docMap 2 Hibernia-Scadinavia - Princeton University Press
download 
Report Transcription
Map 2 Hibernia-Scadinavia - Princeton University Press
Map 2 Hibernia-Scadinavia Compiled by A. Bursche (eastern Europe) and R. Warner (Ireland), 1996 Introduction Eastern Europe The knowledge shown by ancient geographers and historians (in particular, Pliny, Tacitus, Ptolemy, Cassius Dio) derives particularly from permanent trade contacts developed in the first two centuries A.D., linking the middle Danube and (later) the lower Rhine and northern Pontic areas with the south Baltic coast, the main source of amber (Kolendo 1981; 1983; 1985; 1990; 1993; Godłowski 1985; Nowakowski 1983; 1996; Wolters 1990). The region between the lower Vistula and Neman (ancient Roudon) rivers was probably the best known area in all of more remote “barbaricum” territory (Strzelczyk 1980; Kolendo 1981b; 1984; 1985; 1987a; 1992; Wołągiewicz 1986; Nowakowski 1990; 1992; 1996, 109-16; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-75). According to Pliny (NH 37.45), trading in amber should be located here, or more precisely on the coast (cf. Kolendo 1981). As a result, many names of peoples and geographical features in this area are known. Archaeology makes a significant contribution too. One of the largest concentrations of Roman artifacts has been found in enormous cemeteries in East Pomerania at the Vistula mouth (Eggers 1951; Wołągiewicz 1970; Kolendo 1981a; Godłowski 1985; Tempelmann-Mączynska 1985; Wielowiejski 1985). Other useful sources of information for ancient authors were Germanic captives, hostages, official visitors or envoys on the one hand, and on the other Roman intelligence agents (exploratores), as well as ransomed or rescued Roman captives (Volkmann 1964; Amirante 1969; Kolendo 1978; 1987; 1989; 1996, 146; 1996a; Lee 1993; Scardigli 1994). The naval expedition of A.D. 5, undertaken during Roman occupation of territory between the Rhine and the Elbe (ancient Albis), must have been especially informative (Kolendo 1981b; Kehne 1995, 27-28). In the Late Roman period there was considerable diplomatic contact with the peoples of “barbaricum” (Werner 1973; Kolendo 1981a; 1993; 1995; Krüger 1983; Whittaker 1994, 132-91; Bursche 1996). In addition, during the third and fourth centuries A.D. the Danish islands of Fyn, Zealand and Bornholm played a major role in the Baltic Sea region as redistribution centers for Roman artifacts (Lund Hansen 1987; Hedeager 1992). Some information about north-east Europe certainly reached fifth and sixth century authors (in particular, Cassiodorus, Iordanes, Procopius) by way of Germanic tribes settled in territory of the Western Empire who maintained contacts with their homeland; among these were Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals and Heruls (cf. Werner 1949; Fagerlie 1967, 163-74; Wagner 1967, 193-99; Svennung 1972; Kolendo 1986; 1992, 187; 1993a; Heather 1991; Bursche 1996, 122). Although many names of peoples and geographical features are known, plenty are attested only once, and in general precise locations are usually very doubtful or completely obscure (Schmidt 1934; Kolendo 1981b; 1987a); thus only the better attested names appear on the map. Large-scale tribal migrations are difficult to show here. Several of the Germanic tribes living in north-central Europe during the pre-Roman or Roman periods came to play a major role in incursions into the Roman world, and eventually contributed to the destruction of the western empire (Demougeot 1969; Thompson 1982; Demandt 1989; Wolfram 1990; Heather 1991; Kazansky 1991; Godłowski 1992; Mączyńska 1993; Bierbrauer 1994, 134-71; Whittaker 1993; 1994, 192-278; Kolendo 1993; 1995). It should be noted, too, that from the end of the fifth century onwards the area between the middle Danube, Elbe and south Baltic coast was increasingly settled by the Slavs (Godłowski 1979; 1983; Parczewski 1993, 132-44). Ptolemy’s testimony is not specific enough to permit the placement of any of the toponyms he mentions north of the Carpathians, despite various attempts to do so (Svennung 1974; Kolendo 1981b). The same applies to most of the tribes in Scandinavia mentioned by Iordanes (Getica 21-24, cf. Svennung 1967; Alonso-Nuñez 1988). The fact that the eastern part of the map largely lies outside the Roman Empire has influenced the choice of sites marked. Preference has been given to native settlements and cemeteries where there is evidence of extensive 18 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Roman contacts indicated by the presence of many Roman artifacts. Because of the scale, it has been necessary to select only the most significant and extensively excavated settlements, the larger cemeteries, and the most famous “chieftain graves.” In addition, some extraordinary hoards and votive-deposits (bog finds such as Ilkjær 1990) containing Roman goods have been marked. Ireland Irish contacts of a low order with the classical world can be demonstrated archaeologically and textually from the fifth century B.C. onwards, increasing somewhat with the Roman occupation of Britain (Kenney 1929, chap. 2; Warner 1991; Freeman 1995). Virtually all our information about toponyms comes from Ptolemy (O’Rahilly 1946, chap. 1; Pokorny 1954; Tierney 1976; Mac an Bhaird 1993). Despite demonstrable linguistic continuity, surprisingly few of these toponyms are now locatable. In compiling the