have an additional task; in the summer of 2006 Hamas and
Hezbollah kidnapped – kidnapped three young Israelis, Gilad Shalit, Eldad
Regev and Ehud Goldwasser. And they've held them ever since. I met with
the families of two of these men in December 2006 and heard firsthand
about their ordeal. I committed then to bring attention to their situation, to
insist that the Geneva Conventions are observed and call for the swift
release of these men. These men are being unlawfully held and they must
be set free and – and returned home to Israel.
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Another great – matter of great importance to the security of both America
and Israel is Iraq. You would never know from listening to those who are
still caught up in angry arguments over yesterday's options but our troops
in Iraq have made hard-one progress under General Petraeus' new
strategy. And Iraqi political leaders have moved ahead slowly and
insufficiently but forward nonetheless. Sectarian violence declined
dramatically; Sunnis in Anbar Province and throughout Iraq are cooperating
in the fight against Al Qaeda and Shia extremist militias no longer control
Basra. The Malaki government and its forces are in charge. Al Qaeda
terrorists are on the run and our troops are going to make sure that they
never – never come back.
It's worth recalling that America's progress in Iraq is the direct result of the
new strategy that Senator Obama vehemently opposed. It was the strategy
he predicted would fail when he voted to cut off funds for our forces in Iraq.
He now says he intends to withdraw combat troops from Iraq one to two
brigades per month until they're all removed. He will do so regardless of
the conditions in Iraq, regardless of the consequences for our national
security, regardless of Israel's security and in disregard of the best advice
of our Commander's on the ground. This course will result in a catastrophe.
If our troops are ordered to make a forced retreat we risk all out civil war
genocide and a failed state in the heart of the Middle East. Al Qaeda
terrorists would rejoice in the defeat of the United States; allowing a
potential terrorist sanctuary would profoundly affect the security of the
United States, Israel, and our other friends and would invite further
intervention from Iraq's neighbors, including a very much emboldened Iran.
We must not let this happen. We must not leave the region to suffer chaos,
terrorist violence, and a wider war. My friends, as the people of Israel know
better than most, the safety of free people can never be taken for granted.
And in a world full of dangers, Israel and the United States must always
stand together.
The State of Israel stands as a singular achievement in many ways and not
the least is its achievement as the great democracy of the Middle East. If
there are ties between America and Israel that critics of our alliance have
never understood perhaps that's because they do not fully understand the
love of liberty and the pursuit of justice. But they should know – they should
know those ties cannot be broken. We were brought together by shared
ideals and by shared adversity; we have been comrades in struggle and
trusted partners in the quest for peace. We are the most natural of allies
and like Israel itself – that alliance is forever. Thank you.
112
Senator Barack Obama at the AIPAC Policy Conference 2008, June 4,
2008:
It's great to see so many friends from across the country. I want to
congratulate Howard Friedman, David Victor and Howard Kohr on a
successful conference, and on the completion of a new headquarters just a
few blocks away.
Before I begin, I want to say that I know some provocative emails have
been circulating throughout Jewish communities across the country. A few
of you may have gotten them. They're filled with tall tales and dire warnings
about a certain candidate for President. And all I want to say is – let me
know if you see this guy named Barack Obama, because he sounds pretty
frightening. But if anyone has been confused by these emails, I want you to
know that today I'll be speaking from my heart, and as a true friend of
Israel. And I know that when I visit with AIPAC, I am among friends. Good
friends. Friends who share my strong commitment to make sure that the
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bond between the United States and Israel is unbreakable today,
tomorrow, and forever.
One of the many things that I admire about AIPAC is that you fight for this
common cause from the bottom up. The lifeblood of AIPAC is here in this
room – grassroots activists of all ages, from all parts of the country, who
come to Washington year after year to make your voices heard. Nothing
reflects the face of AIPAC more than the 1,200 students who have
travelled here to make it clear to the world that the bond between Israel
and the United States is rooted in more than our shared national interests –
it's rooted in the shared values and shared stories of our people. And as
President, I will work with you to ensure that it this bond strengthened.
I first became familiar with the story of Israel when I was eleven years old. I
learned of the long journey and steady determination of the Jewish people
to preserve their identity through faith, family and culture. Year after year,
century after century, Jews carried on their traditions, and their dream of a
homeland, in the face of impossible odds. The story made a powerful
impression on me. I had grown up without a sense of roots. My father was
black, he was from Kenya, and he left us when I was two. My mother was
white, she was from Kansas, and I'd moved with her to Indonesia and then
back to Hawaii. In many ways, I didn't know where I came from. So I was
drawn to the belief that you could sustain a spiritual, emotional and cultural
identity. And I deeply understood the Zionist idea – that there is always a
homeland at the center of our story.
I also learned about the horror of the Holocaust, and the terrible urgency it
brought to the journey home to Israel. For much of my childhood, I lived
with my grandparents. My grandfather had served in World War II, and so
had my great uncle. He was a Kansas boy, who probably never expected
to see Europe – let alone the horrors that awaited him there. And for
months after he came home from Germany, he remained in a state of
shock, alone with the painful memories that wouldn't leave his head.
You see, my great uncle had been a part of the 89th Infantry Division – the
first Americans to reach a Nazi concentration camp. They liberated
Ohrdruf, part of Buchenwald, on an April day in 1945. The horrors of that
camp go beyond our capacity to imagine. Tens of thousands died of
hunger, torture, disease, or plain murder – part of the Nazi killing machine
that killed 6 million people.
When the Americans marched in, they discovered huge piles of dead
bodies and starving survivors. General Eisenhower ordered Germans from
the nearby town to tour the camp, so they could see what was being done
in their name. He ordered American troops to tour the camp, so they could
see the evil they were fighting against. He invited Congressmen and
journalists to bear witness. And he ordered that photographs and films be
made. Explaining his actions, Eisenhower said that he wanted to produce,
"first-hand evidence of these things, if ever, in the future, there develops a
tendency to charge these allegations merely to propaganda."
I saw some of those very images at Yad Vashem, and they never leave
you. And those images just hint at the stories that survivors of the Shoah
carried with them. Like Eisenhower, each of us bears witness to anyone
and everyone who would deny these unspeakable crimes, or ever speak of
repeating them. We must mean what we say when we speak the words:
"never again."
It was just a few years after the liberation of the camps that David BenGurion declared the founding of the Jewish State of Israel. We know that
the establishment of Israel was just and necessary, rooted in centuries of
struggle, and decades of patient work. But 60 years later, we know that we
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cannot relent, we cannot yield, and as President I will never compromise
when it comes to Israel's security.
Not when there are still voices that deny the Holocaust. Not when there are
terrorist groups and political leaders committed to Israel's destruction. Not
when there are maps across the Middle East that don't even acknowledge
Israel's existence, and government-funded textbooks filled with hatred
toward Jews. Not when there are rockets raining down on Sderot, and
Israeli children have to take a deep breath and summon uncommon
courage every time they board a bus or walk to school.
I have long understood Israel's quest for peace and need for security. But
never more so than during my travels there two years ago. Flying in an IDF
helicopter, I saw a narrow and beautiful strip of land nestled against the
Mediterranean. On the ground, I met a family who saw their house
destroyed by a Katyusha Rocket. I spoke to Israeli troops who faced daily
threats as they maintained security near the blue line. I talked to people
who wanted nothing more simple, or elusive, than a secure future for their
children.
I have been proud to be a part of a strong, bi-partisan consensus that has
stood by Israel in the face of all threats. That is a commitment that both
John McCain and I share, because support for Israel in this country goes
beyond party. But part of our commitment must be speaking up when
Israel's security is at risk, and I don't think any of us can be satisfied that
America's recent foreign policy has made Israel more secure.
Hamas now controls Gaza. Hizbollah has tightened its grip on southern
Lebanon, and is flexing its muscles in Beirut. Because of the war in Iraq,
Iran – which always posed a greater threat to Israel than Iraq – is
emboldened, and poses the greatest strategic challenge to the United
States and Israel in the Middle East in a generation. Iraq is unstable, and al
Qaeda has stepped up its recruitment. Israel's quest for peace with its
neighbors has stalled, despite the heavy burdens borne by the Israeli
people. And America is more isolated in the region, reducing our strength
and jeopardizing Israel's safety.
The question is how to move forward. There are those who would continue
and intensify this failed status quo, ignoring eight years of accumulated
evidence that our foreign policy is dangerously flawed. And then there are
those who would lay all of the problems of the Middle East at the doorstep
of Israel and its supporters, as if the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the root of
all trouble in the region. These voices blame the Middle East's only
democracy for the region's extremism. They offer the false promise that
abandoning a stalwart ally is somehow the path to strength. It is not, it
never has been, and it never will be.
Our alliance is based on shared interests and shared values. Those who
threaten Israel threaten us. Israel has always faced these threats on the
front lines. And I will bring to the White House an unshakeable commitment
to Israel's security. That starts with ensuring Israel's qualitative military
advantage. I will ensure that Israel can defend itself from any threat – from
Gaza to Tehran. Defense cooperation between the United States and
Israel is a model of success, and must be deepened. As President, I will
implement a Memorandum of Understanding that provides $30 billion in
assistance to Israel over the next decade – investments to Israel's security
that will not be tied to any other nation. First, we must approve the foreign
aid request for 2009. Going forward, we can enhance our cooperation on
missile defense. We should export military equipment to our ally Israel
under the same guidelines as NATO. And I will always stand up for Israel's
right to defend itself in the United Nations and around the world.
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Across the political spectrum, Israelis understand that real security can only
come through lasting peace. And that is why we – as friends of Israel –must resolve to do all we can to help Israel and its neighbors to achieve it.
Because a secure, lasting peace is in Israel's national interest. It is in
America's national interest. And it is in the interest of the Palestinian people
and the Arab world. As President, I will work to help Israel achieve the goal
of two states, a Jewish state of Israel and a Palestinian state, living side by
side in peace and security. And I won't wait until the waning days of my
presidency. I will take an active role, and make a personal commitment to
do all I can to advance the cause of peace from the start of my
Administration.
The long road to peace requires Palestinian partners committed to making
the journey. We must isolate Hamas unless and until they renounce
terrorism, recognize Israel's right to exist, and abide by past agreements.
There is no room at the negotiating table for terrorist organizations. That is
why I opposed holding elections in 2006 with Hamas on the ballot. The
Israelis and the Palestinian Authority warned us at the time against holding
these elections. But this Administration pressed ahead, and the result is a
Gaza controlled by Hamas, with rockets raining down on Israel.
The Palestinian people must understand that progress will not come
through the false prophets of extremism or the corrupt use of foreign aid.
The United States and the international community must stand by
Palestinians who are committed to cracking down on terror and carrying
the burden of peacemaking. I will strongly urge Arab governments to take
steps to normalize relations with Israel, and to fulfill their responsibility to
pressure extremists and provide real support for President Abbas and
Prime Minister Fayyad. Egypt must cut off the smuggling of weapons into
Gaza. Israel can also advance the cause of peace by taking appropriate
steps – consistent with its security – to ease the freedom of movement for
Palestinians, improve economic conditions in the West Bank, and to refrain
from building new settlements – as it agreed to with the Bush
Administration at Annapolis.
Let me be clear. Israel's security is sacrosanct. It is non-negotiable. The
Palestinians need a state that is contiguous and cohesive, and that allows
them to prosper – but any agreement with the Palestinian people must
preserve Israel's identity as a Jewish state, with secure, recognized and
defensible borders. Jerusalem will remain the capital of Israel, and it must
remain undivided.
I have no illusions that this will be easy. It will require difficult decisions on
both sides. But Israel is strong enough to achieve peace, if it has partners
who are committed to the goal. Most Israelis and Palestinians want peace,
and we must strengthen their hand. The United States must be a strong
and consistent partner in this process – not to force concessions, but to
help committed partners avoid stalemate and the kind of vacuums that are
filled by violence. That's what I commit to do as President of the United
States.
The threats to Israel start close to home, but they don't end there. Syria
continues its support for terror and meddling in Lebanon. And Syria has
taken dangerous steps in pursuit of weapons of mass destruction, which is
why Israeli action was justified to end that threat. I also believe that the
United States has a responsibility to support Israel's efforts to renew peace
talks with the Syrians. We must never force Israel to the negotiating table,
but neither should we ever block negotiations when Israel's leaders decide
that they may serve Israeli interests. As President, I will do whatever I can
to help Israel succeed in these negotiations. And success will require the
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full enforcement of Security Council Resolution 1701 in Lebanon, and a
stop to Syria's support for terror. It is time for this reckless behavior to
come to an end.
There is no greater threat to Israel – or to the peace and stability of the
region – than Iran. Now this audience is made up of both Republicans and
Democrats, and the enemies of Israel should have no doubt that,
regardless of party, Americans stand shoulder-to-shoulder in our
commitment to Israel's security. So while I don't want to strike too partisan
a note here today, I do want to address some willful mischaracterizations of
my positions.
The Iranian regime supports violent extremists and challenges us across
the region. It pursues a nuclear capability that could spark a dangerous
arms race, and raise the prospect of a transfer of nuclear know-how to
terrorists. Its President denies the Holocaust and threatens to wipe Israel
off the map. The danger from Iran is grave, it is real, and my goal will be to
eliminate this threat.
But just as we are clear-eyed about the threat, we must be clear about the
failure of today's policy. We knew, in 2002, that Iran supported terrorism.
We knew Iran had an illicit nuclear program. We knew Iran posed a grave
threat to Israel. But instead of pursuing a strategy to address this threat, we
ignored it and instead invaded and occupied Iraq. When I opposed the war,
I warned that it would fan the flames of extremism in the Middle East. That
is precisely what happened in Iran – the hardliners tightened their grip, and
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected President in 2005. And the United
States and Israel are less secure.
I respect Senator McCain, and look forward to a substantive debate with
him these next five months. But on this point, we have differed, and we will
differ. Senator McCain refuses to understand or acknowledge the failure of
the policy that he would continue. He criticizes my willingness to use strong
diplomacy, but offers only an alternate reality – one where the war in Iraq
has somehow put Iran on its heels. The truth is the opposite. Iran has
strengthened its position. Iran is now enriching uranium, and has reportedly
stockpiled 150 kilos of low enriched uranium. Its support for terrorism and
threats toward Israel have increased. Those are the facts, they cannot be
denied, and I refuse to continue a policy that has made the United States
and Israel less secure.
Senator McCain offers a false choice: stay the course in Iraq, or cede the
region to Iran. I reject this logic because there is a better way. Keeping all
of our troops tied down indefinitely in Iraq is not the way to weaken Iran – it
is precisely what has strengthened it. It is a policy for staying, not a plan for
victory. I have proposed a responsible, phased redeployment of our troops
from Iraq. We will get out as carefully as we were careless getting in. We
will finally pressure Iraq's leaders to take meaningful responsibility for their
own future.
We will also use all elements of American power to pressure Iran. I will do
everything in my power to prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon.
That starts with aggressive, principled diplomacy without self-defeating
preconditions, but with a clear-eyed understanding of our interests. We
have no time to waste. We cannot unconditionally rule out an approach that
could prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon. We have tried limited,
piecemeal talks while we outsource the sustained work to our European
allies. It is time for the United States to lead.
There will be careful preparation. We will open up lines of communication,
build an agenda, coordinate closely with our allies, and evaluate the
potential for progress. Contrary to the claims of some, I have no interest in
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sitting down with men like Ahmadinejad just for the sake of talking. But as
President of the United States, I would be willing to lead tough and
principled diplomacy with the appropriate Iranian leader at a time and place
of my choosing – if, and only if – it can advance the interests of the United
States.
Only recently have some come to think that diplomacy by definition cannot
be tough. They forget the example of Truman, and Kennedy and Reagan.
These Presidents understood that diplomacy backed by real leverage was
a fundamental tool of statecraft. And it is time to once again make
American diplomacy a tool to succeed, not just a means of containing
failure. We will pursue this diplomacy with no illusions about the Iranian
regime. Instead, we will present a clear choice. If you abandon your
dangerous nuclear program, support for terror, and threats to Israel, there
will be meaningful incentives – including the lifting of sanctions, and
political and economic integration with the international community. If you
refuse, we will ratchet up the pressure.
My presidency will strengthen our hand as we restore our standing. Our
willingness to pursue diplomacy will make it easier to mobilize others to join
our cause. If Iran fails to change course when presented with this choice by
the United States, it will be clear – to the people of Iran, and to the world –
that the Iranian regime is the author of its own isolation. That will
strengthen our hand with Russia and China as we insist on stronger
sanctions in the Security Council. And we should work with Europe, Japan
and the Gulf states to find every avenue outside the UN to isolate the
Iranian regime – from cutting off loan guarantees and expanding financial
sanctions, to banning the export of refined petroleum to Iran, to boycotting
firms associated with the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, which has rightly
been labeled a terrorist organization.
I was interested to see Senator McCain propose divestment as a source of
leverage – not the bigoted divestment that has sought to punish Israeli
scientists and academics, but divestment targeted at the Iranian regime.
It's a good concept, but not a new one. I introduced legislation over a year
ago that would encourage states and the private sector to divest from
companies that do business in Iran. This bill has bipartisan support, but for
reasons that I'll let him explain, Senator McCain never signed on.
Meanwhile, an anonymous Senator is blocking the bill. It is time to pass
this into law so that we can tighten the squeeze on the Iranian regime. We
should also pursue other unilateral sanctions that target Iranian banks and
assets.
And we must free ourselves from the tyranny of oil. The price of a barrel of
oil is one of the most dangerous weapons in the world. Petrodollars pay for
weapons that kill American troops and Israeli citizens. And the Bush
Administration's policies have driven up the price of oil, while its energy
policy has made us more dependent on foreign oil and gas. It's time for the
United States to take real steps to end our addiction to oil. And we can join
with Israel, building on last year's US-Israel Energy Cooperation Act, to
deepen our partnership in developing alternative sources of energy by
increasing scientific collaboration and joint research and development. The
surest way to increase our leverage in the long term is to stop bankrolling
the Iranian regime.
Finally, let there be no doubt: I will always keep the threat of military action
on the table to defend our security and our ally Israel. Sometimes there are
no alternatives to confrontation. But that only makes diplomacy more
important. If we must use military force, we are more likely to succeed, and
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will have far greater support at home and abroad, if we have exhausted our
diplomatic efforts.
That is the change we need in our foreign policy. Change that restores
American power and influence. Change accompanied by a pledge that I will
make known to allies and adversaries alike: that America maintains an
unwavering friendship with Israel, and an unshakeable commitment to its
security.
As members of AIPAC, you have helped advance this bipartisan
consensus to support and defend our ally Israel. And I am sure that today
on Capitol Hill you will be meeting with members of Congress and
spreading the word. But we are here because of more than policy. We are
here because the values we hold dear are deeply embedded in the story of
Israel.
Just look at what Israel has accomplished in 60 years. From decades of
struggle and the terrible wake of the Holocaust, a nation was forged to
provide a home for Jews from all corners of the world – from Syria to
Ethiopia to the Soviet Union. In the face of constant threats, Israel has
triumphed. In the face of constant peril, Israel has prospered. In a state of
constant insecurity, Israel has maintained a vibrant and open discourse,
and a resilient commitment to the rule of law.
As any Israeli will tell you, Israel is not a perfect place, but like the United
States it sets an example for all when it seeks a more perfect future. These
same qualities can be found among American Jews. It is why so many
Jewish Americans have stood by Israel, while advancing the American
story. Because there is a commitment embedded in the Jewish faith and
tradition: to freedom and fairness; to social justice and equal opportunity.
To tikkun olam – the obligation to repair this world.
I will never forget that I would not be standing here today if it weren't for
that commitment. In the great social movements in our country's history,
Jewish and African Americans have stood shoulder to shoulder. They took
buses down south together. They marched together. They bled together.
And Jewish Americans like Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner were
willing to die alongside a black man – James Chaney – on behalf of
freedom and equality. Their legacy is our inheritance. We must not allow
the relationship between Jews and African Americans to suffer. This is a
bond that must be strengthened. Together, we can rededicate ourselves to
end prejudice and combat hatred in all of its forms. Together, we can
renew our commitment to justice. Together, we can join our voices
together, and in doing so make even the mightiest of walls fall down.
That work must include our shared commitment to Israel. You and I know
that we must do more than stand still. Now is the time to be vigilant in
facing down every foe, just as we move forward in seeking a future of
peace for the children of Israel, and for all children. Now is the time to
stand by Israel as it writes the next chapter in its extraordinary journey.
Now is the time to join together in the work of repairing this world.
113
Obama backtracks on an undivided J'lem, in “The Jerusalem Post”
14.07.2008: In his first major speech minutes after clinching the Democrat
nomination as the party's candidate for the US presidential election, Barack
Obama surprised listeners at an AIPAC convention by saying Jerusalem
should be Israel's "undivided" capital. However, the Illinois senator
retracted his comments on Sunday, saying that they were "badly phrased,"
Israel Radio reported.
"You know, the truth is that this was an example where we had some poor
phrasing in the speech, and we immediately tried to correct the
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interpretation that was given," Obama said during an interview on CNN's
"Fareed Zakaria – GPS."
"The point we were simply making was, is that we don't want barbed wire
running through Jerusalem, similar to the way it was prior to the '67 war,
that it is possible for us to create a Jerusalem that is cohesive and
coherent. I was not trying to predetermine what are essentially final-status
issues."
The senator explained that despite the error in conveying his message, he
did not intend to abandon the notion that the two sides – Israel and the
Palestinians – should discuss such issues on their own, with strong
backing from the United States.
Israel, Obama said, must realize that its existence over the long term is
dependent on its ability to achieve peace with its neighbors, while the
Palestinian leadership must recognize the fact that the battles it fights, the
direction in which it is going and the rhetoric it uses do not "deliver the
goods" for the Palestinian people.
What Israeli citizens want and what the residents of the West Bank long for
is a pragmatic approach that would allow them to be safe, live their lives
and educate their children, Obama added.
Obama is scheduled to come to Israel for a brief 24-hour visit next week as
part of a European and Middle Easter tour (during which he will visit
Germany, France, the United Kingdom and also Iraq and Jordan).
Obama's campaign headquarters have not yet published his itinerary and
the precise date of his arrival, but he is scheduled to visit the Western Wall,
Yad Vashem and take a helicopter trip to Sderot.
Additionally, Obama will meet Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, Defense
Minister Ehud Barak, Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni and opposition leader and
Likud chairman Binyamin Netanyahu.
A poll published by Newsweek recently found that Obama is still the
favored candidate, though by a smaller margin than last month. Obama
enjoys 44 percent of support, while Republican nominee John McCain
enjoys 41%.
114
Haviv Rettig: Flexible aliya plan presented to Knesset, in “The
Jerusalem Post”-internet 03.06.2008:
A new program being developed by the Jewish Agency and the
government seeks to bring Diaspora Jews to Israel on a kind of temporary
aliya – or long-term residency – during which they will experience life in
Israel before deciding whether to move to the country permanently. The
program, dubbed "flexible aliya," was presented by Jewish Agency directorgeneral Moshe Vigdor in a meeting of the Knesset Immigration, Absorption
and Diaspora Affairs Committee on Tuesday morning. It is being developed
jointly by the JA and the Interior and Immigrant Absorption ministries.
According to the new initiative, Jews from around the world will be able to
move to Israel for a period ranging from several months to several years,
during which they will be able to work, study and volunteer in the country.
The exact nature of the new residency status is being determined in
discussions with the Interior Ministry, but Jewish Agency officials said
Tuesday that the status would be more than a tourist and less than an
immigrant.
This might mean eligibility for state-funded Hebrew courses, but not for the
tax breaks and partially funded university studies contained in the aliya
absorption package, while the compulsory military service of olim
[immigrants] would not be required but other unspecified civic duties could
be imposed. At the Knesset meeting, Vigdor noted that 10 percent of
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participants in Masa, a program that brings up to 8,000 Jewish college-age
youth to Israel each year for 5-month and year-long programs, end up
making aliya within two years.
115
116
Vgl. die Eintragung am 13.05.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Christoph Schult and Holger Stark: Berlin Forges Master Plan for
Prisoner Exchange, “Spiegel”-online 01.06.2008, via
www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,556951,00.html:
A German intelligence agent has been brokering a prisoner exchange deal
between Israel and Hezbollah on behalf of the United Nations. Now an
official proposal is on the table, and Jerusalem is due to decide shortly
whether to accept it.
Secret diplomacy in the Middle East is always a sensitive issue. Successive
German foreign ministers have realized that, and so has German
negotiator Gerhard C., who has been mediating between Israel and the
Lebanese Hezbollah for almost two years. For most of that time, the agent
of Germany's foreign intelligence service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst
(BND), had little to show for his troubles apart a fractured hand sustained
in a fall during a secret visit to Israel.
But since last week the German agent, who has been shuttling back and
forth between the two sides on behalf of the United Nations, has been able
to report signs of progress to his masters in Berlin and New York, and his
news gives rise to hope for an easing of tensions in this troubled region.
The deal the agent is currently arranging could enter the history books as a
masterly diplomatic coup, if it works. German Chancellor Angela Merkel
has been informed, as has Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, who
travels to Jerusalem this week.
After months of negotiations, which went on even throughout Lebanon's
recent government crisis, "Mr Hezbollah" as Gerhard C. is known in
intelligence circles, recently presented the text of a master plan aimed at
securing the return of the two Israeli soldiers Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad
Regev, both of whom are believed to be dead. Their capture near the
Lebanese-Israeli border in a raid by Hezbollah on July 12, 2006, had
triggered the 33-day war between Israel and the Lebanese-based
guerrillas.
Hezbollah put its secret tunnel system and high-tech weapons to such
effective use against the usually well-prepared Israeli army that the war
was called a "failure" by the Israeli government-appointed commission that
investigated it. In large parts of the Arab world, the militia of Sheikh Hassan
Nasrallah has been hailed as the historic victor over the hated Israeli army.
Berlin's master plan envisages that the Israeli government of Prime
Minister Ehud Olmert release four Hezbollah militiamen captured in
southern Lebanon during the war. Olmert's soldiers weren't able to capture
many Lebanese guerrillas, and the four are the last fighters still being held
by Israel. In addition, Israel is to hand over the bodies of 10 Lebanese
combatants as well as the remains of fighters from previous wars. It would
also provide maps detailing the location of minefields Israeli troops set up
in southern Lebanon.
Handover List Includes Druze Killer
The list includes the name of a man who provokes Israeli fury like few
others: Samir Kuntar, 45. The member of the Druze religion, a spin-off of
Islam, belonged to an Arab terror unit that killed four Israelis in the Israeli
town of Nahariya in 1979. Kuntar shot dead a man in front of the eyes of
his daughter and then smashed the girl's skull in. The mother managed to
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313 – Chronologie 2008
hide the second child but it asphyxiated while she tried to calm it down.
Kuntar has expressed no remorse for his deed to this day. "The only place
for me is at the fighting front which is soaked with the blood of martyrs," he
recently wrote to Nasrallah from his prison cell.
In return, Hezbollah is prepared to hand over the bodies of Regev and
Goldwasser. Nasrallah's negotiator Hajj Wafik never officially confirmed
that the soldiers died but their death is now regarded as a fact in the secret
talks. In addition the Shiite group, which receives millions from the Iranian
government each year and gets weapons from Tehran and Damascus, is
to provide information on the fate of a further Israeli, Ron Arad.
The fighter jet navigator is a national hero in Israel. He was shot down in
1986 over Lebanon and has been missing ever since. He is believed to
have been taken to Iran and to have died there. The deal would require
Hezbollah to give a detailed report on Arad's fate. The Israeli government
decided in 2004 to link Samir Kuntar's fate with information on the
whereabouts of Ron Arad's body. But Olmert's cabinet now seems ready to
free the killer. "My brother will soon be home," said Bassam Kuntar.
Hezbollah leader Nasrallah says there will be a solution "very soon."
Berlin Plan Proposes Release of Palestinians Prisoners
That may be a little too optimistic, because the Berlin master plan also
consists of a second part which is no less sensitive: the release by Israel of
Palestinian prisoners. In the negotiations over recent months, Hezbollah
has insisted that in addition to releasing the four Lebanese militiamen and
Kuntar, Olmert must free a large number of Palestinian fighters being held
in Israeli prisons. The most recent number being discussed is several
dozen. That would enable Nasrallah to present himself as guardian of all
"resistance groups" against Israel and as a strategist capable of standing
up to Israel not just on the battlefield, but on the diplomatic stage as well.
It's quite possible that the ambitious plan could still fail, because the
release of Palestinian fighters would weaken Israel's position against
Hamas. The Palestinian group also holds an Israeli soldier, Corporal Gilad
Shalit, and is demanding the release of around 450 Palestinian prisoners
being held in Israel. The prisoner exchange resembles haggling in a
bazaar. If Israel were to release Palestinians in a deal with Hezbollah,
Hamas would respond by increasing its own demands, especially given
that Shalit is still alive.
Even without this problem Olmert will have trouble selling the return of two
dead soldiers as a success. For months, the Israeli negotiators didn't tell
the soldiers' families that they believed them to be dead. When Israeli
newspaper "Jediot Acharonot" last week confirmed a report in SPIEGEL to
that effect, the mother of Ehud Goldwasser was outraged. "Nobody said a
word to us."
Olmert Weakened
The prime minister is under severe political pressure as it is. He looks
increasingly likely to face a corruption charge after damning court
testimony from US businessman Morris Talansky that he handed Olmert
more than $100,000. Coalition partner Ehud Barak called on him to resign
last week and Olmert's strongest rival, Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, called
for new elections. Critics within Olmert's party would attack the release of
Palestinian prisoners as a further sign of weakness. "There is no way we
will release Palestinians," vowed Yaakov Edri, a member of Olmert's
Kadima party and a minister in his cabinet.
German mediator Gerhard C. is well aware of these objections and has
spent months trying to find a solution that enables both sides to save face.
There aren't many better suited to the task that "Mr Hezbollah", who
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314 – Chronologie 2008
speaks fluent Arabic, is trusted in Jerusalem and Beirut and played a
central behind-the-scenes role in the last big prisoner exchange in 2004.
The proposed deal the BND agent developed in accord with the United
Nations harbors a major political risk for UN Secretary-General Ban Ki
Moon, who wants to overcome the stalemate between the two enemies by
segregating the actual deal from the issue of Palestinian prisoners.
