Kinch (2004) AquTrade-SolMarau
Transcription
Kinch (2004) AquTrade-SolMarau
Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. The Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands, with Specific Notes on Marau Sound, Guadalcanal. Jeff Kinch1 February 2004 A Report prepared for the: Marine Aquarium Council and the Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific-International 1 Regional Community Development Officer- Pacific Sustainable Management of the Aquarium Reef Trade Program PO Box s23-MH Superfresh Suva FIJI Ph: +679 337 1300 Fx: +679 337 1773 Email: [email protected] 1 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Contents Page Introduction The Solomon Islands Marine Aquarium Trade Curio Coral and Solomon Sea Stones Company Contact Details Exports Purchasing Mortality Aquaculture Activities in the Solomon Islands Coral Gardens-Solomon Islands Giant Clams Government Management The Fisheries Act 1998 The Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998 CITES Provincial Governments Biological Surveys 4 4 5 5 6 8 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 The Marau Sound The ‘Tension’ Paruru Aquaculture Marau Fisheries Marau Fishing and Community Association Marau Leaders Council Governance Issues Tenureship Economic Conditions The Aquarium Fishery Today Methods of Collecting Management Strategies Marine Resource Management Workshop – 26/01/2004 Conclusion Recommendations References 13 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Appendix 1: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Species List Appendix 2: Solomon Islands Marine Exports Species List Appendix 3: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Buying and Selling List Appendix 4: Marau Sound Workshop Attendees 28 35 37 38 2 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Acronymns AASI CAMP CITES CGSI CMT DFMR DFEC ECANSI FSPI GGG ICLARM IFM MCA MEF MLC MAC MPA SIDT SIG SILMMA SIME SSS Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Collection Area Management Plan Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species Coral Gardens Solomon Islands Customary Marine Tenure Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Department of Forestry, Environment and Conservation Environmental Concerns Action Network of Solomon Islands Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International’s Gardening Good Governance International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources and Management Isatabu Freedom Movement Marau Communities Association Marau Eagle Force Marau Leaders Council Marine Aquarium Council Marine Protected Area Solomon Islands Development Trust Solomon Islands Government Solomon Islands Locally Managed Marine Areas Solomon Islands Marine Export Solomon Sea Stones 3 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Introduction The Solomon Islands has a tropical climate with a relatively high and stable temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. There are six main islands and approximately 1,000 smaller ones forming two chains of islands between latitudes 5° and 12° South and longitudes 154° and 162° East (Kile, 2001). These ‘archipelagos’ extend over 1,700 km in length and cover a land area of nearly 30,000 km2, a coastline of around 4,000 km and an EEZ of 1.34 million km2 (Eco-Consult Pacific, 2003) and encompasses some of the largest lagoons and coral reefs systems in the world. The majority of the country’s estimated 500,000 inhabitants - Melanesians constitute 95% of all people with Polynesians, Micronesians (Gilbertese), Europeans, Chinese and others making up the remainder - live in coastal or island communities. Approximately 85% of all land and marine areas are held under ‘traditional’ or ‘customary’ tenure systems as villagers rely mainly on fishing, trade and subsistence agriculture for their food security and livelihoods. Population growth rate has been estimated at 3.4% annually, with approximately half the population under the age of 20 (Eco-Consult Pacific, 2003). Presently, the problem of high or increasing population density is primarily a local one affecting particular small islands. Changed scales of development associated with the commercialisation of resources and market trends are also increasing the pressure on natural resources as people strive to maintain or improve their standard of living. There is also high rural to urban drift, particularly to Honiara, the capital located on the main island of Guadalcanal. Solomon Islanders have one of the highest per capita seafood consumption rates in the world with over 80% of the population deriving their protein from marine resources. The annual production from subsistence and artisanal fisheries has previously been estimated at SI$ 60 million (Kile, 2000) and the sale of marine resources provides the second highest foreign exchange earnings for the nation. Due to the recent ethnic ‘tension’ from 1998-2001 most commercial enterprises, private and government infrastructure have closed or declined considerably in production and outputs. The attack on the Twin Trade Towers in New York in September 2001 also affected businesses in the Solomon Islands because of less flights and subsequently less freight availability. This combined with increased security issues on imports to the USA added extra burdens. For example, Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (AASI) lost approximately 50% access to its import companies and could only supply 50% of aquarium organisms to those it retained. The Solomon Islands Marine Aquarium Trade The marine aquarium industry in the Solomon Islands involves the collection, selling/purchasing, packing and exporting of commodities for aquaria (Lam, 2003). There are currently two companies involved in the export of live aquarium organisms in the Solomon Islands. Both are situated in the Ranadi industrial area of Honiara. The oldest is Solomon Islands Marine Export (SIME), which is owned and managed by Paul Saelea. It was started with the assistance of an expatriate consultant and investor, David Palmer in 1995. David Palmer later left SIME to form AASI with Simon Gower in 1998. SIME specializes in the coral ornamentals trade while AASI handles mostly aquarium fish. SIME has a 900 m2 warehouse that is situated several hundred metres from the sea. They have 17 large fiberglass holding tanks covering an area of approximately 200 m2 and has a closed seawater system and protein skimmers (Lam, 2003). Fresh seawater is delivered on a regular basis. 4 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Facilities at Solomon Islands Marine Exports (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). AASI has a warehouse with an area of 1100 m2 and is situated near the seashore. They have five self-contained holding systems. Blue tanks outside the main shed are used to hold and sort new fish arrivals before entering the main system inside. Size and species determines which holding tank system fish will be put into. The holding tanks are made of acrylic material and are arranged in little cubicles to ensure segregation of fish. Because of their proximity to the seashore, fresh seawater is pumped directly into facility when needed (around 40% of seawater is exchanged weekly) and undergoes UV treatment and protein skimming. AASI does not monitor the condition of the water beyond visual assessments. Copper is regularly added to the system. When there has been a lot of fish through the system, tanks are drained to a mimum level, cleaned and refilled. Twelve staff are currently under employ at AASI. Facilities at Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). Curio Coral and Solomon Sea Stones Ian Gower (Simon’s father) first started the coral curio trade in the Solomon Islands in the 1980s at his Paruru plantation in the Marau Sound. At this time, the main curio corals were Heliopora corulea and Tubestrea spp. Live sand and clams were also purchased and exported. An expatriate Legal Officer with the Guadalcanal Province later stopped the trade, and the company moved to Honiara. Simon Gower later started Solomon Sea Stones (SSS) as a sideline business to AASI and began buying from Ngella for SI$ 3/piece, and previously exported curio coral under AASI but stopped in January 2003 to export independently. The last shipment of curio corals out of the Solomon Islands was in November 2003 and SSS has now closed. Solomon Sea Stones had a large temporary fenced off area on the seashore also at Ranadi. Company Contact Details Mr Paul Saelea Solomon Islands Marine Export (SIME) P.O. Box 1637 Honiara Solomon Islands Ph: + 677 30682 Fx: + 677 30682 Mr Willie Veitch Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (AASI) P.O. Box R2113 Honiara Solomon Islands Ph: + 677 38498 Fx: + 677 38499 Email: [email protected] 5 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Mr David Palmer Aquarium Arts-USA (AAUS) 821 West Hyde Park Boulevarde Inglewood California 90302 USA Ph: + 1 310 419 4120 Fx: + 1 310 419 4164 Email: [email protected] Mr Simon Gower Aquarium Arts-Australia (AAA) PO Box 1038 Indooroopilly Brisbane Queensland 4038 AUSTRALIA Ph: + 61 41976 8102 Fx: + 61 7 9587 0099 Email: [email protected] Exports Green and Shirley (1999) described the Solomon Islands before the ‘tension’ as an increasingly important nation in the marine aquarium trade. During 1985-1997, the Solomon Islands exported 1% of all the corals recorded under the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in the global trade (Green and Shirley, 1999), with the majority of this being wild collected. The Solomon Islands accounts for 4 % overall of the current international coral trade (Wabnitz et al, 2003). According to the Global Maraine Aqaurium Database, the Solomon Islands exported 416,212 specimens from 1997-2002, which accounted for 12% of all fish entering the international market. The Solomon Islands is also a significant source country for invertebrates. During the period, 1998-2003 exported 75,305 invertebrates accounting for 6% of the trade (Wabnitz et al, 2003). Coral and fish exports from the Solomon Islands for years 1996-2003 Coral (includes cultured corals) Year Fish Number *1996 *1997 *1998 *1999 *2000 *2001 #2002 #2003 Value SI$ 61,144 37,552 56,522 51,417 33,250 - Number 94,672 289,870 422,473 244,645 201,588 126,728 260,039 438,093 Value SI$ 71,621 8,299 