map, I have given preference to the conservative views of O’Rahilly over the ingenious suggestions of Mac an Bhaird or Byrne (1984, 98). I have also rejected some etymologically and archaeologically tempting identifications–such as Isamnion with Navan (Irish Emain), or Manapia with Drumanagh (Irish Druim Monach)–which are at odds with Ptolemy’s locations. The status of native culture between the seventh and third centuries B.C. is little understood. A clearer impression, however, can be gained of the Iron Age (third century B.C. to fourth century A.D.), particularly its fine metalwork derived from continental La Tène traditions (Raftery 1994). It is agreed that Ireland never became a formal part of the Roman empire, but there is little consensus concerning the level of the relationship between the two (Ó’Ríordáin 1947; Bateson 1973; Killeen 1976; Warner 1976; Raftery 1994 chap. 9; Rankin 1996 appendix). The minimalist view allows only some trade and mutual plundering, while a recent opinion suggests far more substantial contacts, including Roman invasion and settlement in Ireland (Warner 1995). The only site of Hellenistic date marked, Navan, appears on the basis of a Barbary Ape skull, and the interpretation of later textual evidence (Warner 1996). For the Roman period, only those archaeological sites or finds whose Roman content suggests significant Roman or provincial (rather than native Romano-British) contact are shown. Directory Abbreviations CRFEB LAGPW TIR BritSep TIR CastReg TIR Condate R. Laser and H.-U. Voss (eds.), Corpus der römischen Funde im europäischen Barbaricum, Deutschland, vol.1: Bundesländer Brandenburg und Berlin, Bonn, 1994 G.W. Bowersock, P. Brown and O. Grabar (eds.), Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world, Cambridge, MA, 1999 Tabula Imperii Romani, Britannia Septentrionalis, London, 1987 Tabula Imperii Romani M 33, Castra Regina–Vindobona–Carnuntum, Prague, 1986 Tabula Imperii Romani, Condate–Glevum–Londinium–Lutetia, London, 1983 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference G2 F4 H3 E4 F3 E3 F4 E3 G4 E4 E4 Åby Aenus fl. Aestii Agri Decumates Albis fl. Amisia fl. Anisus fl. Anreppen Aquincum Arae Flaviae Argentorate L SWE AUS / GER RUS GER GER GER Fagerlie 1967, 191-92 (no. 99) See Map 12 Tac., Germ. 45; Nowakowski 1996, 109-16 See Map 12 See Map 10 See Map 10 See Map 12 See Map 11 See Map 20 See Map 12 See Map 11 RL GER HUN GER FRA MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Grid Name G4 F4 H2 Arrabona Augusta Vindelicum Aukštakiemiai, Palanga, Šernai B3 D4 E2 Auteinoi Autricum Avaldsnes H3 B3 G3 Babięta, Machary, Mojtyny Balline Białęcino F3 B3 G3 E2 G2 C2 H3 Biesenbrow Birgos? fl. Biskupin Bjergelide Björnhovda Bodotria? Aestuarium Bogaczewo-Kula E3 G2 B3 G4 C2 C4 E2 Bonna Botes Brigantes Brigetio Britannia § Albion Britannicum Mare Byrsted B2 C3 G4 F4 E3 D4 E2 Period Modern Name / Location Reference R HUN GER formerly Oberhof LIT See Map 20 See Map 12 Bezzenberger 1892; Bolin 1922, 228-31; Moora 1938; Tautavićius 1968; Michelbertas 1972, 118 (no. 45); Bursche 1996, 170-72, 178, 180-81 Ptol. 2.2.4; O’Rahilly 1946, 10 See Map 11 Slomann 1964; RGermAlt 1 R RL IRE FRA NOR R formerly Babienten POL Hollack 1904; Nowakowski 1983, 64-65 (nos. 2, 28, 29); Bursche 1996, 172, 176 L R IRE formerly Balenthin POL L GER IRE POL DEN SWE UKG formerly BogatzewenKullabrücke POL GER SWE IRE HUN Great Britain Ó’Ríordáin 1947, 43-54 Wielowiejski 1985, 308 (no. 327); Hahuła 1996 Laser 1982, 106-10 See Map 8 RGermAlt 3; Jaskanis 1991 Lund Hansen 1987, 407 Fagerlie 1967, 194 (no. 115) See Map 9 Okulicz 1958; Nowakowski 1983, 64 (no. 5) See Map 11 Fagerlie 1967, 198-99 (no. 137) See Map 8 See Map 20 OCD Albion; Britain, Roman R R English Channel DEN TIR Condate 47 RGermAlt 4; Lund Hansen 1987, 405 Caledonia Calleva Carnuntum Castra Regina Castra Vetera Cenabum Chersonesos Kimbrike R UKG UKG AUS GER GER FRA DEN / GER H2 H3 G3 Chesinos fl. Chronos fl. Ciepłe R R RL LAT Pregolya RUS formerly Warmhof POL E3 E4 D3 E3 GER UKG GER C3 C3 E3 C4 Codanus Sinus? Col. Augusta Treverorum Col. Camulodunum Col. Claudia Ara Agrippinensium Col. Glevum Col. Lindum Col. Ulpia Traiana Condate Redonum See Map 9 See Map 8 See Map 13 See Map 12 See Map 11 See Map 14 Strabo 7.292; RE 12; RGermAlt Entdeckungsgeschichte Ptol. 3.5.1; Kolendo 1992 Ptol. 3.5.1; RGermAlt; Kolendo 1992 Schmidt 1902; Wielowiejski 1985, 267 (no. 78) See Map 10 See Map 11 See Map 8 See Map 11 UKG UKG GER FRA See Map 8 See Map 8 See Map 11 See Map 7 B3 F3 F2 F4 G3 C3 ‘Dabrona’ fl. Damme Dani Danuvius fl. Dębczyno Deva R R L Lee IRE GER DEN / SWE RL POL UKG Ptol. 2.2.5; O’Rahilly 1946, 4 CRFEB 83 Iordanes, Getica 23; RGermAlt 5, 175-76 See Map 23 Machajewski 1992; 1993, 13-61 See Map 8 A R L R L 19 20 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Grid Name G4 D4 B2 Douekaledonios Okeanos = Hyperboreios Okeanos Duria fl. Durocortorum Dytikos Okeanos C3 G2 G2 B3 Eburacum Eketorp Enekrogen, Kannikegård, Slamrebjerg, Slusegård Erdinoi § Erpeditanoi Period Modern Name / Location Reference SVK FRA See Map 20 See Map 11 Ptol. 7.5.2; 8.13.2 L R UKG SWE DEN See Map 9 Näsman 1984; 1989 Klindt-Jensen 1978; Lund Hansen 1987, 418 R IRE / UKG Ptol. 2.2.4 NOR NET Lund Hansen 1987, 432 See Map 10 See Map 8 See Map 10 Peiser 1914; Bolin 1922, 207-208; Bott 1976 R F1 E3 D3 E3 G3 Farmen Flevum L. Fretum Gallicum Frisii Frombork, Młoteczno, Trąbki Małe RL L GER / NET formerly Frauenburg POL H3 Galindai RL POL C4 B3 G3 Gallia Ganganoi Gepidi? R RL FRA IRE POL E3 Germania HRL D2 G2 G3 G3 G3 § Barbaricum Germanicum Mare Gödåker Gorszewice Gothi Gothiscandza G3 Gronowo R G3 Grudziądz-Rządz HR F2 E2 F3 Gudme Gundestrup Gustow H E3 E3 G2 E2 G2 C4 F2 B3 F3 B1 Haltern Hanau Havor Hedegård Helgö Herios fl. Heruli? Hibernia Hohendorf Hyperboreios/ Douekaledonios Okeanos D4 E2 B3 Icauna fl. Illerup Ådal Iouernikos Okeanos § Hibernikos Okeanos DEN DEN GER Ptol. 3.5.9; Kolendo 1984; Nowakowski 1995 See Map 1 Ptol. 2.2.4 Iordanes, Getica 96; Wolfram 1990, 49, 97; Bierbrauer 1994, 72, 96-98 RE Suppl. 