Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on - unesdoc

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L
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL,
SCIENTIFIC
AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
c
.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE REGIONAL
.
WORKSHOP
aGROUND WATER AND SOIL SALINITY RELATED
DAMAGE TO THE MONUMENTS AND SITES
IN CENTRAL ASIAI)
Samarkand/Bukbara,
14-18June,
Uzbekistan
2000
.
.
UNESCO Tashkent
National
Commission
Office
of the Republic of Uzbekistan
for UNESCO
The proceedings
was published
with financial
assistance
of UNESCO.
The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication
are those of the
authors and do not necessarily
represent the views of UNESCO. The
designations
employed and the presentation of material throughout the
publication
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on
the part of UNESCO concerning
the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or
boundaries.
Editorial Board:
Mr. Barry Lane (Head of UNESCO Tashkent OfZce), Mr. J.Bogardi
(Water Science Division, Science Sector, UNESCO Secretariat),
ML Botir Usmanov (Director of the Department for Monuments
Protection of the Ministry of Cu/tura/ Affairs of Uzbekistan),
Mr. Alish er fkramo v (Secretary - General, Na tiona/ Commissior,
Uzbekistan for UNESCO),
Mr. Tut’kun Sbamsbarov (Printing
of World Economy and Dipiomacy),
House
of
of the Tashk-ent University
Ms. Elena Cbemufova (Culture Department of the National
Commission of the Republic of Uzbekis tan for UNESCO).
Mr. Sba vka t Ocbilov (UNESCO Chair of Preservation and
management
of Historica/ Centres at the Samarkand Architectural
Construction Institute),
Mr. Farrub /nogomov (Culture Department
Commission of Uzbekistan for UNESCO),
Mr. Murod Sbamsbarov
(Pnnting
of World Economy and Diplomacy).
@ UNESCO,
of the National
House of the Tashkent
University
2000.
@ National Commission
Tashkent. 2000.
and
of the Republic of Uzbekistan
for UNESCO,
.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
If GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
III. PARTICIPANTS
.
IV. OPENING CEREMONY
.
V. ORGANIZATION
OF THE WORKSHOP
VI. AGENDA
VII. ADOPTION
OF RECOMMENDATIONS
AND CLOSING CEREMONY
ANNEX I: FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS
ANNEX II: PROGRAMME
ANNEX 111:LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
l
ANNEX IV:
PRESENTATIONS OF REGIONAL EXPERTS
BoIat Aubekerov (Kazakhstan)
1.
.
Hydro-Geological
Conditions and Historical
Monuments of the Arid Zone of Kazakhstan
2.
Ludmila Dubrovskaya
and ArchaeoIogical
(Kazakhstan)
The Problems of Protection of Khoaa Akhmad
Xl V from Ground Water Refa ted Damage
3.
Yassavi
Khanaka
of
Vladimir Kalinin (Kyrgyz Republic)
Ground Water and Soil Safinity Related Damage to the Monuments
and Sites in Kyrgyz Republic
4.
Vladimir Matichenkov
Hydro - Geological Situation
of Kyrgyz Republic
.
5.
Aspects
6.
Akmal Akhmedov
of Anthropogenic
Ali,jon Abdullayev
(Kyrgyz Republic)
within Zones of Historical
Monuments
(Tajikistan)
Affect to the Ground
Waters in Tajikistan
(Tajiikistan)
Ground Water and Soil Salinity Related Damage
and Sites in Tajikistan (Kabadian Valley)
to the Monuments
7.
Abduvali Khudobergenov (Uzbekistan)
Influence of Ground Water to the State of Historical and Architecturai
Monuments and Problems of their Protection in Uzbekistan
s
3
.
.-.
8.
Larisa Kourduk (Uzbekistan)
Ground Water and Soil Salinity Related Damage
Monuments and Sites in Uzbekistan
to the
Rustam Niyazov (Uzbekistan)
9.
Changing of Ground Water Level and Contemporary
Deformations
of
Ancient ArchitecturaI
Monuments of Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva
10.
PossibXties
Monuments
11.
Shavkat Abdullayev,
of Geophysical
M. Akhmedov,
Natural and Technogen
Uzbekis tan
12.