58,188 93,886 131,624 70,824 - 177,509 80,696 174,098 400,264 288,518 214,153 246,574 338,703 Source: *Leqata, 2004 (from Solomon Island Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Statistics). #Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands: Database AASI exports about 250 different ornamental fish from 55 species whilst SIME exports around 70 different coral species and a few assorted invertebrates (see Appendices 1 and 2 for Species Lists for AASI and SIME). AASI does all the exporting documentation for the two companies and all marine aquarium products are air freighted under this company. This strategy has been employed to ensure freight handling and shipment is more efficient for SIME. A in-house stocklist is generated for SIME and AASI every Monday and then sent to AASI’s sister facility in the USA. AAUS then produces orders for retailers within the USA for distribution and everything in stock is usually taken. Aquarium products held at AASI are exported in plastic bags of oxygenated seawater and packed in styro-foam boxes. Frozen bags of 6 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. water are placed in the boxes for export to lower the overall temperature. This is done to add comfort to the organisms being exported. Companies and countries importing from the Solomon Islands for years 2002-2003 2002 2003 Company Country Amblard Overseas Trading France Aqua Fauna and Flora South Africa Aquarium Arts – USA USA Aquarius Imports New Zealand Beau Ideal Hong Kong Ben Air UK ComeYong International South Korea Fab Fish Australia Living Waters New Zealand Meadowcroft Fish Farm New Zealand Meerwasser Centre Menzel Germany Merresaquaristik Germany Seacare Mariculture Canada TMC UK Walt Smith International Fiji Source: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands: Database Company Country All Seas Amblard Overseas Trading Aqua Fauna and Flora Aquarium Arts – Australia Aquarium Arts – USA Aquarius Imports Beau Ideal ComeYong International Coralfarms Aqauristic Fab Fish Meadowcroft Fish Farm Merresaquaristik Paradiz Reef Australia France South Africa Australia USA New Zealand Hong Kong South Korea Singapore Australia New Zealand Germany Singapore The limitation in freight space on the airlines servicing the Solomon Islands is the main obstacle to the expansion of the aquarium trade. Currently, approximately 120,000 kg (freight costs are US$ 4.25/kg) of aquarium organisms are exported each year with half of this being fish. AASI paid SI$ 1.4 million in freight costs last year to the Solomon Islands national carrier Solomon Airlines and is their largest customer. Volume by weight exported for years 2001-2003 Year Weight (kg) 2001 2002 2003 145,649 100,699 120,361 Source: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands: Database There are two routes for export out of the Solomon Islands. The first main route is via Port Vila, Vanuatu and then to Nadi, Fiji. Once reaching Fiji, there are regular flights to Los Angeles, USA because of the need to service Fiji’s tourism market. The second route is via Brisbane, Australia and then on to Los Angeles. This second route has some problems, notably the delay in connection times to Los Angeles, the allocation of freight space by Qantas, Australia’s international carrier and the regulations enacted by the Australian Quarantine Services, which restrict some species in transit. AASI has now opened a sister facility in Australia and is increasingly supplying product to this market. Flights used by AASI for Export Day Flight No Tuesday IE 700 Thursday IE 706 Friday IE 700 Destination Honiara-Brisbane Honiara-Port Vila Port Vila-Nadi Honiara-Brisbane Time 16.00-18.00 15.00-17.00 18.00-20.30 02.00-04.00 Source: Solomon Airlines flight schedule. 7 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Another problem associated with the export of marine aquarium organisms from the Solomon Islands is that the flights available are in the latter part of the week, and there is often apprehension by companies in the USA to accept product on a Friday afternoon (most likely because of the reluctance to pay staff overtime). AASI has circumvented this to some degree by exporting to its sister company in Los Angeles. Purchasing AASI and SIME both buy in SI$ and sell in US$. AASI makes on average, 6.6 times the buying price on the selling price (range is between 5 and 14.2) on aquarium organisms (see Appendix 3 for Buying and Selling details). There are of course considerable costs involved in running an aquarium export business, ranging from overheads, staff wages, freight, etc. Staff wages range from SI$ 3.68/hr to SI$6.18 depending on responsibilities, capabilities and type of employment (part-time or full-time). AASI is not supposed to puchase corals under its investment portfolio, but occassionaly buys cultured corals. This is mainly due to its previous role as a developer of cultured corals in the Solomon Islands (see below). The main cultured corals purchased by SIME and AASI are Lobophytium spp., Sinularia spp. and Rhodocatinia spp (SI$ 8.25/piece). Cultured corals are usually lumped together and exported as Sinularia spp. The main suppliers at present are from Ngella (SI$ 50/one way fare). Villagers bring corals in to SIME and AASI in open trays, water is regularly changed on route. There is a current shortage of tools and materials (cement) for expansion of this activity. The main area of supply of wild harvested corals for SIME is also from local communities at Ngella (SIME purchses corals from Ngella every Tuesday). Villagers at Ngella are also the main suppliers of fish for AASI. AASI also receives fish from communities at Raramana, Munda and Auki who ship them in oxygenated bags by air. Supply is not regular as an oxygen set costs approximately SI$ 2,000 and is a considerable investment for communities. Freight charges are reimbursed by AASI. Entrepeneural villagers also act as middlemen, particularly at Munda and Ngella. These middlemen purchase off local villagers for a slightly lower price and then onward sell to AASI. AASI also has a vessel, the MV Rhinopias which goes on collecting rounds, particularly to Marau Sound, which takes an average of 12 days round trip. Visits by the MV Rhinopias are based on the functioning of the vessel and weather conditions. It is currently out of commission due to the need of a new engine. The MV Rhinopias has 4 large eskies used as holding tanks (2 small, 2 large). These holding tanks have seawater pumped on a continuous cycle when in use. MV Rhinopias and holding tank (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). 8 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. To counter the high costs of fuel, which has risen by 23% over the last year, AASI introduced a 30% pro-rata payment system for fuel in October 2003. This means that if a villager brings in over SI$ 1,000 worth of organisms they are then given SI$ 300 for fuel. If they bring in under SI$ 1,000 they are given 30% of the total amount purchased extra. SIME does not offer this added payment. In September 2003, AASI also increased across the board a 10% increase in prices paid for all organisms. Once fish are brought into the facility at AASI, they are counted as a whole, fish that are returned to the sea are not counted and mortality records are only kept for fish that enter the system. Fish that are held after 10 days are returned to the sea (referred to as ‘skinny’ fish). Fish are usually held for 2-3 days before export (this allows them to purge waste). If fish are held longer they are fed commercial feed pellets. Puffer fish take one week to purge. Clownfish are immersed in fresh water for 3-5 minutes to remove disease like white-spot. New fish arrivals being held and then sorted at Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). New fish being sorted, before entering the main system at Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). Fish being packed for export at Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). AASI has a very detailed database, which records individuals or boats, sales and species. This database is a very important tool in AASI’s operation and will be very useful for gathering details necessary for Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) Certfication. Mortality Unfortunately, not all the marine ornamental species brought into AASI or SIME make it to export. This is one area that will need improvement and better recording of statistics for compliance with MAC Certification. 9 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Fish Purchases, Export and Mortalities for year 2001 Province Place Guadalcanal Marau Honiara Ngella Russels Gizo Munda Auki Central Western Malaita Total Number Purchased 26,509 40 72,782 6,627 15,906 10,604 79 132,547 Number Exported 21,389 37 68,141 6,003 12,989 8,991 71 117,621 Mortality % of Total Purchased 5,120 3 4,641 624 2,917 1,613 8 14,926 19 8 6 9 18 15 10 11 Source: Solomon Island Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Statistics Other (Corals and Giant clams) Purchases, Export and Mortalities for year 2001 Province Guadalcanal Place Marau Number Purchased 2230 Number Exported Mortality 2230 % of Total Purchased 0 0 Source: Solomon Island Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Statistics Aquaculture Activities in the Solomon Islands The Solomon Islands government supports aquaculture farming and local participation and has been actively involved in the culture of marine organisms since the 1980’s through the presence of the International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources and Management (ICLARM - now called the World Fish Centre). Species that have been successfully cultured are prawns, pearl oysters, giant clams, trochus, green snail, corals and seaweed. ICLARM had a large hatchery at Aruligo on the north coast of Guadalcanal and several grow-out facilities, notably Nuse Tupe in Western Province and Marau Sound. A large proportion of ICLARM’s research in the Marau Sound centred on giant clam and sea cucumbers. Marau Sound was also a supplier of cultured corals (Scleractinia and Alcyonacea spp.) to the overseas aquarium trade. The development of coral culturing in the Solomon Islands coincided with the growing concerns in the early 1990s of sustainability of wild harvesting of corals. This saw several organizations doing ad hoc exploration of coral culture as alterative income generation and coral reef rehabilitation opportunities for coastal and island communities. Before the ‘tension’, there appeared to be a demand for cultured corals and giant clams. The main issue however, for expansion to pre-‘tension’ levels will to be reduce the cost per unit of produce and to development marketing opportunities. This is one activity that the MAC should play an important role in. Coral Gardens-Solomon Islands The Coral Gardens Solomon Islands (CGSI) project, is currently implemented by the Environmental Concerns Action Network of Solomon Islands (ECANSI), the Solomon Islands Development Trust (SIDT) and the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources (DFMR). Aims of this program are the promotion of poverty reduction in rural areas by building capacity among communities to coral culture, along with capacity building in coral reef conservation and habitat enhancement techniques, which improve food security and ecosystem health. Three sites where coral farming has occurred in the past is the Marau Sound, Ngella and Langalanga Lagoon in Malaita (Sulu, no date). 