Q-Lab Corporation SAe Cancels J1960 and J1885 Test Methods

Q-Lab Corporation SAe Cancels J1960 and J1885 Test Methods

Q-Lab Corporation
Issue 1 – 2008
INFORMATION ON Weathering, LIGHT STABILITY AND CORROSION Testing
To receive LabNotes electronically, contact [email protected]
SAE Cancels J1960
and J1885 Test Methods
Two long-standing and widely-used standards for accelerated
testing of automotive materials were cancelled by the Society
of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Both documents have been
superseded by newer, performance-based standards as of
January 11, 2008.
Chrysler has approved the Q-Sun for testing of interior and exterior
automotive materials. Shown here is the 2008 Chrysler 300C.
Chrysler Approves Q-Sun
for Automotive Testing
Chrysler has approved the company-wide use of Q-Sun Xenon
Test Chambers to meet SAE J2527 and J2412 requirements for
testing of automotive exterior and interior parts, components and
materials, as part of the growing trend toward more cost-effective,
performance-based weathering and light stability testing.
The decision was the result of five years of research. In addition
to the Q-Sun’s reliability, major factors driving the decision were
cost savings and confirmed correlation to outdoor results. All
Q-Sun models cost much less to purchase and operate than
comparable rotating-rack style xenon testers.
A technical paper documenting a portion of the Chrysler/
Q-Lab research that led to Chrysler’s accepting the use of
Q-Suns in automotive testing, Automotive Xenon Arc Test
Methods: A Correlation Study, is available from Q-Lab.
J1960 – Accelerated Exposure of Automotive Exterior Materials Using a Controlled Irradiance Water Cooled XenonArc Apparatus, has been cancelled and replaced by J2527
– Performance Based Standard for Accelerated Exposure of
Automotive Exterior Materials Using a Controlled Irradiance
Xenon-Arc Apparatus (published February 2004).
J1885 – Accelerated Exposure of Automotive Interior Trim Components Using a Controlled Irradiance Water Cooled Xenon Arc
Apparatus, has been superseded by J2412 – Accelerated Exposure of Automotive Interior Trim Components Using a Controlled
Irradiance Xenon-Arc Apparatus (published May 2004).
According to the SAE Committee on Fade and Weathering, the rationale for cancelling the standards is that they
were equipment-specific, applying only to certain models
available from only one manufacturer. The change from
standards specifically describing the type of hardware, to
performance-based standards that describe test conditions,
will reduce costs by allowing users to select from any type
of equipment that meets the test parameters.
Readers affected by these changes are reminded to update
their scopes.
For a copy of this technical paper, circle 735
New Q-Lab Training
Center Opens in China
Q-Lab China has opened its new training center in Shanghai.
Serving both customers and sales representatives, the center
provides training in accelerated weathering, light stability and
corrosion testing.
The first training session was held in January, under the
supervision of Joe Carney, CET, Q-Lab Corporation’s Service
& Repair Manager.
Q-Lab China’s new office in Shanghai features a well-equipped
training center. Shown above, instructor Mike Garrett explains the
Q-Sun’s operation.
800 Canterbury Road, Cleveland, OH 44145 USA
Telephone: 1-440-835-8700 Fax: 1-440-835-8738
www.q-lab.com
ScientificViewpoint
How Can I Tell If My Product Will Last Outdoors?
The first of Warren D. Ketola’s two-part series in LabNotes will
address outdoor testing. The next installment will cover how to relate
outdoor testing with accelerated testing for reliable results.
During my long career, I’ve been asked many questions by customers
about which weathering tests they should use to evaluate their polymer
or product. In most cases, the questions are about use of artificial
accelerated weathering tests and how they relate to actual outdoor
performance. Some typical questions are:
• How many hours does it take in this accelerated test to
equal a year in Florida?
• I want to warranty this product for five years – how long do
I need to test in a QUV running UVA340 lamps?
• If my product looks OK after 2000 hours in SAE J2527,
how long will it last in Arizona?
The answer to all of these types of questions is, it depends. The answer
will depend on how the polymer or product responds to the stresses
produced by exposure to solar radiation, to temperature, and to
moisture. There are many, many artificial accelerated tests that can
be used, each producing a different combination of stress conditions. Selecting the optimum test condition can be a daunting task.
However, there is one very simple answer to the question of how to
tell if your product will last outdoors. That answer is, test your product
outdoors. Outdoor testing needs to be the first test you start, before
you begin any artificial accelerated weathering test. There are several
critical reasons why starting outdoor exposures on your product must
be done first.
Outdoor Exposures Are Never Wrong
While it seems trite, one must remember that the same cannot be
said for artificial accelerated weathering tests. Some of these have
been shown to be very good predictors of outdoor durability for
some materials. However, there are also instances where results from
artificial accelerated tests proved to be very poor predictors of outdoor
The desert conditions at Q-Lab Arizona feature intense sunlight, high
temperatures, and very low humidity. Test specimens may also experience
large temperature fluctuations. This extreme climate has been proven
useful for testing coatings, plastics and building materials.
2
durability, to the point where the material performing best in the
accelerated test actually performed the worst outdoors. You have
many options to chose from when selecting an artificial accelerated
test. Some might be good and some might be very bad.