3 Germani 3; RGermAlt 7, 357-62, 370-72, 374-89 Sarnowski 1991 Ptol. 2.3.4; KlPauly Nordsee Lund Hansen 1987, 443 Pieczyński 1953 See Map 13 Iordanes, Getica 26, 95; Wolfram 1990, 33, 47-52, 381 (n. 36) Wołągiewicz 1976; Wielowiejski 1985, 272-73, 304 Anger 1890; Hachmann 1972; Wielowiejski 1985, 254, 306 See Map 10 Klindt-Jensen 1961; Kaul 1991 See Map 10 L RL GER GER SWE DEN SWE FRA DEN / SWE Ireland IRE / UKG GER North Atlantic See Map 11 See Map 12 Lund Hansen 1987, 446-47 Madsen 1992 Holmquist 1961 See Map 14 See Map 10 LAGPW Ireland Eggers 1951, 105 (no. 678); Laser 1982, 53 TIR BritSep 59 R R FRA DEN Irish Sea See Map 11 Ilkjær 1990 Ptol. 2.3.2; TIR BritSep 45 R R A R RL R L North Sea SWE POL POL POL formerly Gross-Grünow POL formerly Rondsen POL MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B3 D4 C3 E2 F4 F4 Iouernoi Isara fl. Isca [Iutae] Iuvavum Ivarus? fl. R IRE FRA UKG DEN AUS Ptol. 2.2.6; O’Rahilly 1946, 9 See Map 11 See Map 8 Schmidt 1938, 118; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-74 See Map 19 See Map 12 F3 E3 G2 Kablow Kalkriese Känne Kannikegård = Enekrogen Karbones Karlino Karpates Oros Kaukoi Kirkebakkegård Klein Köris Konarzew Kotelnikovo Kovrovo Krosno, Połowite, Weklice R R GER GER Stavgard SWE CRFEB 31-33 See Map 10 Lund Hansen 1987, 446 R L LAT / LIT formerly Körlin POL R R RL L R R R IRE DEN GER POL formerly Warengen RUS formerly Dollkeim RUS formerly Crossen POL Ptol. 3.4.10; Kolendo 1992 Żak 1962, 49-51; Machajewski 1984, 79 See Map 1 TIR BritSep 21 Lund Hansen 1987, 409 CRFEB 33-36; Gustavs 1994 Petersen 1939, 74 Peiser 1919; Nowakowski 1996 Bolin 1922, 211; Nowakowski 1996 Blume 1912; Eggers 1964; Wielowiejski 1985, 270, 297; Andrzejowski 1987; Okulicz 1989; Okulicz-Kozaryn 1992 Cofta-Broniewska 1979 Lund Hansen 1987, 452 Kulikauskas 1968; Michelbertas 1972, 115 (no. 26) H2 G3 G4 B3 F2 F3 G3 H3 H3 G3 RL G3 G1 H2 Krusza Zamkowa Kungsgården Kurmaičiai R R R POL SWE LIT G3 Lachmirowice R POL F4 G3 Lauriacum Łęg Piekarski R AUS POL G3 F3 Leśno Lemovii? R R POL GER F4 F2 G2 D3 B3 C3 G3 G3 Licca fl. Lilla Jored Lilla Sojvide Litus Saxonicum Logia fl. Londinium Łubiana Lubieszewo G3 G3 Lubieszewo Lugii R R C3 E2 E3 Luguvalium Lunde Lupia fl. RL UKG NOR GER Eggers 1950; Wielowiejski 1985, 257, 304 Tac., Germ. 43.2; RE; TIR CastReg 53-54; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-73 See Map 9 Lund Hansen 1987, 436 See Map 11 R IRE Ptol. 2.2.4 RL POL CZE / GER GER Schindler 1940; Andrzejowski 1996 See Map 12 See Map 12 See Map 13 See Map 11 See Map 14 B3 G3 F3 F4 G4 D4 C4 Machary = Babięta ‘Magnatai’ § Nagnatai Malbork-Wielbark Marcomanni Marktbreit Marus fl. Matrona fl. Meduana? fl. Młoteczno = Frombork R R L R AUS / GER SWE SWE BGM / NET UKG UKG POL formerly Ladekopp, E Vistula fl. POL formerly Lübsow POL FRA FRA Zielonka 1953; Wielowiejski 1985, 259, 300 See Map 12 Jażdżewski 1981; Wielowiejski 1985, 257, 306 Wielowiejski 1985, 269, 271; Walenta 1992 Tac., Germ. 44; Schmidt 1934, 118; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-74 See Map 12 Lund Hansen 1987, 450 Lund Hansen 1987, 448-49 See Map 11 See Map 9 See Map 8 Mączyńska 1994 Blume 1912; Wielowiejski 1985, 272, 297 21 22 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Grid Name E4 E3 H3 Moenus fl. Mogontiacum Mojtyny = Babięta Morshanskoe E3 E4 G3 Mosa fl. Mosella fl. Mrzezino B3 H3 E4 E3 E3 F2 Navan Netta Nicer fl. Novaesium Noviomagus Nyrup E3 G3 C2 F2 H2 Oberaden Odry Orcades Inss. Öremölla Osioi? G3 B3 Ouenedikos Kolpos Ouenniknioi B3 G3 F4 F1 Ouergionios Okeanos Ouiadoua? fl. Ovilava Øvre Stabu R H4 G3 Palanga = Aukštakiemiai Pathissus fl. Piła R formerly Schneidemühl POL H3 Połowite = Krosno Povarovka R formerly Kirpehnen RUS D3 G3 Praetorium Agrippinae Pruszcz Gdański RL NET formerly Praust POL Bolin 1922, 214; Nowakowski 1996, 150 (no. 38) See Map 10 Pietrzak 1988; 1996 G4 Quadi CZE / SVK See Map 13 F4 E3 H2 Raetia Rhenus fl. Roudon fl. Neman LIT See Map 19 See Map 11 Ptol. 3.5.1; Kolendo 1992 D3 C3 F3 D3 D4 H2 Sabis? fl. Sabrina fl. Salas? fl. Samara fl. Samarobriva Ambianorum Sargenai G2 E1 Sarmaticus Oceanus Scadinavia/ Scandza D3 Scaldis fl. Scandza = Scadinavia Scarbantia Sejlflod Senos fl. G4 F2 B3 Period R Modern Name / Location Reference GER GER See Map 11 See Map 11 formerly Schreitlacken RUS Bolin 1922, 217-18 FRA / GER formerly Bresin POL See Map 11 See Map 11 Bolin 1926 (102) UKG POL GER GER NET DEN See Map 9 Okulicz 1955; Kaczyński 1991 See Map 11 See Map 11 See Map 10 Lund Hansen 1987, 410 R R GER POL UKG SWE LIT R R IRE See Map 11 Kmieciński 1968 See Map 9 Lund Hansen 1987, 449 Ptol. 3.5.10; Kolendo 1984; Nowakowski 1992 Ptol. 3.5.1-10; Kolendo 1984 Ptol. 2.2.2; TIR BritSep 78; Mac an Bhaird 1993, 3 See Map 8 TIR CastReg 85 See Map 12 Shetelig 1914 L L L R R R Oder AUS NOR