10 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Giant Clams Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. maxima, T. squamosa, T. crocea, and Hippopus hippopus have previously been cultured in community-based farming operations and exported through AASI (Bell et al, 1997; Foyle et al, 1997). Unfortunately, the largest hatchery at Aruligo was destroyed during the ‘tension’. This has greatly reduce cultured clams available for village farming and subsequent sale into the international market. Post-larval Fish and Crustaceans The World Fish Centre (WFC - formerly ICLARM) with the support of Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research have investigated methods for the capture of post-larvae fish and crustaceans at Nuse Tupe in Western Province (see Hair et al, 2002). A proposal is currently under development by WFC for expansion of this activity as an alternative livelihood strategy for villagers. Government Management The Solomon Islands is currently not a signatory to CITES, however it does have in place a permitting process to regulate the export of wild harvested and cultured CITES organisms. The Department of Forestry, Environment and Conservation (DFEC) oversee this. DFMR also has a permit system in place as well. Export permits from both DFEC and DFMR cost SI$ 50. A license to purchase aquarium organisms costs SI$ 5,000 from DFMR. The Fisheries Act 1998 The Fisheries Act 1998 (No. 6 of 1998) sets out the objective of the DFMR management roles and the development of fishery resources in the Solomon Islands so that these resources are managed, developed and conserved, through proper conservation and management measures, so that those resources are used at their optimum sustainable yield. The aim being to achieve economic growth, human resource development, and employment creation, whilst also providing a sound ecological balance. ‘Customary’ rights are also respected. DFRM has recently banned all clam exports as of the 08th January 2004. This coincides with new management regulation now in-place by DFEC (see below). The Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998 The Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998 (No. 10 of 1998), was finally gazetted on the 01st September 2002. The purpose of this Act, which came into affect on the 01st September 2003 was to move the Solomon Islands forward with compliance with CITES. Under this new Act, the Director shall not grant an export permit unless he is satisfied that: • the applicant is an approved person equipped to provide for the suitable care of an animal; • the live animal is to be shipped in a manner to minimize the risk of injury and conditions injurious to its health; and • the live animal is healthy at the time of export (see Part III, Section 16, Sub-sections a (i), (ii) and (iii); pp: 15-16). 11 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Under Schedule I, Section 11, Category Fishes (pp: 27-28), all Amphipnon spp. will now be prohibited exports. Amphiprion spp. prohibited for export. Scientific (Latin) Name Amphiprion chrysopterus Amphiprion clarkii Amphiprion leucokranos Amphiprion melanopus Amphiprion percula Amphiprion perideraion Amphiprion polymnus Amphiprion sandaracinos Amphiprion biaculeatus Common Name Orange-fin anemone fish Clarks anemone fish White-bonnet anemone fish Balck and white anemone fish Clown anemone fish Pink anemone fish Saddleback anemone fish Orange anemone fish Spinecheek anemone fish Source: Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998. Also under Schedule II, Section 11, Category Molluscs (p: 30), the following molluscs, Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. squamosa, T. crocea, T. maxima, Hippopus hippopus, Pinctada maxima and P. margeritifera will be regulated and controlled species requiring permits for export. DFEC has currently suspended the issuance of export permits pending the formulation of the administrative procedures to implement the Wildlife Protection and Management Act 1998 though permits obtained before the suspension date are valid (though they cannot be amended). CITES As noted above, the Solomon Islands is not yet a signatory to CITES. It does however have to comply with importation rules of CITES member countries. The USA Fish and Wildlife Service is now enforcing CITES Notification, No. 2003/20 (issued 04th April 2003) for coral imports. AASI now has to identify corals to species in the CITES listed Schedule I or genus in Schedule II. Provincial Governments Provincial governments also have a fundamental role in the management of the aquarium trade in the Solomon Islands. The fisheries powers of Provincial governments include providing open and closed seasons and the establishment of marine reserves, the prescribing of minimum species sizes for all organisms caught, retained or collected and the prohibition of destructive fishing methods or equipment. Biological Surveys The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network program based at Gizo will be called upon to do biological assessments of reef conditions in areas that the aquarium fishery operates in. The areas around Gizo and Munda have already been completed, with assessments at Tetepare, Ngella, the Arnavons and the Marau Sound planned. An assessment of the Marau Sound will be necessary for the compliance with the requirements of MAC Certification and the development of the Collection Area Management Plan (CAMP). The Nature Conservancy is also currently planning a Rapid Ecological Assessment as part of as wider marine eco-regional conservation assessment for the Bismarck-Solomon Seas Eco-region, which encompasses the Solomon Islands (The Nature Conservancy, 2004). This information may be useful later on for managing the aquarium fishery. 12 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. The Marau Sound The Marau Sound includes the outlying islands and a stretch of coastal lands extending approximately 5 km inland at the far eastern tip of Guadalcanal. The landform is comprised of both coral atoll islands and moderately high islands. The mainland comprises complex ridge systems rising from sea level to a maximum of 600 m (Hansell and Wall, 1970). Marau Sound has good tidal and current flow, clear waters with minimal terrestrial inputs, and good coral diversity. It is however susceptible to earthquakes. In 1961, an earthquake raised reefs in the Marau Sound by 0.6 m. Another large earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale occurred on the 20th January 2003. The Marau Sound 13 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. The Marau Sound is part of East Guadalcanal Constituency, which is further subdivided into three wards. Marau Sound is in Birao Ward. The area is also divided into four sub-communities determined by geographical location. These are Hatare and Temataho on the mainland and Komukomu and Marauiapa encompassing the islands. Source: Komukomu Community Maps (Workshop: 26/01/2004) The people of the islands of Marau Sound are Malaitan emigrants and speak a dialect of Are’are called Are’are Marau. According to the Spanish records, Mendana stopped at Marau Sound on the 24th May 1568, which was then part of the Greater Are’are. The people that inhabit the mainland of Marau Sound are speakers of Birao. Both languages are Austronesian in origin. The current population of Marau Sound is about 1,800 people with approximately 400 of these being of Birao ethnicity (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a). Though the Birao community is ethnically different from Marau Are’are and follow a matrilineal system, the two groups have strong social interaction forged through a history of inter-marriages and other cultural ties. Cultural ties also exist with the neighbouring Moli and Longgu (Valasi) peoples. Villages are actually hamlets centred around one extended family with approximately 5-10 houses in each. 14 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. The ‘Tension’ During the tension years, nearly 1,300 people or 250 households (Wairiu and Lam, 2003) in the Marau Are’are community were displaced to safe havens at Marapa, Simeiruka and Marauiapa Islands; others escaped to Honiara and other provinces. Some people from the Birao community were also displaced (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a). The Marau Eagle Force (MEF) was established on the 10th June 2000 to counter the activities of the Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM) and the Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army (Solomon Islands Government, 2001). Cessation of hostilities in August 2000 led to signing of the Townsville Peace Agreement in October 2000, and the Marau Peace Agreement was signed on the 07th February 2001 between the MEF, IFM, the Solomon Islands Government (SIG) and the Guadalcanal Provincial Government for the cessation of hostilities and the restoration of peace and ethnic harmony in the Marau Sound (Solomon Islands Government, 2001; Marau Leaders Council, 2002). Despite these agreements, a rapidly deteriorating law and order situation prevailed and in mid2003, the SIG requested help from Australia and the South Pacific Forum. This resulted