You don’t have to worry about making a wrong choice of tests when
you test outdoors because the results from outdoor testing are never
wrong. In fact, results from outdoor testing are now used to specify
minimum durability performance for some materials. ASTM D 4956,
Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting Materials is an
example, where three year exposures in hot/wet and hot/dry climates
are required.
Validity of Accelerated Weathering Tests
As stated above, you have many options to choose from when selecting an artificial accelerated weathering test. Some might be good
choices and some very bad. If you do not have results from outdoor
exposures, you have absolutely no basis for assessing the validity of
your artificial accelerated test.
Let’s use an example to illustrate this point. Suppose you had five
different options to use for a new product being introduced by your
company. Your company wanted to warranty the outdoor durability of
the product for three years. All the options met the performance and
cost requirements and you used an accelerated test that had given you
good information for other products to select the option that would be
used for the new product. After the product had been on the market
for 18-24 months, your company started to get quite a few warranty
claims, because the product was failing outdoors. Everyone is asking
about whether the other options could be substituted.
Unfortunately, you only had weathering data from the one test. You
didn’t think it would be necessary to do outdoor weathering because
the test had given reliable results before. Any information you give
about whether one of the other options could be used is only a guess.
If you had started outdoor weathering on the product, you would have
been able to see the marginal performance of the option that was
selected and would have been able to make sound recommendations
for an alternative. Are you willing to take the risk inherent with not
starting your outdoor weathering exposures first?
Subtropical conditions at Q-Lab Florida (located south of Miami) are
generally hot and humid. Lots of sunshine and abundant rainfall create
an environment that is ideal for testing exterior durability and moisture
sensitivity.
Q-Lab Corporation
Outdoor Exposure Factors
Now that you are convinced that outdoor testing is the first exposure
test you will start, there are a few additional things to consider when
setting up your outdoor testing.
The first is using multiple locations for outdoor exposures. Your
company is going to be making one version of the product you will
be testing and it is going to be used in all kinds of climates. The effects
of different types of climates can have a profound effect on the type
and rate of degradation your product could experience.
Q-Rack outdoor exposure rack kits allow you to supplement your current
testing program with additional data from other locations. The direct exposure rack shown has additional panel flaps to expand its specimen capacity.
Outdoor Testing Is Inexpensive
Contrary to what people might think, outdoor weathering testing is
very inexpensive when compared to the costs for artificial accelerated
testing. Consider the following example.
Suppose you need to choose between three formulation options for
a new polymer that is critical to your company’s success. You have
chosen to use an artificial accelerated test for which the cost is $0.20
per specimen per hour of exposure. You are testing two replicates of
each of the three formulations and your test time is 2000 hours. The
cost for the artificial accelerated test is $2400, assuming that the 2000
hour exposure is sufficient for you to choose between the materials.
In many cases, longer exposures are needed. For your outdoor testing, let’s assume that you will send out separate sets of specimens for
12 months, 24 months and 36 months. Assuming the cost is $.25 per
specimen per month, the total cost for the outdoor exposure is $108,
which is likely to be spread out over the three years of exposure.
It has been my experience that when conducting comprehensive
programs of artificial accelerated and outdoor weathering exposures,
about 90% of the total cost is for the artificial accelerated testing
Some Polymers Degrade Faster in Arizona’s Hot Climate
The chart shown in Figure 1 is one example of these differences.
The x-axis is the amount of total solar radiation received by the test
specimens. It is clear that the higher temperatures experienced in the
hot desert exposures of Arizona produced much faster degradation.
Moisture is another factor. Some polymers degrade much faster in
Florida’s wet climate. For some materials, other effects such as thermal
shock or cycling that would be experienced in a northern climate,
could have significant effects. From these examples, you can see that
you cannot predict durability in all locations using weathering results
from only one location.
Since you want your outdoor test results to be as “fast” as possible,
you need to consider exposures in locations that will provide the most
aggressive conditions, and where there is a considerable “history” of
exposure information on a variety of materials. You also want to use
locations where climate data such as solar radiation, temperature, and
moisture for the exposure conditions you choose is readily available.
These requirements are met by exposures conducted in the hot/wet
climate of south Florida and the hot/desert climate near Phoenix,
Arizona. Exposures in these types of climates are considered as international benchmarks for evaluating durability of materials.
When setting up your outdoor exposure experiments for each type
of climate, you also can choose the angle of exposure (vertical, 45
degrees, or 5 degrees to the horizontal), the type of backing for your
test specimens, and whether your materials are exposed directly to
the sun or behind window glass. You might also want to choose a
solar concentrating exposure where you can accumulate five year’s
worth of solar UV radiation in about one year of testing. Outdoor
weathering experts can help you in making these choices that are
best for your product.
High Reliability, Low Cost
In summary, the simple reason I recommend starting your product
durability testing outdoors is this: Nothing else gives more accurate
results, and nothing costs less – except for not testing at all, which
can be a costly mistake.
Warren Ketola is a noted authority on weathering and
a leader in ASTM, ISO, and other standards organizations. He is currently principal of WK Weathering Consulting in St. Paul, Minnesota, after a 37-year career
with 3M Commercial Tape and Traffic Safety Systems
Divisions. Starting with this issue, he will be a frequent
editorial contributor to LabNotes.
Figure 1. Outdoor testing in multiple locations is important because there
may be significant differences in environmental stresses. Shown here are
Arizona and Florida exposures of a vinyl acrylic polymer.