The two-step plan envisages allowing some time to pass between the first
exchange and the subsequent release of Palestinians. The latter step
would officially be billed as a humanitarian gesture by the Israeli
government. That would make it hard for Hezbollah to sell the return of
anti-Zionist fighters as a triumph for Nasrallah. Israel could imagine such
an arrangement, Olmert's chief negotiator Ofer Dekel had indicated to the
German mediator – provided that Nasrallah gave a sign that the soldiers
were alive. Now that they are believed to be dead, Israel's willingness to
reach a deal has lessened. On the other hand, there is growing pressure
for a quick settlement, both from the United Nations and by supporters of a
deal in Israel. Decisive talks are now set take place this week in Israel,
followed by a final round of shuttle diplomacy by the BND agent between
Jerusalem, Beirut, New York and Berlin.
Excitement is running high at both the UN and in the German government
ahead of the Israeli government's decision. The issue of Palestinian
prisoners remains "on the table", said an Israeli who is accompanying the
talks. There's no guarantee that the government will agree to an exchange,
said the insider. "But it can't be ruled out either."
117
Ofri Ilani: U-S. Prof. gives Israeli prize money to Palestinian university,
in „Haaretz“-Online 26.05.2008:
The American mathematician David Mumford, co-winner of the 2008 Wolf
Foundation Prize in Mathematics, announced upon receiving the award
yesterday that he will donate the money to Bir Zeit University, near
Ramallah, and to Gisha, an Israeli organization that advocates for
Palestinian freedom of movement.
"I decided to donate my share of the Wolf Prize to enable the academic
community in occupied Palestine to survive and thrive," Mumford told
Haaretz. "I am very grateful for the prize, but I believe that Palestinian
students should have an opportunity to go elsewhere to acquire an
education. Students in the West Bank and Gaza today do not have an
opportunity to do that."
The Wolf Foundation awards prizes of $100,000 each year "to outstanding
scientists and artists for achievements in the interest of mankind and
friendly relations among peoples," its web site says. It is considered one of
the most prestigious international honors in mathematics.
Mumford, professor emeritus at Brown University and Harvard University,
shared this year's prize with Pierre Deligne and Phillip Griffiths of Princeton
University. According to the Wolf Foundation, he was recognized for his
"work on algebraic surfaces; on geometric invariant theory; and for laying
the foundations of the modern algebraic theory of the moduli space of
curves and theta functions."
Mumford, who received the prize from President Shimon Peres in the
Knesset, said he has already contacted Bir Zeit University and Gisha, and
they have agreed to accept his donation. "The achievements I
accomplished in mathematics were made possible thanks to my being able
to move freely and exchange ideas with other scholars," he said. "It would
not have been possible without an international consensus on an exchange
of ideas. Mathematics works best when people can move and get together.
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315 – Chronologie 2008
That's its elixir of life. But the people of occupied Palestine don't have an
opportunity to do that. The school system is fighting for its life, and mobility
is very limited."
"When I visited Israel in 1995, there was a feeling of hope, but that is not
the situation today," he added. "Education for people in the occupied
territories gives them a future. The alternative is chaos." He said his
decision was not aimed at Israel. "I have tremendous regard for Israel,
which is without a doubt a major force in the mathematics world. But
unfortunately, the Palestinians cannot take part in this prosperity."
118
Amos Harel and Barak Ravid: Olmert to Haaretz: Syria contacts are
‚historic breakthrough“, in „Haaretz“-Online 21.05.2008:
Israel and Syria will begin indirect negotiations in Istanbul in a few weeks,
in an effort to reach a peace agreement. The talks will be held through
Turkish mediators.
Prime Minister Ehud Olmert told Haaretz on Wednesday that "there had
been a development in Syrian positions and the contacts with Syria are a
historic breakthrough." Olmert added that "these exchanges have been
ongoing for a long time and they have now matured."
On Monday [May 19, 2008], a secret mini-conference was held in Istanbul
to establish the framework of the negotiations and its content. At the end of
the meetings a coordinated joint declaration announced that talks will
begin.
"Israel and Syria began indirect peace talks under Turkish auspices," the
statement read. "Both sides declared that their intention is to conduct these
talks in good faith and with an open mind. They decided to conduct the
dialogue in a serious and continuous manner in a bid to reach a
comprehensive peace in accordance with the framework established at the
Madrid peace conference."
At the 1991 Madrid peace conference, it was decided to hold direct
negotiations between Israel and its neighbors on the basis of United
Nations Resolutions 242 and 338.
The efforts to reach agreement on starting talks began in February 2007
with the exchange of informal notes between Syria and Israel through
Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
The talks on Monday involved, on the Israeli side, the Prime Minister's
Bureau chief of staff, Yoram Turbowicz, and his political adviser, Shalom
Turgeman. Syria was represented by the legal counselor of the Foreign
Ministry, Dr. Riad Daoudi. The Syrian official is a veteran of behind-thescenes talks with Israel, and held talks with Uri Sagie, adviser to Ehud
Barak, even after talks with Syria broke down in 2000.
Facilitating the indirect talks was Erdogan's foreign policy adviser, Ahmet
Davutoglu.
Speaking Wednesday at a Tel Aviv conference on education, Prime
Minister Olmert said that "negotiations with Syria will not be easy and will
not be simple, it may take a long time and it will involve concessions.
"After evaluating all the data and receiving the opinion of the defense
establishment, I reached the conclusion that the chance [for success] is
greater than the risk, and with this hope we are today getting on our way."
Olmert added that the resumption of negotiations with Syria is a national
obligation that must be tried. "That was the same conclusion that [Yitzhak]
Rabin, [Benjamin] Netanyahu, and Ehud Barak had reached when each in
turn invested efforts in this direction and were even willing to make painful,
extraordinary concessions in order to reach peace with Syria," Olmert said.
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316 – Chronologie 2008
"The years that have passed have not improved our security situation along
the northern border, which is still a source of major concern regarding the
deterioration of our security situation. Under such conditions it is always
best to talk and not shoot, and I am happy that the two sides have agreed
to talk.'
A senior source in the Prime Minister's Bureau declined to offer details on
the content of the talks but said they were held while the representatives of
Israel and Syria sat in separate rooms, with the Turkish facilitators shuttling
between them. According to the Israeli source, the two sides agreed to hold
indirect meetings every few weeks in Istanbul.
"The fact that the Syrian president agreed to the framework of the
negotiations grants credibility to his intentions," the senior source said. "It is
obvious to us that if we reach agreement it will be respected and it will be
possible to implement it.
"During the talks Israel did not make any preliminary promises on the
Golan Heights and did not refer to the promises made by Rabin," the
source said. He was referring to a 1994 promise Rabin made to U.S.
Secretary of State Warren Christopher, that if Syria met Israel's security
conditions, Israel would withdraw from the Golan Heights.
However, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Moallem said Wednesday night
during a visit to Bahrain that Israel had commited to withdrawing to the
June 4, 1967 lines, noting that this was not a new development.
"Already in 1993 the late prime minister Yitzhak Rabin commited to this,
and since then all other prime ministers have followed," the Syrian minister
said.
He also expressed hope that Israel will be serious in the talks so that
progress will be achieved and make direct talks possible.
Talks between Israel and Syria at Shepherdstown in 2000 stalled over the
question of the border of June 4, which the Syrians claim constituted the
border on the waterline of Lake Kinneret, while Israel maintains that
because the lake has dried up over the years, the waterline moved several
hundred meters. Over the years, the waterline had served as an unofficial
border.
Former Syrian information minister, Mahdi Dahlallah, said Wednesday
night that if there is a peace agreement "then there will no longer be any
need for resistance," a direct reference to Hezbollah in Lebanon and also
Hamas.
Dahlallah said that the "resistance is not an end in and of itself but a means
for restoring land that was taken away, and therefore if this territory is
restored there is no reason for resistance."
Meanwhile, senior Israeli security figures suggested Wednesday that there
should be no exaggerated expectations of the renewed talks.
The same sources said that it is hard to believe that the exchanges will
come to fruition in the near future, certainly not in terms of a peace
agreement between the two countries.
At the Israel Defense Forces, the assessment is that a major component
that may encourage a Syrian agreement for an accord depends on
American involvement.
IDF sources say that if the Bush administration is willing to place the talks
under its aegis and Syrian President Bashar Assad is convinced that U.S.
support will be extensive in return for peace with Israel, progress will be
achieved.
Syria "is not as interested in making peace with Israel as it is in making
peace with Washington," said Itamar Rabinovich, who served as an Israeli
negotiator in the last round of talks with Syria
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317 – Chronologie 2008
The U.S. administration had been updated on the status of the talks
between the two sides, and Washington announced Wednesday that it is
not opposed.
"We were not surprised by it, and we do not object to it," said White House
spokeswoman Dana Perino on the unexpected joint announcement by
Israel and Syria on Wednesday that they were conducting indirect talks
through Turkey.
Perino said that the United States was not involved in the effort, which was
"a decision undertaken by Israel," but added that the administration hoped
"that this is a forum to address various concerns we all have with Syria –
Syria's support of terrorism, repression of its own people. And so we will
see how this progresses." Israel informed Egypt and the Palestinian
Authorities of the existence of indirect talks with Syria before the official
announcement Wednesday. It sought to assure the Palestinians that Israel
is in no way opting for the Syrian track at the expense of negotiations with
the Palestinian Authority.
119
Vgl. die Eintragung am 23.02.2009 in dieser Zeitleiste.
120
Alon Liel bemühte sich im Frühjahr 2007 um Schritte der Entspannung
zwischen beiden Staaten, so die Eintragung am 12.04.2007 in dieser
Zeitleiste.
121
Alon Liel: Please, Mr. President, in “Haaretz”-Online 16.05.2008:
Dear President Bush,
Welcome to Israel. I believe that your visit at this time is more important
than ever, because two days spent in Israel are vital to understanding our
situation.
These two days have helped to bring you up to speed as to the mood of
the country on its 60th birthday, the feeling of despair that hangs over a
nation surrounded by a sea of fundamentalism. These 48 hours are giving
you a first-hand look at the political situation of our prime minister. This trip
is also allowing you to check the pulse of Palestinian public opinion;
perhaps even to reflect on your miscalculation (not the first) in gambling on
the moderate forces in Lebanon to gain the upper hand over their nemesis,
Hezbollah.
While here, you can gain a keener sense of the way the sands are blowing
than if you had remained in Washington, which is now preoccupied with
figuring out who will be the next occupant of your soon-to-be-former
residence.
I assume you have come with gifts for our 60th birthday that are you are
eagerly unpacking from your suitcase. While I do not discount your
sincerity and goodwill, I would like to ask for one particular present that I'm
sure you did not bring, but which could be put to immediate use. It is a gift
that can keep at bay a future conflagration that threatens the region, a gift
that perhaps can salvage America's standing in the Middle East. It is a gift
that bears strategic importance for the State of Israel and has the potential
to simultaneously give a boost to Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. Mr.
President, I know it is hardly respectful to ask for gifts, but this time it is
urgent. Sir, I am asking you to appoint a special envoy whose task would
be to oversee diplomatic contacts between Israel and Syria. This is a gift
that won't cost you much, and it may seem unnecessary to you, but for us it
would be a lifesaver.
Mr. President, you've already appointed numerous envoys to the region
during your term in office, only to see a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian
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318 – Chronologie 2008
problem move further out of reach. I promise you, sir, that this time you
won't be wasting an envoy. Your new emissary will enable us to jump-start
the process that could change the balance of power in the Middle East.
Mr. President, as the one who has run the world for the past eight years,
and by extension the Middle East, you have played no small part in the
regional gains by Shi'ite fundamentalists who threaten us from every
direction. You were so focused on the nuclear bomb that had yet to be
produced that you didn't bother to concern yourself with the most potent
conventional weapon there is in Iran: winning hearts and minds in the
region – hearts and minds that you have managed to repel and which are
now in the possession of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The
Iranians don't need to use the bomb. With their heads, their mouths and
the Koran, they beat us with a knockout punch.
Mr. President, Syria is not a natural member of the Iranian fundamentalist
camp. Just ask the most renowned Orientalists at a university not far from
where you stand today in Jerusalem. The Syrians fear the Iranians almost
as much as we do. You have a one-time opportunity to stop Syria from
falling completely into Iranian hands. Mr. President, give us a chance to at
least ensure quiet on our northern front. We have our hands full as it is with
Hamas in the Gaza Strip and, perhaps very soon, the West Bank. Please,
Mr. President. Even though you may not view this gift as significant, we can
put it to immediate use. Even your fellow citizens will benefit from it at the
end of the day.
Dr. Alon Liel, a former director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is
chairman of the Israel-Syria Peace Society.
122
123
Vgl. die Eintragung am 27.02.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
US President before the Knesset, 15 May 2008:
President Peres and Mr. Prime Minister, Madam Speaker, thank very much
for hosting this special session. President Beinish, Leader of the
Opposition Netanyahu, Ministers, members of the Knesset, distinguished
guests: Shalom. Laura and I are thrilled to be back in Israel. We have been
deeply moved by the celebrations of the past two days. And this afternoon,
I am honored to stand before one of the world's great democratic
assemblies and convey the wishes of the American people with these
words: Yom Ha'atzmaut Sameach. (Applause.)
It is a rare privilege for the American President to speak to the Knesset.
(Laughter.)
Although the Prime Minister told me there is something even rarer – to
have just one person in this chamber speaking at a time. (Laughter.) My
only regret is that one of Israel's greatest leaders is not here to share this
moment. He is a warrior for the ages, a man of peace, a friend. The
prayers of the American people are with Ariel Sharon. (Applause.)
We gather to mark a momentous occasion. Sixty years ago in Tel Aviv,
David Ben-Gurion proclaimed Israel's independence, founded on the
"natural right of the Jewish people to be masters of their own fate." What
followed was more than the establishment of a new country. It was the
redemption of an ancient promise given to Abraham and Moses and David
– a homeland for the chosen people Eretz Yisrael.
Eleven minutes later, on the orders of President Harry Truman, the United
States was proud to be the first nation to recognize Israel's independence.
And on this landmark anniversary, America is proud to be Israel's closest
ally and best friend in the world.
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319 – Chronologie 2008
The alliance between our governments is unbreakable, yet the source of
our friendship runs deeper than any treaty. It is grounded in the shared
spirit of our people, the bonds of the Book, the ties of the soul. When
William Bradford stepped off the Mayflower in 1620, he quoted the words
of Jeremiah:
"Come let us declare in Zion the word of God." The founders of my country
saw a new promised land and bestowed upon their towns names like
Bethlehem and New Canaan. And in time, many Americans became
passionate advocates for a Jewish state.
Centuries of suffering and sacrifice would pass before the dream was
fulfilled. The Jewish people endured the agony of the pogroms, the tragedy
of the Great War, and the horror of the Holocaust – what Elie Wiesel called
"the kingdom of the night." Soulless men took away lives and broke apart
families. Yet they could not take away the spirit of the Jewish people, and
they could not break the promise of God. (Applause.) When news of
Israel's freedom finally arrived, Golda Meir, a fearless woman raised in
Wisconsin, could summon only tears. She later said: "For two thousand
years we have waited for our deliverance. Now that it is here it is so great
and wonderful that it surpasses human words."
The joy of independence was tempered by the outbreak of battle, a
struggle that has continued for six decades. Yet in spite of the violence, in
defiance of the threats, Israel has built a thriving democracy in the heart of
the Holy Land. You have welcomed immigrants from the four corners of the
Earth. You have forged a free and modern society based on the love of
liberty, a passion for justice, and a respect for human dignity. You have
worked tirelessly for peace. You have fought valiantly for freedom.
My country's admiration for Israel does not end there. When Americans
look at Israel, we see a pioneer spirit that worked an agricultural miracle
and now leads a high-tech revolution. We see world-class universities and
a global leader in business and innovation and the arts. We see a resource
more valuable than oil or gold: the talent and determination of a free people
who refuse to let any obstacle stand in the way of their destiny.
I have been fortunate to see the character of Israel up close. I have
touched the Western Wall, seen the sun reflected in the Sea of Galilee, I
have prayed at Yad Vashem. And earlier today, I visited Masada, an
inspiring monument to courage and sacrifice. At this historic site, Israeli
soldiers swear an oath: "Masada shall never fall again." Citizens of Israel:
Masada shall never fall again, and America will be at your side.
This anniversary is a time to reflect on the past. It's also an opportunity to
look to the future. As we go forward, our alliance will be guided by clear
principles – shared convictions rooted in moral clarity and unswayed by
popularity polls or the shifting opinions of international elites.
We believe in the matchless value of every man, woman, and child. So we
insist that the people of Israel have the right to a decent, normal, and
peaceful life, just like the citizens of every other nation. (Applause.)
We believe that democracy is the only way to ensure human rights. So we
consider it a source of shame that the United Nations routinely passes
more human rights resolutions against the freest democracy in the Middle
East than any other nation in the world. (Applause.)
We believe that religious liberty is fundamental to a civilized society. So we
condemn anti-Semitism in all forms – whether by those who openly
question Israel's right to exist, or by others who quietly excuse them.
We believe that free people should strive and sacrifice for peace. So we
applaud the courageous choices Israeli's leaders have made. We also
believe that nations have a right to defend themselves and that no nation
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320 – Chronologie 2008
should ever be forced to negotiate with killers pledged to its destruction.
(Applause.)
We believe that targeting innocent lives to achieve political objectives is
always and everywhere wrong. So we stand together against terror and
extremism, and we will never let down our guard or lose our resolve.
(Applause.)
The fight against terror and extremism is the defining challenge of our time.
It is more than a clash of arms. It is a clash of visions, a great ideological
struggle. On the one side are those who defend the ideals of justice and
dignity with the power of reason and truth. On the other side are those who
pursue a narrow vision of cruelty and control by committing murder, inciting
fear, and spreading lies.
This struggle is waged with the technology of the 21st century, but at its
core it is an ancient battle between good and evil. The killers claim the
mantle of Islam, but they are not religious men. No one who prays to the
God of Abraham could strap a suicide vest to an innocent child, or blow up
guiltless guests at a Passover Seder, or fly planes into office buildings filled
with unsuspecting workers. In truth, the men who carry out these savage
acts serve no higher goal than their own desire for power. They accept no
God before themselves. And they reserve a special hatred for the most
ardent defenders of liberty, including Americans and Israelis.
And that is why the founding charter of Hamas calls for the "elimination" of
Israel. And that is why the followers of Hezbollah chant "Death to Israel,
Death to America!" That is why Osama bin Laden teaches that "the killing
of Jews and Americans is one of the biggest duties." And that is why the
President of Iran dreams of returning the Middle East to the Middle Ages
and calls for Israel to be wiped off the map.
There are good and decent people who cannot fathom the darkness in
these men and try to explain away their words. It's natural, but it is deadly
wrong. As witnesses to evil in the past, we carry a solemn responsibility to
take these words seriously. Jews and Americans have seen the
consequences of disregarding the words of leaders who espouse hatred.
And that is a mistake the world must not repeat in the 21st century.
Some seem to believe that we should negotiate with the terrorists and
radicals, as if some ingenious argument will persuade them they have been
wrong all along. We have heard this foolish delusion before. As Nazi tanks
crossed into Poland in 1939, an American senator declared: "Lord, if I
could only have talked to Hitler, all this might have been avoided." We have
an obligation to call this what it is – the false comfort of appeasement,
which has been repeatedly discredited by history. (Applause.)
Some people suggest if the United States would just break ties with Israel,
all our problems in the Middle East would go away. This is a tired argument
that buys into the propaganda of the enemies of peace, and America
utterly rejects it. Israel's population may be just over 7 million. But when
you confront terror and evil, you are 307 million strong, because the United
States of America stands with you. (Applause.)
America stands with you in breaking up terrorist networks and denying the
extremists sanctuary. America stands with you in firmly opposing Iran's
nuclear weapons ambitions. Permitting the world's leading sponsor of terror
to possess the world's deadliest weapons would be an unforgivable
betrayal for future generations. For the sake of peace, the world must not
allow Iran to have a nuclear weapon. (Applause.)
Ultimately, to prevail in this struggle, we must offer an alternative to the
ideology of the extremists by extending our vision of justice and tolerance
and freedom and hope. These values are the self-evident right of all
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321 – Chronologie 2008
people, of all religions, in all the world because they are a gift from the
Almighty God. Securing these rights is also the surest way to secure
peace. Leaders who are accountable to their people will not pursue endless
confrontation and bloodshed. Young people with a place in their society
and a voice in their future are less likely to search for meaning in
radicalism. Societies where citizens can express their conscience and
worship their God will not export violence, they will be partners in peace.
The fundamental insight, that freedom yields peace, is the great lesson of
the 20th century. Now our task is to apply it to the 21st. Nowhere is this
work more urgent than here in the Middle East. We must stand with the
reformers working to break the old patterns of tyranny and despair. We
must give voice to millions of ordinary people who dream of a better life in a
free society. We must confront the moral relativism that views all forms of
government as equally acceptable and thereby consigns whole societies to
slavery. Above all, we must have faith in our values and ourselves and
confidently pursue the expansion of liberty as the path to a peaceful future.
That future will be a dramatic departure from the Middle East of today. So
as we mark 60 years from Israel's founding, let us try to envision the region
60 years from now. This vision is not going to arrive easily or overnight; it
will encounter violent resistance. But if we and future Presidents and future
Knessets maintain our resolve and have faith in our ideals, here is the
Middle East that we can see:
Israel will be celebrating the 120th anniversary as one of the world's great
democracies, a secure and flourishing homeland for the Jewish people.
The Palestinian people will have the homeland they have long dreamed of
and deserved – a democratic state that is governed by law, and respects
human rights, and rejects terror. From Cairo to Riyadh to Baghdad and
Beirut, people will live in free and independent societies, where a desire for
peace is reinforced by ties of diplomacy and tourism and trade. Iran and
Syria will be peaceful nations, with today's oppression a distant memory
and where people are free to speak their minds and develop their Godgiven talents. Al Qaeda and Hezbollah and Hamas will be defeated, as
Muslims across the region recognize the emptiness of the terrorists' vision
and the injustice of their cause.
Overall, the Middle East will be characterized by a new period of tolerance
and integration. And this doesn't mean that Israel and its neighbors will be
best of friends. But when leaders across the region answer to their people,
they will focus their energies on schools and jobs, not on rocket attacks
and suicide bombings. With this change, Israel will open a new hopeful
chapter in which its people can live a normal life, and the dream of Herzl
and the founders of 1948 can be fully and finally realized.
This is a bold vision, and some will say it can never be achieved. But think
about what we have witnessed in our own time. When Europe was
destroying itself through total war and genocide, it was difficult to envision a
continent that six decades later would be free and at peace. When
Japanese pilots were flying suicide missions into American battleships, it
seemed impossible that six decades later Japan would be a democracy, a
lynchpin of security in Asia, and one of America's closest friends. And when
waves of refugees arrived here in the desert with nothing, surrounded by
hostile armies, it was almost unimaginable that Israel would grow into one
of the freest and most successful nations on the earth.
Yet each one of these transformations took place. And a future of
transformation is possible in the Middle East, so long as a new generation
of leaders has the courage to defeat the enemies of freedom, to make the
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322 – Chronologie 2008
hard choices necessary for peace, and stand firm on the solid rock of
universal values.
Sixty years ago, on the eve of Israel's independence, the last British
soldiers departing Jerusalem stopped at a building in the Jewish quarter of
the Old City. An officer knocked on the door and met a senior rabbi. The
officer presented him with a short iron bar – the key to the Zion Gate – and
said it was the first time in 18 centuries that a key to the gates of Jerusalem
had belonged to a Jew. His hands trembling, the rabbi offered a prayer of
thanksgiving to God, "Who had granted us life and permitted us to reach
this day." Then he turned to the officer, and uttered the words Jews had
awaited for so long: "I accept this key in the name of my people."
Over the past six decades, the Jewish people have established a state that
would make that humble rabbi proud. You have raised a modern society in
the Promised Land, a light unto the nations that preserves the legacy of
Abraham and Isaac and Jacob. And you have built a mighty democracy
that will endure forever and can always count on the United States of
America to be at your side. God bless. (Applause.)
124
MP Ehud before the Knesset, 15 May 2008:
Madam Speaker of the Knesset,
The Honorable President of the State of Israel, Mr. Shimon Peres,
Honored Guest of this House, the Honorable President of the United States
of America, Mr. George Bush, and Mrs. Laura Bush,
Madam Secretary of State, Ms. Condoleezza Rice,
Government Ministers,
Members of Knesset,
The Honorable US Ambassador to Israel, Mr. Richard Jones,
The Honorable Israeli Ambassador to the United States, Mr. Salai Meridor,
Dear Guests,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
The State of Israel and the Israeli Knesset are honored to host you, Mr.
President, in the home of Israeli democracy, the house where the free will
of the Israeli people is manifested, through its delegates and elected
representatives. On behalf of the citizens of Israel, on behalf of the
Government of Israel and on behalf of the members of this House, I warmly
welcome you as the President of a great nation, the leader of the Free
World, and as a true, steadfast and loyal friend of the State of Israel.
The deep-rooted friendship between the United States and Israel is not an
accidental one, and it cannot be taken for granted. It is a friendship
predicated on shared values and on a moral, human and social destiny, the
main principles of which are individual liberty, social justice and peace. The
greatness of the United States lies in its willingness and ability to act and
sacrifice for the sake of a global, international order based on democracy,
human rights, free economy and the achievement of peace. The distinction
between a way of life which is worth defending and that which must be
opposed has always been, and still remains, clear and sharp. In the words
of American President Harry Truman, who, sixty years ago, supported the
establishment of the State of Israel:
"One way of life is based upon the will of a majority, and is distinguished by
free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of
individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from
political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a
minority, forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and
oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed election, and the
suppression of personal freedoms".
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In a world where the American light-tower prevailed, the Jewish people
rose, through tremendous efforts, from the abyss of the Holocaust to the
pinnacle of revival, and founded, by the heroism of its sons, the democratic
State of Israel. Since then and throughout the years, despite the changes
of governments in Washington and governments in Jerusalem, the alliance
of friendship between our peoples and countries has remained solid and
continued to grow stronger and more powerful.
The United States' identification with the Jewish people's struggle for
national revival was demonstrated even before the establishment of the
State of Israel, with its demand to open the gates of the Land of Israel to
Holocaust survivors. Precisely sixty years ago, just a few minutes after the
State of Israel's declaration of independence, the United States was the
first country to grant us recognition. When the nascent, indigent nation took
upon itself the challenge of absorbing hundreds of thousands of destitute
Israeli refugees from Europe and Arab states, your country lent a hand and
provided loans and financial aid. Later, when the Soviet Union was arming
Israel's enemies who conspired to destroy us, the United States supplied
Israel with the means to defend itself. When the courageous outcry was
heard from behind the Iron Curtain "let my people go!", it was American
pressure which led to the opening of the gates for the mass immigration of
our brothers from the Soviet Union to Israel. And of course, it was
American President George Bush Sr. who acted to bring to Israel the
masses of Ethiopian Jews in the operation later known as Operation
Moshe.
In the international arena, the UN General Assembly, the Security Council,
and on countless other occasions, the United States consistently stood by
Israel, often in splendid isolation, and in the face of a malicious, biased,
automatic bloc, comprised mostly of totalitarian countries and dictatorships.
Today, on your visit to Israel, allow me to express the appreciation and
gratitude of the people of Israel for your nation's leadership and for its
dedication to its moral, historic and universal role as the torchbearer of
democracy, justice, freedom and peace.
Mr. President,
The United States and Israel have a long-standing strategic alliance. This
alliance also encompassed the economic relations between our two
countries. In the first decades following the establishment of the state, the
economic aid was unilateral, and was undoubtedly an important component
in strengthening the Israeli economy.
However, today I can proudly say that the relations are no longer based
merely on dependence, but rather on cooperation and mutual benefit. In
the fields of trade, technology, research and development there is a true
partnership between our countries, a partnership founded on economic
considerations, but also on shared values and a worldview which attributes
great value to the Israeli entrepreneurship and ingenuity.
The United States and Israel also share the concept that democracy and
market economy walk hand in hand and that this combination is the
winning recipe for growth and welfare. The United States opened its gates
for Israel's entrepreneurial forces, so that they can thrive in the vibrant
economic framework which America leads. Numerous Israeli companies
are traded on the New York Stock Exchange, and cooperation in the field
of hi-tech between Israel and the United States resulted in groundbreaking
successes of international standards.
Dear Friend,
Your visit to Israel on the occasion of Israel's 60th anniversary celebrations
is a wonderful gesture of personal and inter-state friendship. However, it is
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324 – Chronologie 2008
not only a courtesy visit. This visit provided another important opportunity
for us to discuss the advancement of a peaceful solution to the IsraeliPalestinian conflict, in accordance with your vision, Mr. President, of two
states for two peoples. Your personal involvement, and the commendable
efforts of the Secretary of State, Ms. Condoleezza Rice, is vital for the
success of the intensive negotiations taking place between us and the
Palestinians.
When, eventually, we reach with the help of G-d an historic peace treaty
between us and our Palestinian neighbors, it will be submitted for the
approval of this House, which represents the entire spectrum of opinions in
the State of Israel. Knowing the differing views in this House and the
sentiments of the citizens of Israel, I am convinced that a peace agreement
which fully reflects the vision which you introduced to the world in June
2002, and which is based on two states for two peoples – a Jewish state
and a Palestinian state living side by side in peace and security – will be
approved by a vast majority of the Knesset members and will be supported
by an overwhelming majority of the Israeli public.
Mr. President,
The Middle East is a region fraught with danger. The firm actions taken by
the United States throughout the years against sources of aggression,
violence and terrorism are aimed at defending the justice and preventing a
fundamental undermining of stability in our region – stability which is so
vital for world peace, the international energy market and the global
economy.
There is not the slightest shadow of doubt that confronting the murderous,
fundamentalist threat of terror, which is devoid of any moral inhibitions, is
the most important challenge currently facing democratic societies across
the globe. We had a reminder of this only yesterday afternoon, when a
rocket struck a mall in Ashkelon and injured innocent citizens.