in the deployment of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands on 24th July 2003, which has improved the law and order situation. The Marau Sound is now at peace and looking at avenues for re-development. Paruru Aquaculture. The first connection with the aquarium trade in the Marau Sound was with the development of Paruru Aquaculture on plantation land owned by the Gower family. The owner, Ian Gower had previously exported curio coral and sand to the USA (see above). In 1997, David Palmer visited Marau (who was a consultant and investor in SIME at the time and buying clams from ICLARM’s Aruligo facility). After this meeting Paruru Aquaculture was established and ICLARM later built a small hatchery there with financial assistance from New Zealand, and two Peace Corps volunteers were brought into manage it. Paruru had four clam ponds and four (56000 gallon) tanks for holding aquarium fish. Fish and corals were sent to Honiara using flights from Marau on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. They also used regular shipping services provided by the MV Oceanview, which came twice a week and the MV Miringi which came once a week. AASI is now solely dependent on its own vessel, the MV Rhinopias. Giant clam hatchery ponds at Paruru (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). ICLARM facilitated the grow-out of giant clams in the Marau Sound, whereby clams were given out to villagers and then retrieved SI$ 0.70/piece when they were sold back in 3-4 months. These were then shipped to Honiara for export by AASI. 15 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. In 1997, coral farming training for the marine aquarium trade was conducted for women in the Marau Sound at Niu Island, follow-up training was also conducted in 1998 and again in 1999. Paruru Aquaculture financed the women and the corals were exported by AASI. Approximately 40 species were under cultivation with an additional 35 under consideration (Paletta, 1998). During 1998, twenty-five women were producing cultured corals for sale. Of these 25, only 5-6 ladies were continual producers, producing a minimum of 300 pieces on a regular basis (a tressel held 6 nets to a tressel and 72 corals per net). The initial price offered for the corals was SI$ 0.50/piece, raising to SI$ 2/piece in 1998 and finally reaching SI$ 3/piece in 2000. According to Bowden-kerby (2003), tens of thousands of farmed corals were exported from Marau Sound to the USA from 1998-2001. This is probably an over-estimation because in 2000, only 1,299 cultured corals were exported and in 2001, only 766 cultured corals made it to the international market. Since the tension, there have been only minor purchases from the Marau Sound. Paruru Aquaculture could have been a profitable stand alone operation except for the ‘tension’. Paruru closed in late 1999 when care-taking staff were assaulted by the MEF. Marau Fisheries The Marau Fisheries Centre came into operation under Phase 1 of the European Union’s Rural Fisheries Enterprise Project, which developed facilities at Tatamba on Isabel, Yandina in the Russell Islands and Marau Sound. The station at Marau Sound was the worst performer until Paxton Wellington a Canadian master-fisherman from South Pacific Commision (now called the Secretariat of Pacific Communities) arrived and found good catches of the short and long tail snappers, Etelis carbunculus, Etelis coruscans and Pristomoides spp. in fishing grounds approximately 10-15 km to the southeast of Marau. This fish was exported to Hawaii and Australia. In 1998, there were 23 dinghies servicing the centre, six were project dinghies assigned to different areas on a rotational basis and 17 were owned by local villagers. Earnings from the catches sold to the Marau Fisheries Centre averaged around SI$ 80,000/year for the two years of its operation (Veitch, no date). Island Seafood's eventually leased the building from the Guadalcanal Province. There was some problems over ownership of the project dinghies and incidences where ‘chiefs’ in the Marau Sound tried to manipulate the project. For example, the ‘chief’ at Hatare threatened to cut the water off to the center if he was not given a dinghy. Similiarly, the ‘chief’ at Nui also threatened to close access to the fishing ground if he was not given one as well (see below for governance issues). Remnants of the Marau Fisheries Centre and surrounds (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). 16 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Remnants of the Marau Fisheries Centre and surrounds (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). In 1999, all facilities and wharves at the Marau Fisheries Centre and its surrounds were destroyed, this also included the copra buying facility, schools, homes, a clinic, wharfs, the police station and the Manikaraku sub-station infrastructure. Marau Fishing and Community Association The Marau Fishing and Community Association (MFCA) was formed in 1993 and was formally recognized by governments and donor agencies (Veitch, no date). In 1994, the Guadalcanal Province leased the Marau Fisheries Centre to Island Seafoods Ltd and the MFCA received royalty payments for quality and volume of fish supplied. This income was used to diversify income opportunities, such as equipment to produce coconut oil. The MFCA is essentially defunct. Marau Leaders Council The Marau Communities Association (MCA) was formed on the 18th August 2001 as a way to bring Marau leaders and people together in the name of rehabilitation, reconciliation, peace building and development (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a). It originally included Marau Are’are communities only, but now includes the Bairo community from the mainland. Each of the four ‘communities’ in the Marau Sound have an elected committee comprised of 12 members including chiefs, village elders, women, youth, church clergy and community development agents. These committees are deliberately large to enable broad representation and participation in decision-making about development strategies and to avoid future intracommunity conflict through proactive intervention. The executive arm of the MCA is the Marau Leaders Council (MLC) where three representatives from each zone committees are appointed to serve on the MLC. The MLC works in partnership with neighboring communities, the Guadalanal provincial government, the SIG, Non-government Organisations (NGOs) and other developmental agencies. Members of the National and Provincial governments are also members of the MLC (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a). The MLC is made up of the following representatives: • Claudio Sarai – Chairman and Komukomu Community Representative • John Houakau and Nestore - Secretariats • Francis Kame - Hatare Community Representative • Johnstone Aorau - Marauiapa Community Representative • Adrian Anesuia - Temataho Community Representative (Wairiu and Fidali, 2003). 17 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. The MLC has also been instrumental in running programmes on natural resource management, inviting experts from the SIG, NGOs and regional organizations to provide training and workshops (see below). Governance Issues In the Marau Sound, the chiefs maintain a relatively high degree of authority and prestige, though there some problems with equity distribution, which leads to community conflict and destroys the essence of ‘traditional’ governance (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a, and above). It has also been reported that there is also a lack of trust towards the MLC and insufficient information exchange and co-ordination from the MLC to villagers (Wairiu and Tabo, 2003b). Chiefs along with the MLC are however, getting more organised to take a greater role in governing their communities. This is particularly importance as some communities have set up their own Marine Protected Areas (MPAs, see below) and there will need to be effective regulation and compliance of the CAMP. The CAMP is a necessary component towards MAC Certification. Tenureship Tenure and ownership are particularly important with respect to coral reefs in Solomon Islands with most reefs coming under ‘customary’ marine tenure (CMT). CMT is recognised under the Solomon Islands Constitution. People of the Marau Sound have fishing rights to the whole area known as the Marau Sound – from Tavanihau in the northwest to Waimea/Kolotabu in the south (Wairiu and Lam, 2003). Coral reefs and adjacent coastal areas are owned under a clan or ‘tribe’, known as Iora (meaning ‘canoe’ in Marau Are’are language). There are nine Iora within Marau Sound, which have associated totems linked to marine resources. These include paewa (sharks), piawai (giant clams), u’a (sea crabs), urahu (grouper) (Wairiu and Lam, 2003). The Iora that have primary responsibility for the reef systems that the aquarium trade is carried out include the Hanuasuasu, Tarakau, Apuiramoa and Airapa Iora on Tawahi Island, Hanuasuasu Iora on Marapa Island and Varahane Iora on Siemeruka Island. Outlying islands also belong to certain Iora. Hanoa, Tavarao, Taaru and Marairaoro Islands belong to Hanuasuasu; Rauhi Island belongs to Pakearivu who live on the mainland and Paipai and Kosu belong to Tarakau. 18 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Source: Komukomu Community Maps (Workshop: 26/01/2004) Each Iora has a chief, warriors and ‘customary’ priests that all have some responsibility, both primary and secondary for community wellbeing and the use of resources. Names of community members Status Chief Warriors Priest People Marau Are’are Arehaha Ramo Hanasu’u Aporoa Bairo Nonoe Malaghai Arena Beata Vousa Source: Wairiu and Tabo, 2003a. Economic Conditions Before the tension the economy of the Marau Sound was quite lively, having a regular flight (a fare was SI$ 170/one way) and shipping service, a Rural Traing Centre, other government infrastruscture and both private and government fishery centres. Mackay (1988) reports that during the 1980s about 35% of households were engaged in food crop marketing, 28% were earning an income from sale of fish and 13% from the sale of shellfish. Another 15% of households were engaged in marketing of copra and cocoa. The village economy was also diverse in that 23% of households engaged in some form of business enterprises, 18% were members of marketing cooperatives and 8% had a skilled trade or profession. 