The Most Trusted Name in Weathering
3
DataPoint
TOW in South Bend, Pennsylvania
Why the QUV’s Condensation Cycle
Is the Most Realistic Acceleration Possible
Time of Wetness (TOW) research conducted
in North America indicates materials exposed
outdoors are wet a surprisingly high percentage of the time. Our data indicates that, on
average, they are wet 30% of the time. This
means that, on average, outdoor materials
are wet 7.2 hours/day, or over 2,600 hours
per year!
But that is just an average. In places like
Seattle, materials are frequently wet for 12
hours a day, or even more in some seasons. This
startlingly high incidence of wetness is caused
primarily by dew, not rain. Our data actually
shows that, typically, the days with the higher
TOW occurred in the absence of rain.
In laboratory weathering, it is relatively easy
to accelerate the damage caused by sunlight.
Accelerating the effects of outdoor moisture
is much more difficult. Because materials exposed outdoors are already wet for such a long
time under natural conditions, it is effectively
impossible to accelerate by increasing the hours of moisture exposure.
The only effective way is to accelerate
by increasing the temperature of the
exposure.
The QUV’s long, hot, condensation
cycles are superior to methods of
moisture simulation commonly used
in other testers such as water spray,
immersion and high humidity.
Materials exposed outdoors are wet a remarkably high
percentage of the time. Research indicates that dew
(condensation), not rain, is the major source of wetness
outdoors.
The QUV produces condensation
by heating water into a vapor and
then recondensing it onto the surface of the
test specimen. Because the water is purified
in the process, this precludes water-spotting
problems and, since there is no need for stills
or deionizers, it simplifies QUV installation
and operation.
The QUV’s hot condensation mechanism
brings highly oxygenated, liquid water into
intimate contact with the test material for
an extended period of time. A typical QUV
condensation cycle lasts for 4 hours at 50˚C.
Based on the ‘rule of thumb’ that a 10º increase in temperature can double the rate of the
reaction, this provides significant acceleration.
Consequently, the QUV both simulates and
accelerates outdoor moisture attack.
For more information on the QUV, circle 200
Look for the Q-Shaped Hole:
Panels Are Available in Special Shapes, Sizes, Materials
Among the millions of Q-Panel brand test
substrates shipped out of Cleveland, Ohio
each year are a growing number of special
panels that don’t fit the traditional pattern of
a rectangular metal panel with a Q-shaped
hanging hole.
Special shapes and sizes range from 1" (2.54
cm) circles to 15" x 24" (38 cm x 61 cm)
formed automotive panels, used for testing,
display, or training. Custom, 3-D fabricated
assemblies are occasionally requested as a
special order.
Customers such as architectural firms specify
aluminum panels in unusual sizes to coat and
use as sales samples. Special order panels offer
clean, consistent material quality and finishes
at an affordable price.
Materials and Surface Treatments
Steel panels are made from standard lowcarbon, cold-rolled steel complying with
ASTM standards. Types include smooth
finish, matte finish, ground (polished) finish,
thin/flexible, tinplate, adhesion and abrasion
panels, and stainless steel.
Panel Trends
Robert Little, Q-Lab’s Panel Product Engineer,
says that the impact of quality and environmental regulations is being felt in the panel
markets. For example, U.K. orders for aluminum panels (including extruded aluminum)
are specifying Qualicoat standards.
“As regulations get tougher, it will be more
important than ever for panel users to be
able to rely on the high quality materials and
production standards that the Q-Panel brand
provides,” he concluded.
For more information on panels, circle 502
Aluminum panels are lighter and corrosion
resistant. They are available in bare or chromated types, adhesion, automotive styling, or
large display panels.
Steel panels are packaged with corrosion inhibiting materials and have a shelf life of up to 10
years. Panels receive minimal handling.
4
Iron phosphated panels are made from the
same premium steel as our standard panels
Large automotive panels can be used for training
and are available in two finishes.
or display.
Q-Lab Corporation
Meet the Q-Sun Xenon Family
When Q-Lab introduced the Q-Sun Xenon
Test Chamber in 1998, its flat array design
was considered a major change from the rotating rack technology that was widely used
at the time.
Less than a decade later, the Q-Sun family has
grown to include several flat array models, as
well as the new Q-Sun B02 – which updates
the traditional rotating rack design to create
a more affordable textile lightfastness tester
for the 21st century.
Model B02 is a new design rotating rack
tester specifically designed to meet the
requirements of ISO 105 B02 for lightfastness testing of textiles. Thanks to the simple,
practical design of this tester, xenon testing
now is more affordable for textile labs around
the world.
Q-Sun Model B02
Simple and Cost-Effective
The design of every Q-Sun xenon tester is as
simple as possible, making it easy to install,
operate and maintain. This reduces both the
initial purchase price and operating costs for
the life of the equipment.
Large Specimen Capacity
Q-Sun Xe-1 and Xe-3 models feature a slideout specimen tray that can hold unusual
shapes and sizes, even large 3-D parts. The
Model B02’s specimen capacity is 48% to
92% larger than comparable models.
Efficient Lamps & Filters
The Q-Sun’s air-cooled xenon arc lamps reproduce the full spectrum of sunlight. They cost
much less than competitive lamps, are easier
to install, and have a long service life. Optical filters are used to realistically reproduce
sunlight, sunlight through window glass, or
other spectra required by test methods.