The outcome of this confrontation will have far-reaching repercussions on
the future and way of life of the Free World. You, Mr. President, will be
remembered as the one who courageously, and without hesitation, took the
reigns of leadership and stood firmly and determinedly against this
formidable challenge.
The most severe source of threat currently to the stability of the Middle
East and to world peace is, as you know, Iran. The danger lies in the
pretentious ambition of the regime in Tehran to achieve regional
hegemony, its cynical use of terror and religious hatred to further its aims,
and its obvious pursuit of nuclear capabilities. The Iranian President's
threats to wipe Israel off the map, and the preparations he makes to carry
this out through long-range missiles and nuclear capabilities, compel us to
be ready to defend ourselves. But the threat is not aimed at Israel alone,
and the majority of countries in the region also see themselves threatened.
Israel believes that while the severity of the Iranian threat forces us not to
rule out any other course of action, presenting a united international,
political and economic front against Iran, and more severe and effective
sanctions, is a necessary, even if not final, step on the right path to curbing
the Iranian threat.
Mr. President,
On its 60th anniversary, Israel has no stronger desire than to achieve
peace with its Palestinian neighbors and other Arab states. Your continued
support of the effort to achieve peace and security in our region is
America's greatest gift to the State of Israel on its 60th anniversary.
Allow me please to convey through you to the American people, to both
Houses of Congress and to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, who,
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325 – Chronologie 2008
throughout all these years, persevered in their bipartisan support of Israel,
our tremendous gratitude for the generous and vital political, economic and
security aid that they have given us.
Prophet Isaiah, son of Amotz, whose voice and universal vision of peace
and justice were heard here, in the eternal capital, in Jerusalem, 2,700
years ago, called in his prophecy for the opening of the gates of the city for
the entry of a "righteous nation": "Open ye the gates, that the righteous
nation that keepeth faithfulness may enter in.”
The gates of Jerusalem, the gates of the State of Israel and the gates of
the hearts of the people of Israel are open to you, Mr. President, as the
head of a great nation and friend, which seeks justice, freedom and peace.
Welcome, and welcome to all those who accompany you on this important
visit, which symbolizes, more than anything else, the spirit and depth of the
special alliance between our peoples and countries.
And on a more personal note: it may not always be acceptable on these
official occasions, which are often subject to quite a few strict rules of
protocol, but I fear that such an occasion will not repeat itself in your
capacity as President of the United States. So, I wish to say to you
personally, from one person to another, one father to another, one son of
great parents to another, and to a warm and sensitive family man such as
yourself: political life provides all of us with many occasions in which
statements are made, registered in the protocol, echo in the air and later
fade away as if they were never made.
What you heard today, with your lovely wife and supportive team, is the
truth. It will not fade away and disappear. Not necessarily because it is
registered in the Knesset records, but because it comes from the heart –
my own personal heart, the heart of the entire Knesset and the heart of the
people of Israel.
Today, more than any other day, the Knesset gives an accurate, true and
deep expression to the entire people of Israel, and all this is thanks to you
and for you.
May you be blessed.
125
Excerpts in „The Jerusalem Post“-online 12.05.2008:
Newly returned to White House following the wedding of his daughter
Jenna at his Texas ranch this weekend, US President George W. Bush
was in notably good spirits as he sat with The Jerusalem Post and three
other Israeli journalists in the Oval Office on Monday.
He spoke about the moral principles that underpin his presidency and
about the challenges posed by Islamic extremism. But he did not say
unequivocally that he believed he could thwart Iran's nuclear drive before
leaving office.
Ahead his visit to Israel later this week, the president also stressed his
continuing belief that an accord can be reached this year between Israel
and the Palestinians. He said he had witnessed the emergence of the
belief in Israel that the Jewish state's long-term survival depends on there
being a Palestinian state. And he added that he himself could not envisage
the Middle East evolving in the absence of such a Palestinian state.
President Bush's opening remarks:
I'm looking forward to my trip to Israel, and Saudi and Egypt. There's no
better place to talk about democracy, and the history of democracy, and
the challenge of democracy in dealing with existential threats and terrorism
and state sponsored terrorists than in the Knesset.
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326 – Chronologie 2008
I hope at the end of the speech [I'll give in the Knesset], people will say, "If
vision accounts for anything, he has got a vision of how to deal with the
extremists and radicals."
Bush on the corruption allegations against Prime Minister Olmert, and
whether an accord with the Palestinians is still possible in 2008:
I do [think a deal is still possible]. Let me say something about Olmert. It's
a legal matter inside the system. The system will deal with it.
My relationship with the prime minister has been nothing but excellent. I
find him to be an honest guy who loves his family. He's easy to talk to. He's
a strategic thinker. So we'll see what happens.
The vision of a state is such a powerful notion, such an important notion for
Israel's very existence, that I do believe that we have a chance to get
something defined. This is not an Olmert plan. This is a plan of a
government. Tzipi Livni is handling the negotiations. Ehud Barak is
involved.
During my presidency, there's been clarity for people to see the world the
way it really is. A failed leadership of Hamas in Gaza, for example. Plus
[there's been] the emergence of thought in Israel that the only way to exist
in the long-term is for there to be a Palestinian state. And it's a powerful
idea. I believe in powerful ideas. I believe that with US help, the negotiators
can come up with the definition of a state.
The state won't exist until certain obligations are met. But it's the definition
itself which becomes a powerful engine for the marginalization of people
who murder innocents to achieve their objectives.
That's really what the struggle is about. It's the same struggle in Iraq and
it's the same struggle in Lebanon. The Middle East is where the great
ideological conflict is being played out. And an effective Bush foreign policy
is to put the focus of the United States squarely in the middle of the Middle
East. That's like our top priority. It is the top priority of this government.
Bush on the prospects for halting Iran's nuclear drive in his term:
Iran is an incredibly negative influence. They are sending weapons into
Iraq and we're pushing back hard and will continue to do so.
Hizbullah is no longer the great force against Israel. All of a sudden,
they've turned against their own people.
Hamas is not a classic political party trying to better people's lives. They
are trying to destroy Israel. That's the truth.
The other truth is that Iran is involved in funding Hamas and Hizbullah and
it's that Iranian influence which I'm deeply concerned about. But there
needs to be more than just the United States concerned about it.
We take [seriously] this issue of [Iran] getting the technology, the knowhow on how to develop a nuclear weapon. All options are on the table. Of
course you want to try to solve this problem diplomatically.
What definitely will be done [before I leave office will be the establishment
of] a structure on how to deal with this, to try to resolve this diplomatically.
In other words sanctions, pressures, financial pressures. You know, a
history of pressure that will serve as a framework to make sure other
countries are involved.
Bush on how to tackle the current instability in Lebanon:
I'd advise the world backing [Prime Minister] Saniora. He's a good guy.
He's tough and he's in a really tough situation. I admire him. Lebanese
democracy is vital for the Middle East. This is again a case of people
receiving outside funds to destabilize democracies.
Bush on what he'll be demanding from Israel during his visit, including on
settlements:
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327 – Chronologie 2008
I will come not as somebody who demands, but as someone who
encourages. The United States cannot impose peace. Lasting peace
happens when people understand, in this case, that the definition of the
[Palestinian] state is the first step toward peace. And it's hard work.
So what I'll be doing is encouraging people to see if they can't reach
agreement on what the borders of a state will look like, for example.
Because once you can define the borders of the state then you can deal
with the settlement issue in much more concrete terms.
I'm not running for the Nobel Peace Prize. I'm just trying to be a guy to use
the influence of the United States to move the process along.
All I've tried to do is wade in and add some legitimacy to the two-state
solution. I've been the first president to articulate it. To me it's the only
solution. I just don't see how the Middle East evolves without a Palestinian
state that's free and democratic. I don't see how the Middle East can
involve without a democratic Lebanon, or without an Iraq that succeeds.
And, by the way, Iraq is succeeding.
Bush on whether he would consider an Iranian attack on Israel the
equivalent of an attack on the US:
I made it clear that if the world wants to avoid [World War III], then we
better deal with the Iranian issue now. Implicit in that is that if they have
one of those things and lob it at Israel or at other friends of ours, there'll be
a response.
Bush on his vision for Israel's borders, and Mahmoud Abbas as a peace
partner:
We believe in a contiguous [Palestinian] state. It can't look like Swiss
cheese. That's why we've been talking about these outposts. Some of
these remote settlements. The question is how much territory can the sides
settle on. I don't want to give your newspapers a screaming headline,
"Bush says this is what the borders ought to look like." But Bush does
reiterate what he told the world [and in] the letter [to Ariel Sharon in 2004,
which some understand as indicating American support for Israeli
expansion into the West Bank to encompass major settlements].
Bush on possible Israeli-Syrian dialogue:
I have made some very clear conditions for the United States to talk to
[Syria]. Early on in my administration we said, you're housing Hamas,
you're enabling transit of materials to Hizbullah in Lebanon. Since then,
they've made life miserable for the young democracy in Iraq. It's easy to
get our attention. And that is actually to become a constructive force. A
positive force. A force for peace. Not a force that continually uses these
extremist groups to destabilize the nationhood. That's the position of the
United States, separated from Syria by an ocean.
Israeli politicians have got to come up with their own vision of security. And
I have never told Olmert one thing or another about what to do about his
security. That's not what friends do.
He's made the decision that he made, the idea of trying to get dialogue. I
know him well. And I know he's as concerned as any other person that's
ever been the prime minister of Israel.
The biggest long-term threat to peace in the Middle East is Iran. The
Iranian connection to Syria is very troubling. Anything done should keep
that strategic reason in mind. Of all the people who understand the
existential threat that the Iranians pose, it's the Israelis.
Bush looking back on what he's done as president:
In terms of Israel, I hope that history will say that this is a guy who clearly
saw the world the way it is. Ideological conflicts require a combination of
force and vision in order to marginalize and defeat...
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328 – Chronologie 2008
I can assure you that al-Qaida, Hamas and Hizbullah don't think about the
comforts of life. They are driven. And the fundamental challenge facing this
world is well, countries like the United States, be prepared to continue to
stay in the lead.
You asked legacy and all that business, which I don't worry about by the
way. I'll be long gone before some smart person ever figures out what
happened inside this Oval Office. But one of [those legacies] has got to be,
he clearly saw the threat and he did something about it.
126
Daniel Barenboim: Meine Heimat, eure Heimat, in „Der Tagesspiegel“
10.5.2008:
Einige Jahre lebte er in Jerusalem. Er hat einen israelischen Pass und
einen palästinensischen. Der Dirigent Daniel Barenboim über Israel
In meinem Dirigentenzimmer in der Staatsoper Unter den Linden hängen
Bilder, die mich daran erinnern, was ich sehe, wenn ich in meinem Haus in
Jerusalem aus dem Fenster schaue. Die Farben sind verblichen, hie und
da kräuselt sich das Papier, trotzdem kann man die Ansichten gut
erkennen. Die Altstadt, den Felsendom mit seiner leuchtenden Kuppel,
Mauern, Tore. Manchmal sitze ich vor einer Vorstellung in diesem Zimmer,
betrachte die Bilder und denke an Jerusalem, an Israel, meine Heimat. Vor
1989 soll das Zimmer ein Refugium der Staatssicherheit der DDR gewesen
sein. Wäre ich sentimental, würde mir das sicher helfen, nicht sentimental
zu werden. Aber ich bin nicht sentimental, dafür geht mir die Lage im
Nahen Osten viel zu nahe.
Ich habe seit 1952 einen israelischen Pass. Seit ich 15 bin, reise ich als
Musiker durch die Welt. Ich habe in London gelebt und in Paris, jahrelang
bin ich zwischen Chicago und Berlin hin- und hergependelt. Vor dem
israelischen Pass besaß ich bereits den argentinischen, später kam der
spanische hinzu. Und seit 2007 bin ich der einzige Israeli auf der Welt, der
bei Grenzkontrollen auch einen palästinensischen Pass vorzeigen kann.
Ich bin der lebende Beweis dafür, dass einzig eine pragmatische
Zweistaatenlösung (besser noch eine Föderation aus drei Staaten: Israel,
Palästina und Jordanien) der Region Frieden bringen kann.
Was ich antworte, wenn Leute sagen, ich sei blauäugig und doch nur ein
Künstler? Dass ich in der Tat kein politischer Mensch bin – auch wenn ich
Ben Gurion und Schimon Peres schon als Kind die Hand schütteln durfte.
Weil mich nie das Politische interessiert hat, sondern immer das
Menschliche. Insofern fühle ich mich gerade als Künstler in der Lage, die
Situation zu analysieren.
Meine Großeltern väterlicher- wie mütterlicherseits waren russische Juden,
die nach den Pogromen von 1904 nach Argentinien flohen. Was die
Geschichte meiner Familie betrifft, habe ich als Kind leider nicht viele
Frage gestellt. Zum einen war ich sehr mit mir selbst beschäftigt, zum
anderen war es normal, dass sich bei uns ständig etwas änderte. Die
Geschichte meiner Großeltern mütterlicherseits aber kenne ich gut. Als sie
– er 16, sie 14, beide waren allein – im Hafen von Buenos Aires ankamen,
hieß es, es dürften nur Familien von Bord, das Aufnahmekontingent sei
erschöpft. Da packte mein Großvater meine Großmutter und sagte: Wir
heiraten! Und das taten sie. An Land trennten sich ihre Wege. Nach zwei
oder drei Jahren haben sie sich dann wieder getroffen, richtig verliebt und
ihr ganzes restliches Leben miteinander verbracht.
Jene Großmutter war eine glühende Zionistin. Schon 1929 reiste sie mit
ihren Töchtern – darunter meine 17-jährige Mutter – für ein halbes Jahr
nach Palästina, um zu sehen, ob man dort leben könnte. Die Familie
meines Vaters hingegen war vollkommen assimiliert, das „gelobte Land“
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329 – Chronologie 2008
spielte keine Rolle, jedenfalls so lange nicht, bis meine musikalische
Begabung entdeckt wurde. Plötzlich wollten meine Eltern, dass ich als
zukünftiger Künstler in einer Mehrheit aufwachse und nicht als Teil einer
Minderheit in der Diaspora. Die Überzeugung wiederum, dass Normalität
ein wesentliches Kriterium meiner geistigen Entwicklung sein würde, war
Wasser auf die Mühlen meiner zionistischen Großmutter: Die Barenboims
beschlossen, nach Israel auszuwandern.
Unsere erste Station 1952 war Salzburg, wo ich am Schlusskonzert eines
Sommerkurses des Dirigenten Igor Markewitsch teilnahm. Die Reise
dauerte 52 Stunden: Zwischenlandungen in Montevideo, Rio, Sao Paulo,
Recife, auf der Isla del Sol, in Madrid – und dann mit dem Zug von Rom
nach Salzburg. Als Neunjähriger sprach ich nur Spanisch und ein bisschen
Jiddisch. In Buenos Aires war ich mir keines jüdischen Problems bewusst
gewesen, in Salzburg begann ich es zu spüren. Jüdische Freunde nahmen
mich mit nach Badgastein zu einem großen Wasserfall und erzählten mir,
dass während der Nazizeit Juden dort hineingeworfen worden waren. Ich
bekam eine erste Ahnung vom Schicksal des jüdischen Volkes und weiß,
dass mich auch die Erzählungen meiner Eltern über den Holocaust tief
beunruhigten.
Im Dezember erreichten wir Israel. Es war Winter, das Schuljahr hatte
längst begonnen, ich musste ad hoc ein neues Alphabet und eine neue
Sprache lernen. Aber da ich ein unkompliziertes und kontaktfreudiges Kind
war, habe ich mich schnell angepasst. So fing bald ein neues, schönes,
sehr intensives Leben an. Alles war Aufbruch und Aufbau! In den Straßen
von Tel Aviv – man stelle sich vor! – lernte ich Fußball spielen. Später
schloss ich mich einer Jugendbewegung an. Ich weiß noch, wie sehr wir
auf Jungen mit Oberlippenbärten herabblickten und auf Mädchen, die
Lippenstift benutzten: Beides hielten wir für oberflächlich, für schlicht nicht
wesentlich.
Da meine Familie kein Geld hatte, wurden wir in der ersten Zeit von einem
Onkel aus Brasilien unterstützt. Seine Tochter ist heute brasilianische
Botschafterin in Slowenien. Was den Namen betrifft, so wurden wir damals
angehalten, diesen ins Hebräische zu übersetzen, ganz im Sinne eines
neuen jüdisch-israelischen Selbstbewusstseins. Ben Gurion etwa, den ich
später als Staatsmann und Visionär sehr bewunderte, kam aus dem
polnischen Plonsk und hieß ursprünglich David Grün. Er wollte meine
Eltern unbedingt davon überzeugen, dass ich mit dem Namen Barenboim
(der jiddischen Version von Birnbaum) niemals berühmt werden würde. Viel
besser wäre doch Agassi (hebr.: Birne) – da könnte man zur Not glauben,
man habe es mit einem Italiener zu tun. Nun, keiner von uns war von
dieser Idee wirklich begeistert.
Absolut gesehen ist die Zeit, die ich in Israel verbracht habe, nicht
besonders lang. Sie beschränkt sich auf die Jahre von 1952 bis ’54 und
zwischen ’56 und den frühen Sechzigern. Auf allen Konzertreisen
begleiteten mich meine Eltern, ihrer Meinung nach brauchte ich ein
möglichst „normales“ Familienleben.
Das Europa der frühen fünfziger Jahre war von den Folgen des Krieges
schwer gezeichnet. Auch insofern empfand ich den Unterschied zu Israel
als besonders groß. Israel war damals der sozialste, idealistischste,
glücklichste Staat, der sich denken lässt. Niemand hatte das Gefühl, er
würde lediglich „für den Staat“ arbeiten, diesen gab es ja nicht. Der Staat
entstand vor unseren Augen, speiste sich aus unserem Idealismus,
unserem alltäglichen Engagement, unserer Arbeit. Jude in Israel zu sein,
das bedeutete auch: nicht mehr nur freie Berufe zu ergreifen wie in der
Diaspora (Künstler, Anwalt, Arzt, Bankier), sondern auch Bauer zu sein,
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330 – Chronologie 2008
Polizist oder Soldat. Staat und Heimat, Heimat und Staat verschmolzen zu
einer Einheit.
Die Linke in Israel, die Arbeitspartei, war bis 1977 an der Macht. 29 Jahre
lang. Warum? Die Traditionalisten hatten nach dem Unabhängigkeitskrieg
von 1948 keine Chancen mehr, die Religiösen warteten auf den Messias –
und die Sozialisten blieben übrig. Erst nach dem Sechstagekrieg 1967
haben sich diese Koordinaten massiv verschoben. Die Idee eines „UrIsrael“ verblasste. Plötzlich gab es billigere Arbeitskräfte aus den
palästinensischen Gebieten, wenig später tauchten die ersten israelischen
Millionäre auf. Das sozialistische Gleichgewicht geriet aus den Fugen, das
Israelbild kippte.
Ich bin in Israel mit europäischer Kultur und europäischen Werten groß
geworden, die Direktorin meines Gymnasiums war eine Kunsthistorikerin,
wie sie für Berlin-Dahlem typisch gewesen wäre. Mir kam das sehr
entgegen, denn in meiner pubertären Trotzphase zählte für mich nur Israel,
seine Gegenwart und Zukunft. Alles andere war vorbei. Mit 19 oder 20
wurde ich zum argentinischen Wehrdienst eingezogen. Zwei Aufschübe
konnte ich erwirken, schließlich fiel mir vor den Behörden ein, dass ich
israelischer Staatsbürger war. Die Folge: Mit meinem argentinischen Pass
konnte ich überallhin, nur nicht nach Israel – und mit meinem israelischen
Pass konnte ich überallhin, nur nicht nach Argentinien.
1966 begegnete ich in London der Cellistin Jacqueline du Pré. Wir fühlten
uns sofort zueinander hingezogen, persönlich wie musikalisch, und
beschlossen zu heiraten. Ganz ohne meinen Einfluss trug Jacqueline sich
mit der Absicht, zum Judentum überzutreten. Der Gedanke an Kinder
spielte dabei sicher eine Rolle, außerdem kannte sie viele große Musiker,
die Juden waren. Für ihre Karriere war das nicht nur förderlich, es hieß, sie
habe sich mit der „jüdischen Musikmafia“ eingelassen.
Im Juni 1967 heirateten wir in Jerusalem, unmittelbar nach dem
Sechstagekrieg. Ben Gurion, der sich aus Musik nicht viel machte, nahm
an unserer Hochzeitsfeier teil. Es beeindruckte ihn, dass ein nichtjüdisches
englisches Mädchen sich so mit seinem Land identifizierte. Als der Krieg
gegen die arabischen Staaten unmittelbar bevorstand, waren wir am 31.
Mai mit einer der letzten regulären Maschinen nach Israel geflogen. Fast
jeden Abend gaben wir Konzerte. Das letzte fand am 5. Juni in Beerscheva
statt, in einem Ort auf halbem Weg zwischen Tel Aviv und der ägyptischen
Grenze. Als wir nach dem Konzert nach Hause fuhren, kamen uns die
ersten Panzer entgegen.
Nach 1967 hat Israel sich sehr nach den USA ausgerichtet – nicht
unbedingt zu seinem Vorteil. Die Traditionalisten sagten, die neu besetzten
Gebiete geben wir nicht mehr her. Die Religiösen sagten, das sind nicht
besetzte, sondern befreite, ja biblische Gebiete. Damit war das Ende des
Sozialismus in Israel besiegelt. Seither wird der Konflikt im Nahen Osten
weltpolitisch instrumentalisiert. Jahrzehntelang las man in riesigen
Schlagzeilen von immer neuen Kriegen und Attentaten. Das hat die
Situation in den Köpfen zementiert. Heute sind andere Krisenherde
„wichtiger“, und über den Nahen Osten liest man fast gar nichts mehr. Das
ist noch schlimmer.
Viele Israelis träumen, dass sie aufwachen – und die Palästinenser sind
weg. Und die Palästinenser träumen, die Israelis seien weg. Beide Seiten
können längst nicht mehr zwischen Traum und Realität unterscheiden. Das
ist der psychologische Kern des Problems.
Seit den sechziger Jahren habe ich mich in Israel nicht mehr so
wohlgefühlt. Natürlich ist es meine Heimat, meine Eltern sind beide in
Jerusalem begraben. Immer wenn in Israel Krieg herrschte, habe ich dort
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331 – Chronologie 2008
gespielt: 1956, 1967, 1973. Die Musik war meine „Waffe“. 1970 aber, nach
dem schwarzen September, sagte Golda Meir, was soll dieses Gerede von
den Palästinensern? Wir sind das palästinensische Volk! Da hat es in
meinem Kopf „Klick“ gemacht. Das war moralisch nicht in Ordnung.
Die Juden haben ein Recht auf diesen Staat. Der Holocaust und das
schlechte Gewissen der Europäer nach ’45 haben diesen Anspruch noch
verstärkt. Was sich leicht vergisst: Es gab auch einen gemäßigten
Zionismus, es gab Leute wie Martin Buber, die von Anfang an die
Nichtjuden mit bedachten, die in Palästina lebende Bevölkerung. Der
militante Zionismus hingegen hat sich gedanklich nicht weiterentwickelt. Er
basiert bis heute auf einer Lüge: Das Land, das die Juden besiedelten, war
eben nicht leer!
Heute haben viele Israelis nicht die geringste Ahnung, was für ein Gefühl
es ist, ein Palästinenser zu sein. Wie es ist, in einer Stadt wie Nablus zu
leben, in einem Gefängnis für 180 000 Menschen. Dort gibt es kein
Restaurant, kein Café, kein Kino. Nichts. Wo, bitteschön, bleibt hier die
jüdische Intelligenz? Ich spreche nicht von Gerechtigkeit und nicht von
Liebe. Warum aber füttert man den Hass im Gazastreifen immer weiter?
Eine militärische Lösung wird es niemals geben. Hier kämpfen zwei Völker
um ein und dasselbe Land. Dabei kann Israel so stark sein, wie es will, die
Unsicherheit, die Angst wird bleiben. Der Konflikt hat sich nach innen
gefressen, er nagt an der jüdischen Seele. Das hat man zugelassen.
Man wollte Land haben, wo es nie Juden gegeben hat, und man baute
Siedlungen dort. Alle Palästinenser halten das für eine imperialistische
Provokation – zu Recht. Ihr Widerstand ist absolut nachvollziehbar und
verständlich. Nicht die Gewalt. Aber ihr Nein.
Wir Israelis müssen endlich den Mut haben, auf diese Gewalt nicht zu
reagieren. Den Mut, zu unserer Geschichte zu stehen: Die Palästinenser
durften nicht erwarten, dass wir uns nach dem Holocaust um andere
kümmern konnten. Wir mussten überleben. Das haben wir getan, jetzt aber
schauen wir gemeinsam nach vorn. Der israelische Ministerpräsident, der
das vertritt, ist noch nicht geboren. Im Grunde sind wir heute nicht weiter
als 1947, als die Vereinten Nationen die Teilung Palästinas beschlossen.
Schlimmer noch: 1947 hat man sich eine binationale Lösung vorstellen
können, 60 Jahre später scheint sie undenkbar. In Israel spricht man heute
im Blick auf die Zweistaatenlösung von Trennung, ja von Scheidung. Was
für ein Zynismus! Scheiden lasse ich mich doch nur von jemandem, den
ich einmal geliebt habe …
Ich leide unter dieser Situation, und alles, was ich mache, hat auch mit
diesem Leiden zu tun: Ob ich in Israel Wagner dirigiere (keineswegs als
Erster!) oder vor der Knesset aus der israelischen Verfassung zitiere, ob
ich 1999 gemeinsam mit dem palästinensischen Schriftsteller Edward Said
das West-Eastern Divan Orchestra gründe oder – wie unlängst in
Jerusalem – ein Konzert für zwei Völker veranstalte. Es macht mich
wahnsinnig, zu sehen, wie viel Unrecht wir Juden täglich begehen und wie
sehr wir damit die zukünftige Existenz Israels gefährden. So sarkastisch es
klingt: Ich bin froh, dass ich 1942 geboren wurde. Ich werde es hoffentlich
nicht mehr erleben, dass es keinen Staat Israel mehr geben könnte, so wie
ich es auch nicht erleben werde, dass möglicherweise die klassische Musik
in unseren Denken und Fühlen keine Rolle mehr spielt.
Ich lebe seit vielen Jahren nicht mehr in Israel, und ich bin mir meiner
Außenwahrnehmung sehr bewusst. Manchmal werde ich gefragt: Was ist
ein Jude? Da antworte ich: Ein Jude, der 2008 in Berlin antisemitische
Erfahrungen macht, ist ein anderer als derjenige, dem das 1940 widerfährt.
Damals fühlte man sich bedroht, heute denke ich an Israel, mein Land.
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332 – Chronologie 2008
Heute kann ich sagen: Entweder du setzt dich mit mir auseinander, du
Antisemit, oder wir gehen beide getrennte Wege, basta. Das macht einen
existenziellen Unterschied.
Kurzfristig bin ich, was den Frieden im Nahen Osten betrifft, pessimistisch,
langfristig bin ich eher optimistisch. Was mir Hoffnung gibt? Das
Musizieren. Denn vor einer Symphonie von Beethoven, vor Mozarts „Don
Giovanni“ oder Wagners „Tristan “ sind alle Menschen gleich.
Der Autor ist Generalmusikdirektor der Berliner Staatsoper Unter den
Linden. Aufgezeichnet von Christine Lemke-Matwey.
127
Tom Segev: Heiliges verrücktes Land, in „Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung“ 09.05.2008.
128
129
Vgl. die Eintragung unter dem 29.01.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Sana Abdallah: Lebanese Foes Finally Agree, in „Middle East Times“
22.05.2008:
AMMAN – Rival Lebanese leaders have reached an accord after five days
of often bitter negotiations in Doha bringing to an end an 18-month national
crisis that brought the country perilously close to the edge of civil war.
Qatar's Prime Minister Sheik Hamad bin Jassem on Wednesday
announced that the pro- and anti-Western camps had made a deal paving
the way for the election of army chief Gen. Michel Suleiman as president, a
position that has been vacant since November.
The choice of Suleiman as president, a seat that is reserved to a Maronite
Christian, was never in dispute.
The agreement also allows the formation of a new unity government that
gives the ruling majority 16 portfolios, 11 for the Hezbollah-led opposition,
and three to be chosen by the elected head-of-state.
It also entails a compromise on the parliamentary electoral districts in
Beirut, which apparently was forged after fierce bargaining that threatened
to derail the reconciliation dialogue, which began on Friday.
The rivals also agreed to ban the use of weapons in any internal conflict.
This met the ruling majority's demand that Hezbollah guarantees to never
again turn its guns inwards.
Militia gunfights earlier this month between battle-ready opposition militias
and lightly-armed pro-government gunmen in west Beirut and the Druze
mountains resulted in the deaths of at least 65 people in six days of
clashes.
The first signs that Lebanon was returning to normality emerged in
downtown Beirut with the opposition on Wednesday dismantling the sit-in
tents that had littered the trendy area for the past year and a half and had
paralyzed businesses there.
Reports from Beirut said hundreds of jubilant people and shop owners took
to the streets to celebrate the accord, while the opposition leadership in the
capital promised to "rehabilitate" the downtown area.
The move came less than an hour after House speaker Nabih Berri, head
of the opposition Shiite Amal movement, announced from the round table
in Doha that the sit-in protest was over.
Opposition officials in Beirut said the protest had achieved its objectives
that demanded a fair share of representation in the government after the
ruling camp agreed to give them more than one-third of the portfolios, thus
granting them veto power on critical policy decisions.
In the meantime, while the Qatari prime minister said the president would
be elected within 24 hours, Lebanese officials expected parliament to
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333 – Chronologie 2008
convene to elect Suleiman on May 25, to allow time for invited Arab and
international dignitaries to attend this long-awaited event.
This date is symbolic for Lebanon, as it marks eight years since the end of
the Israeli occupation of south Lebanon, a liberation credited to the Shiite
Hezbollah organization's military wing, known to the Lebanese and Arabs
as the resistance.
Until Tuesday night, it appeared that negotiations in Doha were
deadlocked, after the Arab mediating committee gave the politicians until
Wednesday to respond to one of two proposals to end the crisis.