UKG GER R FRA LIT R L NOR / SWE BGM / NET R R HUN DEN Shannon estuary IRE See Map 21 Wefels 1921; Bursche 1996, 216-17 (no. 11) See Map 11 See Map 8 See Map 12 See Map 11 See Map 11 Puzinas 1950, 193; Nowakowski 1983, 64-65 (no. 40) Ptol. 3.5.1; RE Ostsee Iordanes, Getica 16-25, 94, 121; Svennung 1963; 1967; 1974; Alonso-Nuñez 1988 See Map 11 See Map 20 Lund Hansen 1987, 427 Ptol. 2.2.3; O’Rahilly 1946, 4; Mac an Bhaird 1993, 4 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Grid Name D4 Sequana fl. Šernai = Aukštakiemiai Sindarve Sitones? Modern Name / Location Reference FRA See Map 11 R R SWE EST R SWE F2 E2 G2 G2 Skedemosse Slamrebjerg = Enekrogen Slusegård = Enekrogen Smørenge Snartemo Soldatergård Sörby-Störlinge Lind 1981, 53-69 Tac., Germ. 45; Svennung 1963; Pekkanen 1968, 59-117; Kolendo 1996 Hagberg 1967 L L L R DEN NOR DEN SWE G2 H3 Sorte Muld Soudinoi RL RL DEN LIT B3 E2 F2 F3 F3 F2 Stoneyford Store Kongshøj Store-Dal Suebi Suebicum Mare Suiones? R R R IRE DEN NOR R R Baltic Sea SWE H3 Szwajcaria L POL Kromann 1984 Hougen 1935 Fagerlie 1967, 211 (no. 219) Lund Hansen 1987, 444-45; Sjöberg 1987, 418-33 Watt 1991 Ptol. 3.5.9; Nowakowski 1992, 229; 1995, 85 Bourke 1989 Lund Hansen 1987, 427 Petersen 1916; Lund Hansen 1987, 431 See Map 10 Tac., Germ. 45 Tac., Germ. 44; Malone 1925; Alonso-Nuñez 1988 Antoniewicz 1958; 1963 C3 B3 C1 H2 Tamesis fl. Tara Thule? Inss. Tourountes? fl. Trąbki Małe = Frombork Trisantona fl. Tuna R R UKG IRE Shetland UKG LAT See Map 8 See Map 8 Svennung 1974, 7-9; OCD Ptol. 3.5.1; Kolendo 1992 R UKG SWE See Map 8 Lund Hansen 1987, 451 GER See Map 10 G2 H2 G2 C3 G2 Period F3 (Ulme)Rugii Ulpia Traiana = Col. Ulpia Traiana G2 G3 Vallhagar Vandali L RL SWE POL H3 Venedi R RUS G3 Vidivarii L POL G4 C3 G3 E3 E2 Vindobona *Viroconium Vistula fl. Visurgis? fl. Vrangstrup HRL R AUS UKG Wisła / San POL GER DEN Stenberger 1955 Pliny, NH 4.99; Schmidt 1942; Bierbrauer 1994, 72-73 Ptol. 3.5.7-9; Kolendo 1984; Nowakowski 1990, 384, 392-402; 1992 Iordanes, Getica 96; Wolfram 1990, 33, 49, 97, 326; Bierbrauer 1994, 97 See Map 13 See Map 8 Pliny, NH 4.100; Ptol. 3.5.1, 8; RE See Map 10 Lund Hansen 1987, 428 G3 R POL Kmieciński 1966 G3 F3 F3 Węsiory Weklice = Krosno Wesółki Wilhelmsaue Witaszkowo HR R H Dąbrowska 1967 CRFEB 79-82 Bukowski 1977 H3 Wyszembork R POL GER formerly Veterssfelde POL POL H3 Zgliczyn-Pobodzy R POL Wielowiejski 1985, 255, 288 Nowakowski 1995 23 24 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Walls Grid Name / Location Period C2 C3 so-called “Antonine Wall” so-called “Hadrian’s Wall” Reference See Map 9 See Map 9 Unlocated Toponyms (See also Maps 8 and 9) Name Period Probable Location Reference Ausoba R W coast Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3 Boreion Akron R NW Ireland Ptol. 2.2.1 Dour fl. R SW Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3 Iernos fl. Iouernis R R SW Ireland near Iouernioi? IRE Ptol. 2.2.3 Ptol. 2.2.9 Libnios fl. Luceni R L W Ireland near Shannon IRE Ptol. 2.2.3 Orosius 1.2 Magnata Makolikon R R near Nagnatai IRE W Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3 Ptol. 2.2.9 Notion Akron R SW Ireland Ptol. 2.2.3 Ouellaboroi/ Velabri Ouenniknion Akron Ousdiai RL near Shannon IRE Ptol. 2.2.4; Orosius 1.2; O’Rahilly 1946, 9 R R N Ireland S Ireland Ptol. 2.2.1 Ptol. 2.2.6 Raiba Raouios fl. Regia R R R near Lough Ree? IRE NW Ireland central Ireland Ptol. 2.2.9 Ptol. 2.2.3 Ptol. 2.2.9 Velabri = Ouellaboroi Bibliography Alonso-Nuñez 1988 J.M. Alonso-Nuñez, “Roman knowledge of Scandinavia in the imperial period,” OJA 7 (1988) 47-64. Amirante 1969 L. Amirante, Prigionia di guerra, riscatto e postliminium, 2 vols., Naples, 1969-70. Andrzejowski 1987 J. Andrzejowski and A. Bursche, “Archeologia biblioteczna. Cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Krośnie stanowisko 1 i w Wielbarku, woj. elbląskie,” in A. Pawłowski (ed.), Badania archeologiczne w woj. elbląskim w latach 1980-83, pp. 233-77, Malbork, 1987. Andrzejowski 1996 J. Andrzejowski and J. Martens, “The Wielbark cemetery,” in A. Kokowski (ed.), Studia Gothica 1 in memoriam Ryszard Wołągiewicz, pp. 4-72, Lublin, 1996. MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Anger 1890 S. Anger, Das Gräberfeld zu Rondsen im Kreise Graudenz, Danzig, 1890. Antoniewicz 1958 W. Antoniewicz, M. Kaczyński and J. Okulicz, “Wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w 1956 r. na cmentarzysku kurhanowym w miejscowości Szwajcaria, pow. Suwałki,” WArch 25.1 (1958) 22-57. Antoniewicz 1963 J. Antoniewicz, “Wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w latach 1958-1960 na cmentarzysku w miejscowości Szwajcaria, pow. Suwałki,” WArch 29.2 (1963) 166-92. Bateson 1973 D. Bateson, “Roman material from Ireland: a reconsideration,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 73C (1973) 21-97. Bezzenberger 1892 A. Bezzenberger, “Das Gräberfeld bei Schernen (Kreis Memel),” Sitzungsberichte der Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia 17 (1892) 141-68. Bierbrauer 1994 V. Bierbrauer, “Archäologie und Geschichte der Goten vom 1.