Rakhim Tursunmetov
Measurements
in Studying
(Uzbekistan)
of Historicaf
Yakubov (Uzbekistan)
Affects on Historical
Monuments
of
F. Kadirov (Uzbekistan)
Protective Measurements to Deal with Settlement of Foundations
of
Historical Monuments in Conditions of FIooding by Ground Waters
PRESENTATIONS
OF INTERNATIONAL
EXPERTS
Robert Myers (United Kingdom)
1.
Salt Damage to Important ls/amic Monuments
2.
Preliminary
Bukhara
5.
Experiences
Monuments:
6.
Related Damage
to the Monuments
Rinat Iskhakov (World Bank)
Related Activities
4.
and Khiva
Roger Capps (United Kingdom)
Ground Water and SoiI Salinity
and Sites in Central Asia
3.
at Bukhara
of the World Bank in Uzbekistan
Janusz Niemscynowicz
Report from Study
Mario Biritognolo
(Sweden)
I/ist in Khiva, Samarkand
and
(Italy)
in Ground Water Related Problems Affecting the
the cases of Tila Kari Mosque and Tower of Pisa
Pave1 Blaha (Czech Republic)
Joint Czech - Uzbek Projects
7.
Gert Karwath (Germany)
The Efectro-Physical
Stone Strut tures
Method
for the.Dehydration
4
of Threatened
1.
INTRODUCTION
The Regional Workshop “Ground Water and Soil Salinity Related Damage to
the Monuments
and Sites in Central Asia” was held in Samarkand
(Uzbekistan) from 14 to 18 June 2000. The Workshop was organized by
UNESCO in close collaboration
with the National Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO, UNESCO Office in Tashkent, Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan and UNESCO Chair on Preservation and Management of Historical Centers at the Samarkand State Architecture and Construction Institute (SAMGASI).
II.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the Workshop were: (I) to organize a forum on discussion of tasks and problems on conservation
and preservation of historical
monuments of Central Asian region from negative effects of soil salinity and
ground waters; (II) to discuss the results of practical measures undertaken in
present days; (Ill) to exchange the experience in the field of conservation
and restoration of historical and cultural monuments;
(IV) to consider the
possibility of establishment
of a regional network for coordination
of activities focused on conservation and preservation of historical monuments of the
region from negative influence of soil salinity and ground waters.
III.
PARTICIPANTS
Twenty participants
(international,
regional and local experts) from nine
countries and ten observers (experts and government
officials) attended the
Workshop.
Upon arrival, participants
received
background
information,
agenda and programme.
IV.
OPENING CEREMONY
1. The Workshop was opened by Mr. Pulat Abdurakhmonov,
Mayor of
Samarkand
city, who welcomed
international
participants,
UNESCO
representatives,
experts and specialists.
He noted that Workshop was
held in historical famous city with its unique ancient architectural
monuments and expressed an appreciation to all participants
and UNESCO for
the interest in preservation
and conservation
of Central Asian monuments from soil salinity and ground water related damage. Mr. Abdurakhmonov
wished a success to the Workshop and expressed his believe for fruitful results.
2. Mr. Barry Lane, Head of UNESCO Tashkent Office welcomed participants of the Workshop on behalf of UNESCO Director General, Mr. Koichiro Matsuura. He noted that the availability
of water in the desert areas
of Central Asia was an essential condition for the development of the ancient cultures of the Aral Sea Basin. The prosperity
of cities such as
Samarkand and Bukhara depended on the fertile irrigated land of the oases between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and tens of thousands
of historic sites are testimonies to the high cultures which evolved along
these life-giving-rivers.
The survival of the historic cities and archaeo5
logical sites of Central Asia to the present day is due to the dedicated
efforts of the restorers and craftsmen of the region. They are among the
region’s main cultural tourism assets. However, this valuable heritage is
now being endangered by a variety of unprecedented
environmental
impacts, many of which are directly related to water and poor water management. The water supply and sanitation infrastructure
in historic cities
is in poor condition and hardly meets the requirements of most residents
today. The bad condition or absence of water infrastructure
contributes
to the deterioration
of the historic monuments themselves through rising
groundwater tables and excessive soil moisture caused partly by leaking
pipes and bad condition of drainage and sewage systems. In many cases
old surface-water
drainage systems no longer function. Significant improvements are required to provide adequate living conditions both for
residents and for the large numbers of tourists expected in the future. The
principal aims of the symposium
are to exchange international
experience on new approaches to the protection of historical monuments from
the negative effects of groundwater
and soil salinity, to propose recommendations and practical measures to solve the problems, and to discuss
perspectives for regional and international
cooperation.