19 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. At present, the main economic activity is centred around the harvesting of marine resources. Approximately, 8-10 eskies of fresh fish is transported to Honiara by outboard dinghy for sale at the main market or at the Fishing Village. Dinghy journeys take between 4-6 hours depending on out board size and use around 15 gallons of fuel (SI$ 3/gl) for a one way trip. Boats that are currently servicing the Marau Sound include, MV Miringi, MV Atebimo, MV Adenlis from Marau and the MV Arrow Endeavour, which services the Rennel Isalnds but passes through the the Marau Sound. Boat journeys take approximately 12-16 hours with a fare price of SI$ 75/one way. There is currently only one trade store in Marau Sound is at Naohanua Village on Tawahi Island servicing the Marau Sound. A list of commodities and prices is given below. Prices list at Naohanua store (22/01/04) Commodity Rice (1 kg) Rice (20kg) Sugar (500 gr) Tin fish (small) Tin meant (small) Noodles Biscuits Twist tobacco (1 stick) Battery (D size) Soap (1 cake) Cooking oil Soy sauce Curry powder Kerosene (300 ml) Bleach (750 ml) Price SI$ 7.00 135.00 5.00 6.00 10.00 2.50 1.50-2.00 10.00 3.50 1.30 7.50 5.00 10.00 2.00 12.00 The Aquarium Fishery Today When Paruru Aquaculture was operational, most villages in the Marau Sound were participating in the aquarium trade, either fish collecting or coral culturing. The main villages at this time involved in coral culturing were Niu Island, Tasupa and Naohanua on Tawahi Island, Tavanipupu and Suhairato on Simerula Island. Today, only seven communities are actively collecting fish. All these communities are related to the captain of the MV Rhinopias who is from Marauiapa Island in the north of the Marau Sound. People at Tawahi Island who are related by marriage to the captain are also collecting. Communities that are currently collecting are Komuta’a, Suhu and Nuumarere villages on Marauiapa Island, Pahinui on Marapa Island, and Sihonakera, Alite and Ravena on Tawahi. There is naturally some concern from other villagers in the south of Marau Sound over equity and fairness as they do not have a chance to participate and collectors from the north are diving on their ‘traditional’ fishing grounds. This will provide several problems for MAC Certification of collectors and collection areas, and MAC will need to consider alternative strategies. 20 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Methods of Collecting Fish collection in the Marau Sound is done through the use of free diving and the use of barrier and hand nets. Most fish are collected in the shallows reef areas. Seine nets used in deeper water are for the collecting of angel fish, anthias and wrasses. The net is used to encircle an area and the fish are chased into net and then collected with scoop nets. Once caught, the fish are placed in small plastic containers with holes punctured into the sides. These containers are left freefloating in the sea and attached to the canoe by a line. Women and children mainly collect triggers and gobies. They use a thin wire, which is poked down the hole which the goby inhabits. It is scared to the surface and collected in scoop nets. There is very little equipment, masks, containers, etc for satisfactory partcipation in the aquarium fishery in the Marau Sound. Previously, Paruru supplied equipment which was repaid at sale. Most nets are made from mosquito netting. Transportation to shore-based holding facilities is also a problem, as collectors use dugout canoes, which they have to paddle. Catches are exposed to sunlight and rain, and handling is poor (Uikaria, no date). Destructive methods have been noticed when communities collect fish, particularly in the use of crowbars to break corals to get at blue tangs, Paracanthurus hepatus (Uikaria, no date). The method of collecting entails scaring the fish into the coral (by slapping a paddle on the surface of the water) and then removing the coral to the canoe, where it is broken up and the fish removed. Villagers are now noticing that blue tangs are harder to find because of the destruction of habitat. There is also recognition of over-harvesting for other high-volume species. An example of a catch was recorded, where a husband and wife team went out for approximately eight hours (includes paddling time of approximately 2 and one half hours) and caught the following: 166 Blue tang, 10 bicolor angels, 3 pair percular clown, 3 single percular clowns 2 dogface puffers, 2 black half angels, 2 gobies, and 3 pair maroon fish. On return to the village, the catch is placed into holding pens made of wire or buckets. In some instances they are fed on algae, whilst awaiting the return of the MV Rhinopias. Species are separated at capture. There are severe problems with holding due to the lack of suitable containers. Several fish or one large fish will be placed in a bottle with little room to move resulting in damage to the fish. Harvesting utensils and holding pens (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). There is currently very little coral collecting. When corals are harvested, people use pliers and bush knifes to remove them from the reef substrate. After the corals are harvested they are placed in coconut baskets back to the village. As noted above, most of the coral farms in the Marau Sound were destroyed during the ‘tension’. People have ‘salvaged’ the metal rods that the culture tressels were made of to make other household items such as digging sticks and spears. 21 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Management Strategies During the last three decades, traditional authority over marine resource had been in decline due to the introduction of new fishing techniques and technologies such as fishing nets, torches and spear guns. Linked to this is the growing commercialization of marine resources and little or no respect for Iora boundaries (Wairiu and Fidali, 2003). Since the ‘tension’, some communities like Hanuasuasu and Tarakau have implemented management practices over their reef systems. These ‘tribes’ are within the Komukomu community. Management practices include temporal reef closures (from 6 months to up to 2 years) for the harvest of commercially valuable invertebrates and a ban on destructive or efficient fishing methods (see Wairiu and Fidali, 2003). Current temporal closed areas are at Honoa, Tavarao, Taaru and Marairaoro Islands. Existing MPAs have been set up around Tavanipupu (meaning ‘bay of trigger fish’) where a resort is based and along the south and east coast of Marapa Island. The MPA established at Tavanipupi is two years old, whilst the one at Marapa was implemented in the middle of 2003. There are several other MPAs under consideration. These include Paipai, Simuruka, Peura, Vainapuneo-Vantotona, Tavanahata-Vaimparu. Some communities are even considering declaring certain areas permanent MPAs. There are also a number of ‘tabu’ areas, which are ritual/spiritual sites and burial grounds. These sites are mostly restricted to women. These include Rauhi (half of it), Tavarao, Taaru and Marairaro. Indirectly, though not set up for that purpose, they also assist in conserving marine resources. Source: Komukomu Community Maps (Workshop: 26/01/2004) 22 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Communities in the Marau Sound are seeking solutions to the problems affecting their marine resources. This is partly due to the influence of awareness raising meetings by CGSI and Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International’s (FSPI) Gardening Good Governance (GGG) projects. Nevertheless, communities still need an understanding of how MPAs fit into the communities overall resources management plans (see Ramofafia, 2003), and of course the needs and reasons behind MAC Certification. List of workshops dealing with marine resource management Date Activity 1997 1998 1999 11/2002 12-14/12/2002 11-16/01/2003 01/02/2003 11-12/04/2003 01-02/05/2003 03-20/05/2003 06/2003 07/2003 17-19/11/2003 Coral farming training by AASI (and/or Dr Bowden-kerby) Coral farming training by AASI (and/or Dr Bowden-kerby) Coral farming training by AASI (and/or Dr Bowden-kerby) MLC awareness workshop on development and resource management • Introduction of CGSI and GGG, and appointment of VDWs Marau Communties Association PLA workshop • Produced community profiles Marau Community Fishing Association Training Workshop • Marine Protected Area awareness and coral gardening MLC executive meeting • Address concerns of depleting coastal marine resources Review visit site by Drs Bowden-Kerby and Ramofafia • Marine resource management awareness and coral gardening Workshop on MPA establishment under Coral Gardens Project Gardening Good Governance awareness and village development consultation Community workshops on community governance Chiefs leadership workshop Chiefs and Marau Communities Association workshop Source: Wairiu and Fidali, 2003. Marine Resource Management Workshop – 26/01/2004 A Coastal Resource Management and Training Workshop was conducted at Katou Village on Tawahi Island on the 26th January 2004. The aim of the workshop was to provide information to the Komukomu Community and strengthen their capacity for management of marine resources. The workshop was also used as a training venue by FSPI for Village Demonstration Workers from ECANSI, the SIDT and the Solomon Islands Locally Managed Marine Areas (SILMMA) program. It also fostered involvement of DFMR and allowed MAC an opportunity to generate awareness on MAC Certification and gather information towards this. Participants from the surrounding villages were divided into 3 groups (about 30 people altogether, see Appendix 4 for a list of Attendees) based on ‘tribal’ and island affiliation and were asked to identify marine areas, resources, uses and problems. Environmental information was presented, demonstrated by posters and explained by facilitators. An action plan was drawn up, though incomplete as the community requested to take the maps and have more time to discuss with other members of community before submitting results to the facilitators. 