-7. Jahrhundert. Versuch einer Bilanz,” FM 28 (1994) 51-171. Blume 1912 E. Blume, Die germanischen Stämme und die Kulturen zwischen Oder und Passarge zur römischen Kaiserzeit, 2 vols., Würzburg, 1912, 1915. Bolin 1922 S. Bolin, “Die Funde römischer und byzantinischer Münzen in Ostpreussen,” Prussia 26 (1922/23-1925) 203-40. Bolin 1926 S. Bolin, Fynden av romerska mynt i det fria Germanien, Lund, 1926. Bott 1976 H. Bott, “Zur datierung der Funde aus Hammersdorf (Ostpreussen),” JRGZM 23-24 (1976/77) 139-53. Bourke 1989 E. Bourke, “Stoneyford: a first-century Roman burial from Ireland,” Archaeology Ireland 3.2 (1989) 56-57. Bukowski 1977 Z. Bukowski, The Scythian influence on the area of Lusatian culture, Wrocław, 1977. 25 Bursche 1996 A. Bursche, Later Roman-Barbarian contacts in central Europe. Numismatic evidence, Studien zu Fundmünzen der Antike 11, Berlin, 1996. Byrne 1984 F.J. Byrne, “Notes to maps 14 and 15,” in T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin and F.J. Byrne (eds.), A new history of Ireland, 9.2, Oxford, 1984. Cofta-Broniewska 1979 A. Cofta-Broniewska, Grupa kruszańska kultury przeworskiej, Seria Archeologia 11, Poznań, 1979. Dąbrowska 1967 I. Dąbrowska and K. Dąbrowski, Cmentarzysko z okresów późnolateńskiego i wpływów rzymskich w Wesółkach, pow. Kalisz, Wrocław, 1967. Demandt 1989 A. Demandt, Die Spätantike. Römische Geschichte von Diocletian bis Justinian 284-565 n. Chr., Munich, 1989. Demougeot 1969 E. Demougeot, La formation de l’Europe et les invasions barbares, 2 vols., Aubier, 1969-79. Eggers 1950 H.J. Eggers, “Lübsow, ein germanischer Fürstensitz der älteren Kaiserzeit,” PZeit 34-35.2 (1950) 58-111. Eggers 1951 H.J. Eggers, Der römische Import im freien Germanien, Atlas der Urgeschichte 1, Hamburg, 1951. Eggers 1964 H.J. Eggers, “Das kaiserzeitliche Gräberfeld von Pollwitten Kreis Mohrungen, Ostpreussen,” JRGZM 11 (1964) 154-75. Fagerlie 1967 J.M. Fagerlie, Late Roman and Byzantine solidi found in Sweden and Denmark, Numismatic Notes and Monographs 157, New York, 1967. Freeman 1995 J. Freeman, “Greek and Roman views of Ireland: a checklist,” Emania (Bulletin of the Navan Research Group) 13 (1995) 11-13. Godłowski 1979 K. Godłowski, “Die Frage der slawischen Einwanderung ins östliche Mitteleuropa,” ZfO 28 (1979) 416-47. 26 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Godłowski 1983 K.Godłowski, “Zur Frage der Slawensitze vor der grossen Slawenwanderung im 6. Jahrhundert,” in Gli Slavi occidentali e meridionali nell’ alto Medioevo, 15-21 aprile, 1982, Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull’ Alto Medioevo 30, pp. 257-84, Spoleto, 1983. Godłowski 1985 K.Godłowski, “Die römische Handel in die Germania libera aufgrund der archäologischen Quellen,” in K. Düwel, H. Jahnkuhn, H. Siems and D. Timpe (eds.), Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa, vol. 1, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse 3:143, pp. 337-66, Göttingen, 1985. Godłowski 1992 K. Godłowski, “Germanische Wanderungen im 3.Jh. v.Chr. - 6.Jh. n.Chr. und ihre Widerspiegelung in den historischen und archäologischen Quellen,” in E. Straume (ed.), Peregrinatio Gothica III, Fredrikstad, Norway 1991, pp. 53-75, Oslo, 1992. Holmquist 1961 W. Holmquist et al. (eds.), Excavations at Helgö, 12 vols., Stockholm, 1961-94. Hollack 1904 E. Hollack and F.E. Peiser, Das Gräberfeld von Moythienen, Königsberg, 1904. Hougen 1935 B. Hougen, Snartemofunnene. Studier i folkevandringstidens ornamentik og textilhistorie, Oslo, 1935. Ilkjær 1990 J. Ilkjær, Illerup Ådal, 8 vols., Århus, 1990-96. Jaskanis 1991 J. Jaskanis (ed.), Prahistoryczny gród w Biskupinie. Problematyka osiedli obronnych na początku epoki żelaza, Warsaw, 1991. Jażdżewski 1981 K. Jażdżewski and G. Rycel, “Habent sua fata tumuli!,” ZOW 47 (1981) 30-48. Kaczyński 1991 M. Kaczyński, “Z problematyki kontaktów zachodnich Bałtów z prowincjami Imperium Romanum / Select problems of the contacts between the Western Balts and the provinces of the Roman Empire,” RB 16 (1991) 157-99. Gustavs 1994 S. Gustavs, “Germanisches Handwerk / Feinschmiedehandwerk von Klein Köris. Ein Bericht mit Blick auf Gudme-Lundeborg,” in P.O. Nielsen, K. Randsborg and H. Thrane (eds.), The archaeology of Gudme and Lundeborg. Papers presented at a conference at Svendborg, October, 1991, pp. 118-27, Copenhagen, 1994. Kaul 1991 F. Kaul, I. Marazov, J. Best and N. de Vries, Thracian tales on the Gundestrup Cauldron, Amsterdam, 1991. Hachmann 1972 R. Hachmann and F. Stein (eds.), Rondsen Rza.dz. Gräberfeld und Fürstengräber, Bonn, 1972. Kazansky 1991 M. Kazansky, Les Goths (Ier-VIIe siècle après J.-C.), Paris, 1991. Hagberg 1967 U.E. Hagberg, The archaeology of Skedemosse, 2 vols., Stockholm, 1967. Kehne 1995 P. Kehne, “Geographische und ethnographische Informationen über das nördliche Germanien und die Elberegion,” in R. Busch (ed.), Rom an der Niederelbe, pp. 25-33, Neumünster, 1995. Hahuła 1996 K. Hahuła, “Ein ‘Fürstengrab’ der jüngeren Kaiserzeit aus Białęcino (Balenthin),” in A. Kokowski (ed.), Studia Gothica 1 in memoriam Ryszard Wołągiewicz, pp. 129-51, Lublin, 1996. Heather 1991 P.J. Heather, Goths and Romans, 332-489, Oxford, 1991. Hedeager 1992 L. Hedeager, Iron-Age societies. From tribe to state in northern Europe, 500 B.C. to A.D. 700, Oxford, 1992. Kenney 1929 J. Kenney, Sources for early Irish history, New York, 1929. Killeen 1976 J. Killeen, “Ireland in the Greek and Roman writers,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 76C (1976) 207-15. Klindt-Jensen 1961 O. Klindt-Jensen, Gundestrupkedelen, Copenhagen, 1961. MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Klindt-Jensen 1978 O. Klindt-Jensen, Slusegård-gravpladsen. Bornholm fra 1.årh.f. til 5.