Its Final Recommendations
will be addressed to the Governments
of Central Asian
countries, as well as to the Director-General
of UNESCO. The fact that
the symposium is being held in Samarkand and Bukhara will give an opportunity to examine the water-related
problems of conservation
of historic buildings at first hand. In conclusion Mr. Barry Lane thanked the
Ministry of Culture of Uzbekistan,
the Samarkand
UNESCO Chair on
Preservation
and Management
of Historic Centers, and the National
Commission of Uzbekistan for UNESCO for their work in organizing this
Workshop. He also wished all of the participants a fruitful and very practical outcome to discussions.
3. Mr. Botir Usmanov, Head of Principal Department on Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, addressed to the Workshop on behalf of
the Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan and thanked
all the participants,
UNESCO, National Commission
of Uzbekistan for
UNESCO for participation
and organization
of the above mentioned
Workshop. He underlined
the success of “Blue of Samarkand”
International Symposium,
organized
by UNESCO, which was also held in
Samarkand 4-6 June 2000. Mr. Usmanov noted that Central Asian states
could reach any results only through cooperation and ensured everybody
that Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Uzbekistan will do all the best in order
to develop collaboration
and interaction in this field. He expressed a hope
for fruitful outcomes of the Workshop that will help to solve numerous
problems concerned the protection of historical architectural
monuments
from soil salinity and underground
water related damage.
4. The greetings were made by Mr. Shavkat Ochilov, representative
of
UNESCO Chair on Preservation and Management of Historical Centers at
the SAMGASI. Mr. Ochilov underlined that Central Asian region is very
rich with historical and cultural monuments
an the problems of underground water and soil salinity related damage are exist not only in
6
Uzbekistan, but also in other Central Asian countries. This theme is one
of the priority directions of UNESCO Chair in SAMGASI. He expressed
sincere hope that conclusions of Workshop would assist to find solutions
of decreasing the negative influence of the above mentioned factors and
wished every success for the Symposium.
5. Election of Chairperson, Vice-Chairpersons
and Rapporteurs.
Following
participants
were elected as Chairperson,
Vice-Chairperson
and Rapporteurs of the Workshop:
Mr. Botir Usmanov (Uzbekistan)
Mrs.LudmilaDubrovskaya
(Kazakhstan)
Mr. Robert Myers (United Kingdom)
Mr. Mario Biritognolo (Italy)
Chairperson:
Vice-Chairperson:
Rapporteurs:
Following
this election
Mr. Botir Usmanov officially
ORGANIZATION
V.
took the Chair.
OF THE WORKSHOP
During the workshop were made presentations of local and international
experts based on the approved Agenda as well as organized one day field trip
to Bukhara. The schedule of activities are presented in Annex II.
AGENDA
VI.
first
Day
Morning
session
Presentations of international
experts.
During the session the following presentations were made:
(Sweden)
-Mr. Janusz Niemczynowicz
(World Bank)
-Mr. Rinat lskhakov
(United Kingdom)
-Mr. Robert Myers
Mr. Janusz Niemszynowicz
made a presentation
on two main kind of prob-
lems:
1) High ground water level - can influence buildings only when capillary rise
of water can reach the foundations of monuments;
2) Bad management
of water in the vicinity of monuments
means rising
moisture level due to:
-inadequate roof drainage
-inadequate drainage of foundations of monuments
-inadequate storm water drainage from the vicinity of foundations
-watering of streets, gardens and loans
-inadequate sanitation
Solutions:
In situation of high ground water level - good drainage of fundaments
must
be arranged. It must be improved the situation in whole in the case of bad
water management
in a city. He proposed to move all water and sanitation
pipes to the distance of a 100 meters from the monuments;
improve drain-
age of roof and areas in the vicinity of monuments;
arrange tight connections in all water storm water pipes and all pipes in the buildings; to enforce
strict restrictions for irrigation of gardens and loans within a distance of 100
meters from the monuments;
so called “dry sanitation”
alternatives
should
be applied in all new buildings and, in a longer term, in all cities.