The Qatari hosts had evidently persisted, and the emir personally
intervened to ensure that the talks would not end in failure. Negotiations
continued until dawn.
Officials from both sides said the deal was a compromise solution that had
no winners or losers, in a multi-confessional system that many Lebanese
say cannot afford to have a single dominating sect.
Independent Lebanese analysts suggest that beyond the closed doors in
Doha subtle negotiations were taking place between regional and
international backers of either side of the Lebanese divide.
As the crisis continued to escalate over the past 18 months, politicians from
both camps had repeatedly acknowledged that their problems at home
could not be solved without the United States and its French and Saudi
allies – which back the ruling majority – and Iran and Syria that back the
opposition.
Though unclear what role may have been exercised by the foreign backers
to persuade the two sides to forge the deal, analysts said that Qatari
leaders must have been instrumental in succeeding where others had
failed, thanks to its ability to maintain balanced negotiations by maintaining
strong ties with both sides of the Western and anti-Western poles playing
out in the region.
Pundits suspected that the foreign powers had urged their Lebanese allies
to defuse tensions after the outbreak of civil strife became precariously
close to all-out civil war – a result that no one wanted.
Thus, the Lebanese accord was quickly and warmly welcomed by Syria,
Iran, Saudi Arabia and France, while commentators expected Washington
to follow suit.
Coincidentally – or perhaps not – shortly after the declaration of the
Lebanese accord, it was announced in Damascus and Jerusalem that
Israel and Syria had resumed peace negotiations through Turkish
mediation, ending an eight-year freeze in this track of the peace process.
It is difficult to confirm whether this development is linked in any way to the
breakthrough by the Lebanese rivals, but analysts say that whatever way
the Syrian-Israeli negotiations take will certainly reflect on Lebanese
politics.
Vgl. auch die Eintragung am 10.03.2008 in diese Zeitleiste.
130
Vgl. die gleichgerichtete Aussage von Yasser Abed Rabbo am
25.04.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
131
Quartet Statement of May 2, 2008:
Representatives of the Quartet–U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon,
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, U.S. Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice, High Representative for European Common Foreign
and Security Policy Javier Solana, European Commissioner for External
Relations Benita Ferrero-Waldner, and Slovenian Foreign Minister Dimitrij
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334 – Chronologie 2008
Rupel—met today in London to discuss the situation in the Middle East.
They were joined by Quartet Representative Tony Blair.
The Quartet expressed its strong support for ongoing Israeli-Palestinian
negotiations and encouraged the parties to make every effort to realize the
shared goal of an agreement on the establishment of a Palestinian state by
the end of 2008. Commending the parties for their continuous and
intensive negotiations, the Quartet emphasized the urgent need for
progress and called on the international community to remain
constructively engaged in support of negotiations with the goal of the
establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza and an
end to the conflict.
The Quartet emphasized the importance of visible progress on the ground
to build confidence and create an atmosphere supportive of negotiations.
The Quartet welcomed concrete steps by both sides in the wake of the
trilateral meeting between Secretary of State Rice, Prime Minister Fayyad
and Defense Minister Barak, and stressed the urgent need for rapid and
continued implementation of these and previous commitments to improve
conditions on the ground.
While taking note of some positive steps, including the removal of some
roadblocks and an outpost by Israel, and improved security performance by
the Palestinian Authority, the Quartet noted that much more remained to be
done to improve the situation on the ground in order to change the
conditions of life in the West Bank and to keep the political process on
track.
In this context, the Quartet expressed its support for Quartet
Representative Tony Blair, and underscored the urgent need for progress
and close donor coordination. It also expressed its strong backing for the
planned Bethlehem Conference on Private Sector Investment in May as
well as the parties' agreement to improve security and economic conditions
in Jenin, which can offer a model for important progress on the ground.
Noting the particular importance of justice sector reform, the Quartet
looked forward to the meeting that will take place in Berlin in June to
promote and coordinate donor assistance in this area.
The Quartet called upon both sides to fulfill their obligations under the
Roadmap. It also called on both sides to refrain from any steps that
undermine confidence or could prejudice the outcome of negotiations. In
this context, the Quartet expressed its deep concern at continuing
settlement activity and called on Israel to freeze all settlement activity
including natural growth, and to dismantle outposts erected since March
2001.
It called on the Palestinian Authority to fulfil its commitments to fight
terrorism and to accelerate steps to rebuild and refocus its security
apparatus. It urged Israel and the PA to increase cooperation in that
respect and to facilitate the delivery of security assistance to the
Palestinian Authority.
The Quartet condemned continuing rocket attacks from Gaza on southern
Israel, including against Sderot and Ashkelon, as well as the terrorist
attacks at a seminary in Jerusalem on March 6. The Quartet also
expressed deep concern at Palestinian civilian casualties, including the
recent death of a mother and four of her children in Gaza. It called for an
end to all violence and terror and urged all parties to take all feasible steps
to ensure the protection of affected civilians in accordance with
international law.
Noting its deep concern over humanitarian conditions in Gaza, the Quartet
called for continued emergency and humanitarian assistance and the
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335 – Chronologie 2008
provision of essential services to Gaza without obstruction The Quartet
expressed its continuing concern over the closure of major Gaza crossing
points given the impact on the Palestinian economy and daily life. The
Quartet condemned the terrorist attack on Nahal Oz fuel terminal on April
9, and noted that such attacks on the Gaza crossings interfere with the
supply of essential services and undermine the interests of the Palestinian
people. Principals strongly encouraged Israel, the Palestinian Authority,
and Egypt to work together to formulate a new approach on Gaza that
would provide security to all Gazans, end all acts of terror, provide for the
controlled and sustained opening of the Gaza crossings for humanitarian
reasons and commercial flows, support the legitimate Palestinian Authority
government, and work towards conditions that would permit
implementation of the 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access.
Looking forward to a productive meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee,
the Quartet encouraged all parties to do their part to support Palestinian
institutional capacity building and economic development. The Quartet
called for all donors to follow through on pledges made at the December
2007 Paris Donors' Conference. Underlining the crucial role of Arab states
in support of the peace process, and the importance of the Arab League
peace initiative, the Quartet encouraged the Arab states to fulfil both their
political and financial roles in support of the Annapolis process.
The Quartet also discussed the proposal for an international meeting in
Moscow to lend continued support to the parties in their negotiations and
efforts on the ground.
The Quartet authorized its envoys to continue to work to facilitate the
achievement of all of these goals.
The Quartet reaffirmed its commitment to a just, lasting, and
comprehensive peace in the Middle East based on UNSCRs 242, 338,
1397 and 1515.
132
Ghait al-Omari: The Perils of Unconditional Engagement, via
www.middleeastprogress.org 02.05.2008:
The issue of whether or not to engage Hamas boils down to the following
question: would such engagement help moderate the organization, or
would it simply improve Hamas’ chances of dominating the Palestinian
political scene and encourage extremism throughout the Middle East? For
now, any engagement that goes beyond achieving de-escalation in Gaza
would serve to bolster Hamas at the expense of those working toward a
two-state solution.
Those who argue that engagement would bring about a significant change
in Hamas’ policies proceed from a faulty assumption regarding the way the
organization thinks. Hamas does not reject the two-state solution and
engage in terrorism because it fails to understand what is objectionable
about this approach, or because it is unaware that this contradicts the basic
values and behavioral norms of members of the international community.
Its behavior is based on a cold, rational cost-benefit calculation. This
calculus relates to Hamas’ domestic political goals, the regional dimension
and its relations with Israel. Like any political party, its primary goal is to
gain and hold onto power, in this case within Palestinian society.
In any engagement, Hamas—like any rational political actor—will seek to
maximize its benefits and minimize its costs. It will use any international
dialogue it can achieve to send one overriding message to its local,
regional and global constituencies alike: namely, that it can maintain its
positions regarding the peace process, Israel and the use of violence, while
at the same time gaining international legitimacy. It will argue that it
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336 – Chronologie 2008
provides at least as many benefits as its secular opponents, without
making any compromises. Engaging Hamas without the terms of
engagement being clear and without it first paying the political price of
admission to the international club—particularly by accepting the two-state
solution and disarming—amounts to a political free lunch. As recently
demonstrated by President Jimmy Carter’s meetings with Hamas, it will
pocket and cash the gains from cost-free engagement without feeling any
incentive to change.
On the domestic front, Hamas seeks exclusive dominance over Palestinian
political life. Since the Oslo Accords, it has consistently used terrorism to
undermine the peace process. Hamas has also exploited the lack of results
from this process to undermine its main rival, the secular nationalist
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and discredit the PLO’s political
platform of statehood through negotiations. It is no coincidence that in the
numerous so-called “Palestinian national unity” talks, Hamas was unwilling
to compromise on its anti-two state platform or to relinquish its arms and
militias. These are strategic assets that Hamas wants to keep in reserve to
use when it sees fit. This was vividly demonstrated in Gaza last June and
more recently when Hamas led the breach of the Rafah border with Egypt.
At the regional level, Hamas is part of the larger trend of revolutionary
political Islam which represents the main challenge to pro-Western regimes
in the Middle East. The Muslim Brotherhood and other similar organizations
in Jordan, Egypt and elsewhere are looking to see how far Hamas can
push the envelope. Similarly, pro-U.S. Arab governments are watching
nervously to see whether the international community will be wittingly or
unwittingly complicit in undermining Palestinian leaders like President
Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Salam Fayyad. Any hint of
international legitimization of an unmodified Hamas will cause the various
regional players to draw their own lessons.
In terms of relations with Israel, even the most pragmatic Hamas voices
have stated a willingness only to accept Israel as a matter of transient
practical necessity. They speak only of a temporary truce that will not bring
about a permanent end to the conflict. This might not be a matter of
immediate concern for those interested in short-term security stabilization,
which could explain the Israeli public’s interest in engaging Hamas.
However, the long-term implications in terms of regional normalization and
stabilization, as well as in terms of encouraging extremism and irredentism,
are problematic.
Unconditional political engagement with Hamas would send a myriad of
unhelpful messages. To the Palestinian public, the message would be that
extremism pays while moderation does not. To Arab Islamist parties, the
message would be that terrorism and violent coups will not only be
tolerated, they will be rewarded. To pro-Western Arab governments, the
message would be that they cannot rely on Western support. To Israel, the
message would be that it is doomed to live in a sea of hostility and that the
best it can hope for are short periods of calm that punctuate a future of
perpetual conflict.
Even if Hamas does gain international legitimacy, it will not go away. The
question of what to do with Hamas and its considerable capacity to play the
role of a spoiler remains. In the long term, primacy within the Palestinian
political arena will be determined above all by the outcome of the peace
process: if negotiations produce a viable Palestinian state, moderates will
reap the political rewards. If negotiations fail, Hamas will be able to claim
that its platform of “resistance” is the only avenue left for achieving
Palestinian national aspirations.
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337 – Chronologie 2008
To get to a final peace agreement, the Annapolis process has to be reenergized and re-focused. As progress continues to be made by the
Palestinian and Israeli negotiators on the large permanent status issues,
visible changes must begin to occur on the ground. The Palestinian public
needs to feel that Israel is serious about peacemaking and that the
moderates are able to produce results. In particular, a settlement freeze is
essential to restore faith in the peace process, while improvement in the
daily lives and freedom of movement for Palestinians will help maintain a
sense of hope. For its part, the Palestinian national movement needs to
start rebuilding its own credibility in the fields of good governance and the
imposition of law and order. Efforts undertaken by Prime Minister Fayyad in
these fields are critical. If inefficiency, corruption and security chaos are not
rooted out, and if Fatah—as the leader of the PLO and the Palestinian
Authority—continues to be seen as a stumbling block in the way of reform,
Hamas will continue to have public appeal.
In the short term, however, it could be possible to reach security
stabilization with Hamas without paying too high a political price. A deescalation package brokered by an Arab country that has pre-existing
relations with Hamas (a role being played effectively by Egypt today) and
an end to the siege of Gaza through the reopening of the Gaza crossing
points under Palestinian Authority control, can help avoid— for a period of
time, at least—a deeply destabilizing all out military confrontation in Gaza.
Once a measure of calm is achieved, political capital and energy should be
focused not on the futile and counterproductive strategy of courting and
rewarding Hamas for free. Rather, those who want to see long-term
stability and the victory of moderation in the Middle East should focus on
ensuring the success of the peace process and securing the establishment
of a Palestinian state to live alongside Israel. Once that is achieved, Hamas
will have to face the real challenge of either accepting the terms of the new
political reality or consigning itself to irrelevance.
133
Text der gemeinsamen Erklärung, in „Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung”
02.05.2008, S. 2:
1. Glaube und Vernunft sind beides Geschenke Gottes an die Menschheit.
2. Glaube und Vernunft widersprechen einander nicht, aber Glaube kann in
einigen Fällen über der Vernunft sein, aber nie gegen sie.
3. Glaube und Vernunft sind in sich nicht gewalttätig. Weder Vernunft noch
Glaube sollte für Gewalt gebraucht werden; unglücklicherweise wurden
beide zuweilen missbraucht, um Gewalttaten zu begehen. In jedem Fall
können diese Ereignisse weder Vernunft noch Glaube in Frage stellen.
4. Beide Seiten stimmen überein, in der gemeinsamen Förderung wahrer
Religiosität fortzufahren, in besonderer Spiritualität, um die Achtung für
heilig gehaltene Symbole zu ermutigen und moralische Werte zu fördern.
5. Christen und Muslime sollten über Toleranz hinausgehen, in der
Anerkennung der Unterschiede, doch im Bewusstsein der
Gemeinsamkeiten, und Gott dafür dankbar sein. Sie sind berufen zu
gegenseitigem Respekt und verurteilen deshalb die Verspottung des
religiösen Glaubens.
6. Verallgemeinerungen sollten im Gespräch über Religionen vermieden
werden. Unterschiede zwischen den Konfessionen innerhalb des
Christentums und des Islams sowie die Verschiedenheit historischer
Kontexte sind wichtige beachtenswerte Faktoren.
7. Religiöse Traditionen können nicht auf der Basis eines einzelnen Verses
oder einer Passage in den jeweiligen heiligen Büchern beurteilt werden.
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338 – Chronologie 2008
Sowohl eine Gesamtschau als auch eine adäquate hermeneutische
Methode sind notwendig für ihr faires Verständnis.
134
Speech of IDF Chief of the General Staff [Gabi Ashkenasi] for the
“March of the Living”, Auschwitz-Birkenau, May 1, 2008:
His honor, the Hungarian Defense Minister,
His honor, the Deputy Education Minister,
His honor, the Chairman of the European-Jewish Union in France,
His honor, the former Chief Rabbi of Israel, Rabbi Israel Me'ir Lau–A brand
plucked out of the fire;
The bereaved families;
The wounded soldiers and their families;
Members of the IDF 'Witnesses in Uniform' delegation;
Teenagers from Israel and from around the world;
Fellow Israelis;
Distinguished guests and friends from around the world:
I am honored to be here today and to share this significant experience with
you. I will begin in Hebrew and will say a few words in English later on in
my address. Here, on this cursed land, saturated with the blood of our
brothers and sisters, descendants of the Jewish nation;
Here, in the Auschwitz-Birkenau Death Camp, the most evil place on the
face of the planet, where our people, whose only crime was being Jewish,
were tortured and murdered in gas chambers and crematoria;
Here, in the place where the Nazi oppressor reduced our humanity to serial
numbers—no more names, no more faces, no identity—all that remained
was a number branded on the forearm;
Here in this most dreadful place, I stand on Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes
Remembrance Day, as the commander of the Israel Defense Forces.
With hundreds of Witnesses in Uniform by my side–joining the thousands
of representatives of the IDF who come here every year, commanders of
the ground forces, the Air Force and the Navy–the defending force of the
Jewish people, reborn in its land—with tight lips, a coarse voice and tears
in my eyes, yet still standing tall—I salute to the ashes of our people and
vow: "Never Again."
We, soldiers of the IDF, emissaries of a country and of a nation, stand here
today wearing the IDF uniform and carrying the flag of the State of Israel
with pride in the name of the tens of thousands of the IDF warriors and
commanders. We consider ourselves the executor of the last will and
testament, the dream and the silent prayer of our six million Jewish
brothers and sisters whose existence was brutally expunged by the Nazi
oppressor.
Major B'naya Rein, may his memory be blessed, who was killed in the
Second Lebanon War, made the following journal entry during his visit to
Poland in July of the year 2000:
I've arrived home, to the cemetery of the Jewish people; the cemetery of
my grandfather's family and the cemetery of my grandmother's family.
Throughout my entire journey in Poland, death has followed me. However,
I know that this death has produced lives and these lives include me, you,
all of us.
“It is these lives which have provided me with the opportunity to be a
solider in the State of Israel. It is these lives which have granted me the
privilege to, as an Israeli solider from the State of Israel, represent all of
those who have lived and are now gone".
From here, on the soil of Auschwitz, next to thousands of representatives
of the Jewish Diaspora, we join the commemoration of the legacy of the
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339 – Chronologie 2008
millions who perished, calling to the nations of the world and their
governments: "Learn the lesson of this most terrible horror, and let not its
seeds sprout anew. Fight Anti-Semitism and racism of any kind wherever
they are, and do all that is necessary to prevent the propagation of the
violence in all its forms.
Sixty-three years have passed since the end of the most horrible war
humankind has ever known. Sixty-three years after the atrocity. The Star of
David is no longer a mark of disgrace, but a symbol and a sign of the
resurrection of the Jewish people. As the commander of the Israel Defense
Forces, the fighting force of the mighty Jewish State, I stand here with
pride and honor and pledge: "Never Again!" Never again shall we stand
helpless, crying for the mercy of others. Never again shall we beg to be
defended. Never again shall we allow our sons and daughters, our parents
and our grandparents to be erased from the face of the earth. Never again
shall the frightened eyes of Jewish children look with ghastly dread through
the barbed-wire fences of concentration camps. Never!
We who have had the privilege of seeing the establishment and the
blossoming of the State of Israel; we, who have been entrusted with the
country's fate, know that if we had had our country then, in those somber
days, the Holocaust of the Jewish people would not have taken place. We
remember, and will never forget, that from the killing and the destruction,
from the ashes and the despair, we have risen to establish not only the
Jewish State, but the military force that will forever provide security for the
Jewish people, protecting it from any future attempts of persecution, torture
and destruction.
These days, after sixty years of independence, the existence of an
independent Jewish state is not a fact that should be taken for granted.
Even today, in our region of the world, voices are heard calling for the
destruction of the State of Israel. Even today, we have to continue the
struggle for our right to maintain a national home and safe haven for the
Jewish people in their land.
We have learned our lesson. We take threats of leaders calling for the
destruction of Israel very seriously.
From this sense of deep responsibility for our continued existence as a
people in our land and for the continuity of our heritage, we have no choice
but to continue the struggle. Since we are fighting for our very existence,
we cannot afford to grow weary or be deterred in our struggle.
In the words of Mordechai Anielewicz, commander of the Warsaw Ghetto
Uprising in his last letter on May 8th, 1943, sixty-five years ago this week:
"It is impossible to put into words what we have been through. One thing is
clear, what happened exceeded our boldest dreams. The Germans ran
twice from the ghetto. One of our companies held out for 40 minutes, and
another for more than six hours. The mine set in the 'brushmakers' area
exploded. Self-defense in the ghetto will be a reality.I have been a witness
to the magnificent, heroic fighting of Jewish men in battle".
Two days ago, I laid a wreath and saluted at the doorstep of the bunker
where he commanded the uprising at Mila 18 in Warsaw. Now, I would like
to dedicate some words to our colleagues from around the world who stand
here with us:
I stand here today, in this heartbreaking spot, as the commander of the
army of the Jewish nation. In the name of the Israel Defense Forces I
salute the six million Jews who were annihilated by the Nazis and their
collaborators.
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I vow to uphold the responsibility of the Israel Defense Forces—never
again to allow Jewish blood to be spilled in vain. May the memory of those
who perished in the Holocaust be forever blessed and remembered.
A people which does not know or honor its past, shrouds its future in
uncertainty. Therefore, it is crucial that new generations of IDF soldiers and
officers make this sacred march in honor and remembrance of our
persecuted ancestors.
Standing here, on this cursed land that has witnessed the most terrible of
horrors in human history, I call upon all nations' leaders to remove human
hatred from the face of the earth; to act determinedly to erase antiSemitism around the world, preventing it from ever gaining force. Above all,
each and every one of us must do their utmost to ensure that never again
will we walk alone.
Here on this cursed ground, from which still cry the voices of our slain
brothers, and as commander of the Israel Defense Forces of the stateof
the Jewish people, I salute our six million brothers and sisters, who have
been persecuted, deported, tortured and cruelly murdered, and swear that
"Jewish blood shall never again be spilled in vain!"
Blessed be the memory of those who perished in the Holocaust!
135
Uzi Benziman: Deep regret would suffice, in „Haaretz”-Online
30.04.2008: On April 17, 1996, during the Grapes of Wrath campaign,
Israel Defense Forces artillery fired a number of shells at the Lebanese
village of Kanna. One hundred and two Lebanese villagers were killed in
the attack. Israel cut short the military campaign and withdrew its forces. In
retrospect, the shelling is seen as a decisive mistake which completely
upset the campaign and prevented its objectives from being reached. The
reactions on the part of the senior brass in the IDF reflected some
embarrassment: Accusations were traded between Military Intelligence and
the Northern Command over who was responsible for the serious error.
The tragic attack, two days ago, on the Abu Muatak family in Beit Hanoun
shows that the IDF has not learned a thing but has forgotten a great deal.
The IDF's first reaction concerning the killing of the mother and her four
children was one of denial of any involvement in the tragedy. Southern
Command sources fed alternative information to radio broadcasters: There
was no shelling from a tank on the house next to the one in which the
family lived; there was firing from the air but it was aimed at armed men; if
people who were "not involved" were hurt, the reason for this apparently
was extremely powerful explosives that were being carried by the armed
men who were hit from the air. These explanations were accompanied by a
laconic expression of regret over the fact that there had been casualties
and that Hamas chose to wage its struggle against Israel from inside areas
densely populated by civilians.
This pattern of response—to cast doubt about the very information that
arrives from Palestinian sources about the circumstances of the killing, to
avoid accepting responsibility for an unfortunate event, to produce a
version that describes the chain of developments in such a way as to place
the source of the tragedy on the enemy, and to create a demonic image of
the adversary as someone who is capable of purposely causing bloodshed
among his own people so as to achieve diplomatic gain, or as someone
who does not hesitate to stage a horrifying arena of death so as to
besmirch Israel's name, repeats itself every time tragedies of this nature
occur.
Here are a few reminders. In December 2000, the young boy Mohammed
al-Dura was killed in front of the cameras of the French TV network, France
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341 – Chronologie 2008
2. The first reaction then on the part of Yom-Tov Samia, who was at the
time the head of Southern Command, was: There is no certainty that the
boy was shot by the IDF. Ever since then, Israel has officially denied
responsibility for the boy's death. Those who have forgotten should be
reminded that it was this hair-raising event that fuelled the flames of the
second intifada.
A not too short list of foreign peace activists and foreign journalists have
been wounded or killed by our fire (including Rachel Corrie, Tom Hurndall,
Brian Avery, James Miller and Fadel Shana). In all these instances, the IDF
at first denied responsibility for the tragedy and placed it instead on the
behavior of the victims. Even when the IDF opened investigations, the
conclusion generally was that none of the soldiers needed to be brought to
trial. Only in a few cases, when there was pressure from the families of the
victims and from foreign countries, did the army's version change. That is
what happened in the cases of the death of Hurndall and of Miller, which
recently concluded with an agreement to pay a large amount of
compensation to the widow.
When 19 Palestinians were killed by Israeli shells in Beit Hanoun
(18.11.2006), Major General Yoav Galant, the head of Southern
Command, stated: "There is no certainty that all of them were killed by IDF
fire." When seven members of the Ali Ghaliya family were killed on the
Gaza beach (9.6.2006), Galant said that they may have been hit by an old
mine (in fact it transpired that they were hit by a fresh Israeli shell).
During the Second Lebanon War, the Israel Air Force hit a building in the
village of Kanna and dozens of people lost their lives as a result. In this
case too, the IDF at first denied its responsibility for the event and
presented what appeared to be contradictions in Hezbollah's timetable
detailing the way in which things developed. The IDF also claimed that
Hezbollah had staged the display of the bodies opposite the cameras.
Later on, the event was described by Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni as a
significant diplomatic turning point that had a negative effect on Israel's
status in the war. Since these events tend to repeat themselves, and since
Israel, unlike its adversaries, feels embarrassment when it harms innocent
people, it would be better once and for all to formulate the text of a fitting
response that would first and foremost include accepting responsibility for a
tragedy, expressing deep regret and empathy for the families, and
mentioning the part of the enemy in creating the conditions in which the
event took place. Ehud Olmert's remarks during yesterday's cabinet
meeting are a suitable pattern to be adopted. It is a shame just that it took
24 hours to find the right formula.
136
PCHR – Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, Press Release, 28 April
2008: Palestinian Military Court Sentences Emad Sa'ed to Death PCHR
Calls upon President Abbas to reject the Ruling, and Calls for Abolishing
the Death Penalty in Palestinian Law PCHR is extremely concerned over
the passing of a death sentence against Emad Mahmoud Sa'ed Sa'ed (25
from Yatta) by the High Military Court of the Palestinian National Authority
(PNA) that convened in the Governmental Compound "Muqata'a" in
Hebron this morning. The Court sentenced Sa'ed to death by firing squad
for treason and collaborating with the Israeli occupation. The Centre calls
upon President Mahmoud Abbas not to sign this cruel and inhumane
sentence, and to stop its implementation.
At approximately 10:00 on Monday, 28 April 2008, the High Military Court
convened with Lt. Colonel Ahmad Abu Dayya as Chief Judge and Major
Muman Fanoun and Captain Fadi Hejazi as panel judges. The Chief
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342 – Chronologie 2008
Military Prosecutor Major Issa Amr and Military Prosecutor First Lt. Hani ElHieh prosecuted the case. At the end of the session, the Court sentenced
Emad Mahmoud Sa'ed Sa'ed (25) to death by firing squad for treason and
collaborating with the Israeli occupation.
The decision stated, "It was proven to the Court the guilt of the suspect
Emad Sa'ed, who is a security officer, of the crime of treason and
collaboration with the Israeli occupation as part of a network headed by his
uncle in the Yatta area. The defendant provided information to his father.
And this information, according to the defendant's testimony, led to the
martyrdom of 4 persons wanted to the occupation forces, the demolition of
a house, and the arrest of a number of wanted persons. The Court based
its decision on Article 131 of the Palestinian Military Penal Code for the
Year 1979, and decided unanimously to sentence Sgt. Emad Sa'ed to
death by firing squad." The defendant was arrested on 7 August 2007 by
the Palestinian Military Intelligence.
It is noted that this is the second death sentence issued by this Court in
less than a month. The High Military Court convened in Jenin on 6 April
sentenced Tha'er Mahmoud Husni Ermeilat (23) from Thanaba east of
Tulkarm to death by firing squad. He was convicted of murdering Ala
Ayesh Mubarak (20) from Tulkarm refugee camp on 22 October 2006.
PCHR is extremely concerned over the continued utilization of the death
penalty in the PNA, and:
– Calls upon the PNA to announce a moratorium on the use of this form of
punishment that violates international human rights standards, especially
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Covenant of Civil
and Political Rights (1966), and the UN Convention against Torture (1984).
– Calls upon President Mahmoud Abbas not to sign this cruel and
inhumane sentence, and to stop its implementation.
– Affirms that the prosecution of collaborators is a right and duty of the
PNA since these collaborators are an occupation tool participating in the
implementation of war crimes against Palestinian civilians. However, this
does not necessitate the implementation of the death penalty.
– Points that abolishing the death penalty does imply leniency towards
dangerous criminals, who must be subjected to deterring punishment while
preserving our humanity.
– Affirms the unconstitutionality of the Palestinian Military Penal Code for
the Year 1979 since it was not passed by the PNA and was not submitted
to the PLC for approval.
– Calls upon the PNA to review all legislation relative to the death penalty,
especially the Law No. 74 for the Year 1936 effective in the Gaza Strip and
the Jordanian Penal Code No. 16 for the Year 1960 effective in the West
Bank. The Centre calls for passing a unified penal code that conforms with
international human rights standards, especially those pertaining to the
death penalty.
137
PM Olmert's 28.4.08 Speech [translated] at the Opening of the "My
Homeland" Exhibit at Yad Vashem, via
www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Communication/PMSpeaks/speechexyad280408.
htm:
Minister Ruhama Avraham Balila,
Chairman of the Yad Vashem Council, Tommy Lapid,
Chairman of the Board of Directors, Avner Shalev,
Director General of the Prime Minister's Office, Raanan Dinur,
Chairman of the Center for Survivor Organizations, Noah Pelog,
Distinguished Guests,
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343 – Chronologie 2008
All my life, I wondered in my heart of hearts whether or not the statement
that the State of Israel was a miracle, that its establishment is a miracle,
was true. Recently the President of France told me during a personal
conversation that he thought the State of Israel was the miracle of the 20th
century. While we were sitting here, when the emcee said this, my friend
Tommy Lapid, in a spontaneous reaction, whispered to me, "Why the
miracle of the 20th century? It was the miracle of all history." I still do not
know if it is true to say that it is a miracle or that there is something more
profound here, more complex, more dramatic than some miraculous thing
which cannot be explained the way that things develop and are built and
exist are.
We will not resolve this question at this time, but we can say with certainty
that the State of Israel is a wondrous phenomenon, unique in human
history. There was never such a human phenomenon in the history of any
other people; there was never the phenomenon of a people returning to its
land, of reviving its language, renewing its culture, rehabilitating its national
and sovereign existence in an ancient land as happened to this people – as
happened to us in the middle of the 20th century and since.