årh.e.v.t., 3 vols., Århus, 1978-91. Kmieciński 1966 J. Kmieciński, M. Blombergowa and K. Walenta, “Cmentarzysko kurhanowe ze starszego okresu rzymskiego w Węsiorach w pow. kartuskim / A cemetery of burial mounds from the early Roman period of Węsiory, district of Kartuzy,” PMMAE 12 (1966) 37-111. Kmieciński 1968 J. Kmieciński (ed.), Odry, cmentarzysko kurhanowe z okresu rzymskiego w powiecie chojnickim, Łódź, 1968. Kolendo 1978 J. Kolendo, “Un Romain d’Afrique éléve dans le pays des Costoboces. A propos de CIL VIII 14667,” AMN 15 (1978) 125-30. Kolendo 1981 J. Kolendo, A la recherche de l’ambre baltique. L’expédition d’un chevalier romain sous Néron, Warsaw, 1981. Kolendo 1981a J. Kolendo, “Les influences de Rome sur les peuples de l’Europe centrale habitants loin des frontières de l’empire: l’exemple du territoire de la Pologne,” Klio 63 (1981) 453-72. Kolendo 1981b J. Kolendo, “Źródła pisane,” in J. Wielowiejski (ed.), Prahistoria ziem polskich, vol.5: Późny okres lateński i okres rzymski, pp. 9-17, Wrocław, 1981. Kolendo 1983 J. Kolendo, “Les connaissances des anciens sur les lieux de provenance de l’ambre jaune,” Archeologia (Warsaw) 34 (1983) 1-15. Kolendo 1984 J. Kolendo, “I Veneti dell’Europa centrale e orientale. Sedi e realtà etnica,” AIVSLA 143 (1984-85) 415-35. Kolendo 1985 J. Kolendo, “Miejsca występowania bursztynu według Pliniusza Starszego,” PMZ 37 (1985) 5-26. Kolendo 1986 J. Kolendo, “Prisca carmina et la valeur de la tradition sur la migration des Goths dans l’ouvrage de Jordanes,” in J. Kmieciński (ed.), Archaeologia Baltica, vol. 7: Peregrinatio Gothica, pp. 9-16, Łódź, 1986. 27 Kolendo 1987 J. Kolendo, “Les Romains prisonniers de guerre des barbares au Ier et au IIe siècles,” Index 15 (1987) 227-34. Kolendo 1987a J. Kolendo, “Rejon ujścia Wisły w oczach starożytnych,” in A. Pawłowski (ed.), Badania archeologiczne w województwie elblạskim w latach 1980-83, pp. 193-206, Malbork, 1987. Kolendo 1989 J. Kolendo, “Les réalités romaines dans la Germanie de Tacite. Le cas des esclaves et des affranchis,” Index 17 (1989) 231-39. Kolendo 1990 J. Kolendo, “Napływ bursztynu z Północy na tereny imperium rzymskiego w I-VI w. n.e.,” PMZ 41 (1990) 91-100. Kolendo 1992 J. Kolendo, “Roman acquaintance with the south-east Baltic coast. The Karbones of Ptolemy,” Barbaricum 2 (1992) 186-90. Kolendo 1993 J. Kolendo, L’ambra e i rapporti tra Cisalpina e regioni centro-europee, Archeologia Strumenti 1, Padua, 1993. Kolendo 1993a J. Kolendo, “I Barbari del Nord,” in G. Einaudi (ed.), Storia di Roma, vol. 3: l’età tardoantica parte 1. Crisi e trasformazioni, pp. 425-41, Turin, 1993. Kolendo 1995 J. Kolendo, “Les invasions des barbares sur l’empire romain dans la perspective de l’Europe centrale et orientale,” Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 6 (1995) 81-99. Kolendo 1996 J. Kolendo, “Rzạdy kobiety w kraju Sytonów. Uwagi o sposobie interpretacji Germanii Tacyta,” in W. Nowakowski (ed.), Concordia. Studia ofiarowane Jerzemu Okuliczowi-Kozarynowi w sześćdziesiątą piątą rocznicę urodzin, pp. 141-46, Warsaw, 1996. Kolendo 1996a J. Kolendo, “Le rachat des captifs romains tombés entre les mains des barbares. A propos de la redemptio ab hostibus au Ier-IIIe s.,” in M.L. Sánchez-León and G. López Nadal (eds.), Captius i eslaus al’aniguitat i al món modern, Diaphora 7, pp. 115-25, Naples, 1996. 28 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Kromann 1984 A. Kromann and M. Watt, “Skattefundet fra Smørenge. En nedgravet skat fra folkevandrinstid på Bornholm,” Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark (1984) 29-41. Madsen 1992 O. Madsen, “Midtjysk magt,” Skalk 2 (1992) 3-8. Krüger 1983 B. Krüger (ed.), Die Germanen. Geschichte und Kultur der germanischen Stämme in Mitteleuropa, vol.2: Die Stämme und Stammesverbände in der Zeit vom 3. Jahrhundert bis zur Herausbildung der politischen Vorherrschaft der Franken, Berlin, 1983. Mączyńska 1993 M. Mączyńska, Die Völkerwanderung. Geschichte einer ruhelosen Epoche im 4. und 5. Jahrhundert, Zürich, 1993. Kulikauskas 1968 P. Kulikauskas, “Kurmaiçių kapinynas,” LAP (1968) 12-56. Laser 1982 R. Laser, Die römischen und frühbyzantinischen Fundmünzen auf dem Gebiet der DDR, Schriften zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 28, Berlin, 1982. Lee 1993 A.D. Lee, Information and frontiers. Roman foreign relations in Late Antiquity, Cambridge, 1993. Lind 1981 L. Lind, Roman denarii found in Sweden, vol. 2. Catalogue. Text, Stockholm, 1981. Lund Hansen 1987 U. Lund Hansen, Römischer Import im Norden. Warenaustausch zwischen dem römischen Reich und dem freien Germanien während der Kaiserzeit unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Nordeuropas, Copenhagen, 1987. Mac an Bhaird 1993 A. Mac an Bhaird, “Ptolemy revisited,” Ainm (Bulletin of the Ulster Place-name Society) 5 (1993) 1-20. Machajewski 1984 H. Machajewski, “Napływ elementów bizantyjskich na Pomorze w świetle studiów nad chronologią dębczyńskiej grupy kulturowej / Die byzantinischen Elemente in Pommern in Studien zur Chronologie der Dębczyno. Kulturgruppe,” Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 1 (1984) 73-84. Machajewski 1992 H. Machajewski, Z badań nad chronologią dębczyńskiej grupy kulturowej w dorzeczu Parsęty, Poznań, 1992. Machajewski 1993 H. Machajewski, Materiały do badań nad obrządkiem pogrzebowym ludności grupy dębczyńskiej, Poznań, 1993. Malone 1925 K. Malone, “The Suiones of Tacitus,” AJP 46 (1925) 170-76. Mączyńska 1994 M. Mączyńska, “Der Hortfund