23 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Komukomu marine resources awareness and mangement workshop (photos: Kinch, J. 2004). Results from the workshop showed an increasing concern with declining resources, efficient technologies and natural hazards. Insights into governance and community interaction were also observed which will assist in the development the CAMP for the Marau Sound. MAC and FSPI are planning further workshops. Conclusion People in the Marau Sound know how to fish and where, but lack the capital and equipment to properly develop a profitable artisanal aquarium or other fishery. There is considerable investment needed to re-establish coral culturing and clam farming. There is also a need to educate people on the potential long-term ecological implications of over-harvesting reef species for cash and bypassing ‘traditional’ systems for conserving marine resources. Continued awareness, education and capacity building is therefore necessary. The viability of the aquarium trade including culturing will be dependent on having a reliable and cost efficient transportation system, both land, air and sea to keep mortality down and to allow for a regular supply of aquarium organisms from the collection area to the warehouse and then onto the international markets (see Down to Earth Consultancy, 2003). MAC has a primary responsibility in achieving this particularly in linking villagers with markets. The DFMR, is supportive of MAC Certification (Marine Aquarium Council, 2001). AASI and SIME want to be MAC Certified, and initial community engagement with has begun. Hopefully, in the near future we will see best practices across the board, from ‘Reef to Retail’ in the Solomon Islands. 24 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Recommendations • MAC Community Development Officer be relocated to the Solomons to effectively facilitate the MAC Certification process because community work is very time consuming and needs a lot of support. Also this will allow for further collaboration and development of other proposals and programs. • MAC along with AASI to conduct best practices training for collecting and handling • MAC along with FSPI’s Good Governance and Coral Gardens programs to conduct continued awareness on marine resource management and the stablishment of MPAs/CAMPs • AASI to begin recording all discards and mortalities that do not enter the system, and initiate corrective action to lessen mortality at all steps in the purchasing and exporting process • AASI to consider paying for communities to be certified thus ensuring a regular supply of MAC Certified product • AASI to adequately support communities participating in the aquarium fishery with containers, nets and other diving equipment to ensure good quality product • AASI to ensure a regular shipping service and payment system • AASI to ensure appropriate purchasing mechanism for some organisms (eg: clown fish should be paid same price as for singles so as to avoid ‘false’ pairs) • AASI, along with MAC and FSPI’s Coral Gardens programs to investigate the possibility of re-introducing community culturing of giant clams and corals, and possibly other organisms like certain reef fish and clown fish. This could be done in conjunction with programs under development by WFC • DFEC and MFMR to determine the viability of giant clam exports (either wild harvest or cultured) and enforce suitable regulations • DFEC and MFMR to deliberate on the use of SCUBA in the aquarium trade and enforce suitable regulations 25 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. References Bell, J.; Lane, I.; Gervis, M.; Soule, S. and Tafea, H. 1997. Village-based Farming of the Giant Clam, Tridacna gigas for the Aquarium Market: Initial Trials in the Solomon Islands. Aquaculture Research. 28: 121-128. Bowden-kirby, A. 2003. Coral Gardens Iniative: Solomon Islands. Report produced for the Environement Concerns Action Network Solomon Islands, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 13. Down to Earth Consultancy. 2003. Market Study Report. Honiara: Coral Gardens – Solomon Islands. Pp: 17. Eco-Consult Pacific. 2003. Regional Assessment of the Commercial Viability for Marine Ornamental Aquaculture within the Pacific Islands (Giant Clams, Hard and Soft Corals, Finfish, Live Rock and Marine Shrimp). Report prepared for the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. Fidali, K. 2002. Brief Overview of the Marine Ornamentals Industry. Report prepared for the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Foyle, T.; Bell, J.; Gervis, M. and Lane, I. 1997. Survival and Growth of Juvenile Fluted Giant Clams, Tridacna squamosa, in Large-scale Village grow-out Trials in the Solomon Islands. Aquaculture. 148: 85-104. Green, E. and Shirley, F. 1999. The Global Trade in Coral. WCMC Biodiversity Series, No.: 9. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Hair, C.; Bell, J. and Doherty, P. 2002. The Use of Wild-caught Juveniles in Coastal Aquaculture and its Application to Coral Reef Fishes. In Stickney, R. and McVey, J. (eds). Responsible Marine Aquaculture. Pp: 327-353. New York: CAB International. Hansell, J. and Wall, J. 1970. Land resources of Solomon Islands, Vol. 2 Guadalcanal and Florida Islands. Land Resources Study 18. Surry: Land Resources Division. Kile, N. 2000. Solomon Islands Marine Resources Overview. Pacific Economic Bulletin. 15 (1): 143-147. Lam, M. 2003. Solomon Islands Marine Aquarium Industry Profile. Report prepared for the Marine Aquarium Council, Suva, Fiji. Pp: 7. Leqata, J. 2004. Solomon Islands Country Report. Paper prepared for the Seminar on Fisheries Development and Environment, 6/01-21/02, Yokohama City, Japan. Mackey, E.C. 1988. Socio-Economic Survey of Smallholder Farming Systems in Solomon Islands, Marau Sound, Guadalcanal Province. Honiara: Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. Marau Leaders Council. 2002. Marau Communities Reconciliation Meeting, Makina Catholic Station, Marau Sound, 12-14th December, 2001. Report produced for the Marau Leaders Council Secretariat, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 20. 26 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Marine Aquarium Council. 2001. Marine Ornamentals Trade National Stakeholders Workshop, 19 November 2001, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Report produced for the Marine Aquarium Council, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 9. Paletta, M. 1998. Coral Farming. Seascope. Spring Volume: 1-2. Ramofafia, C. 2003. Evaluation of the Coral Gardens Solomon Islands. Report produced for the Environement Concerns Action Network Solomon Islands, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 10. Solomon Islands Government. 2001. The Marau Peace Agreement. Legal document prepared for the Marau Eagle Force, Isatabu Freedom Movement, the Solomon Islands Government and the Guadalcanal Provincial Government, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 29. Sulu, R. no date. Corals for the Aquarium Trade: The Plight of Corals and Coral Transplantation as Sustainable Mitigating Alternative. Report prepared for the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 3. The Nature Conservancy. 2004. A Rapid Ecological Assessment of the Marine Ecosystems of the Solomon Islands. Proposal prepared by the The Nature Conservancy, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 13. Vietch, W. no date. Rehabilitation of Marau Fisheries. Proposal prepared on behalf of the Marau Fishing and Community Association to the European Union’s Rural Fisheries Enterprises Development Program, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 24. Wabnitz, C.; Taylor, M.; Green, E. and Razak, T. 2003. From Ocean to Aquaria: The Global Trade in Ornamental Species. Cambridge: UNEP/WCMC. Pp: 65. Wairiu, M. and Fidali, K. 2003. Coral Garden Solomon Islands (CGSI), Activity 1: Desk-based Site Description and Information Gathering. Report produced for the Environment Concerns Action Network Solomon Islands, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 17. Wairiu, M. and Lam, M. 2003. Marau Communities Association From War to Peace: Towards Reconstruction and Resuscitation of Biodiversity for a Vulnerable Society. Paper Presented at the 1st Regional Session of the Global Biodiversity Forum for the Pacific, 4-5th July 2002, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Pp: 9. Wairiu, M. and Tabo, S. 2003a. Assessing Community Perpectives on Governance in Solomon Islands. Report to the Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific-International, Suva, Fiji. Pp: 63. Wairiu, M. and Tabo, S. 2003b. Marau Are’are and Birao Chief’s Meeting, Kaekae Primary School, Tawaihi Island, Marau Sound, 19th November 2003. Report produced for the Environement Concerns Action Network Solomon Islands, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Uikaria, M. no date. Marine Aquarium Council Certification for Marau Fishing Area: Summary Area s for Improvement. Report produced for the Environment Concerns Action Network Solomon Islands, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pp: 3. 