Superior Control Systems
Solar Eye TM Irradiance Control ensures
maximum repeatability and reproducibility.
Calibration is quick and easy with the patented
AutoCal system. All Q-Sun models control
specimen temperature, and many models
feature chamber air temperature and relative
humidity control.
The Most Trusted Name in Weathering
Q-Sun Xenon Test Chambers are used for
accelerated weathering and light stability testing of products used indoors or outdoors.
Model Xe-1 is an economical, table top tester
with one lamp. It is designed for labs with
smaller budgets, tight space, or where less
testing is performed. Its specimen tray is 9.88"
x 18" (251 mm x 457 mm). Options include
water spray and a chiller.
Q-Suns are used worldwide for accelerated
weathering and light stability testing of products used indoors or outdoors. The testers
meet a wide range of ISO, ASTM, AATCC,
SAE, DIN and other standards.
Each Q-Sun model has special features that
make it the right choice for specific tests,
product applications, or budgets. But all
Q-Suns share some common “family” characteristics.
Q-Sun Models Xe-1 (left) and Xe-3
Mounting textile specimens on the
rotating rack of the Model B02’s
large capacity chamber
(367 in2/2.362 cm2).
For Q-Sun B02 information, circle 733
Model Xe-3 is a full-size unit with three lamps
and a 17.75" x 28.26" (451 mm x 718 mm)
specimen tray. Options include water spray,
dual spray for acid etch, chiller, chamber air
temperature and relative humidity controls.
Even with its multiple capabilities, the Xe-3
costs much less to purchase and operate than
comparable xenon testers.
For Q-Sun Xe-1/Xe-3 information, circle 700
PersonnelProfile
Melissa Precise,
Order Department Supervisor
If the job involves orders coming in, or products shipping out
from Q-Lab’s Instruments Division, the person in charge is Melissa
Precise, Order Department supervisor since mid-2006. A real
success story, Melissa joined Q-Lab in 1997 as the receptionist and
now supervises a department of five.
She is accustomed to comments about her surname being such a good fit with the
nature of her work, which demands “precise” accuracy.
Q-Lab’s Order Department is responsible for shipping and billing. All outgoing deliveries
and freight shipments are handled by the department. This includes everything from
container shipments to Europe to trade show display materials.
To keep up with the complex demands of global logistics, Melissa currently is taking
courses in preparation for her Customs Broker licensing examination. She cited major
growth in Q-Lab’s international customer base, as well as the company’s expansion of
product categories with customers in India and the Far East, as trends that keep her
job interesting every day and make the extra time she spends studying for the exam
worthwhile.
5
RepresentativeProfile
Will Your
Products
Last?
South African Firm Gains Success
Through Teamwork and Local Investment
Apollo Scientific’s sales staff
at the 2007 Lab Africa trade
show. The firm is known for
its dynamic sales and marketing efforts, as well as its
strong support for the South
African business community.
ASTM D5894
Weathering &
Corrosion
Improve correlation to
outdoor results by using
the QUV Accelerated
Weathering Tester and
Q-Fog Cyclic Corrosion
Tester as specified
in ASTM D5894
Like the ancient Greek god Apollo, Q-Lab’s
South African representative, Apollo Scientific,
is multi-talented. The firm’s leadership in business, investment, training and marketing – in
a part of the world where positive change is
urgently needed – consistently earns recognition at home and abroad.
Apollo Scientific was founded in 1998 by
Craig and Nicki Blignaut and Dion Keet, who
currently hold the positions of Sales/Marketing Director, Administrative Director and
Technical Director, respectively. Their aim was
to supply quality laboratory instrumentation
coupled with unequalled service and after-sales
support in southern Africa.
The firm represents 10 different product
lines (including familiar companies such as
Instron, Binder, and Erweka). Apollo became
a Q-Lab representative in 2002. Offices in the
four major cities of South Africa include new
headquarters in Johannesburg and branches in
Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, and Durban.
continuous learning and teambuilding activities, staff members work together to provide
customers with the highest quality products
and services. Their slogan states this objective:
“As Precise As It Gets”.
Apollo’s focus on increasing the region’s
scientific knowledge, and investing in infrastructure and trained personnel, has created
an impact extending beyond its four offices
and 40 employees. They regularly participate
in South African business events, use local
services to create highly visible marketing campaigns, maintain memberships in
regional business associations, and regularly
advertise in the country’s publications.
The firm is especially proud of its Broad-Based
Black Economic Empowerment rating.
Apollo has an ISO 17025 accredited laboratory
and is certified by the South African National
Accreditation System to calibrate instruments
dealing with force, speed, displacement, and
temperature.
The Most Trusted Name in Weathering
www.q-lab.com
For QUV information, circle 200
For Q-Fog information, circle 401
6
Q-Lab Corporation’s Sales Director Ron
Roberts cited Apollo’s strong commitment to
marketing, training, and community as the
basis for its excellent customer service and
respected position in the marketplace. Through
Sales/Marketing
Director Craig
Blignaut
“South Africa is entering
its 13th year of democracy,” said Craig Blignaut.
“There are many challenges, but many more opportunities. We are uniquely
positioned to capitalize
on the growth of industry
throughout South Africa.
We have the geographical
coverage and top-notch
people and skills. As South
Africa’s industry grows, so
does Apollo.”
To learn more, visit www.apollosci.co.za.