aus der frühen Völkerwanderungszeit aus Łubiana, Woi. Gdańsk, in Pommern,” in H. Friesinger, J. Tejral and A. Stuppner (eds.), Markomannenkriege - Ursachen und Wirkungen, pp. 149-57, Brno, 1994. Michelbertas 1972 M. Michelbertas, “Prekybiniai ryšiai su Romos imperija,” in M. Michelbertas (ed.), Lietuvos gyventojų prekybiniai ryšiai I-XIIIa., pp. 5-125, Vilnius, 1972. Moora 1938 H. Moora, Die Eisenzeit in Lettland bis etwa 500 n. Chr.: Analyse, vol. 2, Tartu, 1938. Näsman 1984 U. Näsman, Glas och handel i senromersk tid och folkvandringstid / Glass and trade in the Late Roman and migration periods, Uppsala University Archaeological Studies 5, Uppsala, 1984. Näsman 1989 U. Näsman, “The Gates of Eketorp-II. To the question of Roman prototypes of the Öland ring-forts,” in K. Randsborg (ed.), The birth of Europe: Archaeology and social development in the first millennium A.D., pp. 129-39, Rome, 1989. Nowakowski 1983 W. Nowakowski, “Rzymskie importy przemysłowe na terytorium zachodniobałtyjskiego kręgu kulturowego,” Archeologia (Warsaw) 34 (1983) 63-106. Nowakowski 1990 W. Nowakowski, “Baltes et proto-slaves dans l’antiquité. Textes et archéologie,” DHA 16.1 (1990) 359-402. Nowakowski 1992 W. Nowakowski, “Hic Suebiae finis: Concept of the border of the barbarous world at the east Baltic coast in the Roman period,” Barbaricum 2 (1992) 218-30. MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Nowakowski 1995 W. Nowakowski, Od Galindai do Galinditae. Z badań nad pradziejami bałtyjskiego ludu z Pojezierza Mazurskiego, Barbaricum 4, Warsaw, 1995. Nowakowski 1996 W. Nowakowski, Das Samland in der römischen Kaiserzeit und seine Verbindungen mit dem römischen Reich und der barbarischen Welt, Marburg and Warsaw, 1996. 29 Pekkanen 1968 T. Pekkanen, The ethnic origin of the ∆ΟΥΛΟΣΠΟΡΟΙ, Helsinki, 1968. Petersen 1916 J. Petersen, Gravplassen fra Store-Dal i Skjeberg, Kristiania, 1916. Petersen 1939 E. Petersen, Der ostelbische Raum als germanisches Kraftfeld im Lichte der Bodenfunde des 6.-8. Jahrhunderts, Leipzig, 1939. Okulicz 1955 J. Okulicz, “Cmentarzysko z III-V w. naszej ery z miejscowości Netta, pow. Augustów / A 3rd-5th century cemetery at Netta, the Augustów district,” WArch 22 (1955) 284-303. Pieczyński 1953 Z.Pieczyński, “Cmentarzysko z wczesnego okresu żelaznego (700-400 p.n.e.) w Gorszewicach, w pow. szamotulskim,” FAPosn 4 (1953) 101-52. Okulicz 1958 J. Okulicz, “Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego, odkryte w miejscowości Bogaczewo, na przysiółku Kula, pow. Giżycko,” RO 1 (1958) 47-116. Pietrzak 1988 M. Pietrzak, “Cmentarzyska z Pruszcza Gdańskiego w młodszym okresie rzymskim,” in J. Gurba and A. Kokowski (ed.), Kultura wielbarska w młodszym okresie rzymskim, vol. 1, pp. 51-65, Lublin, 1988. Okulicz 1989 J. Okulicz, “Das Gräberfeld von Weklice zur Besiedlungsgeschichte des Weichseldeltaraums in der römischen Kaiserzeit,” Archeologia (Warsaw) 40 (1989) 115-27. Okulicz-Kozaryn 1992 J. Okulicz-Kozaryn, “Centrum kulturowe z pierwszych wieków naszej ery u ujścia Wisły,” Barbaricum 2 (1992) 137-55. O’Rahilly 1946 T.F. O’Rahilly, Early Irish history and mythology, Dublin, 1946. Ó’Ríordáin 1947 S.P. Ó’Ríordáin, “Roman material in Ireland,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 51C (1947) 35-82. Parczewski 1993 M. Parczewski, Die Anfänge der frühslawischen Kultur in Polen, Veröffentlichungen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 17, Vienna, 1993. Peiser 1919 F.E. Peiser, “Gräberfeld bei Warengen,” Sitzungberichte der Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia 23.1 (1919) 319-27. Peiser 1914 F.E. Peiser and H. Kemke, “Der Depotfund von Frauenburg,” Sitzungberichte der Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia 23.1 (1914) 58-79. Pietrzak 1996 M. Pietrzak and F. Rożnowski, “Niezwykłe pochówki z późnego okresu rzymskiego z Pruszcza Gdańskiego, stanowisko 5,” in W. Nowakowski (ed.), Concordia. Studia ofiarowane Jerzemu Okuliczowi-Kozarynowi w sześćdziesiątą piątą rocznicę urodzin, pp. 193-98, Warsaw, 1996. Pokorny 1954 J. Pokorny, “Die Geographie Irlands bei Ptolemaios,” Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 29 (1954) 94-120. Puzinas 1950 J. Puzinas, “Die Flügelfibeln in Litauen und ihre Bedeutung für die Handelsgeschichte,” in H. Kirchner (ed.), Ur- und Frühgeschichte als historische Wissenschaft. Festschrift zum 60. Geburstag von Ernst Wahle, pp. 189-99, Heidelberg, 1950. Raftery 1994 B. Raftery, Pagan Celtic Ireland, London, 1994. Rankin 1996 D. Rankin, Celts and the classical world, 2nd ed., London, 1996. Sarnowski 1991 T. Sarnowski, “Barbaricum und ein bellum Bosphoranum in einer Inschrift aus Preslav,” ZPE 87 (1991) 137-44. 30 MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Scardigli 1994 P. Scardigli, “Vèleda e i ‛Ρηνοπόται in Italia,” in B. Scardigli and P. Scardigli (eds.), Germani in Italia, pp. 73-86, Rome, 1994. Schindler 1940 R. Schindler, Die Besiedlungsgeschichte der Goten und Gepiden im unteren Weichselraum auf Grund der Tongefässe, Leipzig, 1940. Schmidt 1902 A. Schmidt, “Das Gräberfeld von Warmhof bei Mewe, Reg.-Bez. Marienwerder (W.