27 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Appendix 1: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Species List Scientific (Latin) Name ?? spp. Abalone spp. Acanthurus lineatus Acanthurus pyroferus Acanthurus spp. Acropora spp. Acropora spp. Actinaria spp. Alpheus spp. Amblygobius decussatus Amblygobius phalaena Amblygobius rainfordi Ambyeleotris spp. Ambyeleotris spp. Amphiprion chrysopterus Amphiprion clarkii Amphiprion leucokranos Amphiprion melanopus Amphiprion percula Amphiprion perideraion Amphiprion polymnus Amphiprion sandaracinos Amphiprion spp. Amphotistius spp.. Amplexidiscus Anampses neoguinaicus Anapses spp. Anomalops katoptron Antennarius maculatus Antennarius spp. Anthiasserranocirrhitus latus Apolemichthys spp. Archaster typicus Arothron mappa Arothron nigropunctatus Arothron nigropunctatus Arothron spp. Atacephalopholis miniata Atrosalarias fuscus Balistoides conspicillum Balistoides spp. Balistoides undulatus Balistoides viridescent Bodianus mesothorax Bodianus spp. Bohadschia argus Bothus pantherinus AASI Trade Name Assorted Trumpet fish Tropical abalone Clown tang Mimic tang (black, lemon peel, yellow) Brown tang Staghorn fragment Coral – acropora (cultured) Carpet anemone Watchman shrimp Orange square goby Dragon goby Rainford goby Banded watchman goby Blue dot watchman goby Blue stripe clown fish Clown fish - clarkii Cap/bonnet clown fish Clown fish - melanopus Orange clown fish - percula Pink skunk clown fish Saddle clown fish Orange skunk clown fish Assorted clown fish Assorted rays Giant cup mushroom Pearl (china) wrasse Guinea fowl wrasse Flashlight fish Wartskin angler fish Angler fish Fathead Flagfin angel fish Sand shifting star Map puffer fish Dogface puffer fish Dalmation dogface puffer fish Fancy dogface puffer fish Mini grouper Black blenny Clown trigger fish Assorted trigger fish Undulate trigger fish Inkspot trigger fish Coral hog Diana hog Sand eating cucumber Tropical flounder 28 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Scientific (Latin) Name Canthigaster amboinensis Canthigaster spp. Canthigaster valentini Carchachinus spp. Carcharhinus spp. Catalaphyllia jardinei Caulestrea furcata Centropyge aurantius Centropyge bi-colour Centropyge bispinosus Centropyge colini Centropyge fisheri Centropyge flavissimus Centropyge loriculus Centropyge nox Centropyge spp. Centropyge vroliki Cephalopholis spp. Cephalopholis urodelus Cetoscarus bi-colour Cetoscarus spp. Chaetodon auriga Chaetodon citrinellus Chaetodon ephippium Chaetodon kleinii Chaetodon lunula Chaetodon melannotus Chaetodon mertensii Chaetodon octofacsiatus Chaetodon rafflesi Chaetodon semeion Chaetodon spp. Chaetodon spp. Chaetodon toplus Chaetodon ulietensis Chaetodon unimaculatus Chaetodon vagabundus Cheilinus spp. Cheilinus spp. Cheilinus spp. Chromis bi-colour Chromis retrofasciata Chromis virdis Chrysiptera cyanea Chrysiptera cyanea Chrysiptera springeri Chrysiptera starki Chrysitera talboti Cirrhilabrus exquisitus Cirrhilabrus spp. Cirrhitichthys spp.. Trade Name Blue dot puffer fish Long nose puffer fish Saddle puffer fish Black tip shark White tip shark Elegance coral Green buton coral Golden angel fish Bi-colour angel fish Coral beauty angel fish Colini angel fish Pygmy yellow tail angel fish Lemon peel angel fish Flame angel fish Black (nox) angel fish Banded angel fish Half black angel fish Assorted groupers Red flag tail grouper Bi-colour parrot fish Assorted parrot fish Butterfly fish - auriga Lemon butterfly fish Saddle butterfly fish Blue head butterfly fish Racoon butterfly fish Black back butterfly fish Butterfly fish - mertensii Golden butterfly fish Latticed butterfly fish Butterfly fish - semeion Dot-dash butterfly fish Assorted butterfly fish Singapore angel fish Pacific saddle butterfly fish Teardrop butterfly fish Vagabond butterfly fish Leaf wrasse Red leaf wrasse Red breast wrasse Bi-colour chromis Black bar damsel fish Green chromis Blue damsel fish Orange tail damsel fish Solomon blue damsel fish Starki damsel fish Talbots damsel fish Fairy wrasse (fancy) Fairy wrasse (purple, red, deepwater) Spotted hawk 29 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Scientific (Latin) Name Cirripectes stigmaticus Clavularia spp. Clavularia viridis Clibanarius seurati Coradion altevelis Coriocella nigra Coris gaimard Cowry spp. Cryptocentrus Cryptocentrus cinctus Ctenochaetus tominiensis Curlyactinaria spp.. Dactinaria spp. Dactyloptena orientalis Dardanus megistos Dardanus spp. Dardanus spp. Dardanus spp. Dardanus spp. Dascyllus aruanus Dascyllus melanurus Dascyllus spp. Dascyllus trimaculatus Dendrochirus biocellatus Dendrochirus zebra Dendronophytha spp. Diademichthys lineatus Diodon holacanthus Diploprion bifasciatus Diproctacanthus Doryrhamphus spp. Doryrhamphus spp. Echidna nebulosa Echidna polyzona Echinaster spp. Echinothrix spp. Ecsenius bi-colour Ecsenius spp. Edaluterus scriptus Ennatapterois antennata Enoplometopus spp. Eparacirrhites arcatus Eparacirrhites forsteri Euphyllia ancora Euphyllia glabrescens Euphyllia paradivisa Euxiphipops spp. Euxiphipops navarchus Euxiphipops sexstriatus Exallias brevis Trade Name Ember blenny Green palm tree Green star polyp White leg hermit crab Hifin coradion butterfly fish Black sea slug Red coris wrasse Assorted cowries Spotted watchman goby Yellow watchman goby Orange fin tang Sebae anemone Carpet anemone Flying gurnad Red hairy hermit crab Red leg hermit crab White claw hermit crab Hermit crab (regular) Hermit with anemone Stripe damsel fish Stripe damsel fish Assorted damsel fish Domino damsel fish Fu-man-chu lion fish Dwarf lion fish Orange carnation coral Yellow stripe cling fish Porcupine puffer fish Yellow emperor/snapper Yellow tail wrasse Banded pipe fish Dragon face pipe fish Snowflake moray eel Banded moray eel Assorted fancy star fish Fancy sea urchin Bi-colour blenny Assorted blennies Scrawl file fish Ant lion fish Purple reef lobster Arc eye hawk Blackstrip hawk Hammer coral Torch coral Frog spawn coral Blue face angel fish Majestic angel fish Six bar angel fish Red sailfin blenny 30 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Scientific (Latin) Name Favia veroni Favites russelli Forcipiger flavissimus Fromia spp. Fungia fungites Galaxea fascicularis Gencanthus lamarck Genicanthus melanospilus Gobiodon citrinus Gobiodon spp. Gobiodon spp. Gobiodon spp. Gomphosus varius Goniopora frutecosa Goniopora frutecosa Gymnothorax fimbriatus Halichoeres chrysus Halichoeres hortulanus Halichoeres melanurus Halichoeres melanurus Halichoeres richmondi Halichoeres spp. Halichoeres spp. Hapalochlaena maculatus Heliofungia actiniformis Heliopora coerulea Hemigymnus melapterus Hemitaurichthys polylepis Hinecanthus aculeatus Hinecanthus spp. Hippocampus hippocampus Hippocampus reidi Hippopus hippopus Histrio histrio Holothuria leucospilota Hoploatilus marcosi Hoploatilus purpureus Hydnophora rigida Hymigymnus fasciatus Inegocia guttata Inimicus filamentosus Jawhoploatilus starcki Labroides bi-colour Labroides dimidiatus Labroides pectoralis Lactoria cornuta Laticauda colubrina Leptoseris foliosa Lo vulpinus Lobolobophyllia hemprichii Lobophyllia hemprichii Trade Name Brain coral - favia Brain coral (candy) - favites Longnose butterfly fish Red star fish Plate coral - fungia Pineapple coral (green) Lamarck angel fish Japanese swallow Citron goby Assorted clown gobies Black coral goby Dragon goby Bird wrasse (brown, green) Flower pot coral Green coral - goniopora Yellow head moray eel Yellow coris wrasse Halico wrasse Green wrasse Wardley wrasse Richmond wrasse Christmas wrasse Assorted fancy wrasse Blue ring octopus Plate coral - heliofungia Blue ridge coral Banner wrasse(half-half) Yellow pyramid butterfly fish Picasso humur/trigger fish Rectangle humur/trigger fish Black seahorse Yellow seahorse Hippopus hippopus Sargassum angler fish Black sea cucumber Skunk tilefish/goby Purple tilefish/goby Horn coral (green) Banded wrasse Crocodile fish Popeye sea goblin scorpion fish Blue tilefish/goby Bi-colour cleaner wrasse Ordinary cleaner wrasse Yellow cleaner wrasse Longhorn cowfish/trunkfish Banded sea krait Wrinkle coral - leptoseris Foxface rabbitfish Brain coral (colored) Red brain coral - lobophyllia 31 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Scientific (Latin) Name Lobophytum spp. Lotchrysiptera cyanea Lutjanus sebae Macropharyngodon spp. Macropharyngodon spp. Malegenicanthus melanospilus Meiacanthus atrodorsalis Meiacanthus grammistes Melichthys vidua Merulinamerulina ampliata Mirolabrichthys dispar Mirolabrichthys tuka Money cowries Montipora digitata Montipora spp. Morayechidna nebulosa Moraygymnothorax spp. Mycedium elephantotus Myrichthys colubrinus Myripristis spp. Naso brevirostris Naso lituratus Naso vlamingii Nemateleotris decora Nemateleotris magnifica Neocirrhitus armatus Neopetrolisthes ohshimai Nigermacolor niger Novaculichthys spp. Nudibranch spp. Octopus vitiensis Odontodactylus Odonus niger Ophiarachnella spp. Ostracion cubicus Ostracion meleagris Oxcirrhitus typus Oxymonacanthus spp. Oxypora lacera Pachyseris rugosa Panulirus versicolor Paracanthurus hepatus Paracheilinus spp. Paracheilinus spp. Paraglyphidodon spp. Paraluterus prionurus Parapercis snyderi Parupeneus cyclostomus Parupeneus spp. Pectiniapectinia paeonia Periclimenes spp. Trade Name Devils hand leather coral Box-orange tail damsel fish Red emperor/snapper Black leopard wrasse Leopard wrasse Zebra angel fish Oriental forktail blenny Zebra blenny Pinktail trigger fish Ruffled coral Dispar anthias Purple queen anthias Money cowries Cup coral - montipora Coral frament - montipora Snowflake eel Assorted eels Flat coral - mycedium Banded snake eel Black bar squirrel/soldier fish Tang - naso b. Tang - naso Tang - naso v. Purple filefish/goby Filefish/goby Flame hawk Anemone crab Grunt - macolor Dragon wrasse Sea slug Reef octopus Rainbow mantis shrimp Red tooth trigger fish Brittle star fish Yellow boxfish/trunkfish Blue boxfish/trunkfish Longnose hawk Orange spot filefish Flat coral - oxypora Rugose coral - pachyseris Blue lobster Blue tang Fairy wrasse (filament) Fairy wrasse (flagfin) Blue fin damsel fish Saddle filefish/puffer fish Lizard fish Yellow goatfish Assorted goatfish Cup coral (spiny ) Anemone shrimp 32 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Scientific (Latin) Name Pervagor melanocephalus Pervagor spp. Pholidichthys leucotaenia Physogyra lichetensteini Plagiotremus spp. Platax orbicularis Platax pinnatus Platax tiera Platygyra sinensis Plectorhinchus spp. Plectorhinchus spp. Plectorhinchus lineatus Plesiops cephalotaenia Pleurogyra sinuosa Plotosis spp. Polyphyllia talpinia Pomacanthus spp. Pomacanthus imperator Pomacentrus bankanensis Ppseudanthias squamipinis Premnas biaculeatus Protoreaster nodosus Pseudanthias hutchi Pseudanthias spp. Pseudanthias squamipinis Pseudobalistes fuscus Pseudocheilinus hexataeni Pseudocheilinus spp. Pseudochromis spp. Pseudochromis spp. Pseudojuloides spp. Ptereleotris evides Ptereleotris microlepis Ptereleotris zebra Pterois radiata Pterois volitan Pterosynchiropus spp. Pygoplites diacanthus Redvariola louti Rhinecanthus verrucosus Rhinomuraena quaesita Rhinomuraena quaesita Rhizophora spp. Rhodactinia spp. Rimacanthurus spp. Salarias fasciatus Sarcophyton spp. Sargocentron spp. Saron spp. Trade Name Red tail filefish Assorted filefish Engineer goby Bubble coral (short polyp) Worm blenny Orbic batfish Batfish - Pinnatus Fin batfish Brain coral - platygyra Clown grunt/sweetlips Striped grunt/sweetlips Oriental grunt/sweetlips Grouper (betta type) Bubble coral (regular) Coral catfish Tongue coral (green) Koran angel fish Emperor angel fish Red top damsel fish Blue eye anthias Maroon clown fish Chocolate chip star fish Hutchi anthias