One of the wonderful and moving phenomena connected to the
establishment and renewal of the existence of a Jewish sovereignty in our
land is the Holocaust survivors who came here, fought here, fell here, built
here, created here, and in fact succeeded – together with others – to lay
the foundations for what transformed the State of Israel into what it is
today. Last year we spoke of Holocaust survivors in other contexts, and
these too cannot be forgotten nor do we wish to. During this unavoidable
process we grew up, and at times our feelings became a little tactless and
blunt; we forgot that among them were many who no longer had the
strength or the capability, and we did not know beforehand that we must
pay attention to them and take care of them and help them as we should
have understood and felt – and they were deserving. So in the heat of this
argument and the things we said of ourselves regarding what we did not
know to do and which perhaps we did a little last year – we forgot to speak
of what the Holocaust survivors did in order to make the State of Israel
what it is. We spoke of their suffering and not of their strength; we spoke of
their distress and did not mention their contribution. We spoke of the
squalor in which quite a few of them lived and did not emphasize enough
the tremendous strength with which they succeeded in rising out of the
infinite depths they experienced to the heights to which they rose in leading
the life of this country.
Something of this can be seen in this exhibit – which I managed to see in
the quick glance I got of the captions and highlights. As a result of the
impossible race which is the pace of life in this country, we are not aware of
what occurs on a daily basis; there is a deficit in our ability to see clearly all
the components of the larger picture because everything is mixed up and
blended together. Something interfered with our ability to distinguish that
some of the things which are important in all fields of life were created by
people who came from a different world which we native-born Israelis can
never really fully understand because we were born here in this unique
place – it has no equal and it is ours. However, we did not come from the
place that the Holocaust survivors came from. We see some areas in our
spheres of life; some of the most prominent symbols which symbolize our
lives; some statements and sentences which are an inseparable part of the
most pronounced ethos of Israeliness. These are, in fact, the creative fruits
of people who came from somewhere else, for whom the land of Israel and
Israeliness were never taken for granted, who were considered strangers
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344 – Chronologie 2008
when they transformed these symbols to ones which represent what we are
proud to present as Israeli and Israeliness. Perhaps it should be said that
we are proud, as this is the best and most beautiful part of our Israeliness.
When we see it here, we gain a more accurate perspective of the
contribution, weight and significance the survivors had on the life of the
State of Israel, in what it was and what it has yet to become.
On behalf of the Government of Israel, I thank you for choosing to open
this exhibit on the eve of Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance
Day. The bottom line is not what was or even what is, but rather primarily
what will be. From these depths, from this strength, from this inspiration,
there is no limit to what this country can design for itself.
Thank you.
138
Zuletzt ist von Aaron David Miller das Buch erschienen „The Much Too
Promised Land: America’s Elusive Search for Arab-Israeli Peace“
(Bantham Books 2008).
139
Vgl. die Rezension von Millers Buch „The Much Too Promised Land“ in
der Menüleiste „Rezensionen“ dieser Homepage.
140
Vgl. die gleichgerichtete Aussage von Nazmi Jubeh am 05.05.2008 in
dieser Zeitleiste.
141
In Washington, D.C., steht „K Street“ für die politischen Lobbygruppen,
während „J Street“ als die witzige Variante mit (noch – „in flux“)
beschränktem Einfluss verstanden werden will. In der Einladung zu ihrer
Gründung hieß es: „J Street aims to change that [the political outreach of
the far Right]. We are the first and only lobby and PAC [Political Action
Committee] dedicated to ensuring Israel’s security, changing the direction
of American policy in the Middle East and opening up American political
debate about Israel and the Middle East.“ Zu den Sympathisanten und
Mitgliedern gehören auch prominente Nichtjuden wie der frühere USamerikanische Botschafter in Tel Aviv, Samuel Lewis.
142
a) Monday, April 28, 2008 – Q & A on new dovish ‚Israel Lobby,’ in
Meretz USA Weblog: We’ve done a short e-mail interview with Jeremy
Ben-Ami, the founder (along with Daniel Levy) of "J Street”the new dovish
Israel lobby and its political action committee, "JStreetPAC." The following
are our questions and Jeremy Ben-Ami’s answers in full:
Question: Perhaps a year ago, when stories or rumors started circulating of
a new liberal Israel lobby, it was thought to be associated with George
Soros. What (if anything) can you say about the role of Soros in your
efforts?
Ben-Ami: George Soros is not involved in or funding J Street. J Street is
the outgrowth of 18 months of planning and discussion among pro-Israel,
pro-peace activists about how best to establish a new political voice on
these issues. Some of those discussions did involve Mr. Soros, as was
reported at the time. As Mr. Soros himself wrote in the New York Review of
Books, he decided that his personal involvement in the launch of such an
effort would, on balance, not help the effort so he decided to step out of the
discussions.
Question: Wasn't your initial strategy for a two or three-way merger among
the Israel Policy Forum, Americans for Peace Now and Brit Tzedek
V'Shalom? What happened? How do you see your organization
dovetailing, cooperating or coexisting with these groups now?
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Ben-Ami: J Street is a political effort consisting of a PAC and a 501(c)(4)
lobby. The existing pro-Israel, pro-peace groups are [according to formal
regulations] 501(c)(3) organizations and cannot organizationally be part of
such an effort. However, as individuals and outside of their roles with those
organizations, the leaders of all three organizations as well as of Meretz
USA, Ameinu, New Israel Fund and other progressive Jewish organizations
are members of the Advisory Council for J Street. We are very pleased at
the broad support for the creation of J Street among progressive activists
on this issue and their recognition that a unified political voice and arm will
be an important complement to the work of the existing groups.
Question: In light of the writings of Mearsheimer and Walt on AIPAC and
the "Israel Lobby," what would you like to say to progressive Americans
about the purpose of your group and how this would impact the political
scene?
Ben-Ami: For too long, the loudest voices in the American political and
national policy debates when it comes to Israel and the Middle East have
belonged to the far right – neoconservatives, right wing American Jewish
leaders, and right wing Christian Zionists. These voices do not represent
the mainstream of the American Jewish community or reflect its values. J
Street will provide the first political voice for progressives on Israel. For the
first time, candidates for political office and current office holders will know
that there is organized support for sensible, mainstream positions on Israel
and the Middle East – backing a two-state solution, opposing further
settlement expansion, pursuing diplomatic opportunities to resolve conflicts
rather than immediate resort to military options. These aren’t actually left or
right positions; they are sensible, smart ways to be pro-Israel and to remain
true to the values that the American Jewish community has always
promoted of justice and peace for all.
b) James D. Besser: New PAC To Offer Pols a Dovish Mideast View, in
„The Jewish Week“ 26.03.2008: Almost a year after reports of an
“alternative AIPAC” emerged in the middle of the Jewish political world,
many of the same players are on the verge of announcing a revised
initiative intended to get the message to politicians that the American Israel
Public Affairs Committee is not the only pro-Israel voice in town, The
Jewish Week has learned.
Dubbed the J-Street Project – “K Street” has become a cipher for
Washington’s lobbying establishment and “J Street,” missing from
Washington’s downtown grid, has become a local “in” joke – the new
project kicks off with a hush-hush fundraiser next Monday hosted by former
Clinton administration official Jeremy Ben Ami and Daniel Levy, director of
the Prospects for Peace Initiative of the Century Foundation. The group will
be publicly launched around the middle of April; organizers said they will
not speak publicly about the group until then.
“For too long, the loudest American voices in political and policy debates
have been those on the far right – often Republican neoconservatives or
extreme Christian Zionists,” according to the invitation. “J Street aims to
change that. We are the first and only lobby and PAC (political action
committee) dedicated to ensuring Israel’s security, changing the direction
of American policy in the Middle East and opening up American political
debate about Israel and the Middle East.”
While sources say the structure and initial goals of the new group are still
in flux, it is expected to raise money for congressional candidates who
advocate a stronger U.S. leadership role in ending the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict and multilateral solutions to the region’s problems.
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346 – Chronologie 2008
The group will be headed by Ben-Ami, who served as deputy domestic
policy adviser in the Clinton administration and later as a media consultant.
Ben-Ami has worked with several Jewish peace groups, including the
Center for Middle East Peace and the Geneva Initiative-North America.
The J-Street board of advisers includes a number of lay and professional
leaders of Americans for Peace Now (APN), including CEO Debra DeLee,
as well as Marcia Freedman, founder and former president of Brit Tzedek
v’Shalom.
Several activists with ties to Democratic presidential contender Sen. Barack
Obama are on the panel, as well. They include Robert Malley, whose
involvement in Obama’s broad foreign policy advisory team has generated
criticism from Republicans and some pro-Israel groups, and Alan
Solomont, a top Obama fundraiser and major player in Democratic politics.
Also on board: David Kimche, a former deputy chief of the Mossad and a
member of the advisory council of the Israel Policy Forum (IPF) – another
pro-peace process group that was connected with last year’s efforts but
which, several source say, is not directly involved in the current project.
Several activists associated with the project say the goal is to offer
lawmakers an alternative perspective that they say is closer to the
consensus positions of American Jews than that offered by major proIsrael groups like AIPAC, which they say have not supported aggressive
U.S. peacemaking in the region.
“I signed on because I think this is a worthwhile endeavor,” said Samuel
Lewis, a former U.S. ambassador to Israel. “I’m very sympathetic with the
core principles: to provide a voice in favor of an active U.S. role in
promoting negotiations and peacemaking, and a somewhat more balanced
approach to the parties than some other Jewish organizations.” Like
several other supporters of the new project, Lewis stressed that J-Street is
“not meant as an alternative to AIPAC, or anything on that scale. But I see
it as a useful addition to the debate; it may offer more energetic efforts in
terms of lobbying on the Hill, where a lot of education has to be done.”
He said the new group will be more “politically purposeful” than IPF or other
pro-peace process groups.
Turf issues among the various pro-peace process groups have slowed the
creation of the new organization, according to several activists involved in
discussions about the new group, but they expressed the view that BenAmi has largely finessed that by creating a group that will serve to broaden
political activism by peace process advocates without stepping on the feet
of individual groups that have their own lobbying operations and agendas.
“It will be separate from the dovish organizations and not competitive with
them,” said a source familiar with the discussions that created the new
group. “The goal is to add another, more political layer to support for peace
negotiations.”
Organizers refuse to talk to the media until the official launch, but activists
close to the process say it will focus initially on political fundraising aimed at
helping incumbents and candidates who support a more active U.S.
peacemaking role.
The project is the result of a lengthy process to “figure out what to do to
help organizations that are dovish within the American Zionist fold,” said a
knowledgeable source. “It is very ambitious, but it is starting modestly.”
This source said an initial goal was to raise $1.5 million – presumably with
the intention of having an impact in the current election cycle.
Planners remain secretive in large part to avoid a repetition of last year’s
controversy. Early reports about an AIPAC competitor that would
amalgamate the efforts of the major pro-peace process groups, with
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347 – Chronologie 2008
possible funding by mega-philanthropist and progressive activist George
Soros, produced a storm of unwanted publicity and scared off some
potential participants.
In fact, Soros had never committed to the original project, and the current
iteration includes no Soros involvement, according to several players.
New Group Faces Big Obstacles
The idea of creating an alternative lobbying voice on Mideast issues goes
back at least 20 years.
In 1988, leaders of the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish
Congress and the Anti-Defamation League signed a letter criticizing AIPAC
as not reflecting the consensus views of the Jewish community on Mideast
peace issues. In the privately circulated letter, the groups specifically
objected to AIPAC’s efforts to deny Yasir Arafat a visa allowing him to
address the United Nations.
But that initiative went nowhere. AIPAC established closer working ties to
the other major Jewish organizations and during the Oslo years it was the
Jewish left that argued AIPAC was out of step because of what activists
charged was lukewarm support for the peace process, a political focus that
emphasized building political opposition to the Palestinians and resistance
to any U.S. pressure on Israel.
AIPAC’s preeminence on Capitol Hill – and the vital role played by
networks of pro-Israel campaign givers who take cues from the lobby group
– “misleads a lot of people into thinking there is only one ‘Jewish’ position
on the Middle East,” said University of Florida political scientist Ken Wald.
“So it makes sense for those who don’t like that particular voice to do
something more systematic than just talk about it. And the theory is that
dollars are the currency of doing that.”
But the new group faces big obstacles, he said, including a limited
fundraising pool and the view by many community leaders that “Jews must
present a united front” on Israel-related matters to government bodies.
It also faces a political challenge because “AIPAC has been recognized by
non-Jewish politicians as the voice of the Jewish community,” he said. An
alternative voice “may be hard to sell to non-Jewish politicians who don’t
want to be tarred as anti-Israel.” Jews on the left, he said, are less likely to
put Israel-related politics at the top of their list of giving priorities –
something AIPAC supporters and supports of pro-Israel political action
committees have traditionally done.
And the new group will face aggressive attacks from the Jewish right. “I’m
a realist; these people will get hammered and accused of being anti-Israel,”
Wald said. “A lot will have to do with the way they actually frame their
arguments.” Kean University political scientist Gilbert Kahn said the new
group is part of a broader trend: the effort by groups with different Mideast
perspectives to be heard despite the dominance of a handful of big groups
like AIPAC.
“The most important point here is that there are significant portions of the
Jewish community that feel dissatisfied with the way their views are being
represented,” Kahn said. “The same is true on the other side, with the
Orthodox Union and its decision to challenge the policies of the Israeli
government. It’s the outgrowth of the growing awareness that there is
legitimacy to differences in advocacy.”
The idea has less to do with creating “alternate” AIPACs, some say, than
ending the view in the political world that the Jewish community speaks as
one on controversial Mideast policy issues.
Editor at Large Larry Cohler-Esses contributed to this report.
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143
348 – Chronologie 2008
Offener Brief von Dr. Meir Margalit, israelischer Historiker, an
Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel anlässlich ihrer Reden und ihres (Nichts)Tuns auf der Israel-Reise. Mittwoch, 26. März 2008, in „Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung“ 22.04.2008, S. 8:
Sehr geehrte Frau Merkel,
Schon seit langem hat man in Israel keine Reden gehört, die solchen
zionistischen Pathos hatten, wie die Reden, die Sie bei Ihrem Besuch in
Israel vor einer Woche gehalten haben. Sie haben es während Ihres
dreitägigen Besuchs sehr klar gemacht, wie sehr Sie den Staat Israel
unterstützen und gegen seine Feinde an seiner Seite stehen. Acht Minister,
unzählige Regierungsangestellte und Sicherheitskräfte haben Sie
mitgenommen, um mit großem Aufwand bei Ihren Gastgebern einen guten
Eindruck zu hinterlassen.
Trotz dem obengenannten muss ich Sie jedoch, mit allem Respekt, darauf
hinweisen, dass Sie uns keine gute Tat erwiesen haben:
Wenn Sie nämlich wirklich nur Israels Wohl im Sinne gehabt hätten, dann
hätten Sie die Palästinenserfrage zumindest erwähnt. Stattdessen taten
Sie so, als ob es Sie überhaupt nicht gäbe. Sie hätten mit klaren Worten
erwähnen müssen, dass die israelische Besatzung der
Palästinensergebiete unmenschlich ist und enden muss, dass Israel die
besetzten Gebiete räumen, die Siedlungen auflösen, und die Belagerung
des Gazastreifens beenden muss.
Wenn Sie nämlich wirklich nur Israels Wohl im Sinne gehabt hätten, dann
hätten Sie Abu Mazen [Machmud Abbas] zumindest einen Besuch
abstatten sollen, und sich mit dem palästinensischen Kampf um
Unabhängigkeit solidarisch zeigen sollen.
Wenn Sie wirklich an der Seite Israels gegen seine Feinde stehen wollten,
dann hätten Sie zuallererst den Staat Israel selbst kritisiert. Die größte
Gefahr, die Israel zu fürchten hat, ist nämlich ironischerweise nicht Iran,
sondern Israel selbst. Seit 1967 betreibt der Staat Israel nämlich ein
System der Selbstvernichtung. Jeder, der sich um das Wohl des Staates
Israel bemüht, muss ihm helfen, dieses System zu beenden.
Ich bin mir sicher, dass Sie gebildet genug sind, das zu wissen. Auch weiß
ich, dass das Schuldbewusstsein des deutschen Volkes Ihnen nicht die
Möglichkeit gestattet, den jüdischen Staat offen zu kritisieren. Zudem kann
angenommen werden, dass in einem solchen Fall israelische Politiker
Ihnen vorwerfen hätten, eine Antisemitin zu sein. Trotzdem sollten Sie sich
nicht davon abbringen lassen, denn der wirkliche Antisemit ist der, der
angesichts der Menschenrechtsverletzungen in den besetzten Gebieten
schweigt, da es jedem klar ist, dass die Fortsetzung der Besatzung das
Ende des Staates Israels auf sich ziehen wird. Und falls man Ihnen
vorwirft, ein Antisemit zu sein, können Sie ja Ehud Olmert selbst zitieren,
der vor drei Monaten sagte, dass, wenn die Besatzung nicht beendet wird,
wird der Staat Israel beendet werden.
Ich würde Sie gerne darauf hinweisen, Frau Merkel, dass die Mehrheit der
Israelis eingestehen, dass die Besatzung untragbar ist und uns nicht
weniger Schaden zufügt als den Palästinensern. Jedoch fehlt der
israelischen Regierung die Kraft, die einzige Operation durchzuführen, die
unser Leben retten kann: Die Entfernung des Tumors, der sich “[besetzte]
Gebiete” nennt. Durch diesen Tumor bluten wir ununterbrochen, und er
macht uns von Tag zu Tag schwächer.
Und daher brauchen wir keine Solidaritätsbekundung und auch keine prozionistische Reden, sondern internationalen Druck, der die Besatzung
beenden kann. Alleine schaffen wir das nämlich nicht. Jedoch mit Hilfe
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349 – Chronologie 2008
unserer europäischen Freunde gibt es eine Chance, Ruhe und Frieden für
beide Völker zu erreichen.
Zum Schluss würde ich Sie gerne darauf hinweisen, dass ich zwar kein
Moralist bin, aber dennoch denke, dass Sie eine der wichtigsten
moralischen Lektionen des Zweiten Weltkrieges vergessen haben:
Nämlich, dass man bei Menschenrechtsverletzungen nicht schweigen darf,
und dass man gegen jedes Regime, das ein anderes Volk unterdrückt,
kämpfen muss. Heute sind wir leider die Unterdrücker. Es ist daher Ihre
Aufgabe, mit lauter Stimme zu sagen, dass das 21. Jahrhundert keinen
Platz für Besatzungsmächte und Unterdrücker hat, und dass jedes Volk ein
Recht auf Selbstbestimmung hat.
Israel braucht diesen Druck, um seiner selbst willen. Wer Israel liebt, muss
Druck auslösen, bis die Besatzung beendet ist.
Mit freundlichen Grüssen,
Dr. Meir Margalit, Historiker, Aktivist der israelischen Friedensbewegung
und ehemaliges Stadtratsmitglied von Jerusalem, von der Meretz-Partei.
Übersetzt aus dem Hebräischen von Benjamin Rosendahl. Der Offene
Brief ist bereits am 31.03.2008 im Internet-Portal „hagalil“ dokumentiert
worden.
144
a) HCON 322 EH
110th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. CON. RES. 322
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
Whereas on November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly
voted to partition the British Mandate of Palestine and create a Jewish
state;
Whereas on May 14, 1948, the people of Israel proclaimed the
establishment of the sovereign and independent State of Israel, and the
United States Government established full diplomatic relations with Israel;
Whereas the desire of the Jewish people to establish an independent
modern State of Israel is an outgrowth of the existence of the historic
kingdom of Israel established in the Land of Israel 3,000 years ago, with
the city of Jerusalem as its capital;
Whereas for over 2,000 years, there has been continuous Jewish presence
and residence in the land comprising the modern State of Israel;
Whereas the establishment of the modern State of Israel as a homeland
for the Jewish people followed the slaughter of more than 6,000,000
European Jews during the Holocaust;
Whereas since its establishment 60 years ago, the modern State of Israel
has rebuilt a nation, forged a new and dynamic democratic society, and
created a thriving economic, political, cultural, and intellectual life despite
the heavy costs of war, terrorism, and unjustified diplomatic and economic
boycotts against the people of Israel;
Whereas the people of Israel have established a vibrant, pluralistic,
democratic political system, including freedom of speech, association, and
religion; a vigorously free press; free, fair and open elections; the rule of
law; a fully independent judiciary; and other democratic principles and
practices;
Whereas Israel has developed some of the leading universities in the
world, and 8 Israeli citizens have been awarded the Nobel Prize;
Whereas Israel has developed an advanced, entrepreneurial economy, is
among the world's leaders in the high-tech industry, and is at the forefront
of research and development in the field of renewable energy sources;
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350 – Chronologie 2008
Whereas Israel regularly sends humanitarian aid, search-and-rescue
teams, mobile hospitals, and other emergency supplies, to help victims of
disasters around the world, including the 1994 Rwandan civil war, the 1998
bombing of the United States Embassy in Kenya, the 1999 earthquakes in
Turkey, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2005 hurricanes along the
southern coast of the United States, and the 2007 fires in Greece;
Whereas Israel has absorbed millions of Jews from countries throughout
the world and fully integrated them into Israeli society;
Whereas Israel has bravely defended itself from repeated terrorist and
military attacks since its independence;
Whereas successive leaders of Israel have sought to achieve peace with
Israel's Arab neighbors;
Whereas Israel has established peaceful bilateral relations with
neighboring Egypt and Jordan and has made its desire to establish
peaceful relations with all Arab states abundantly clear;
Whereas for 6 decades, the United States and Israel have maintained a
special relationship based on mutually shared democratic values, common
strategic interests, and moral bonds of friendship and mutual respect;
Whereas the American people feel a strong affinity for the Israeli people
based on common values and shared cultural heritage; and
Whereas the United States continues to regard Israel as a strong and
trusted ally and an important strategic partner: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That
Congress—
(1) recognizes the historic significance of the 60th anniversary of the
reestablishment of the sovereign and independent State of Israel as a
homeland for the Jewish people;
(2) reaffirms its enduring support for Israel as Israel pursues peace with its
neighbors;
(3) reaffirms its support for Israel's right to defend itself against threats to
its security and existence;
(4) commends the people of Israel for their remarkable achievements in
building a new state and a pluralistic, democratic society in the face of
terrorism, as well as hostility, ostracism, and belligerence from many of
their neighbors;
(5) reaffirms the bonds of friendship and cooperation which have existed
between the United States and Israel for the past 60 years, and commits to
strengthening those bonds; and
(6) extends the warmest congratulations and best wishes to the State of
Israel and the Israeli people for a peaceful, prosperous, and successful
future.
Passed the House of Representatives April 23, 2008.
Attest:
Clerk.
110th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. CON. RES. 322
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION
Recognizing the 60th anniversary of the founding of the modern State of
Israel and reaffirming the bonds of close friendship and cooperation
between the United States and Israel.
Dem Rep Independent
Ayes: 417 (97%) 225 192 0
Nays: 0 (0%) 0 0 0
No Vote: 15 (3%) 9 6 0
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351 – Chronologie 2008
b) Speech of Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) April 22, 2008:
Mr. Speaker, today I join my colleagues in Congress in celebrating Israel’s
accomplishments over the past 60 years. I am happy to be co-sponsor of
this congratulatory resolution. However, like many Israelis and Palestinians,
I have concerns about Israel’s future, its stability, its security and the
prospect for peaceful coexistence for both Palestinians and Israelis. One of
those concerns relates to the ongoing lack of resolution on the
dispossession of Palestinian property and the dislocation of Palestinians
after Independence. It must be remembered that about 700,000
Palestinians became exiled. Much Arab property was appropriated. And
about 500 Arab villages were destroyed. On December 11, 1948, the
United Nations passed Resolution 194, affording Palestinian refugees the
right to return to their homes in Israel, or to compensation for their property
should they choose not to return. To this day, the mandate of U.N.
Resolution 194 has not been fulfilled. Unfortunately, this failure remains as
one of the most significant barriers to the realization of a two-state
negotiated solution.
I am also concerned for those Palestinians who did not flee and who
became Israeli citizens after Independence. According to the Legal Center
for Arab Minority Rights in Israel, today there exist 20 Israeli laws which
explicitly discriminate against the Palestinian minority in Israel, who
constitute 20 percent of its population. In its 2005 Annual Report, the U.S.
State Department said that “There is] institutionalized legal and societal
discrimination against Israel’s [Arab] Christian, Muslim and Druze citizens.
The government does not provide Israeli Arabs with the same quality of
education, housing, employment and social services as Jews.”
Finally, Israel has a right to security and a right to defend itself.
Accordingly, I am concerned that the 40 year military occupation of the
West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem has been and continues to
be brutal and unjust and undermines the security of Israel. It is a fact that
the government of Israel continues to support the construction of
settlements on Palestinian land, perpetuating the consequences of
dispossession and exile. Additionally, I am concerned that the government
of Israel has increased the number of checkpoints which destroy a viable
Palestinian economy and a vibrant civil society. I am concerned that the
Israeli government has erected a wall, often on Palestinian land, that
divides Palestinians from Palestinians, rather than divide Israel from the
West Bank. As stated by Judge Elaraby of the International Court of
Justice in his 2004 Advisory Opinion on the legality of Israel’s separation
barrier, “The fact that occupation is met by armed resistance cannot be
used as a pretext to disregard fundamental human rights in the occupied
territory.” This conundrum of a dialectic of conflict further separates Israelis
and Palestinians alike from hopes for peace.
H. Con. Res. 322 eloquently states the many reasons why I celebrate
Israel’s accomplishments and I sincerely wish it a bright future. I only wish
to add that, in my opinion, and in the opinion of many Israelis and
Palestinians as well, Israel’s future will be bright only if it includes an open
dialogue with Palestinians, a respect for human rights and international
law, and a society built on coexistence and tolerance. Israelis and
Palestinians deserve to live in peace with justice and I encourage the
United States government to help Israel achieve that so the joy of future
anniversaries will be unalloyed. I support the resolution in the spirit of
reconciliation to which we must all inevitably turn, to achieve peace and
justice with our brothers and sisters from whom we may be estranged.
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352 – Chronologie 2008
145
Text der Erklärung in der Menüleiste „Erklärungen, Interviews und
Anzeigen” dieser Zeitleiste.
146
Ari Shavit: A deal with thugs, in „Haaretz“-Online 17.04.2008: We have
a neighbor who is a murderer. Not the criminal kind, thank God. Not a
psychopath, God forbid. No, our neighbor is a religious murderer. A
murderer in the name of God and for God. A murderer who wants to
eradicate us and get rid of us so that we will not pollute his sacred soil with
our presence. A murderer who believes that the world will be better, purer,
if we are not here. A serious murderer, a murderer with values, a murderer
with a mission.
Our killer-neighbor is not heartless. He is not without compassion. It would
not occur to him, for example, to slaughter our children and wives. It would
not occur to him to drown us all in the sea. Because of his human virtues
and morals, he does not wish for each and every one of us to die a strange
death.
Instead, the neighbor wants to kill our national existence. In the term used
by the late Yehoshafat Harkabi, his declared goal is politicide, not
genocide. Lying in his bed at night, our neighbor fantasizes about the death
of the State of Israel. In his actions during the day, the neighbor tries to
hasten the death of the State of Israel. In the name of God, the neighbor
wants to murder the State of Israel.
The neighbor is a murderer, but the neighbor is not delusional. He has
good reasons to hate us. Exactly 60 years ago, we deprived his mothers
and fathers of their land. We emptied out their villages. We destroyed their
homes. We wiped their Palestine off the face of the earth. And in the great
heat of May-July 1948, we sent them south, in long columns. We sent them
all the way to Gaza, like the biblical Hagar, leaving in their hearts that deep
pain that over the years became a deep hatred, a deep hatred that became
a claim for absolute justice. An absolute justice that leaves no room for life.
Certainly not for our life.
That is why we have such difficulties with the neighbor. The guilt and the
terror are profound. The cultural gaps are unbearable. For although we live
closely, side by side, we are very far apart. Opposites, really. The neighbor
from Hamas is dispossessed, and we have property. The neighbor is
hungry, and we are well-fed. The neighbor is a zealot, and we are godless.
The neighbor demands justice-to-the-death, and we are looking for some
deal that will let us live.
He is no sucker, that neighbor. In 2006 he surprised us by triumphing over
Mahmoud Abbas. In 2007 he surprised us by driving out Mohammed
Dahlan and taking over Gaza. In 2008 he surprised us by creating a
balance of deterrence against the hollow bragging of the Israeli
government. True, the neighbor is still fairly weak. He cannot rise up and
kill us today, nor will he be able to do so tomorrow. But with every year he
grows stronger. With every year, he advances and makes incursions,
slowly crumbling the settlements we built over the ruins of those villages.
We, for our part, ignore him. We act like a wealthy man who lives a life of
comfort on his estate without realizing that a disenfranchised, angry
neighbor is watching him the whole time. For the good bourgeoisie that we
are, after all, the most convenient way to cope with a murdering neighbor is
to ignore him. Not to see him, not to hear him, not to speak with him. To
pretend that he is not there, at the edge of the garden, just outside the
garden. To pretend that there is another, more polite neighbor with whom
we can speak. And to believe, truly to believe, that peace and security can
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353 – Chronologie 2008
one day be obtained in this neighborhood without solving the problem of
the neighbor. Without seeing that he is here. Here all along. And not going
anywhere.
There are only two ways to deal with a killer-neighbor: to hit him or to
disarm him. Perhaps one day there will no longer be any choice. Despite
the terrible cost involved, Israel may eventually have to enter the neighbor's
crowded trailer and beat him senseless. But before we are dragged into
Gaza, we must exhaust the other possibility. We should offer Hamas a
deal: an Islamic republic in Gaza in exchange for full demilitarization. A full
and fulfilling life for a Muslim community of brothers, in exchange for giving
up violence and arms altogether.
Hamas will probably say no. The neighbor tends to prefer the deaths of
Israelis over the lives of Palestinians. But if there is any chance of a frank
negotiation with Hamas, this is the path the talks should take. Not a Carterstyle illusion, not the temporary tactic of a passing tahadiyeh [truce], but a
tough deal with tough terms. A street deal. A deal with thugs. A deal meant
to give those who live on the other side of the fence a genuine opportunity
to lay down the sword, pick up the Koran and become real neighbors.