-Pr.),” ZfE 34 (1902) 97-153. Schmidt 1934 L. Schmidt, Geschichte der deutschen Stämme bis zum Ausgang der Völkerwanderung. Die Ostgermanen, 2nd ed., Munich, 1934. Schmidt 1938 L. Schmidt, Geschichte der deutschen Stämme bis zum Ausgang der Völkerwanderung. Die Westgermanen, vol. 1, 2nd ed., Munich, 1938. Schmidt 1942 L. Schmidt, Geschichte der Wandalen, Munich, 1942. Shetelig 1914 H. Shetelig, “Arkeologiske Tidsbestemmelser av ældre norske runeindskrifter,” in S. Bugge and M. Olsen (eds.), Norges Indskrifter med de ældre runer, vol. 3, pp. 5-14, Oslo, 1914. Sjöberg 1987 M.B. Sjöberg (ed.), Ölands järnålders-gravfält, vol. 1, Kalmar, 1987. Slomann 1964 W. Slomann, “En antikvarisk-historisk skisse omkring Avaldsnesfunnet,” Viking (Oslo) 28 (1964) 5-38. Stenberger 1955 M. Stenberger, Vallhagar. A Migration Period Settlement on Gotland/Sweden, 2 vols., Copenhagen, 1955. Strzelczyk 1980 J. Strzelczyk, “Einige Bemerkungen zur Diskussion über die Frühgeschichte der Goten,” in K. Zernack (ed.), Europa Slavica - Europa Orientalis: Festschrift für H. Ludat zum 70. Geburtstag, Giessener Abhandlungen zur Agrar- und Wirtschaftsforschung des europäischen Osten 100, pp. 1-29, 1980. Svennung 1963 J. Svennung, “Die Swioneninsel und die Sithones bei Tacitus,” Eranos 61 (1963) 121-42. Svennung 1967 J. Svennung, Jordanes und Scandia. Kritisch-exegetische Studien, Stockholm, 1967. Svennung 1972 J. Svennung, Jordanes und die gotische Stammsage, Stockholm, 1972. Svennung 1974 J. Svennung, Skandinavien bei Plinius und Ptolemaios. Kritisch-exegetische Forschungen zu den ältesten nordischen Sprachdenkmälern, Uppsala, 1974. Tautavićius 1968 A. Tautavićius, “Palangos kapinynas,” LAP (1968) 123-37. Tempelmann-Mączyńska 1985 M. Tempelmann-Mączyńska, Die Perlen der römischen Kaiserzeit und der frühen Phase der Völkerwanderungszeit im mitteleuropäischen Barbaricum, Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 43, Mainz, 1985. Thompson 1982 E.A. Thompson, Romans and barbarians: the decline of the Western Empire, Madison, 1982. Tierney 1976 J. Tierney, “The Greek geographic tradition and Ptolemy’s evidence for Irish geography,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 76C (1976) 257-65. Volkmann 1964 H. Volkmann, Germanische Seherinnen in römischen Diensten, Krefeld, 1964. Wagner 1967 J.J. Wagner, Getica. Untersuchungen zum Leben des Jordanes und zur frühen Geschichte der Goten, Berlin, 1967. Walenta 1992 K. Walenta, “The dynamics of settlement changes in the microregion of Leśno in the east Pomerania,” in E. Straume (ed.), Peregrinatio Gothica III, Fredrikstad, Norway, 1991, pp. 177-90, Oslo, 1992. Warner 1976 R. Warner, “Some observations on the context and importation of exotic material in Ireland, from the first century BC to the second century,” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 76C (1976) 267-92. MAP 2 HIBERNIA-SCADINAVIA Warner 1991 R. Warner, “The earliest history of Ireland,” in M. Ryan (ed.), The illustrated archaeology of Ireland, pp. 112-16, Dublin, 1991. Warner 1995 R. Warner, “Tuathal Techtmhar: a myth or ancient literary evidence for a Roman invasion?,” Emania, Bulletin of the Navan Research Group 13 (1995) 23-32. Warner 1996 R. Warner, “Navan and Apollo,” Emania, Bulletin of the Navan Research Group 14 (1996) 77-81. Watt 1991 M. Watt, “Sorte Muld. Høvdingesæde og Kultcentrum fra Bornholms yngre jernalder / A chieftain’s seat and cult site from the Late Iron Age in Bornholm,” in P. Mortensen and B.M. Rasmussen (eds.), Fra Stamme til Stad i Danmark, vol.2: Høvdingesamfund og Kongemagt, pp. 89-107, Århus, 1991. Wefels 1921 H. Wefels, “Fund römischer Münzen,” Berliner Münzblätter 42 (1921) 145-50. Werner 1949 J. Werner, “Zu den auf Öland und Gotland gefundenen byzantinischen Goldmünzen,” Fornvännen 44 (1949) 257-86. Werner 1973 J. Werner, “Bemerkungen zur mitteldeutschen Skelettgräbergruppe Hassleben-Leuna. Zur Herkunft der ingentia auxilia Germanorum des gallischen Sonderreiches in den Jahren 259-277 n.Chr.,” in H. Beumann (ed.), Mitteldeutsche Forschungen, 74. Festschrift für Walter Schlesinger, vol. 1, pp. 1-30, Cologne and Vienna, 1973. Whittaker 1993 C.R. Whittaker, “What happens when frontiers come to an end?,” in P. Brunn et al. (eds.), Frontières d’empire, Actes de la Table ronde internationale de Nemours 1992, Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire d’Ile-de-France 5, pp. 133-41, Nemours, 1993. 31 Whittaker 1994 C.R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman empire. A social and economic study, Baltimore, 1994. Wielowiejski 1985 J. Wielowiejski, “Die spätkeltischen und römischen Bronzegefäße in Polen,” BerRGK 66 (1985) 123-320. Wołągiewicz 1970 R. Wołągiewicz, “Der Zufluss römischer Importe in das Gebiet nördlich der mittleren Donau in der älteren Kaiserzeit,” ZfA 4 (1970) 222-49. Wołągiewicz 1976 R. Wołągiewicz, “Cmentarzysko kurhanowe kultury wielbarskiej w Gronowie w świetle badań w latach 1973-1976,” MZP 22 (1976) 71-95. Wołągiewicz 1986 R. Wołągiewicz, “Die Goten im Bereich der Wielbark - Kultur,” in J. Kmieciński (ed.), Archaeologia Baltica, vol. 7: Peregrinatio Gothica, pp. 63-98, Łódź, 1986. Wolfram 1990 H. Wolfram, Die Goten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie, Munich, 1990. Wolters 1990 R. Wolters, “Zum Waren- und Dienstleistungsaustausch zwischen dem römischen Reich und dem freien Germanien in der Zeit des Prinzipats,” MBAH 9 (1990) 14-44 (first part); MBAH 10 (1991) 78-132 (second part). Żak 1962 J. Żak, Studia nad kontaktami handlowymi społeczeństw zachodniosłowiańskich ze skandynawskimi od VI do VIII w.n.e., Biblioteka Archeologiczna 15, Wrocław, 1962. Zielonka 1953 B. Zielonka, “Cmentarzysko z okresu rzymskiego w Lachmirowicach, pow. inowrocławski,” PArch 9 (1953) 353-86.