Q-Lab Corporation
ASTM D7356
Upcoming Weathering
Education Events
After five years of correlation research, the
BASF and Q-Lab accelerated acid etch test
method was recognized by the ASTM in
2007 as ASTM D7356, Test Method for Accelerated Acid Etch Weathering of Automotive Clearcoats Using a Xenon Arc Exposure
Device.
Q-Lab announces two dates and locations for
its Weathering 101 – The Basics of Weathering & Light Stability seminar. The one-day
educational events will be held Thursday,
March 13 at Q-Lab’s headquarters facility near
Cleveland, Ohio, and Wednesday, April 23 in
Los Angeles, California.
For more information, circle 732
Weathering 101 provides general information and instruction on using natural and
laboratory exposure techniques. The seminar
is useful for those involved in research and
development, quality control, or with responsibilities for analyzing test results.
Societies&Standards
John Boisseau of BASF
spoke about accelerated acid etch test
research and ASTM
D7356 at Q-Lab’s
Automotive Weathering Symposium last
October in Detroit.
ISO TC 38/SCI Textiles
Several Q-Lab representatives participated
with representatives from 10 countries
in the ISO TC 38/SCI Textiles meeting
in Las Vegas last July. The WG1 Light &
Weathering Working Group discussed standards affecting the textile industry, hearing
arguments for changing ISO 105 B02 from
a hardware based to a performance based
method.
Raymond Ramrajkar (left), representing the
Bureau of Indian Standards, shares a moment
between meetings of the ISO textile group in Las
Vegas with Patrick Brennan, a U.S. delegate from
Q-Lab Corporation.
For registration information, contact Marilee
Husband or Linda Turney at 440-835-8700,
or email [email protected].
Patrick Brennan from Q-Lab will lead a
six-country group performing additional
testing and standard drafting for possible
revisions in ISO/DIS-B10.
JustAsk
Q-Lab Translates into “Quality”
in Any Language
LabNotes is published electronically in Chinese, Spanish and
Portuguese, as well as English. Contact [email protected] to
subscribe.
Shown below are two examples of literature recently printed in multiple languages. Use
the Free Information Form on page 8, or email your request to [email protected].
Sonnenlicht,
Bewitterung &
Lichtechtheit
UV Region
Visible Region
Summer Sunlight
Das Sonnenlicht ändert sich jedoch im Laufe des Tages. Außerdem variiert es je nach Jahreszeit. Das Diagramm auf der rechten Seite zeigt die spektrale
Energieverteilung (SEV) am Mittag im Vergleich von Sommersonnenlicht zu Wintersonnenlicht. Wie zu erkennen ist, gibt es signifikante Unterschiede
hinsichtlich Intensität und Spektrum des Sonnenlichts. Am deutlichsten ist der Rückgang der kurzwelligen UV-Strahlung in den Wintermonaten.
UV-A
UV-C
Equinox
UV-B
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
1.5
Die spektrale Empfindlichkeit variiert von Material zu Material. Für haltbare Materialien wie die meisten Beschichtungen und Kunststoffe ist kurzwellige
UV-Strahlung die Hauptursache für den Abbau von Polymeren. Für weniger beständige Materialien (zum Beispiel viele Farbstoffe und Pigmente) kann
hingegen auch längerwellige UV-Strahlung und sogar kurzwelliges sichtbares Licht zu erheblichen Schäden führen.
Justin Kowallek
Joins U.S. Sales
Justin Kowallek
has joined Q-Lab
as a Sales Representative serving the U.S. and
Canadian markets.
He is based at the
company’s headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio.
Il Nuovo Standard
per Test di Solidità alla Luce
2.0
Sonnenlicht ist die Hauptursache für Schäden an vielen Kunststoffen, Textilien, Beschichtungen und sonstigen organischen Materialien. Temperatur und
Feuchtigkeit sind zwar wichtige Faktoren für die Degeneration einiger unter Wettereinfluss stehender Produkte, doch im Mittelpunkt dieser Präsentation
steht Sonnenstrahlung.
Q-Lab’s educational seminars are held in many
locations around the world. In addition to these
group seminars, on-site training is offered at
customers’ own facilities.
1.0
Winter Sunlight
0.5
Schnellbewitterung
Für schnelle und reproduzierbare Tests werden seit Jahren Kurzbewitterungs- und Lichtechtheits-Prüfgeräte in Forschung, Qualitätssicherung und
Materialfreigabe eingesetzt. Kurzbewitterungsgeräte verwenden unterschiedliche Strahlungsquellen um die realen Umweltbedingungen von Materialen
beschleunigt zu simulieren. Fluoreszierende UV- und Xenonbogen-Lampen sind dafür heutzutage in der Industrie üblich. Eine ausführliche Diskussion
über Strahlungsquellen in Kurzbewitterungsgeräten finden Sie in den Technischen Mitteilungen von Q-Lab LU-8160, A Choice of Lamps, und LX-5060, A
Choice of Filters.
0.0
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Xenon Tester per Solidità alla Luce
700
Wavelength (nm)
Modello B02
Natürliche Sonnenlichtspektren
QUV-Spektren
Spektren des Q-Sun-Xenonbogens
Das Sonnenlicht lässt sich in UV-Strahlung (UV), sichtbares Licht (VIS) und InfrarotStrahlung (IR) einteilen. UV ist Strahlung mit Wellenlängen kürzer als 400 Nanometer
(nm). Das sichtbare Licht setzt sich aus Wellenlängen zwischen 400 und 760 nm zusammen. Mit IR bezeichnet man Strahlung jenseits des sichtbaren roten Lichts im Wellenlängenbereich von etwa 760 nm bis 1 mm.