147
Mahmoud al-Zahar: No Peace Without Hamas, in “Washington Post”
17.04.2008: GAZA – President Jimmy Carter’s sensible plan to visit the
Hamas leadership this week brings honesty and pragmatism to the Middle
East while underscoring the fact that American policy has reached its dead
end. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice acts as if a few alterations here
and there would make the hideous straitjacket of apartheid fit better. While
Rice persuades Israeli occupation forces to cut a few dozen meaningless
roadblocks from among the more than 500 West Bank control points, these
forces simultaneously choke off fuel supplies to Gaza; blockade its 1.5
million people; approve illegal housing projects on West Bank land; and
attack Gaza City with F-16s, killing men, women and children. Sadly, this is
"business as usual" for the Palestinians.
Last week's attack on the Nahal Oz fuel depot should not surprise critics in
the West. Palestinians are fighting a total war waged on us by a nation that
mobilizes against our people with every means at its disposal–from its
high-tech military to its economic stranglehold, from its falsified history to
its judiciary that "legalizes" the infrastructure of apartheid. Resistance
remains our only option. Sixty-five years ago, the courageous Jews of the
Warsaw ghetto rose in defense of their people. We Gazans, living in the
world's largest open-air prison, can do no less.
The U.S.-Israeli alliance has sought to negate the results of the January
2006 elections, when the Palestinian people handed our party a mandate
to rule. Hundreds of independent monitors, Carter among them, declared
this the fairest election ever held in the Arab Middle East. Yet efforts to
subvert our democratic experience include the American coup d'etat that
created the new sectarian paradigm with Fatah and the continuing warfare
against and enforced isolation of Gazans.
Now, finally, we have the welcome tonic of Carter saying what any
independent, uncorrupted thinker should conclude: that no "peace plan,"
"road map" or "legacy" can succeed unless we are sitting at the negotiating
table and without any preconditions.
Israel's escalation of violence since the staged Annapolis "peace
conference" in November has been consistent with its policy of illegal, often
deadly collective punishment–in violation of international conventions.
Israeli military strikes on Gaza have killed hundreds of Palestinians since
then with unwavering White House approval; in 2007 alone the ratio of
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354 – Chronologie 2008
Palestinians to Israelis killed was 40 to 1, up from 4 to 1 during the period
from 2000 to 2005.
Only three months ago I buried my son Hussam, who studied finance at
college and wanted to be an accountant; he was killed by an Israeli
airstrike. In 2003, I buried Khaled–my first-born – after an Israeli F-16
targeting me wounded my daughter and my wife and flattened the
apartment building where we lived, injuring and killing many of our
neighbors. Last year, my son-in-law was killed.
Hussam was only 21, but like most young men in Gaza he had grown up
fast out of necessity. When I was his age, I wanted to be a surgeon; in the
1960s, we were already refugees, but there was no humiliating blockade
then. But now, after decades of imprisonment, killing, statelessness and
impoverishment, we ask: What peace can there be if there is no dignity
first? And where does dignity come from if not from justice?
Our movement fights on because we cannot allow the foundational crime at
the core of the Jewish state–the violent expulsion from our lands and
villages that made us refugees–to slip out of world consciousness,
forgotten or negotiated away. Judaism – which gave so much to human
culture in the contributions of its ancient lawgivers and modern proponents
of tikkun olam–has corrupted itself in the detour into Zionism, nationalism
and apartheid.
A "peace process" with Palestinians cannot take even its first tiny step until
Israel first withdraws to the borders of 1967; dismantles all settlements;
removes all soldiers from Gaza and the West Bank; repudiates its illegal
annexation of Jerusalem; releases all prisoners; and ends its blockade of
our international borders, our coastline and our airspace permanently. This
would provide the starting point for just negotiations and would lay the
groundwork for the return of millions of refugees. Given what we have lost,
it is the only basis by which we can start to be whole again.
I am eternally proud of my sons and miss them every day. I think of them
as fathers everywhere, even in Israel, think of their sons–as innocent boys,
as curious students, as young men with limitless potential–not as "gunmen"
or "militants." But better that they were defenders of their people than
parties to their ultimate dispossession; better that they were active in the
Palestinian struggle for survival than passive witnesses to our subjugation.
History teaches us that everything is in flux. Our fight to redress the
material crimes of 1948 is scarcely begun, and adversity has taught us
patience. As for the Israeli state and its Spartan culture of permanent war,
it is all too vulnerable to time, fatigue and demographics: In the end, it is
always a question of our children and those who come after us.
Mahmoud al-Zahar, a surgeon, is a founder of Hamas. He is [the] foreign
minister in the government of Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, which was
elected in January 2006.
148
Barak Ravid: Hebron settlers threaten German MPs, in „Haaretz“Online 18.04.2008: A group of Jewish settlers in Hebron insulted and
threatened a visiting German parliamentary delegation touring the West
Bank city yesterday. The German embassy in Israel protested to the
Foreign Ministry that Israel Defense Forces soldiers and police officers did
nothing to stop the settlers' attacks. The German group cut short its visit to
the city after the incident.
The IDF declined to comment on the incident, while the Israeli embassy in
Berlin issued an apology.
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355 – Chronologie 2008
Seven members of the German parliament's law committee toured Hebron,
the West Bank's largest city. The IDF control the center of the city to
protect several hundred Jewish settlers living there.
At the start of the visit, the legislators were cursed, insulted and threatened
by a small group of settlers, the visitors said in a statement yesterday.
"The Israeli police and army showed no willingness to step in and said they
couldn't guarantee the safety of the delegation," the statement said. "In
order to give the peace process a chance, the members of the law
committee, as friends of Israel, appeal to the Israeli authorities to rein in the
fanaticism of Jewish settlers."
The legislators, headed by German Green Party deputy Jerzy Montag,
leader of a German-Israeli parliamentary group, said the settlers swore at
them, threatened them, called them "Nazis" and poured paint on their cars.
Following the attacks the delegation members decided to cut their visit
short and left Hebron. They said were so shocked and upset that they
considered leaving Israel immediately in protest.
The Israeli ambassador in Germany, Yoram Ben-Zeev, spoke to the
lawmakers by phone and expressed his regret for the incident. Ben-Zeev
said he will meet personally with every committee member in the
delegation upon their return to Germany this week, to express his feelings
and to apologize.
The German embassy in Israel protested to the Foreign Ministry in the
name of the German government, saying the IDF soldiers at the site did
nothing to stop the settlers.
"We're still looking into the circumstances of the incident," a senior Foreign
Ministry source said. "This is not the first time that such things have
happened and we can only regret it, especially since these are great
friends of Israel."
A Foreign Ministry official said members of the German delegation called
the ministry for help during the incident. The ministry contacted police and
asked them to intervene, but by that time the delegation had already left.
Foreign Ministry officials said the delegation did not coordinate their
Hebron visit with Israeli authorities, and therefore no preparations had been
made for their arrival.
However, German diplomats said the Israeli embassy in Berlin had been
given complete details of the visit even before the lawmakers arrived in
Israel.
Noam Arnon, the spokesman for Hebron's settlers, said that while he does
not agree or sympathize with the settlers' actions in this incident, "one must
take into consideration that these were not innocent tourists." The
parliamentarians were accompanied by "an extreme left-wing organization
that incites to drive the Jewish settlers out of Hebron and slanders the IDF
and Israel," Arnon said. "It's like the tours of the National Jewish Front I
used to lead in Arab villages." Arnon invited the "representatives of
European states" to visit Hebron without the "hostile escort" to see things
as they really were.
149
Henry Siegman: Israels falsche Freunde, in „Süddeutsche Zeitung“
10.04.2008, S. 2: Die Europäer glauben, aus Sühne für den Holocaust
müssten sie alle Taten des jüdischen Staats dulden – doch damit schaden
sie ihm. Der Gesandte des Nahost-Quartetts, Tony Blair, und
Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel wollen also eine weitere
Friedenskonferenz organisieren, diesmal im Juni in Berlin. Nach der langen
Reihe fehlgeschlagener Friedensinitiativen, die mindestens bis 1991, bis
zur Konferenz von Madrid, zurückreicht, fällt es schwer zu glauben, dass
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356 – Chronologie 2008
Staats- und Regierungschefs tatsächlich die gleichen Fehler noch einmal
begehen wollen. Und dass sie keine Ahnung haben, warum dieser Konflikt
heute noch auswegloser erscheint als einst. Der eigentliche Skandal ist,
dass die Völkergemeinschaft zwar genau weiß, wo die Probleme liegen,
aber nicht genug Mut aufbringt, sie zu benennen, geschweige denn sie zu
lösen. Die nächste Friedenskonferenz in Deutschland – oder in Moskau,
wo die Russen sie gerne machen würden – wird an derselben Feigheit
scheitern, die auch alle früheren Bemühungen kennzeichnete. Es wird über
alles gesprochen werden, außer über das eigentliche Problem. Dieses
Problem sieht so aus: Selbst wenn man von allen Sünden absieht, die man
den Palästinensern zuschreiben kann – ihre desaströse Führung, der
missglückte Aufbau politischer Institutionen, die mörderische Gewalt der
Widerstandsgruppen: Es gibt keine realistische Perspektive für einen
souveränen palästinensischen Staat. Und dies vor allem deshalb, weil die
zahlreichen israelischen Regierungen von 1967 bis heute nie die Absicht
hatten, einen solchen Staat Wirklichkeit werden zu lassen. Es ist das eine,
dass Israels Regierungen darauf bestehen, den Palästinenser-Staat so
lange hinauszuzögern, bis bestimmte Sicherheitsbedürfnisse erfüllt sind.
Das andere aber ist, dass eine Regierung, die den Konflikt ernsthaft lösen
wollte, niemals die Räumung und Teilung palästinensischen Landes auf
eine Weise weiterbetreiben würde, bei der jedes Kind weiß, dass sie einen
palästinensischen Staat unmöglich macht. Angesichts der überwältigenden
Ungleichheit der Kräfte zwischen Besatzern und Besetzten wundert es
wenig, dass israelische Regierungen einen regelrechten Heißhunger auf
palästinensisches Land entwickelt haben. Erstaunlich ist etwas anderes:
dass die Völkergemeinschaft so tut, als nehme sie Israel die Behauptung
ab, das Opfer zu sein, die von ihm besetzten Menschen aber die
Aggressoren. Deshalb erlaubt sie weiterhin die Enteignung der
Palästinenser, dass hier die Gesetze des Dschungels walten. Solange
Israel glaubt, sich mit dem Hinauszögern des Friedensprozesses Zeit
kaufen zu können, um unwiderruflich Fakten zu schaffen – solange kann
kein Friedensprozess gelingen. Und wenn die Völkergemeinschaft Israel
weiterhin die Behauptung abkauft, sein Wunsch nach einer Zwei-StaatenLösung werde durch die Palästinenser enttäuscht, wird deren Vertreibung
in der Tat unumkehrbar. Und wenn westliche Länder vor dem Hintergrund
ihrer Schuld am Holocaust glauben, ihre Hinnahme eines solchen
Ergebnisses sei ein Akt der Freundschaft mit dem jüdischen Volk, so
könnte es keinen größeren Irrtum geben. Die Palästinenser aufzugeben,
kann keine Sühne dafür sein, die Juden Europas aufgegeben zu haben.
Und es würde auch nicht der Sicherheit des Staates Israel dienen. Die
geradezu uneingeschränkten Bekundungen der Unterstützung durch
Merkel und Frankreichs Präsident Nicolas Sarkozy sind nach den Worten
des Publizisten John Vinocur "der Versuch, Israel zur Mäßigung mit einer
Botschaft zwischen den Zeilen anzuhalten, nämlich: Die EU ist nicht oder
nicht mehr euer reflexhafter Widersacher." Aber die Erwartung, unkritische
Unterstützung werde zu einer größeren Bereitschaft Israels führen, für den
Frieden Risiken auf sich zu nehmen, steht im Widerspruch zur Geschichte
dieses Konflikts. Diese hat vielmehr gezeigt: Je kleiner der Widerspruch ist,
den Israel von seinen Freunden im Westen erhält, desto kompromissloser
wird sein Verhalten gegenüber den Palästinensern. Und genauso reagierte
Premier Ehud Olmert auf die Erklärungen von Sarkozy und Merkel: Er
kündigte neue Bauprojekte in Ostjerusalem an und genehmigte damit
Wohnungsprojekte, die frühere Regierungen wegen ihrer negativen
Wirkungen auf ein Friedensabkommen eingefroren hatten. Zudem erklärte
Verteidigungsminister Ehud Barak kurz nach Merkels Abreise im März,
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357 – Chronologie 2008
dass er die 500 Kontrollpunkte und Straßensperren nicht auflösen werde,
die ein Gedeihen der palästinensischen Wirtschaft verhindern – was Israel
schon wiederholt versprochen und ebenso wiederholt nicht erfüllt hatte.
Welche Hoffnung die Palästinenser auch immer gehabt haben mögen,
nachdem ihnen die internationale Gebergemeinschaft im Dezember mehr
als sieben Milliarden Dollar zugesagt hatte: Mit Baraks Ankündigung wurde
sie zerstört. Die Geberländer, von der Privatwirtschaft gar nicht zu reden,
werden unter diesen Umständen dem schlechten Geld nicht auch noch
gutes hinterherwerfen; das haben sie früher schon oft genug getan. Was
von den Staats- und Regierungschefs nun verlangt wird, sind keine
weiteren Friedenskonferenzen oder clevere Korrekturen früherer
Erklärungen – sondern der moralische und politische Mut, ihre
Kollaboration mit jenem Riesenschwindel zu beenden, zu dem der
Friedensprozess geworden ist. Selbstverständlich muss die
palästinensische Gewalt verurteilt und gestoppt werden, vor allem, wenn
sie Zivilisten trifft. Auf der anderen Seite aber: Barrikaden und Checkpoints
der Armee, Kampfhubschrauber und Düsenjäger, gezielte Ermordungen
und militärische Übergriffe, ganz zu schweigen vom massiven Diebstahl
palästinensischen Lands. Ist es nicht vollkommen unehrlich, so zu tun, als
wäre Israels Besetzung nicht selbst ein unerbittlicher Akt der Gewalt gegen
drei Millionen palästinensische Zivilisten? Könnte die Besetzung auch nur
einen Tag länger währen, wenn Israel seine Gewalt aufgeben würde?
Dessen Pläne für das Westjordanland sind nicht viel anders als die der
arabischen Streitkräfte, als sie 1948 den Staat Israel angriffen – ihr Ziel
war die Annullierung des UN-Teilungsplans von 1947. Dieses Problem
muss beim Namen genannt werden (und das ist etwas völlig anderes als
so hohle Statements wie: „Siedlungen helfen nicht dem Frieden"). Und es
muss gemeinsam gegen einen Kolonialismus vorgegangen werden, der
den einstigen noblen jüdischen Befreiungskampf entwertet. Oder die
Teilnehmer von Friedenskonferenzen, egal welch guter Absicht, sind nur
Staffage bei einer grausamen Täuschung.
150
151
Drucksachen 16/8747 vom 08.04.2008 und 16/8993 vom 25.04.2008.
Judith Bernstein: Bemerkungen zur Kleinen Anfrage von Bündnis
90/Die Grünen „Politik der Bundesregierung und EU im israelischpalästinensischen Konflikt angesichts der Krise im Gazastreifen“ und zur
Antwort des Auswärtigen Amtes vom 23.04.2008:
1. In der Antwort der Bundesregierung fehlt jeglicher Hinweis auf den
politischen Beitrag, den Berlin und die EU zur Realisierung der
Zweistaatenregelung zu leisten willig sind.
2. Die Antwort der Bundesregierung begnügt sich mit der ausführlichen
Berichterstattung über bilaterale und multilaterale humanitäre und
entwicklungsorientierte Finanzhilfen für die Palästinenser. Der Anschlag im
Zentrum Jerusalems am 22. Juli 2008 belegt hingegen erneut, dass diese
Hilfen weder Palästinenser vor Terroranschlägen zurückhalten noch den
Frieden zwischen beiden Völkern fördern.
3. Indem sich die Bundesregierung nicht zu den politischen und
ideologischen Kontexten der Hilfen (Siedlungen, Grenzen, Ost-Jerusalem,
Flüchtlinge, „Trennungsmauern“, militärische Sperrgebiete) äußert,
sondern nur deren Folgen anspricht, stellt sie sich hinter die israelischen
Ansprüche auf die palästinensischen Gebiete.
4. In der Antwort der Bundesregierung fehlt jeglicher Hinweis auf die
Verantwortung der israelischen Politik für die eingeräumten Notlagen der
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358 – Chronologie 2008
palästinensischen Bevölkerung. Das ist um so erstaunlicher, als die
Bundesregierung darlegt, dass
a) die humanitäre Lage im Gazastreifen „besorgniserregend“ ist (…);
b) die palästinensische Zivilbevölkerung gemäß dem humanitären
Völkerrecht, das in der IV. Genfer Konvention (von 1949) niedergelegt ist,
auf deren Schutz Anspruch hat und dass „Israel als militärische
Besatzungsmacht effektive Herrschaftsgewalt über die besetzten Gebiete
ausübt“ – wozu die Bundesregierung also auch den Gazastreifen rechnet
(…);
b) Israel „nach den Regeln des humanitären Völkerrechts verpflichtet (ist),
die Versorgung der (palästinensischen) Bevölkerung mit Lebens- und
Arzneimitteln sicherzustellen“ und dass Kollektivstrafen verboten sind
(Antworten auf die Fragen 18 + 19), sich gleichzeitig jedoch weigert, zu
angeblich „abstrakten Rechtsfragen Stellung“ zu nehmen (…).
5. Die Kleine Anfrage von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen ist so formuliert, dass
sich die Bundesregierung ihrer politischen Verantwortung entziehen kann,
die sie regelmäßig betont. Die Konsequenzen des Versäumnisses werden
besonders an den Stellen deutlich, an denen sich die Bundesregierung zur
Geltung der IV. Genfer Konvention bekennt. Indem diese zum Schutz einer
Zivilbevölkerung „in Kriegszeiten“ aufruft, übersieht die Bundesregierung,
dass es sich nach vorherrschendem israelischem Verständnis bei der
Konfrontation mit den Palästinensern nicht um Krieg, sondern um die
Niederschlagung eines „Aufstandes“ handelt. Diese Interpretation hat zwei
Ergebnisse nach sich gezogen: Zum einen bewegt sich das Verständnis
zur Westbank zwischen der biblischen Bezeichnung „Judäa und Samaria“
und aktuell „terra nullius“ – wonach der arabische Angriff auf Israel 1967
völkerrechtliche Ansprüche auf dieses Territorium verwirkt habe. Zum
anderen wird palästinensischen Gefangenen – von denen nur wenigen die
Mitgliedschaft bei „Hamas“ vorgeworfen werden kann – nicht der
Kombattanten-Status gewährt, so dass ihnen ein rechtsförmiges Verfahren
vorenthalten werden kann.
152
Yariv Oppenheimer: Settlement bloc expansion is the most destructive,
in „bitterlemons“ 07.04.2008: Recently, the Israeli and international media
has featured reports on progress in peace negotiations. Chief negotiators
Ahmed Qurei and Tzipi Livni maintain silence about the details, but allow
that the talks are ongoing, detailed and purposeful. Now of all times, when
the core issues never before discussed appear to be on the agenda, the
negotiating theater seems to be infinitely distant from the reality unfolding
on the ground. While the negotiating teams are discussing the ways and
principles for partitioning the Land of Israel, the reality on the ground
makes it increasingly difficult to establish a sovereign Palestinian state.
From week to week, there are more voices on both sides arguing that it
has become physically impossible to remove the West Bank settlements
and that accordingly the two-state solution is history. The original goal of
the settler leaders to prevent any future national leadership from dividing
the land is closer than ever to fruition, as the settlements continue to
spread. Like its predecessors, the Olmert government is operating in two
contradictory directions: on the one hand it issues declarations regarding
the existential need to achieve a peace agreement with the Palestinians,
but on the other, it approves more construction beyond the green line,
particularly the expansion of existing settlements. This pattern is repeated
especially when Israeli governments decide to advance courageously
toward a political settlement. It is then, perhaps stemming from a desire to
placate right-wing protests, that the government decides to move ahead
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359 – Chronologie 2008
with construction plans and alter the lay of the land almost irreversibly. The
codename that legitimizes every act of expanding existing settlements and
establishing new ones is the broad concept of "settlement blocs". As if in
recognition of a fait accompli, government spokespersons justify every new
initiative to build in the territories with the excuse that the areas involved
are settlement blocs that in any event will come under future Israeli
sovereignty. During the first three months of 2008, at the height of the
Annapolis process, construction took place in 101 West Bank settlements;
about 500 structures, comprising thousands of housing units, are currently
being built. New construction plans were approved by the government to
build a new neighborhood at Agan Haayalot next to Givat Zeev, north of
Jerusalem. Tenders were released for the construction of 750 units in East
Jerusalem. The regional planning commission approved submission of
construction plans for 3,600 additional units in East Jerusalem. Most of
these new construction plans are intended for empty areas located
adjacent to Palestinian villages and neighborhoods in the eastern part of
the city. In contrast to the pronouncements of official spokespersons, the
ramifications of additional construction in the settlement blocs are often
more destructive than expansion of isolated settlements in the West Bank
heartland. While construction in the isolated settlements is usually limited in
scope and in any case destined for eventual removal, the "settlement bloc"
concept is a green light for building thousands of housing units near the
borderline, in areas where the chances of reaching agreement to evacuate
settlements are slim. Removal of settlements like Ofra, Bet El and Har
Bracha, which are located deep inside Palestinian territory in the mountain
heartland, will enjoy far broader public support than removal of
communities inside the settlement blocs, like Maaleh Adumim, Betar Illit
and the Etzion settlements. Moreover, Palestinian agreement to leaving
part of the settlement blocs under Israeli sovereignty within the framework
of a peace agreement is conditioned on territorial swaps, meaning transfer
of Israeli sovereign territory to the Palestinian state. Every built-up acre in
the settlement blocs constitutes an additional, complicated problem area
when it comes to determining the future borders of the two states. The
settlement of Modiin Illit, which in early March was declared a full-fledged
municipality, offers an excellent example of the way Israeli governments
have obliterated the green line and de facto annexed territory while
simultaneously proceeding with peace negotiations. In 1993 when the Oslo
accord was signed, the land adjacent to the Palestinian village of Bil'in was
empty. Yet within three years, even as a process unfolded whereby Israel
recognized the right of the Palestinian people to a state in the West Bank,
construction began on the Modiin Illit settlement to provide housing
solutions for the ultra orthodox sector. Today, this settlement comprises
37,500 residents. Plans are advancing to expand it deeper into the West
Bank; just this week two new enlargement plans were released. The
settlement construction dynamic, including in East Jerusalem and the blocs
adjacent to the green line, should first and foremost concern the Israeli
mainstream that aspires to separate from the Palestinians within the
framework of a two-state solution. The consistent policy of expanding
settlements renders the two-state vision that much more distant and is
maneuvering Israel and the Palestinians into a situation where both will
have to coexist in a single bi-national state.
Die Bewegung „Frieden jetzt“ wurde im Gefolge eines Briefes von 348
Reserveoffizieren vom 6. März 1978 an Ministerpräsident Menachem Begin
gegründet. Darin schrieben sie, dass eine „Regierung, die die Existenz des
Staates Israel in den Grenzen Groß-Israels dem Frieden vorzieht und
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360 – Chronologie 2008
guten nachbarlichen Beziehungen, (…) bei uns schwere und tiefe Sorge
aus(löst“).
153
In den 1980er Jahren verabschiedete die Knesset ein
„Kontaktsperregesetz“ ähnlichen Inhalts. Es stellte Beziehungen zur PLO
unter Strafe. Nach der Prinzipienerklärung vom September 1993 („Oslo I“)
wurde das Gesetz kassiert.
154
Ed Abington: First-hand report on current conditions in the "Holy Land":
I got back Saturday morning from ten days in Jerusalem and Ramallah
where I met with many Palestinians and Israelis. I came back convinced
more than ever that the two-state solution is dead as a doornail. There is
absolutely no willingness on the part of the IDF to change the situation on
the ground from the stranglehold they now have. In fact several Israelis
said that there are an increasing number of IDF officers serving in the West
Bank who live in the settlements and do everything they can to frustrate
any dismantlement of roadblocks or other barriers. The head of a wellrespected Israeli organization told me that former Defense Minister Amir
Peretz's advisor for the West Bank said that the IDF does everything it can
to frustrate positive changes on the ground per the Roadmap and Tony
Blair's mission. The Israeli said Peretz's advisor said that the IDF had
recruited Palestinian youngsters from Nablus to try to get through the
Hawara checkpoint wearing a suicide belt. They were caught (since it was
a set-up), the IDF trumpeted their arrest and used that to justify the
continuing seige of Nablus. The boys were released within a short time
after their arrest.
The Office of the UN Coordinator for Humanitarian Affairs has the absolute
best – and most depressing – power point presentation of the situation on
the West Bank that I have seen, layering information on a map showing
Palestinian cities and villages, areas a, b and c, closed military areas,
Israeli-declared nature reserves, the separation barrier, settlements,
including their master plan for development, the Israeli road network for
settlements, barriers and roadblocks – all of which puts forty percent of the
West Bank off limit to Palestinians. When one looks at the presentation
and sees how fragmented and disjointed the West Bank has become, and
how East Jerusalem is almost totally surrounded by Israeli settlements, it is
beyond imagination that there can ever be a viable Palestinian state.
There is a sense of despair among almost all Palestinians I talked to. They
see no willingness on the part of the Israelis to engage in meaningful final
status talks. In fact, they say, the talks are frozen, yet settlement expansion
is going on at a steady and growing rate. Tenders for new housing units
are being approved almost every day, not only in East Jerusalem but
elsewhere in the West Bank. No Palestinian building for any purpose is
allowed in area c, even if Palestinians have owned the land for generations.
The IDF destroys any building done by Palestinians in area c. The West
Bank is now truly fragmented by checkpoints, Israeli-only roads, closed
military areas and permanent "border-crossing"-like terminals around all
the major Palestinian cities. Someone shipping goods to or from Nablus,
for example, must off-load/on-load their trucks at least twice on any trip.
The IDF has clamped down even tighter on the daily lives of Palestinians.
Nabil Kassis, the president of Bir Zeit University, said that he has not been
able to hire foreign faculty for the university for several years. The Israelis
refuse to give foreign faculty work permits. In the past, foreigners would get
a three month visa at the Israeli point of entry and after three months, go
out to Jordan or elsewhere for a day or two and then come back in and get
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361 – Chronologie 2008
another three month visa. That practice has now stopped by the Israelis,
making it even more difficult for anyone in the West Bank who overstays
their visa.
I found no Palestinian who had anything positive to say about Tony Blair's
mission. One Palestinian involved in negotiations said Blair comes two or
three days a month and spends only a couple of hours with the
Palestinians. They see no positive changes on the ground as a result of his
efforts. I heard that a State Department official will shortly join the Blair
mission as chief of party. One wag unkindly commented that his
assignment was a rare example of a rat jumping on a sinking ship.
The situation in Gaza is truly horrific and on the brink of a humanitarian
disaster. UNRWA says fully 80 percent of the people in Gaza depend on
food aid to meet the absolute minimum daily caloric intake. UNRWA only
supplies 60 percent of daily food requirements to the refugees to whom it
distributes food packets and depends on a functioning economy to supply
the rest. The economy in Gaza, however, is close to collapse.
Unemployment is over 50 percent and rising. Many factories have closed
down altogether and have laid off their workers because they can't get
inputs into Gaza nor distribute their products. The agricultural sector is
collapsing. The IDF allows no fertilizer into Gaza, nor chicken feed, very
little fuel, no spare parts for the water and sewage systems and is
increasingly cutting off supplies of electricity. At least forty percent of Gaza
City is permanently without electricity and the situation is even worse in
other parts of the Gaza Strip. The Palestinians are pumping tens of
thousands of cubic meters of raw, untreated sewage into the Med because
sewage plants are breaking down. There is a huge reservoir of raw sewage
in northern Gaza that could flood villages at any time. Ground water is
increasingly being contaminated (it has been increasingly saline for some
time). Drinking water is increasingly untreated because of a deterioration in
the water treatment system due to a lack of spare parts, creating the
danger of a pandemic in Gaza. UNRWA is worried about malnutrition and
seeing signs of stress in pregnant women, usually the harbinger of
malnutrition. Undernutrition is widespread among children and adults.
In general, Palestinians recognize that it is only the international community
that is keeping Gaza from collapsing altogether, but Palestinians hold out
little hope that the international community will do much to make the
situation better. And the Bush Administration is seen as aligning itself
totally with Israel on punishing Gaza and unwilling to do much of anything
to persuade Israel to ease the pressure on Gaza. I heard one anecdote
that summarized US impotence vis-a-vis Israel. The Consulate in
Jerusalem sent a Palestinian from Gaza to the US on a Fulbright
fellowship. The Palestinian scholar returned to Amman almost a year ago
but has been unable to get back to Gaza. The US has been putting him up
in a hotel in Amman and paying him per diem for close to a year. His plight
reminds me of the Tom Hanks movie, The Terminal, of someone who got
stuck at JFK for a year because his country went out of existence.
There seems to be a sense that, sooner or later, the IDF will go into Gaza
in a big way to try to destroy the Hamas government and its infrastructure,
which will make the humanitarian situation even worse, as well as result in
heavy casualties. Despite the grim situation in Gaza, no Palestinian I talked
to thought Hamas was in the slightest danger of being overthrown. Fatah in
the West Bank has done little or nothing to rehabilitate itself, some two
years after the 2006 parliamentary elections.
There is uncertainty what will happen when Mahmoud Abbas' term of office
expires in January 2009. One Palestinian said that the Presidency is
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362 – Chronologie 2008
considering a draft election law, which would be promulgated by president
decree since the Legislative Council has not met (and cannot meet) for
over a year. Interestingly, the draft election law states that legislative and
presidential elections will be held in 2010, thereby giving Abu Mazen
another year in office. I don't know whether this is true or not, but so much
for the Bush Administration emphasis on democracy. Palestinians to whom
I spoke could see no way, in any case, that elections could be held, given
the political fragmentation between the West Bank and Gaza. And
elections held only in the West Bank (and perhaps East Jerusalem) would
have zero credibility.