Square block anthias Red lyretail anthias Blue line trigger fish Six line wrasse Red pajama wrasse Bi-colour pseudochromis Assorted pseudochromis Pencil wrasse Scissortail goby Torpedo goby Bar goby Lion fish - radiata Lion fish - volitan Mandarin goby (green) Regal angel fish Cherry grouper Bursa trigger fish Ghost ribbon eel Ribbon eel (blue, black) Mangrove shoot Mushroom on rock Gold tang Rock/algae blenny Yellow mushroom leather coral Assorted squirrel/soldier fish Assorted shrimps 33 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Scientific (Latin) Name Scleractinia spp. Scleractinia spp. Scleractinia spp. Scolopsisscolopsis frenatus Scolymia viteinsis Sebastapistes spp. Sepia latimanus Siganus chrysospilos Siganus spp. Signigobious biocellatus Sinularia spp. Sinularia spp. Sinularia spp. Squillidae zebra Stenopus hispidus Stethojulis bandanensis Sufflamen bursa Sufflamen chrysopterus Synanceia verrucosa Synchiropus spp. Taenianotus triacanthus Taeniura lyma Thalasoma lunare Thalasoma spp. Thalassoma hardwickii Thalassoma jansenii Thalassoma purpureum Thalassoma spp. Thelenota ananas Toxopneustes pileolus Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Tridacna crocea Tridacna derasa Tridacna gigas Tridacna maxima Tridacna squamosa Trochus maculatus Tubipora musica Valencienna longipinnis Valencienna sexguttata Valencienna spp. Valencienna strigata Zanculus cornutus Zebrasoma scopas Zebrasoma veliferum Zooanthid on scleractinia Zoophyllia turbida Trade Name Maidens hair rock Algae on rock Live rock Purple Brain coral - scolymia Yellow spot scorpion fish Cuttle fish Orange spot rabbitfish Assorted rabbitfish Signal goby Cultured soft coral Green finger leather coral Green hairy leather coral Zebra mantis shrimp Coral banded shrimp Blue line wrasse White line trigger Blue belly trigger Scorpion/stone fish Scooter blenny Scorpion/leaf fish Blue dot ray Wrasse - lunare Assorted wrasse Wrasse - hardwickii Wrasse - jansensii Purple stripe surgeon wrasse Paddle fin wrasse Spiny/pineapple sea cucumber Flower sea urchin Sand brain Tridacna crocea Tridacna derasa Tridacna gigas Tridacna maxima Tridacna squamosa Pond raised algae snail Pipe organ coral Tiger goby/sleeper White goby/sleeper Orange stripe goby Goldhead goby/sleeper Moorish idol Tang - scopas Sailfin tang Zooanthid on coral Fox coral 34 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Appendix 2: Solomon Islands Marine Exports Species List Scientific (Latin) Name Acropora florida Acropora spp. Acropora spp. Acropora spp. Actinaria spp. Actinaria spp. Actinaria spp. Actinaria spp. Actinaria spp. Alveopora catalai Alveopora catalai Amplexidiscus Archaster typicus Australogyra zelli Catalaphyllia jardinei Caulestrea furcata Choriaster granulatus Clavularia spp. Clavularia viridis Cowry spp. Culcita novaguineae Cynarina lacrymalis Diplostrea heliopora Echinaster spp. Euphyllia ancora Euphyllia glabrescens Euphyllia paradivisa Favia veroni Favites russelli Fungia fungites Galaxea fascicularis Goniopora frutecosa Goniopora fruticosa Goniopora stokesi Gorgonia spp. Heliofungia actiniformis Heliopora coerulea Hydnophora exesa Hydnophora rigida Hydnophora spp. Leptoseris foliosa Linkia spp. Lobophyllia hemprichii Lobophyllia spp. Lobophytum spp. Merulina ampliata Montipora capricornis Montipora digitata Montipora spp. Montipora spp. Trade Name Branch coral Coral – acropora (cultured) Staghorn coral and fragments Table coral Bulb anemone Carpet anemone Anemone - sebae Purple anemone - sebae Rose bulb anemone Branch coral - alveopora Plate coral - goniopora Giant cup mushroom Sand shifting star Branch coral - favites Elegance coral Green button polyp Kenya star fish Green palm tree Green star polyp Cowry shell Pillow star fish Button coral - cynarina Brain coral - diplostrea Assorted fancy star fish Hammer coral Torch coral (green, yellow) Frog spawn coral Brain coral - favia Candy coral Colored plate fungia Green pineapple coral Flower pot coral (green, purple) Branch coral - goniopora Budding coral Sea fan (colored) Plate coral - heliofungia Blue ridge coral Horn coral Horn coral (branch) Horn coral (cultured) Wrinkle coral Star fish (blue, orange, red, yellow, black) Brain coral (carpet) Colored brain coral - lobophyllia Devils hand coral Ruffled coral - merulina Cup coral (rough) Branch coral (blue, green, pink, purple, yellow) Rough coral (colored) Coral - montipora (cultured) 35 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Scientific (Latin) Name Mycedium elephantotus Nudibranch spp. Ophiarachnella spp. Oxypora spp. Pachyseris rugosa Pavona cactus Pavona spp. Pectinia lactuca Pectinia paeonia Physogyra lichetensteini Platygyra spp. Pleurogyra sinuosa Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora spp. Pocillopora spp. Pocillopora spp. Polycarpa aurata Polyphyllia talpinia Porites spp. Porites spp. Porites spp. Protoreaster nodosus Rhodactinia spp. Sarcophyton ehrenbergi Sarcophyton spp. Scleractinia spp. Scleractinia spp. Scolymia spp. Seriatopora histrix Seriatopora spp. Sinularia spp. Sinularia spp. Siphonogorgia spp. Stylopora spp. Stylopora spp. Symphyllia spp. Trachypyhllia geoffroyi Tridacna crocea Tubestraea micrantha Tubestraea spp. Tubipora musica Tubipora spp. Turbinaria spp. Xenia spp. Zooanthid Zoophyllia turbida Trade Name Flat - mycedium Giant yellow slug Brittle star fish Flat - oxypora Rugose coral Cactus coral Lettuce coral Cup coral (ruffled) Cup coral (spiny) Bubble coral (short polyp) Brain coral (worm) Bubble coral (regular) Cauliflower coral Stem coral (brown, pink, green) Lace coral Brown stem coral (cultured) Sea squirt (tunicate) Tongue coral (green) Christmas tree rock Yellow coral - porites Coral – porites (cultured) Chocolate chip star Mushroom/Elephant ear on rock Green polyp (mushroom) Mushroom leather coral Assorted soft corals Live rock Brain coral (flat, red) - scolymia Bird nest coral Bird nest coral (cultured) Green leather coral (hairy, finger) Leather coral (hairy, finger) Sea fan (thick stem) Elkhorn coral Elkhorn coral (cultured) Brain coral Sand brain Tridacna crocea Black tube coral Orange tube coral Pipe organ coral Pipe organ coral (green polyp) Cup coral (regular, yellow) Assorted xenia (pumping, on rock) Zooanthid on branch coral - scleractinia Fox coral 36 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Appendix 3: Aquarium Arts Solomon Islands Buying and Selling List (Examples) Scientific (Latin) Name AASI Trade Name Amphiprion clarkii Amphiprion leucokranos Amphiprion percula Antennarius maculatus Arothron nigropunctatus Arothron nigropunctatus Balistoides conspicillum Carchachinus spp. Centropyge bicolor Centropyge flavissimus Chaetodon auriga Chaetodon citrinellus Chaetodon lunula Chromis bicolor Chrysiptera springeri Chrysiptera starki Dardanus spp. Dendrochirus zebra Ecsenius bicolor Euxiphipops spp. Halichoeres spp. *Hippopus hippopus *Hippopus hippopus Histrio histrio Hoploatilus purpureus Hymigymnus fasciatus Neocirrhitus armatus Novaculichthys spp. Ophiarachnella spp. Paracanthurus hepatus Paracirrhites forsteri Periclimenes spp. Pholidichthys leucotaenia Pseudanthias squamipinis Pseudobalistes fuscus Ptereleotris evides Pterois radiata Serranocirrhitus latus Signigobious biocellatus *Tridacna crocea *Tridacna crocea *Tridacna derasa *Tridacna derasa *Tridacna gigas *Tridacna gigas Zanculus cornutus Zebrasoma scopas Clarkii clown fish Cap/bonnet clown fish Percula clown fish Wartskin angler fish Dogface puffer fish Dalmation dogface pufferfish Clown trigger fish Black tip shark Bicolor angel fish Lemon peel angel fish Auriga butterfly fish Lemon butterfly fish Racoon butterfly fish Bicolor chromis Solomon blue damsel fish Starki damsel fish Red leg hermit crab Dwarf lion fish Bicolor blenny fish Blue face angel fish Christmas wrasse Hippopus clam (1 inch) Hippopus clam (6 inch) Sargassum angler fish Purple goby/tilefish Banded wrasse Flame hawk Dragon wrasse Brittle star fish Blue tang (medium) Blackstripe hawk Anemone shrimp Engineer goby Blue eye anthias Blue line trigger fish Scissortail goby Radiata lion fish Fathead anthias Signal goby Crocea (1.5 inch super grade) Crocea (5 inch super grade) Derasa clam (1 inch) Derasa clam(9 inch) Gigas clam (2 inch) Gigas clam (6 inch) Moorish idol Scopas tang Note: Buying Price SI$ 1.10 11.00 2.75 16.50 2.75 7.70 27.50 55.00 2.50 6.60 1.10 1.10 1.65 0.55 1.00 2.75 0.30 1.65 1.65 33.00 2.20 1.67 4.76 2.20 8.80 2.75 8.25 2.75 0.55 7.70 1.10 1.65 0.15 1.65 5.50 1.10 6.60 11.00 2.20 5.00 10.00 1.67 7.86 3.57 8.00 1.65 2.20 Equivalent US$ 0.15 1.55 0.40 2.30 0.40 1.00 3.85 7.70 0.35 0.90 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.10 0.15 0.40 0.05 0.25 0.25 4.60 0.30 0.25 0.65 0.30 1.25 0.40 1.15 0.40 0.10 1.10 0.15 0.25 0.05 0.25 0.75 0.15 0.90 1.55 0.30 0.70 1.40 0.25 1.10 0.50 1.10 0.25 0.30 Selling Price US$ 1.00 10.00 2.00 15.00 2.50 7.50 25.00 50.00 1.50 5.00 1.50 1.00 2.00 0.50 0.75 2.50 0.50 1.50 1.50 25.00 2.00 1.25 6.25 2.00 8.00 2.50 7.00 2.00 0.50 5.50 1.00 2.00 0.25 1.50 7.50 1.00 6.00 7.50 2.00 3.00 20.00 1.25 10.00 3.50 13.00 1.50 2.00 Times Difference 6.6 6.4 5.0 6.5 6.2 7.5 6.4 6.4 4.2 5.5 10.0 6.6 8.0 5.0 5.0 6.2 10.0 6.0 6.0 5.4 6.6 5.0 9.6 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.6 8.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 6.6 6.6 4.8 6.6 4.2 14.2 5.0 9.0 7.0 11.8 6.0 6.6 *Buying and selling prices for giant clam species are based on previous ICLARM prices. 1 SI$ = 0.13570 US$; 1 US$ = 7.36920 SI$ (12/02/2004 - http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic) 37 Kinch, J. 2004. Marine Aquarium Trade in the Solomon Islands-Marau Sound. MAC/FSPI. Appendix 4: Marau Sound Workshop Attendees Group 1 2 3 Name Sawiela Talasi Nestore Sale Susan Toutohu Ezikiel Honikira Martin Ramo Leotina Ramo Moffet Mauropa Rose David Ileen Kiniapu John Holis Neilsen Poiriau Francois Mamou Anna Malipauro Siria Maesian Francis Mare John Houakau Jennifer Solo Paul Mamaraai Nenita Mamaraai Patrick Haukare Rose Kaia Stella Taerahio Kalisto Mane Claudius Sarai Lawrence Marai Bernedette Teo Silvia Kulisiva Village Piapia Piapia Naohanua Naohanua Naohanua Naohanua Naohanua Naohanua Naohanua Katou Katou Kakaru Taspa Simeruka Simeruka Simeruka Simeruka Simeruka Simeruka Marapa Nui Niu Nui Taspa Taspa Tavunipupu Marapa MLC Zone/Community Temataho Temataho Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu Komukomu 38