Das QUV-Schnellbewitterungsgerät simuliert den UV-Anteil des natürlichen Sonnenlichts.
Diese Methode ist sehr wirksam, da kurzwelliges UV für fast alle wetterbedingten Schäden
an beständigen Materialien verantwortlich ist. Es stehen unterschiedliche Lampen zur Verfügung. Die Wahl des Lampentyps richtet sich nach dem Anwendungszweck.
Der Vollspektrum-Xenonbogen reproduziert das gesamte Sonnenlichtspektrum einschließlich Ultraviolett-Strahlung (UV), sichtbarem Licht (VIS) und Infrarot-Strahlung (IR).
Mit seiner Hilfe können sowohl durch kurzwellige UV-Strahlen verursachte Schäden als
auch solche bei höheren Wellenlängen, wie Ausbleichen und Farbänderungen, simuliert
werden. Die Kombination von Xenonbogen und speziellen optischen Filtern ermöglicht,
unerwünschte UV-Bereiche herauszufiltern und das gewünschte Spektrum zu erzielen. Es
gibt drei allgemeine Filterkategorien. Die Wahl des optischen Filters hängt vom geprüften
Material und von der Endanwendung ab.
Sonnenlicht im
Laufe des Tages
QUV UVA-340 und
Sonnenstrahlung
Q-Sun Tageslicht
und Filter vom Typ
Extended UV
300
325
Wavelength
350
(nm)
375
400
Die Lampen des Typs UVB-313
nutzen kurzwellige UV-Strahlen
zur maximalen Beschleunigung
und sind besonders geeignet
zum Testen extrem haltbarer
Materialien oder für Anwendungen in Qualitätskontrolle,
Entwicklung und Forschung.
Allerdings kann die Emission
kurzwelliger Strahlung unterhalb der Grenzwellenlänge
terrestrischer solarer Strahlung insbesondere hinsichtlich
der Farbechtheit zu anomalen
Ergebnissen führen.
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
Kitt Peak
Cleveland
1.0
Miami
0.5
Miami, Florida: Altitude- 4 m, Latitude- 25˚ 47'N
Cleveland, Ohio: Altitude- 241 m, Latitude- 41˚ 30'N
Kitt Peak, Arizona: Altitude- 2096 m, Latitude- 31˚ 58'N
0.0
250 300
350
400 450 500 550
Wavelength (nm)
600
650
700
Solar-Eye sorgt für eine konstante Bestrahlungsstärke
auf den Proben. Eine Bestrahlungsstärke von 0,68 W/m2/nm
bei 340 nm entspricht z.B. der
Intensität von Mittagssonnenlicht im Sommer. Darüber
hinaus sind auch höhere Bestrahlungsstärken zur weiteren
Beschleunigung der Ergebnisse
einstellbar.
Direct Sunlight
0.8
Sunlight Through
Window Glass
275
300
325
350
Wavelength (nm)
375
400
0.6
QUV und Xenonbogen basieren
auf unterschiedlichen Ansätzen. Mit Hilfe der XenonbogenStrahlung wird im Wesentlichen
versucht, das gesamte Sonnenspektrum (einschließlich
UV, VIS und IR) zu reproduzieren. Unerwünschte Nebeneffekte sind höherer elektrischer
Verbrauch und überhöhte
Wärme(IR)-Strahlung.
3.0
1.6
1.4
300
325
350
Wavelength (nm)
375
UVA-340 at
Maximum Irradiance
Direct Sunlight
350
400 450 500 550
Wavelength (nm)
600
650
700
Italian, circle 733-I
German, circle 733-G
1.4
1.2
0.6
1.0
Daylight - B/B
0.8
0.6
0.4 Extended UV - Q/B
Direct Sunlight
300
325
350
Wavelength (nm)
375
Fensterglasfilter im
UV-Bereich
Dieses Diagramm zeigt die
Wirkung der Fensterglasfilter
im UV-Bereich. Kleine Unterschiede in der spektralen
Grenzwellenlänge können
große Unterschiede Im Polymerabbau hervorrufen. Auf
Farbänderungen von Farbstoffen und Pigmenten sollten sich
diese Unterschiede jedoch
nicht auswirken.
2.0
1.5
QUV with
UVA-340
1.0
400
Window - Q
Window - B/SL
Sunlight Through
Window Glass
300
350
Window - IR
400 450 500 550
Wavelength (nm)
600
650
700
1.4
1.2
1.0
Direct Sunlight
0.8
Window - Q
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
250
275
300
325
350
Wavelength (nm)
Sunlight Through
Window Glass
Window - IR
375
400
Sunlight, Weathering & Light Stability (SPD) wall poster
www.q-lab.com
Q-Lab Europe Ltd.
Express Trading Estate
Farnworth
Bolton BL4 9TP
England
Tel: +44 (0) 1204 861616
Fax: +44 (0) 1204 861617
Q-Lab China
美国Q-Lab公司中国代表处
中国上海浦东新区商城路618号
良友大厦1809室 200120
电话: +86-21-5879-7970
传真: +86-21-5879-7960
Q-Lab Florida
1005 SW 18th Ave.
Homestead, FL 33034
U.S.A.