Palestinians see Salam Fayyad as imposed upon them by the Bush
Administration. Some Fatah members were critical of Fayyad, probably
because Fatah no longer feeds at the public trough. Other Palestinians
praised his efforts but suggested that if neither the US nor the Israelis
(much less other members of the Quartet) were doing much to make
Fayyad succeed, then what hope is there?
I first went to Gaza and the West Bank and have been returning regularly
for the past fifteen years, although this is my first visit for 14 months. I
always think the situation could not get worse, at least since 2000 and the
outbreak of the second intifada, but somehow it does. I fully expect that
conditions will be even worse on the ground when I next visit.
155
Ari Shavit: The man without substance, in „Haaretz“-Online
27.03.2008: Ehud Olmert has many good qualities. The prime minister is a
good friend to his comrades, a devoted father to his children, and is loyal to
his followers. He is not brilliant, but he is intelligent. He is not profound, but
he is pragmatic. Energetic, diligent and level-headed. Olmert has many of
the traits required of a decision maker. He also has a virtuoso ability to
create networks of power, reinforce them and activate them in times of
need.
Olmert is a gifted and multifaceted politician. He knows how to be charming
and how to be threatening, to play a man of the world but also to relate to
ordinary people. It is doubtful if there is anyone in Israel with more
connections. It is doubtful if there is anyone like him who knows how to
woo the powerful and pal around with criminals.
And nevertheless, the prime minister has one shortcoming that
overshadows all his good qualities: The man lacks substance. He has no
worldview and no overall picture of reality. He has no ethical foundations
and no structural principles. Olmert has no core. He has no Tablets of
Stone. In the most profound sense, he does not know where he came from
and where he is going. That is why today he can say the opposite of what
he said yesterday, without batting an eyelash.
Nor does he have any difficulty saying one thing and doing another. Since
he is guided by litigation rather than the truth, the prime minister is capable
of changing his skin and changing his policy like a chameleon. That is why
he is a serial exploiter of opportunities and a brilliant survivor, but a
hopeless shaper of reality.
As a captain without direction and without a compass, Olmert stretches his
opportunism to the absurd and his pragmatism to the point of losing the
way. He arouses passions and engages in sleight of hand and is
occasionally hypnotic, but in his 40 years in politics he has not left any
mark. Even in his two years as prime minister he has not done anything
genuine.
These were two important years during which Israel's prime minister was
supposed to strengthen the country before the major historic test of the
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363 – Chronologie 2008
end of the decade. During these years he was supposed to pursue peace
and prepare for war. To prepare the ground for dividing the country and
prepare people's hearts for a struggle for the country. To stop Iran, test
Syria and exhaust Hamas. To establish Israel's legitimacy as a Jewish and
democratic nation state. To restore to Israel the qualities of a country
characterized by excellence. To rehabilitate statesmanship and renew
meaningfulness. To provide the state with diplomatic tools, national pride
and a sense of direction.
Olmert did none of this. He promised convergence, and changed his mind.
He promised an end to the conflict, and disappointed us. He failed in the
Second Lebanon War and failed to understand its significance. He did
something, but not enough, on the crucial issue of Iran. He is losing
precious time before entering negotiations with Syria, he did not formulate
an overall and consistent strategy vis-a-vis Hamas and did not prepare the
country for a future evacuation of the settlements. He did not spur the
nation to stand behind the Israel Defense Forces and strengthen them.
So as far as foreign affairs and security are concerned, the prime minister
has stagnated over the past two years. But as far as domestic affairs and
society are concerned, Olmert caused tremendous damage. He did not
carry out the necessary revolution in the school system. He brought about
a destructive revolution in the justice system, surrendered unconditionally
to Shas, encouraged centralization in the economy and accepted the
widening gaps in society. Under Olmert, Israel has become a reckless
country that abandons the weak and helpless. Mutual responsibility has
been eroded, social justice has been trampled. Corruption has become
widespread.
In another country or another period it may have been possible to be more
forgiving of the failures of the 12th prime minister. After all, he is still a
neophyte. Maybe he will learn. Look, according to foreign sources, he has
learned how to make decisions in the area of national security. According
to economic sources, he is leading the economy in a reasonable manner.
Not everything is black. Nor have the worrisome suspicions of personal
corruption been proven.
But in this country in this period being forgiving toward the government is a
luxury. Israel today needs excellence in every area; most of all in the area
of leadership. Olmert lacks this excellence. Nor will he ever have it. Even if
he makes an effort to rehabilitate himself, a person without substance
cannot rehabilitate what he does not have in himself. A person without a
core cannot navigate toward peace and cannot withstand a war. A person
without moral authority cannot be a leader in a time of trial.
Therefore, although Olmert is a good guy and a good friend, he does not
belong in the Prime Minister's Office. Two more critical years of Olmert at
the helm means a dangerous gamble.
156
Ari Shavit: Will the real Barak please stand up?, in “Haaretz”-Online
3.4.2008: [Former Minister of Defense] Amir Peretz is pathetic but right:
Ehud Barak has no agenda. More accurately, deep inside, Barak has a
definite agenda, but it is a secret. Since his return to politics, Barak has not
given a name to his truth. And since he became defense minister, he has
not voiced his credo in public. But a leader who does not tell the public the
truth is not a leader. Publicly and politically he is directionless, pointless
and redundant. So if Barak wants to live, he must emerge from the bunker
immediately, face Israel and speak out. He must finally address his agenda
in a speech. Here is a draft:
Dear citizens,
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364 – Chronologie 2008
This is a time of trial. Israel is facing unprecedented challenges. Iran is on
the verge of nuclearization, Syria and Hezbollah are growing stronger,
Hamas is heading toward conflagration. The Israel Defense Forces is
doing everything to prepare for the developments, but this is not enough.
Israeli society must muster all its inner strength both to prevent war and to
endure a war. Such mustering cannot take place unless we are honest with
ourselves and take a hard look at reality. Therefore I'm addressing you as
a statesman rather than a politician. As a patriot rather than a party
functionary. For many years, our leaders have thrown sand in your eyes
and led you astray, but now I am here to speak the truth, and only the truth,
no matter how difficult it is. Just as Camp David 2000 burst the peace
bubble, the Hamas victory and Second Lebanon War in 2006 put an end to
any concept of a solution by unilateral action. After the shattering of those
two great illusions, is it absolutely clear that in the years to come no onesided Israeli pullout to the Green Line will be possible. As the leader of the
peace camp and as one who did more than anyone else to achieve peace,
I say today with pain that we will not achieve true peace in our generation.
Therefore our generation's duty is to manage the conflict, while reducing
the occupation and setting its limits. Our generation's role is to build the
infrastructure that will enable Israelis and Palestinians to achieve peace –
but not in our time. Our Palestinian neighbors must follow Salam Fayyad's
way – they must build the emerging Palestine and adopt a positive life
ethos. We Israelis must establish a strong government and form broad
national agreements, which will enable us, when the time comes, to
dismantle our Algeria as France dismantled hers. But the ripening process
will take time for both Palestinians and Israelis. The shelf-agreement idea
is surreal and dangerous. The Annapolis process is reckless and
groundless. Don't let the cynics mislead you: Those racing toward peace
are the enemies of peace. Those wishing to win the next elections with a
meaningless piece of paper are the ones jeopardizing the two-state
solution. However, there is another truth, which is even more difficult to
accept. The Second Lebanon War laid bare the real challenge Israel now
faces – its intentions don't count, only what may be achieved counts.
There's really no argument about where the national train hopes to head.
But the train is going nowhere – its engine has been lost and the first-class
coaches have been de-coupled from all the rest. Facing today's challenge
cannot be delayed. It obliges us to demand excellence of ourselves, to
change the government's function and improve the administration with
1,000 quality appointments. To revolutionize education and strengthen the
rule of law, to bolster the IDF and stand behind it, to define the national
goals and shared values we live by and fight for. To rejuvenate the Israeli
spirit. Citizens of Israel, during the state's 60 years Israel has reached
breathtaking achievements. As a fighter, commander and citizen I have
learned to recognize the merits of the society we have created here. I
believe in us, in our hidden power. But to implement these powers we need
an accurate view of the situation, a definite action plan and an honest
leadership. This is why I am ending my long silence today. This is why I
stand before you tonight to tell each and every one of you what the state of
the nation is and what the national agenda is. This is the draft, more or
less. It could be shortened or lengthened. It could be dulled or sharpened.
But if there is a Barak, if he still exists – let him appear immediately. For as
Barak knows better than anyone, only he who dares, wins.
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157
Theo Sommer: Militärischer Beistand? Angela Merkel hat bei ihrem
Besuch in Israel bewegende Worte gefunden. Doch deren Bedeutung ist
auslegungsfähig, in „Die Zeit“ 19.03.2008:
Bei ihrem Besuch in Israel hat die Bundeskanzlerin das Verhältnis von
Deutschland und Israel auf eine neue Grundlage gestellt. Es ist ein
schwieriges Verhältnis, auf ewig überschattet von dem millionenfachen
Mord an Europas Juden, mit denen das Hitlerregime die Deutschen auf
Generationen hinaus zu Schuld und Scham verurteilt hat. Angela Merkel
hat darüber bewegende Worte gefunden – Worte freilich, die sie kaum
ausbuchstabiert hat.
So versicherte sie, die historische Verantwortung Deutschlands für die
Sicherheit Israels sei Teil der Staatsräson unseres Landes. Sie setzte
hinzu: „Die Sicherheit Israels ist für mich als deutsche Bundeskanzlerin
niemals verhandelbar, und wenn das so ist, dann dürfen das in der Stunde
der Bewährung keine leeren Worte bleiben.“
Was aber soll dies konkret bedeuten? Nur, dass wir die Raketenangriffe
der Hamas verurteilen? Und dass wir iranische Drohungen gegen Israel
ernst nehmen? Oder macht eine Unterabteilung des Führungsstabs der
Bundeswehr bereits contingency plans für militärische Aktionen „in der
Stunde der Bewährung"? In welchem Rahmen – UN, Nato, Koalition der
Willigen – müsste man sich derlei Unternehmen vorstellen? Nach welchen
Kriterien soll darüber entschieden werden? Und wie gedenkt Berlin das
deutsche Volk auf solche eventuelle Notwendigkeiten vorzubereiten?
Auch eine weitere Frage hat die Kanzlerin offen gelassen: Wie handelt die
Bundesregierung, wenn eine schwere Krise abermals durch israelische
Fehlkalkulation wie den letzten Libanon-Krieg ausgelöst wird? Impliziert die
Verpflichtung auf die Sicherheit Israels in jeglichem Fall unsere
automatische Unterstützung – auch wo israelische Unklugheit den
Widerstand der Palästinenser hervorruft, beispielsweise in der Besatzungsund Besiedlungspolitik?
Natürlich ist Israels Sicherheit „nicht verhandelbar“ – eine befremdliche
Formulierung übrigens, denn wer wollte oder sollte schon Israels Sicherheit
wegverhandeln wollen. Aber eine diplomatische Lösung, für die Angela
Merkel wiederum eingetreten ist, für die Verwirklichung der „Vision von
zwei Staaten in sicheren Grenzen und Frieden“ reicht es nicht aus, den
Israelis Carte blanche zu erteilen. Eine einseitige Pauschalfestlegung
Berlins zugunsten Israels, die als Freibrief verstanden werden mag, kann
den Friedensprozess lediglich erschweren, nicht jedoch ihn befördern. Wer
einen sicheren Staat Israel und einen sicheren palästinensischen Staat im
friedlichen Nebeneinander der Völker will, der muss sowohl Israelis als
auch Palästinensern offene Worte sagen.
Leere Worte, um den Begriff Angela Merkels aufzugreifen, helfen in der
Stunde der Bewährung nicht weiter, aber auch nicht in normalen Zeiten.
Floskeln, deren Bedeutung auslegungsfähig vage bleiben, mögen einem
Staatsbesuch zum Erfolg verhelfen. Für einen Frieden braucht es mehr.
158
Rede von Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel vor der Knesset in
Jerusalem, 18.03.2008:
Sehr geehrter Herr Staatspräsident,
sehr geehrte Frau Präsidentin,
sehr geehrter Herr Premierminister,
sehr geehrte Frau Präsidentin des Obersten Gerichtshofes,
sehr geehrte Mitglieder der Knesset,
sehr geehrte Damen und Herren,
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366 – Chronologie 2008
Frau Präsidentin, Anni modda lachem – sche-nittan li – le-dabber ellechem
– kaan be-bait mechubad se. Se kawwod gadol awurri. [Ich danke Ihnen,
hier zu Ihnen sprechen zu dürfen. Ich empfinde dies als eine große Ehre.]
Ich danke allen Abgeordneten der Knesset dafür. Ich danke allen, dass ich
in meiner Muttersprache heute zu Ihnen sprechen darf. Ich spreche zu
Ihnen in einem besonderen Jahr. Denn in diesem Jahr – 2008 – feiern Sie
den 60. Jahrestag der Gründung Ihres Staates, des Staates Israel. 60
Jahre Israel – das sind 60 Jahre großartiger Aufbauarbeit der Menschen
unter schwierigen Bedingungen. 60 Jahre Israel – das sind 60 Jahre
Herausforderungen im Kampf gegen Bedrohungen und für Frieden und
Sicherheit. 60 Jahre Israel – das sind 60 Jahre Integration von
Zuwanderern in das Gemeinwesen dieses Staates. 60 Jahre Israel – das
ist ein Land voller Vitalität und Zuversicht, mit technologischen
Spitzenleistungen, mit kulturellem Reichtum und Traditionen.
60 Jahre Israel – das ist somit vor allem ein Anlass zu großer Freude. Im
Namen der Bundesregierung und der deutschen Bevölkerung gratuliere ich
allen Bürgerinnen und Bürgern Israels zu diesem Jubiläum. Meine Damen
und Herren, Deutschland und Israel sind und bleiben – und zwar für immer
– auf besondere Weise durch die Erinnerung an die Shoah verbunden.
Genau deshalb haben wir die ersten deutsch-israelischen
Regierungskonsultationen gestern mit dem Gedenken in Yad Vashem
begonnen.
Der im deutschen Namen verübte Massenmord an sechs Millionen Juden
hat unbeschreibliches Leid über das jüdische Volk, über Europa und die
Welt gebracht. Die Shoah erfüllt uns Deutsche mit Scham. Ich verneige
mich vor den Opfern, ich verneige mich vor den Überlebenden und vor all
denen, die ihnen geholfen haben, dass sie überleben konnten. Der
Zivilisationsbruch durch die Shoah ist beispiellos. Er hat bis heute Wunden
hinterlassen. Er schien Beziehungen zwischen Israel und Deutschland
zunächst geradezu unmöglich zu machen. In den israelischen Pässen
stand lange Zeit der Satz: „Gilt für alle Länder mit Ausnahme
Deutschlands."
Umgekehrt habe ich selbst die ersten 35 Jahre meines Lebens in einem
Teil Deutschlands – in der DDR – gelebt, der den Nationalsozialismus als
westdeutsches Problem betrachtete. Auch den Staat Israel hat die DDR bis
kurz vor ihrem Ende nicht anerkannt. Es dauerte über 40 Jahre, bis sich
ganz Deutschland sowohl zu seiner historischen Verantwortung als auch
zum Staat Israel bekennen konnte.
Meine Damen und Herren, ich bin zutiefst davon überzeugt: Nur wenn sich
Deutschland zu seiner immerwährenden Verantwortung für die moralische
Katastrophe in der deutschen Geschichte bekennt, können wir die Zukunft
menschlich gestalten. Oder anders gesagt: Menschlichkeit erwächst aus
der Verantwortung für die Vergangenheit.
Wir sagen oft: Deutschland und Israel verbinden besondere, einzigartige
Beziehungen. Was aber ist damit genau gemeint – einzigartige
Beziehungen? Ist sich gerade mein Land dieser Worte bewusst – und zwar
nicht nur in Reden und Festveranstaltungen, sondern dann, wenn es
darauf ankommt?
Wie gehen wir zum Beispiel ganz konkret damit um, wenn die Gräueltaten
des Nationalsozialismus relativiert werden? Hierauf kann es nur eine
Antwort geben: Jedem Versuch dazu muss im Ansatz entgegengetreten
werden. Antisemitismus, Rassismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit dürfen in
Deutschland und in Europa nie wieder Fuß fassen, und zwar weil alles
andere uns insgesamt – die deutsche Gesellschaft, das europäische
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367 – Chronologie 2008
Gemeinwesen, die demokratische Grundordnung unserer Länder –
gefährden würde.
Oder wie gehen wir damit um, wenn in Umfragen eine deutliche Mehrheit
der Befragten in Europa sagt, die größere Bedrohung für die Welt gehe
von Israel aus und nicht etwa vom Iran? Schrecken wir Politiker in Europa
dann aus Furcht vor dieser öffentlichen Meinung davor zurück, den Iran mit
weiteren und schärferen Sanktionen zum Stopp seines Nuklearprogramms
zu bewegen? Nein, wie unbequem es auch sein mag, genau das dürfen wir
nicht; denn täten wir das, dann hätten wir weder unsere historische
Verantwortung verstanden noch ein Bewusstsein für die
Herausforderungen unserer Zeit entwickelt. Beides wäre fatal.
Genauso wäre es fatal, wenn wir die Frage ausblenden würden, wie wir die
Erinnerung an die Shoah wach halten können, wenn eines Tages keine
Zeitzeugen der Shoah mehr am Leben sein werden. Ja, es ist wahr: Orte
des Gedenkens sind wichtig, Orte wie das Holocaust-Mahnmal in Berlin
oder Yad Vashem. Sie halten die Erinnerung wach. Aber wahr ist auch:
Orte allein reichen noch nicht aus, wenn Erinnerung Geschichte wird.
Erinnerung muss sich immer wieder neu bewähren. Aus Gedanken
müssen Worte werden und aus Worten Taten. Der erste Premierminister
Ihres Landes, David Ben Gurion, und der erste Bundeskanzler meines
Landes, Konrad Adenauer, haben uns genau das vorgemacht. Deshalb
war es mir wichtig, am Sonntag in den Kibbuz Sde Boker zu fahren und
dort am Grab von Ben Gurion einen Kranz niederzulegen. Denn es waren
Ben Gurion und Adenauer, die den Gedanken Worte, den Worten Taten
folgen ließen. Sie legten mit Vorsicht und Weitsicht die Grundlage für die
Beziehungen zwischen unseren Staaten.
Heute ist es an uns, an meiner Generation, zusammen mit der jungen
Generation das Bewusstsein für eine Erinnerungskultur zu wecken, eine
Erinnerungskultur, die auch dann trägt, wenn die Überlebenden der Shoah
nicht mehr unter uns sein werden. Natürlich gibt es dafür kein
Patentrezept. Aber diese Herausforderung zu erkennen und sie
anzunehmen – genau das ist der erste entscheidende Schritt, um
zusammen mit der Jugend kreative Wege für eine Erinnerungskultur der
Zukunft zu entwickeln, und zwar in Israel und in Deutschland gemeinsam.
Helfen kann uns dabei eine Kraft, die uns auch in den vergangenen
Jahrzehnten geholfen hat: Es ist die Kraft zu vertrauen. Diese Kraft zu
vertrauen hat ihren Ursprung in den Werten, die wir, Deutschland und
Israel, gemeinsam teilen: den Werten von Freiheit, Demokratie und der
Achtung der Menschenwürde. Sie ist das kostbarste Gut, das wir haben:
die unveräußerliche und unteilbare Würde jedes einzelnen Menschen –
ungeachtet seines Geschlechts, seiner Abstammung, seiner Sprache,
seines Glaubens, seiner Heimat und Herkunft.
Meine Damen und Herren, das Bewusstsein für die historische
Verantwortung und das Eintreten für unsere gemeinsamen Werte – das
bildet das Fundament der deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen von ihren
Anfängen bis heute. Heute nun leben wir – die Deutschen wie die Israelis –
wie alle Völker dieser Welt in einer Zeit mit gewaltigen Umbrüchen. Das
Gefüge der Welt verändert sich. Die Vernetzung von Staaten, Wirtschaft
und Gesellschaften erreicht ein bisher unbekanntes Maß.
Viele Menschen haben Angst vor dieser Entwicklung. Sie spüren: Das
Zusammenleben der Nationen, der Religionen und Kulturen gehört zu den
großen, alles überragenden Themen der Gegenwart. Großartige
Perspektiven stehen dicht neben erheblichen Risiken. Das ist
Globalisierung.
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368 – Chronologie 2008
Es ist meine feste Überzeugung: Angesichts dieser bahnbrechenden
globalen Entwicklung brauchen wir über nationale Grenzen hinweg ein
globales, ein gemeinsames Bewusstsein für die zentralen
Herausforderungen unserer Welt – den fairen Anteil aller am Wohlstand,
den Schutz des Klimas, den Kampf gegen die neuen Bedrohungen durch
Terror und Massenvernichtungswaffen. Aber wir brauchen dieses
Bewusstsein nicht nur dafür, die Herausforderungen zu erkennen, sondern
wir brauchen es, um die Herausforderungen zu meistern. Das geht heute in
vielen Bereichen kaum noch allein, sondern nur noch im Miteinander von
Staaten, und zwar solchen Staaten, die als Partner durch Werte und
Interessen verbunden sind.
Für mich steht außer Frage: Israel und Deutschland, Israel und Europa
sind solche Partner – verbunden durch gemeinsame Werte, verbunden
durch gemeinsame Herausforderungen und verbunden durch gemeinsame
Interessen; denn Stabilität, wirtschaftliche Prosperität, Sicherheit und
Frieden in Europa wie in dieser Region sind in unserem beiderseitigen
Interesse.
Genau in diesem Bewusstsein haben wir mit den ersten deutschisraelischen Regierungskonsultationen ein neues Kapitel in der Geschichte
der Beziehungen unserer beiden Staaten aufgeschlagen. Genau in diesem
Bewusstsein haben wir ein ganzes Bündel von Projekten und Vorhaben
verabschiedet: in der Außen- und Verteidigungspolitik, im Bereich der
Wirtschaft, für den Austausch der Jugend, in der Zusammenarbeit von
Justiz und Umweltschutz und nicht zuletzt auch im Bereich von
Wissenschaft und Forschung.
Es ist keine Übertreibung, wenn wir feststellen: Die Beziehungen unserer
beiden Länder sind ausgezeichnet. Aber wir wollen diese Verbindungen
und das Vertrauen zwischen unseren Völkern noch weiter stärken. Wir
wollen unsere Partnerschaft noch weiter festigen: in der Jugendarbeit –
zum Beispiel durch ein gemeinsames deutsch-israelisches Zukunftsforum,
das in einer gemeinsamen Stiftung junge Deutsche und Israelis in
Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Kultur einander noch näher bringen wird –,
im Wissenschaftsbereich – zum Bespiel durch das gemeinsame DeutschIsraelische Jahr der Wissenschaft und Technologie –, auf dem Gebiet der
wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen – zum Beispiel, indem Unternehmen in
beiden Ländern das Potential vor allem in den zukunftsweisenden
Branchen noch stärker als bisher nutzen – und im Bereich von Umweltund Klimaschutz – zum Beispiel, indem das Hochtechnologieland Israel
sein umfassendes Know-how insbesondere auch im Bereich Wasser und
Bewässerungswirtschaft einbringen kann und indem eine neue Form der
trilateralen Zusammenarbeit zwischen Deutschland, Israel und Afrika
entwickelt wird.
Meine Damen und Herren, über all diese und weitere Zukunftsprojekte und
Vorhaben haben wir gestern beraten. Aber all diese Projekte spielen sich
nicht im luftleeren Raum ab; denn während wir beraten haben, ist Israel
bedroht. Während wir hier sprechen, leben Tausende von Menschen in
Angst und Schrecken vor Raketenangriffen und Terror der Hamas. Ich
sage klar und unmissverständlich: Die Kassam-Angriffe der Hamas
müssen aufhören. Terrorangriffe sind ein Verbrechen, und sie bringen
keine Lösung in dem Konflikt, der die Region und das tägliche Leben der
Menschen in Israel und das Leben der Menschen in den palästinensischen
Autonomiegebieten überschattet.
Ich habe wiederholt zum Ausdruck gebracht und sage es auch hier:
Deutschland tritt entschieden für die Vision von zwei Staaten in sicheren
Grenzen und in Frieden ein, für das jüdische Volk in Israel und das
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369 – Chronologie 2008
palästinensische in Palästina. Nachdrücklich unterstützen wir deshalb in
der Folge der Annapolis-Konferenz alle Bemühungen – insbesondere auch
die der amerikanischen Regierung –, die dazu beitragen, diese Vision in
die Tat umzusetzen, und die helfen, Frieden in der Region herzustellen.
Ich weiß sehr wohl: Sie brauchen keine ungebetenen Ratschläge von
außen und schon gar nicht von oben herab. Eine Lösung kann am Ende
nur durch Sie hier in Israel und die Palästinenser selbst erfolgen. Aber
Unterstützung durch die internationale Gemeinschaft will ich Ihnen und
Ihren Verhandlungspartnern auf palästinensischer Seite, vorneweg
Präsident Abbas, ausdrücklich anbieten. Denn wir wissen, dass es zur
Umsetzung der Vision von zwei Staaten Kompromisse bedarf, die von allen
Seiten akzeptiert werden. Es bedarf auch der Kraft zu schmerzhaften
Zugeständnissen.
Wir wissen, dass es nicht nur im Interesse der Region hier ist, diesen
schwierigen Prozess zum Erfolg zu führen, sondern in unser aller
Interesse; denn Instabilität hier bleibt auch für uns in Deutschland und
Europa nicht ohne Folgen. So birgt gerade auch die Lage im Libanon
große Unsicherheit. Deutschland unterstützt die Bemühungen der
Arabischen Liga, um die Krise dort zu lösen. Das aber wird nur gehen,
wenn auch Syrien die legitime Regierung des Libanon endlich anerkennt
und einen konstruktiven Beitrag zur Lösung der Krise leistet. Dazu fordere
ich Syrien auch von dieser Stelle aus auf.
Meine Damen und Herren, besonderen Anlass zur Sorge geben ohne
Zweifel die Drohungen, die der iranische Präsident gegen Israel und das
jüdische Volk richtet. Seine wiederholten Schmähungen und das iranische
Nuklearprogramm sind eine Gefahr für Frieden und Sicherheit. Wenn der
Iran in den Besitz der Atombombe käme, dann hätte das verheerende
Folgen – zuerst und vor allem für die Sicherheit und Existenz Israels, dann
für die gesamte Region und schließlich – weit darüber hinaus – für alle in
Europa und der Welt, für alle, denen die Werte Freiheit, Demokratie und
Menschenwürde etwas bedeuten. Das muss verhindert werden.
Dabei muss eines klar sein – ich habe es bereits vor den Vereinten
Nationen im vergangenen September gesagt und ich wiederhole es heute
–: Nicht die Welt muss Iran beweisen, dass der Iran die Atombombe baut.
Iran muss die Welt überzeugen, dass er die Atombombe nicht will.
Gerade an dieser Stelle sage ich ausdrücklich: Jede Bundesregierung und
jeder Bundeskanzler vor mir waren der besonderen historischen
Verantwortung Deutschlands für die Sicherheit Israels verpflichtet. Diese
historische Verantwortung Deutschlands ist Teil der Staatsräson meines
Landes. Das heißt, die Sicherheit Israels ist für mich als deutsche
Bundeskanzlerin niemals verhandelbar – und wenn das so ist, dann dürfen
das in der Stunde der Bewährung keine leeren Worte bleiben. Deutschland
setzt gemeinsam mit seinen Partnern auf eine diplomatische Lösung. Die
Bundesregierung wird sich dabei, wenn der Iran nicht einlenkt, weiter
entschieden für Sanktionen einsetzen.
Die vor wenigen Tagen verabschiedete neue Resolution des UNSicherheitsrates hat die Entschlossenheit und die Geschlossenheit der
internationalen Gemeinschaft erneut unter Beweis gestellt. Die
internationale Gemeinschaft wird und muss diesen Weg fortsetzen. Ich
werde mich auch in der Europäischen Union für eine klare Haltung
einsetzen. Für mich ist es wichtig, dass Israel über die
Mittelmeerkooperation der Europäischen Union und die europäische
Nachbarschaftspolitik eng mit der Europäischen Union verbunden ist.
Diese Verbindung können und werden wir weiter intensivieren. Ich sagte
es: Israel und Europa sind durch gemeinsame Werte, Herausforderungen
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370 – Chronologie 2008
und Interessen verbunden. Deshalb unterstütze ich ausdrücklich die von
Israel gewünschte stärkere Annäherung an die Europäische Union. Sie
wäre für beide Seiten ein Gewinn. Sie böte eine Vielzahl neuer Chancen.
Frau Präsidentin, meine Damen und Herren, in der Geschichte ihres
Kontinents haben die Europäer erfahren: Frieden ist auch nach
Jahrhunderten gewalttätiger Auseinandersetzungen möglich. Insbesondere
wir Deutsche haben durch das Wunder des Mauerfalls und der
Wiedervereinigung erlebt: Auch nach Jahrzehnten, wenn schon viele den
Gedanken daran verloren haben, können sich tiefgreifende politische
Veränderungen ergeben.
Ich könnte heute nicht vor Ihnen stehen, und ich könnte heute nicht als
Bundeskanzlerin der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, die in der ehemaligen
DDR aufgewachsen ist, zu Ihnen sprechen, wenn es nach dem Zweiten
Weltkrieg in der damaligen Bundesrepublik nicht Politiker wie Konrad
Adenauer, Willy Brandt und Helmut Kohl gegeben hätte. Sie haben an die
Kraft der Freiheit, an die Kraft der Demokratie und an die Kraft der
Menschenwürde geglaubt. Sie haben es so vermocht, das scheinbar
Unmögliche möglich zu machen: die Vollendung der Einheit Deutschlands
in Frieden und Freiheit und damit die Versöhnung des europäischen
Kontinents.