Tel: +1-305-245-5600
Fax: +1-305-245-5656
Q-Lab Arizona
24742 W. Durango St.
Buckeye, AZ 85326
U.S.A.
Tel: +1-623-386-5140
Fax: +1-623-386-5143
Basierend auf LU-0822, Sunlight, Weathering and Light Stability (Sonnenlicht, Bewitterung und Lichtbeständigkeit) von Q-Lab Corporation. Q-Panel, QUV, Q-Lab, Q-Sun, Q-Trac and Solar Eye sind Handelsmarken der Q-Lab Corporation.
LW-6016-GR © 2007 Q-Lab Corporation Technische Änderungen vorbehalten.
Chinese, contact Q-Lab China
English, circle 733
Direct Sunlight
Window - B/SL
Das QUV dagegen reproduDirect Sunlight
ziert lediglich den UV-Anteil
0.0
des Sonnenspektrums und
250 335 420 505 590 675 760 845 930 1015 1100
demzufolge nur dessen phoWavelength (nm)
tochemische Effekte. Diese
Methode ist sehr wirksam, da
die kurzwellige UV-Strahlung
für fast alle witterungsbedingten Schäden an beständigen Materialien verantwortlich ist. Allerdings liefert
sie aufgrund des begrenzten Spektrums nicht immer zutreffende Resultate in Bezug auf die Farbechtheit.
Eine ausführliche Behandlung dieses Themas finden Sie im Q-Lab Technical Bulletin LU-8009.
375
3.0
2.0
0.0
250
400
Xenon Arc with
Daylight Filters
300
325
350
Wavelength (nm)
1.5
0.5
UVA-340 at
Normal Irradiance
275
Daylight - Q
275
2.5
0.4
0.5
300
0.0
250
Die Kombination Xenonbogen
mit Fensterglasfilter erzeugt
ein Spektrum, das dem Sonnenlicht hinter Fensterglas
entspricht. Diese Strahlung
wird zum Prüfen der meisten
Innenmaterialien empfohlen.
Direct Sunlight
1.2
1.0
1.0 Extended
UV - Q/B
0.0
250
Q-SunFensterglasfilter
1.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
0.5
400
0.8
3.0
Q-Sun Model B02 brochure
Daylight - B/B
Daylight - Q
2.5
0.2
275
1.8
QUV, Xenonbogen
und Sonnenlicht
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
Das Diagramm zeigt den
UV-Bereich dieser Filter. Man
sieht den Unterschied in der
kurzwelligen Flanke. Auf Grund
der hohen Photonen-Energie
können kleine Unterschiede in
der Grenzwellenlänge große
Unterschiede im Polymerabbau
hervorrufen.
0.4
0.0
250
12.0
Die Spektren von Tageslichtfiltern entsprechen der direkten
Einstrahlung von Mittagssonnenlicht im Sommer und
weisen eine gute Annäherung
an die Grenzwellenlänge der
Sonne auf. Sie werden zum
Testen von Außenmaterialien
empfohlen. Extended UV-Filter
sind dagegen durchlässig für
kurzwellige UV-Strahlen unterhalb der terrestrischen solaren
Grenzwellenlänge. Sie werden
für einige Prüfverfahren in der
Automobilindustrie vorgeschrieben.
Tageslicht und
Extended UV-Filter im
UV-Bereich
1.0
0.2
Q-Lab Corporation
Q-Lab Headquarters &
Instruments Division
800 Canterbury Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44145
U.S.A.
Tel: +1-440-835-8700
Fax: +1-440-835-8738
375
0.2
400
Der Q-Trac Natural Sun10.0
light Concentrator ist ein
Q-Trac
Gerät zur beschleunigten
Freibewitterung, das als
8.0
Strahlungsquelle natürliches Sonnenlicht verwendet. Mit Hilfe von zehn
6.0
Spiegeln reflektiert Q-Trac
das vollständige Spektrum
4.0
natürlichen Sonnenlichts in
konzentrierter Form auf die
Direct Sunlight
Prüflinge. Darüber hinaus
2.0
folgt er von morgens bis
abends automatisch dem
0.0
Lauf der Sonne. Dieses
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
700
System zur Konzentration
Wavelength (nm)
des Sonnenlichts maximiert die Menge des auf
den Prüfling gestrahlten
Sonnenlichts und kann im
Jahr durchschnittlich die fünffache Menge der gesamten UV-Bestrahlung (295-385 nm) eines typischen Jahrs in Florida produzieren. Einzelheiten hierzu finden Sie im Q-Lab Technical Bulletin LL-9031.
LW_6016_GR_B.indd 1
300
325
350
Wavelength (nm)
0.8
0.0
250
Sunlight Through
Automotive Glass
0.2
0.0
250
UVA-340
275
1.2
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
1.2
1.0
0.4
0.4
0.0
250
Bestrahlungsregelsystem Solar Eye
0.6
Direct Sunlight
0.8
0.6
0.2
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
Q-Trac &
Sonnenlicht
1.2
1.0
QUV UVB-313 und
Sonnenstrahlung
2.0
1.5
Fensterglas
Glas ist durchlässig für
sichtbares Licht, filtert
aber einen Großteil der
UV-Strahlung heraus. Je
kürzer die Wellenlänge,
desto größer der Filtereffekt. UV-Strahlen unterhalb
von 310 nm werden durch
normales Fensterglas
vollständig gefiltert. Die
Durchlässigkeit variiert je
nach Dicke, Farbe, chemischer Zusammensetzung usw. Das bedeutet,
dickeres, getöntes oder
beschichtetes Glas absorbiert den größten Anteil
des kurzwelligen UV.