Aus der Erfahrung, dass das Unmögliche möglich werden kann, können wir
die Entschlossenheit und die Zuversicht schöpfen, dass sich auch jede
Anstrengung lohnt, die den Nahen Osten einen großen Schritt näher zu
einem friedlichen Miteinander bringt. Oder um es mit den bekannten
Worten von David Ben Gurion zu sagen: "Wer nicht an Wunder glaubt, der
ist kein Realist." Wenn wir heute, zum 60. Jahrestag der Gründung des
Staates Israel, auf die deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen schauen, dann
wissen wir: Sein Satz hat sich als ebenso realistisch wie richtig erwiesen.
Ja, es sind besondere, einzigartige Beziehungen – mit immerwährender
Verantwortung für die Vergangenheit, mit gemeinsamen Werten, mit
gegenseitigem Vertrauen, mit großer Solidarität füreinander und mit
vereinter Zuversicht. In diesem Geist feiern wir das heutige Jubiläum. In
diesem Geist wird Deutschland Israel nie allein lassen, sondern treuer
Partner und Freund sein.
Masal-tov le-chagigot schischim schana le-medinat Israel. Shalom.
[Herzlichen Glückwunsch zu 60 Jahren Staat Israel! Shalom!]
Quelle:www.bundesregierung.de.
159
Tom Segev: Merkel condemns Qassams, but ignores Israel’s actions,
in “Haaretz”-Online 19.03.2008: German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter
Steinmeier left Israel only hours before Chancellor Angela Merkel took to
the Knesset podium Tuesday afternoon. The Germans meticulously
calculated that the entourage of ministers accompanying Merkel might
make her seem imperious, as though she were a ruler surrounded by
subjects.
Indeed, there was something imperious about the inclusion of so many
ministers in Merkel's delegation. The Germans already have held joint
government sessions with other governments, such as France and Poland.
No foreign government has held a session in Jerusalem since the British
mandate.
Prior to her arrival, Merkel made an effort to call Palestinian Authority
President Mahmoud Abbas and Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad.
But her joint session with Olmert's government was a show of complete
and unequivocal support for its policies. Threatening Israel's existence is
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371 – Chronologie 2008
akin to threatening Germany's, Merkel said during her visit. Even U.S.
politicians never have made such a statement.
During her Knesset speech, Merkel spoke extensively about the Holocaust
and her country's friendship with Israel; these were heart-warming, yet
predictable, remarks. It is often said the two countries have a special
relationship. Beforehand, such a remark always related to the Holocaust,
which loomed large; nowadays, it refers to the two countries' affinity in
almost every field, including security, cultural and economic ties.
One cannot imagine Israel's cultural scene without the millions invested by
Germany.
MK Avishay Braverman (Labor), formerly the president of Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, said Tuesday that at times, Germany aided his
institution more than the Israeli government did.
With that in mind, it seems curious that the two countries failed to sign a
cultural ties agreement during Merkel's trip, but the deal was not thwarted
because of emotional residues. Rather, what prevented it were perfectly
prosaic issues: The Germans asked that the Goethe Institute receive tax
breaks, which Israel rejected.
Anyone unaware of where Merkel was speaking (Jerusalem) would never
have known it is a city where a third of its citizens have been living under
occupation for more than 40 years, a city divided by a wall reminiscent of
the Berlin Wall. Merkel spoke of the need for "painful concessions" from
both sides in the name of peace. Olmert has used this term as well.
She rightfully described the Qassam rocket fire on Sderot as a crime, but
did not say a word about repeated human rights abuses in the West Bank,
the bombing of residential areas in Gaza or the settlements. Olmert was
caught on camera telling Merkel that all the construction workers building a
house in front of his residence are Arabs, and the chancellor gave a
concerned nod in return.
Had she been more balanced, Merkel might have made life in Israel and
the occupied territories less intolerable. Perhaps she made an error. Either
way, her unrestrained support for Israeli policy is a result of her biography.
As she said Tuesday, she came from East Germany, which used to ignore
its part in Nazi crimes and act as though it were West Germany's fault
alone.
After German unification, Merkel discovered that the moral and political
responsibility for the genocide of the Jews rested equally on all Germans.
Most West Germans already had grown accustomed to that knowledge.
One of her insiders equated her stance on Israel to that of a convert
embracing a new set of beliefs. But either way, Merkel's stance does not
represent Germany's or Israel's public discourse.
160
Meron Rapoport: Police arrest rabbi for ‘inciting Palestinians in East
Jerusalem, in “Haaretz”-Online 14.03.2008: Israel Police on Thursday
arrested Arik Ascherman, the executive director of Rabbis for Human
Rights, for "inciting Palestinians to oppose the police" in East Jerusalem.
Heated tensions between residents of the Silwan village in East Jerusalem
and the Israel Police erupted over excavation works that have recently
began in the village. The excavations are being carried out by the Israel
Antiquities Authority (IAA) and are sponsored by Elad association, which
promotes the "Judaization" of East Jerusalem.
Silwan residents say the excavation work is being carried out directly
underneath their homes, and have proceeded to set up a demonstration
tent on a private lot belonging to one of the village residents. A few
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372 – Chronologie 2008
confrontations subsequently broke out, and the residents maintained that
the police deliberately harassed them.
On Wednesday another spat occurred between the local residents and
settlers on behalf of Elad, and the police detained Ascherman for
questioning. The police requested that Ascherman promise to stay away
from Silwan for 15 days and upon his refusal to oblige, he was arrested
and will be brought in front of a judge Friday for his remand to be extended.
Ascherman's attorney on Thursday said the investigator had accused her
client, a well-known human rights' activist, of encouraging Palestinians to
oppose police forces, and also of preventing the evacuation of a wounded
settler to hospital.
The attorney further stated that Ascherman adamantly denies the
allegations. "This is a ridiculous arrest," his attorney said. "In the past, the
court has refused to adhere to police demands for issuing restraining
orders against Israeli activists in Silwan."
161
Reuven Kaminer, Jerusalem: The Personal is the Political. Dafna is
active in Women in Black in Jerusalem. If Dafna is in the country, then rain
or shine, she and her sisters take up their position in Hagar (Paris) Square
denouncing the occupation and violence.
I must admit that if there is any serious security tension in Jerusalem
towards the end of the week, I become fraught with concern over the
possibility that the vigil may be attacked. The criminal attack at the Merkaz
Ha’rav Yeshiva occurred on Thursday at 8 PM. The country, the media and
many ordinary citizens were seething with anger, most of it blatantly racist.
If you are planning to go to the streets to continue the weekly protest, you
are worried about Israelis who might be looking for revenge. There are
settler crazies out there plotting away, though they really prefer taking out
their frustrations on Palestinians. But there are any number of
Jerusalemites, who can become unhinged. It was clear early Thursday
evening that the vigil would be tense.
The vigil does enjoy a modicum of police protection, but it is very lay back.
Their goal is more to protect the peace than anything else. Still, better than
nothing. There were indeed 3-4 passers by that felt the need to scream
and curse. Pretty ugly, but this is par for the course, when it looks like you
can assume that the verbal attack will not get physical. But on Friday,
March 7, 2007, the women were accosted by an extraordinarily viscous
brute. The hooligan, who seems to have been an American, was
brandishing the front page of a newspaper brandishing the photographs of
the eight Merkaz HaRav victims right in the faces of the women and
screaming Hamas Whores, Hamas Whores. He was of course working
himself into a frenzy and screaming (in English). A policeman did gently
move him away from direct physical contact with the women, but then the
thug took up a position in the middle of the street and continued his
harangue, explicitly demanding that the Hamas Whores submit to his
crazed sexual demands. The police did not see this as a reason to
interfere.
He was still uncomfortably close to the vigil when it began to break-up. The
women had previously decided to have a very small party at the end of the
th
vigil for one of the participants who was marking her 99 birthday. The thug
had by this time gathered around him a few local fanatics. These grouped
into a small gang of hooligans which accosted three groups of women on
their way from the vigil, pushing and shoving and banging on the car of one
woman. The police were gone by then.
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373 – Chronologie 2008
During the week, a delegation of women met with the police and requested
a firmer hand against any form of harassment, which can easily set the
stage for really violent attacks. Things were generally quiet this last Friday.
So if you want to know the meaning of courage and steadfastedness in the
face of mounting chauvinist tension, come then, in body or spirit, to their
vigil and stand with the Women in Black who are standing in Paris Square
for peace, against hatred and racism.
162
163
Vgl. www.pcpsr.org.
Amira Hass: The PA’s hollow protests. In “Haaretz”-Online 13.3.2008:
Senior Palestinian Authority officials can justifiably say that settlement
construction continues despite everyone's protests and condemnations –
not only theirs. Europe is protesting, Peace Now is protesting, the United
Nations is protesting and even Condoleezza Rice protests occasionally, not
to mention Israel's literary elite.
The settlements continue to expand, along with the number of roads closed
to Palestinians. PA officials will say that the antithetical tactics to
negotiations and protests – the Qassam rockets, guerrilla operations and
suicide attacks – have not helped matters. In fact, they have only provided
Israel with more excuses to confiscate land.
The evacuation of the settlements in the Gaza Strip, it should be said
again, was a brilliant move by Israel to speed up the political separation
between the West Bank and Gaza; it all the while masqueraded as "the
beginning of the pullout."
The condemnations heard from the PA camp are for internal purposes
only. It is a way of telling the Palestinian public that its representatives are
in the same boat as the weak population that suffers under occupation, just
as the armed struggle is intended to show the Palestinian public which
organization really knows how to exact revenge. The PA's condemnations
prove how ridiculous and impotent they truly are. They signal to both Israel
and the Palestinians that it does not matter how many new settlement
homes will be erected, a Palestinian partner will always take his place at
the "peace process" show.
Negotiations and armed struggle are not the only means of fighting the
occupation. The question of why the Palestinians have not adopted
Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent resistance should be addressed to PA
leaders – not the millions of Palestinians who every day wage an unarmed
struggle against the sophisticated and advanced methods of oppression.
The protests would sound completely different if the protesters were to
organize a calculated public revolt against Israel's tactics of annexation.
There is no lack of opportunities. There are hundreds of concrete barriers
blocking exits to villages. The PA could send a bulldozer to remove one of
them every day. Senior officials could come along: Mahmoud Abbas or
someone from his bureau, heads of security organizations, members of the
PLO central committee, senior Fatah representatives, ministers and
directors general.
There are roads that are forbidden to Palestinian cars. PA officials and
West Bank residents could form a long convoy of cars and drive on these
roads. Many Israelis would be happy to join them.
Building and development are banned in Area C. The Palestinian planning
office could order the appropriate Palestinian ministries to put up electricity
lines, to prepare the infrastructure to connect villages to the water carrier,
to dig cisterns to collect rainwater, to build schools, clinics and houses.
Maybe even dig wells. All of the things that the Israeli occupation
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authorities forbid to do on 60 percent of the West Bank. Here, too, there
will be no small number of Israelis opposed to the occupation who will join
up.
The Civil Administration will come and destroy it all. Then build it again.
The senior officials accompanying the work will be arrested. Even better.
Should only the residents of Bil'in be arrested for their unarmed struggle
against the occupation?
It is possible to come up with hundreds of other measures of this kind,
which could replace the official Palestinian governmental plan, and force
the leadership away from their "make-believe state," and bring them back
to battle for liberation. True, these measures alone cannot end the
colonization, but they have the potential to end the status quo that is so
convenient for Israel: expanding settlements, endless negotiations, protests
and shootings. There is a potential here to change the alienated relations
between the people and their representatives, to create a new type of
Palestinian diplomacy.
But it is also true that such a vision has no chance. The present PA and
PLO leadership has grown accustomed to living as a nomenclature. They
are confusing the interests of their own people with their relatively
comfortable ceremonial status; a status that is their reward for being willing
to participate in a spectacle of respectability scripted by the Americans and
Europeans for the benefit of Israel.
164
Shavit spielt darauf an, dass „Shas” den Ausbau der jüdischen
Vorstädte Jerusalems als ihren politischen Sieg reklamiert. Vgl. dazu die
Eintragung am 09.03.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
165
Ari Shavit: Meretz needs Gal-On’s moral compass, in „Haaretz“-Online
10.3.2008: Israel needs Meretz more than ever. With prospects for peace
receding on the horizon, Israel needs a peace party like Meretz. When the
rule of law is under attack, Israel needs a party of law like Meretz. When
the rich do as they please in this country, Israel needs a social-democratic
party like Meretz. When the prime minister surrenders unconditionally to
Shas, Israel needs a secular party like Meretz.
Even those who are not comfortable with every jot and tittle of the Geneva
Initiative ought to hope that next week's Meretz leadership primary renews
and strengthens Israel's human rights party.
Meretz's current situation is not bright. The party that was once chic and
popular has, over the years, become gray and dusty. The party of radical
youth has become established and calcified. Premature aging overtook this
party of the sane left.
It lost the fighting spirit that was its heart and soul. It lost its relevance and
immediacy. It lost its ability to offer real tidings to the young, the
subversive, the Greens and the seekers of justice. Therefore, if it does not
choose wisely next week, Meretz is liable to turn into a pocket edition of its
elder sister, Labor.
The Meretz establishment believes that the best person to rehabilitate the
party is Haim (Jumas) Oron. Yossi Beilin, Shulamit Aloni and Amos Oz all
announced their support for him yesterday. Oron is indeed a worthy
candidate – judicious, responsible and pleasant-mannered. He is someone
whom everyone loves to love.
But is Jumas really the man of principle who can reignite Meretz's fire?
Does Oron offer the new face that will win the confidence of the young and
compete with the rise of the Greens? The man who, together with Haim
Ramon, dismantled Hevrat Ha'ovdim (the Histadrut labor federation's
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375 – Chronologie 2008
holding company) is more establishment than any member of the ruling
establishment. His virtues are those of Labor's top brass, not those of the
leader of a radical, value-based party that needs a fresh spirit.
Zahava Gal-On is the opposite of Oron. Not everyone loves Gal-On. GalOn does not wrap the country's leaders in cotton wool; she fights them. Yet
in an era of debased politics, she proves, day after day, that a different way
is possible. Gal-On (like Shelly Yachimovich [Knesset member of the Labor
Party]) has an anatomical part that most of the men in the Knesset lack: a
spine.
And where there is a spine, there is also a voice. A voice that speaks out
for the rights of women, Palestinians and foreign workers. A voice that
speaks out against those who corrupt and are corrupted. A voice that
speaks out for the rule of law and against those who assail it. A voice that
spoke out against the last war and against the government of cynics that is
liable to drag us into the next war.
Meretz members must be honest with themselves: They do not currently
have a single leadership candidate who is capable of restoring the party's
past glory. Only a joint leadership of Oron and Gal-On is capable of doing
the job. And because the establishment will put Oron on top, the rank-andfile membership must ensure that Gal-On is there as well. Without GalOn’s moral compass and strong voice, Meretz will not find its way.”
166
Yossi Beilin, Tel Aviv 22 March 2008:
Dear friends, With the election of Haim Oron (also known as "Jumes") to
the leadership of the Meretz party last week, I stepped down as Meretz
chairman after four years in office. I supported Jumes in this race, and I am
confident that under his leadership the party will be in good and able
hands. As I said last December when I announced my decision not to seek
another term, I feel an ideological closeness with Jumes, and I look forward
to working with him, both in the Knesset and outside, in pushing the Meretz
agenda of peace and social justice. As always, but perhaps with a
particular urgency in the next few months, will be our efforts to press on the
Israeli government to reach an historic agreement with the Palestinians. As
I see it, 2008 (and the months are ticking) presents us with a window of
opportunity. If we do not reach an agreement before the year is over, we
may again find ourselves in a long period of deadlock, be it because the
new administration in Washington, which will take over in January 2009,
will need a substantial period of time before it decides to invest itself in a
solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; or because the new Palestinian
president, who will succeed Mahmoud Abbas next year, might turn out to
be someone uneager to make peace; or because Israel itself will have a
new and rightist government, one that will be wary of reaching an
agreement that entails giving up territory. To be sure, the complexities on
the ground are enormous, and the odds for an Israeli-Palestinian
agreement by the end of 2008 are, at best, limited. But I believe that even
a small chance for a historic agreement warrants a great effort. At the
same time, and in parallel to our efforts to reach an agreement with the
PLO, we will focus on two additional fronts. The first is to encourage Egypt
to facilitate a ceasefire agreement between Israel and the Hamas, which
would include arrangements at the border crossings of the Gaza Strip as
well as the release of Gilad Shalit. The second involves negotiations on a
comprehensive agreement with Syria. There is today a real opportunity for
a major breakthrough between Israel and Syria, and this opportunity should
not be missed. To this effect, Israel should respond favorably to the
announcement made last week by Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov
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376 – Chronologie 2008
that Russia would like to host a peace summit in Moscow later this year.
Such a summit would follow up on last November's Annapolis conference
and aim specifically at launching Israeli-Syrian talks. In view of all these
challenges, I know that Meretz will continue acting as the responsible
opposition that it has been over the past few years. For my part, I will use
my time to dedicate myself even more than I have in the last four years to
advancing the prospects of peace.
Thank you, as always, for your continued support.
167
Assaf Uni: For German media, Gaza is not an issue, in „Haaretz“Online 10.3.2008:
MUNICH – No one mentioned the Gaza Strip. The eight senior reporters of
Bayerischer Rundfunk (Bavarian Broadcasting) sat Tuesday facing Israel's
ambassador to Germany, Yoram Ben-Ze'ev. They asked him about the
special relationship between the two countries, the conflict with Hezbollah
and Iran's nuclear program.
But the latest escalation in the Gaza Strip, in which three Israelis and more
than 100 Palestinians were killed, whose shocking photographs were
broadcast the world over and forced the Foreign Ministry to initiate a public
relations offensive, was not mentioned in the television station's conference
room near Munich.
On this issue, Germany is unusual compared with the media throughout
Europe, and Ben-Ze'ev understands this. The Qassam attacks against
Israel and the offensive in the Gaza Strip received limited coverage here,
perhaps because the events took place during the weekend, perhaps
because of the severe storm that struck the region, or the Russian
elections.
Or maybe, just like the current German political leadership, most of the
media is careful not to be excessively critical of Israel. Only the leftist
newspaper TAZ published pictures of a dead Palestinian baby on its front
page under the headline: "The Bombing of Gaza." The rest moved the
photos and reports to the inside pages.
"We cannot compare the media coverage in Germany to that in Britain or
France," the ambassador said. "Israel's position here enjoys greater
support than any other country in Europe. Of course, we need to constantly
take action to sustain this situation, because it may change."
And this is the purpose of the meetings held with the three main media
outlets in Munich – Bavarian Broadcasting, whose Israel-based reporter
serves as the correspondent for the public network ARD, senior editors of
the center-left daily Sueddeutsche Zeitung, and the editors of the
conservative magazine Focus.
The ambassador, who took up his post four months ago, says he does not
use the term "public relations" and talks of "cooperation." But his meetings
to present Israel's position took on an air of urgency in light of the Gaza
operation and the continued rocket barrage against Israel.
So what interests German television when it meets Israel's ambassador?
"How concerned is Israel about the threat posed by Arab population
growth?" the editors asked. "Does the UN decision to impose further
sanctions on Iran satisfy Israel?" "How do you see the differences in the
treatment of Israel in Germany compared with other European countries?"
"What is Israel's reaction to the meeting between the German foreign
minister and his Syrian counterpart?"
In the end, Ben-Ze'ev decided to raise the issue of Gaza on his own.
"We want to make clear that we have nothing to apologize for," he said.
"What are we supposed to do when we are faced with the daily bombing of
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377 – Chronologie 2008
Sderot for years? There is no country in the world that has taken so many
risks to the lives of its citizens to achieve peace as Israel has."
The ambassador says his aim is to share with people the dilemmas facing
Israel. "When I sit with the editors, I want them to sense the misgivings
Israelis face, the fact that there is no black and white."
168
„Hoffnung“ bzw. Akronym für „Bataillone des libanesischen
Widerstandes“. Militärischer Flügel der „Bewegung der Entrechteten“
(„harakat al-mahrumin“), die von dem aus Iran stammenden Imam Musa
Sadr gegründet wurde.
169
Vgl. dazu die Eintragung am 10.02.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
170
Talmud-Thora-Schule benannt nach dem von den Briten 1921
eingesetzten ersten aschkenasischen Oberrabbiner Abraham Isaac Kook
(1865 – 1935). Von der Yeshiva ging im Februar 1974 die Gründung der
Siedlerbewegung „Gush Emunim“ („Block der Glaubenstreuen“) aus. Vgl.
Reiner Bernstein: Der verborgene Frieden. Politik und Religion im Nahen
Osten. Berlin 2000, Kap. III.
171
Shahar Ilan: The great defeat of secularism, in „Haaretz“ 05.02.2009.
172
Abed Rabbo spielt damit auf die virtuelle Unabhängigkeitserklärung
Palästinas seitens der PLO im November 1988 an.
173
Vgl. die gleichgerichteten Aussagen von Gershon Baskin am
13.07.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
174
Al-Haq Press Release, 10 July 2008: Seeking Justice Abroad: Bil’in
Village Council Submits Case before Canadian Court Against Canadian
Corporations for Involvement in Illegal Settlement Construction:
In a continuation of their struggle for justice in the face of unlawful
appropriation of their land, the people of Bil’in village yesterday
commenced legal proceedings before the Superior Court of Quebec
against Green Park International Inc. and Green Mount International Inc.
The defendants are Canadian corporations registered in the Province of
Quebec who have been involved in constructing, marketing and selling
residential units in the illegal Jewish-Israeli settlement of Modi’in Illit in the
occupied West Bank, on the land of the village of Bil’in.
The land in question has been appropriated by the Israeli military
authorities in violation of the laws of occupation. The defendants, on their
own behalf and as de facto agents of the State of Israel, are constructing
residential units on this Palestinian land for the purpose of housing Israeli
settlers. The petitionfiled by the Village Council’s lawyer in Canada, Mark
Arnold, demonstrates that in so doing, the defendants are aiding, abetting,
assisting and conspiring with Israel, the Occupying Power in the West
Bank, in carrying out an illegal act.
Under the Fourth Geneva Convention, an Occupying Power is prohibited
from transferring part of its own civilian population into the territory it
occupies. Such transfer of settlers into occupied territory is a war crime
under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, as well as
under Canada’s Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act of 2000.
The petition thus argues that through their actions, the defendant
companies have wilfully or negligently participated in the violation of
international humanitarian and criminal law, as well as domestic Canadian
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378 – Chronologie 2008
law. As such, Bil’in Village Council is entitled to obtain the cessation of the
illegal activities of the defendants, and to reparation for injury caused,
under both the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and the
Civil Code of Quebec.
On this basis, and on the basis of the fact that matters at issue in the case
are not justiciable before the Israeli High Court of Justice (which instead
defines settlements as a “political” issue, per Bargil v. Government of
Israel, HCJ 4481/91), the petition seeks:
– a declaration from the Superior Court of Quebec that the conduct of the
defendants in constructing residential units in an illegal settlement is
unlawful;
– a permanent injunction and order requiring the defendants and their
directors, officers and agents to forthwith cease all construction and related
activity with regard to the land of Bil’in village; and
– punitive damages of CAD$2 million, to be paid by the defendants to the
plaintiffs, as a result of injury wilfully caused.
The defendants have 10 days to file an appearance at the Montreal Court
House. If they do so, the action will be presented before the Court on 11
August 2008. Should they fail to do so, a judgment by default may be
rendered against them.
Press conferences regarding the case will be held today, Thursday 10 July,
at 1:00 pm local time at Ramattan Studios in Ramallah, and at 12:00 pm
local time at the offices of Gardner Miller Arnold LLP in Toronto. All media
are invited to attend. Al-Haq will continue to keep you informed of any
further developments in the case. Please do not hesitate to contact
haq(a)alhaq.org should you have any questions, comments or require
further information.
Background/Related Information
Israel’s construction of the Annexation Wall in the area has facilitated the
appropriation of Bil’in’s land, keeping the illegal Israeli settlement on the
western side of the Wall and cutting off the Palestinian villagers from their
land. Since 2005, the village’s resistance to the appropriation of its land
has been marked by weekly non-violent demonstrations against the Wall.
In September 2007, the Israeli High Court of Justice (HCJ) adjudged that
the route of the Wall in Bil‘in was designed not for genuine security
purposes, as claimed by the Israeli authorities, but rather to accommodate
plans for the future expansion of the settlement of Modi‘in Illit, and was
causing unjustified harm to the residents of Bil‘in. The Court ordered the
Israeli authorities to propose an alternative route for the Wall in the area,
such that unapproved settlement planning schemes were not taken into
account. This decision, which has yet to be enforced, failed to give due
regard to the 2004 Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice,
which held that the Wall inside the West Bank is illegal in its entirety and
should be dismantled.
The case in Canada regarding the Canadian corporations’ involvement in
the unlawful settlement construction was filed yesterday, 9 July 2008, to
mark the fourth anniversary of the issuing of the Advisory Opinion.
175
176
Vgl. die Eintragung am 16.05.2008 in dieser Zeitleiste.
Bei einem Bombenattentat auf die US-Botschaft in Beirut am
23.10.1983 wurden 241 US-Marines getötet. Am selben Tag sterben bei
einem Selbstmordanschlag im Libanon 58 französische Soldaten.
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379 – Chronologie 2008
177
Die Anschläge in Buenos Aires fanden am 17.03.1992 mit 29 Toten
und am 18.07.1994 mit 85 Toten statt.
178
IDF Spokespersons announce detentions, 12 February 2008:
During a joint IDF, ISA, Civil Administration and Israeli Police operation
overnight, the forces searched homes and offices belonging to 14
Palestinian money changers suspected of being involved in transferring
money for the financing of terrorist activity in Jenin, Nablus, Tulkarem,
Hebron and Ramallah.
IDF forces arrested five money changers and confiscated money,
documents and magnetic media. A total of three million NIS was
confiscated and transferred to the legal authority of the Bank of Israel. In
addition, three handguns and other gun parts were discovered in the
possession of four of the money changers.
In recent years, terror organizations have raised millions of dollars and
distributed the funds in Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip. The money is
transferred in various ways, mainly via money changers. During 2007 there
was a marked increase in the sums of money transferred to Palestinian
terror organizations.
These funds enable terrorist organizations to maintain and expand their
infrastructure, to finance and train terror operatives and to purchase and
manufacture weapons for the perpetration of terrorist attacks against
Israel. These finances "fuel the wheels of terrorism," and motivate the
terror organizations to develop various conduits to allow the transfer of the
funds from abroad.
Regional money changers maintain direct relations with foreign money
changers, located in Arab countries, who are connected to various global
terrorist organizations. The transfer process occurs in the following
manner: Money changers abroad deliver funds to money changers in
Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip, who then deliver them to terror
operatives. It is important to emphasize that there is no supervision of
money changers by the Palestinians Authority, which means that the
money changers can take part in terrorist activity without restrictions or fear
of sanctions.
This operation is part of ongoing operations carried out in recent years by
the IDF, the ISA, the Israel Police and other authorities, against the
sources financing terror organizations, including:
– In 2007 a Hamas financing operation was discovered in Jerusalem. This
discovery revealed the Hamas fundraising routes from abroad, in addition
to evidence of intensive Hamas activity in Jerusalem financed by the
sources abroad. In the third quarter of 2007, a sum of approximately 12
million NIS was transferred to terror organizations. Most of the finances,
approximately 8 million NIS, were transferred to the Hamas terrorist
infrastructure in Judea and Samaria.
– December, 2005 – The "Abu Akar" Company from Gaza was declared
illegal by the Minister of Defense due to its assistance in funding terror
organizations.
– February, 2004 – 37 million NIS belonging to terror organizations were
confiscated from main bank branches in Ramallah. These terror
organizations provide "rewards for terror" – financial support to the families
of terrorists injured, killed or imprisoned as a result of terrorist activity.
These incentives encourage Palestinians to conduct terror attacks. Due to
the provision of these funds, terrorists need not worry about the future of
their families after a terror attack.
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380 – Chronologie 2008
The IDF will continue to operate using all legal measures against anyone
involved in assisting or funding terrorism in order to defend the security and
lives of the citizens of Israel.
179
Marwan M. Kraidy: Arab States: Emerging Consensus to Muzzle
Media, in “Arab Reform Bulletin” March 2008:
After years of rhetoric about the need for a pan-Arab satellite television
framework, Arab information ministers on February 12, 2008 adopted a
charter that provides the tools to penalize broadcasters who attack leaders
or air socially unacceptable content. The charter is broad ranging, covering
news, political shows, and entertainment—even sports programs. In the
weeks before the emergency meeting in Cairo, the Egyptian and Saudi
information ministers lobbied their colleagues to pass the document,
prepared by a committee of experts during the preceding six months. Even
Syria, currently engaged in a media war with Saudi Arabia over Lebanon,
signed off on the charter.
While the charter’s passage seemed sudden, momentum toward action
against satellite media has been building since the 2006 Lebanon war.
When hostilities broke out, Egyptian and Saudi leaders at first condemned
Hizbollah’s “adventurism,” then back-pedaled in light of Hizbollah’s
resilience and the mounting civilian casualties of Israel’s onslaught. In the
meantime, Hizbollah’s al-Manar television climbed to the top ten in panArab ratings, and live talk-show hosts struggled to prevent callers from
heaping verbal abuse on pro-U.S. Arab leaders. Though not criticized as
harshly as the Saudi government, the Egyptian government has been
contending with an increasingly media-savvy Muslim Brotherhood whose
views are aired on al-Jazeera, Hamas’s al-Aqsa television, and throughout
the Arabic-language blogosphere. Thus placing political restrictions on
Arab airwaves was a shared Saudi-Egyptian interest.
The resulting charter attempts to appeal to several constituencies. By
penalizing content that allegedly promotes sexual activity and alcohol
consumption, it placates socially conservative Islamists, including Egypt’s
Brotherhood, which for years has advocated such restrictions. By
purporting to protect “Arab identity from the harmful effects of
globalization,” it appeals to Arab nationalists as well as Islamists. Finally,
the charter has a populist provision, stipulating Arab viewers’ rights to
information, including the right to watch some sports competitions on freeto-air government channels even when commercial channels hold
exclusivity agreements. In addition to reasserting the rights of state
television channels, this gives the charter some street credibility with Arab
publics.
The core of the charter is the prohibition of content that would “damage
social harmony, national unity, public order, or traditional values”—echoing
media laws in most Arab countries, virtually a