Lampentyp UVA-340 liefert die
beste verfügbare Simulation von
natürlichem Sonnenlicht, da sein
Licht im Bereich von 365 nm
bis hinab zur Grenzwellenlänge
terrestrischer solarer Strahlung
dem Mittagssonnenlicht im
Sommer entspricht. Die Fluoreszenzlampe UVA-340 wurde
entwickelt, um die Korrelation
in den entsprechenden Prüfgeräten zu verbessern, und wird
für Untersuchungen empfohlen,
bei denen die Korrelation ein
entscheidender Faktor ist.
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
Sonnenlicht an
verschiedenen
Orten
6:00 PM
(cloudy)
275
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
5:00 PM
5:00 AM
0.1
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
6:00 AM
0.4
0.2
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
0.6
0.5
0.0
250
Trotz der immanenten
Variabilität der solaren
UV-Strahlung zeigen Messungen zum Zeitpunkt der
Sommersonnenwende
erstaunlich geringe Abweichungen an verschiedenen
Orten und sind demnach
unabhängig von geographischer Länge und Breite.
7:00 AM
0.7
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
0.9
0.3
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
1.0
0.8
Irradiance (W/m2/nm)
Aufgrund des Filtereffekts
der Erdatmosphäre variieren Quantität und Qualität
des Sonnenlichts vom
Sonnenaufgang bis
-untergang deutlich.
Dieses Diagramm zeigt,
wie sich der UV-Anteil des
Sonnenlichts im Laufe des
Tages ändert. Die Daten
wurden zur Sommersonnenwende in Ohio, USA,
gemessen.
Solar Noon
11:00 AM
1:00 PM
10:00 AM
2:00 PM
The Most Trusted
Name in Weathering
10/9/07 12:30:31 PM
German, circle 108-G
English, circle 108
Contact Q-Lab China at [email protected] for all Q-Lab publications available in
Chinese, including LabNotes. See page 8 for additional contact information.
The Most Trusted Name in Weathering
Justin previously worked for CEC Combustion
Services Group, where he was responsible for
client relationship management, sales training
and support, parts management, as well as
various marketing functions. He is a graduate
of Baldwin-Wallace College.
7
Issue 1 – 2008
Q-Lab Corporation
INFORMATION ON Weathering, LIGHT STABILITY AND CORROSION Testing
In this Issue:
• SAE Cancels J1960 and J1885
• Chrysler Approves Q-Sun for Automotive Testing
• How Can I Tell If My Product Will Last Outdoors?
News and Information from Q-Lab
Q-Lab Corporation
Q-Lab Headquarters
& Instruments Division
800 Canterbury Road
Westlake, OH USA
Tel. +1-440-835-8700
Fax +1-440-835-8738
FREE INFORMATION
Issue 1 - 2008
Email your request, or circle the number(s) below and fax or mail this form to our headquarters office (USA) or Q-Lab Europe. Contact Q-Lab China for information in Chinese.
Q-Lab (USA):
[email protected]
Fax +1-440-835-8738
Q-Lab Europe:
[email protected]
Fax +44 (0) 1204-861617
502
Q-Panel Brand Test Substrates
Weathering Research Service
108
108-G SPD Wall Poster (German)
700
Q-Sun Xenon Test Chamber
Q-Lab Florida
1005 SW 18th Avenue
Homestead, FL USA
Tel. +1-305-245-5600
Fax +1-305-245-5656
200
QUV Weathering Tester
732
Q-Lab/BASF Accelerated Acid Etch
301
Q-Lab Weathering Research Service
733
Q-Sun B02 Lightfastness Tester
319
Q-Rack Outdoor Exposure Kits
733-G Q-Sun B02 (German)
401
Q-Fog Corrosion Tester
733-I
Q-Sun B02 (Italian)
735
Q-Lab/Chrysler Technical Paper
Q-Lab Arizona
24742 W. Durango Street
Buckeye, AZ USA
Tel. +1-623-386-5140
Fax +1-623-386-5143
SPD Wall Poster
Please print:
Q-Lab Europe, Ltd.
Express Trading Estate
Stone Hill Road, Farnworth
Bolton BL4 9TP England
Tel. +44 (0) 1204-861616
Fax +44 (0) 1204-861617
Name ________________________________________________________________________________________
Company _____________________________________________________________________________________
Address ______________________________________________________________________________________
City___________________________________________________________________________________________
State/Province_________________________________________________________________________________
Country _______________________________________________________________________________________
美国Q-Lab公司中国代表处 传
中国上海市共和新路3388号永鼎大厦1001室
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Email _________________________________________________________________________________________
Industry _______________________________________________________________________________________
www.q-lab.com
Product _______________________________________________________________________________________
Q-Panel, QUV, Q-Lab, Q-Sun, Q-Fog, and Solar Eye are trademarks of Q-Lab Corporation.
© 2008 Q-Lab Corporation