In discussion with regard to the above presentation
participated
the representatives of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Germany.
Mr. Rinat Iskhakov
made a presentation on the projects of World Bank in
Uzbekistan (Samarkand
and Bukhara). He noted that UNESCO and many
other international
organizations
had had various initiatives
to assist the
Government
of Uzbekistan
in identifying
needed investments
in cultural
heritage. One of the priority areas, which are in needs of urgent intervention,
is soil and ground water salinity. The saline ground water problems in both
cities pose a threat to the foundations
of old structures.
These problems
need to be addressed to avoid further damage to the sites with consequent
social, economic and financial damage to the local and cultural tourism.
During the last few years since getting independence
in 1991, Uzbekistan
has been facing substantial difficulties resulting from deterioration
of infrastructure, preliminary
in water supply and sewerage sector. The government
of Uzbekistan requested the World Bank for assistance in financing of water
supply and sanitation project in Samarkand and Bukhara. The main objectives of project are:
-assistance to the water and waste water enterprises in Bukhara and Samarkand to become more efficiently managed and operated, financially self sufficient and commercially
operated municipal water supply and waste water
utilities;
-improvement
of the safety, reliability and efficiency of water supply and
waste water services through the rehabilitation
and efficiency improvements
of existing facilities and limited expansion of services.
It is foreseen that the project will include the urgent priority and least cost
investments
to improve service quality and operational
efficiency of water
supply and waste water systems; strengthening
the institutional
capacity and
financial viability of Samarkand
and Bukhara water channels; engineering
services for technical studies/analyses
and preparation
of designs and bidding documents and supervision of construction.
The next speaker Mr. Robert Myers presented a report on studies in Bukhara
and Khiva conducted
in 1991. He gave a historical and geographical
appraisal of the most important monuments of Islamic culture in Bukhara and
Khiva, reviewed the irrigated lands in Uzbekistan. Mr. Myers also gave a
breakdown of salt damage of the monuments and explained the nature of
capillary action. He made a presentation of alternative historical and present
day methods of preventing
rising damp. In conclusion
gave proposals for
future trials of damp courses systems to deal with the problems in Central
Asia.
Following
the presentation
the representatives
of Germany,
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and United Kingdom took the floor
in the discussion on how their countries were attempting to deal with the salt
attack problem.
8
Afternoon
.
session
Presentations of regional experts.
ing presentations:
-Mr. Bolat Aubekerov
-Mrs. Ludmiia Dubrovskaya
-Mr. Vladimir Matichenkov
-Mr. Vladimir Kalinin
-Mr. Akmal Akhmedov
-Mr. Alijon Abdullayev
-Mr. Abduvali Khudabergenov
-Mrs. Larisa Kourduk
During
the session were made the follow(Kazakhstan)
(Kazakhstan)
(Kyrgyz Republic)
(Kyrgyz Republic)
(Tajikistan)
(Tajikistan)
(Uzbekistan)
(Uzbekistan)
Mr. Bolat Aubekerov
made a presentation
on hydro-geological
conditions
and historical
and archaeological
monuments
of the arid zone of
Kazakhstan. In this report he gave a description
of the various areas of
Kazakhstan describing
the hydro-geological
conditions,
He described the
monuments by epoch and by regions. In conclusion Mr. Aubekerov underlined that all problems were complex, and the solving of them was correspondingly difficult. The opinions of experts must be taken into consideration. For the continuing existence of our monuments it is necessary:
-to know in what conditions the monument was constructed;
-to consider the original landscape
and hydro-geological
conditions
and
mode of a superficial drain;
-to determine what conditions
exist now and what are the perspectives
of
changes;
-to realize what consequences
had the previous interventions
on a monument.
Mrs. Ludmila
Dubrovskaya
focused her presentation
on the problems of
protection from ground waters of Khodja Akhmed Yasavi Khonaka of XIV
century. She gave a detailed description of the above mentioned monument
as well as the main recent data of its deformations.
Mrs. Dubrovskaya
reflected all the existing problems referring to the ground water related damage, described all the works on prevention of negative affects of ground waters to the monuments that were carrying out at present days and proposed:
-to improve the existing drainage system;
-to use a vertical drainage for decreasing the level of ground waters within
the zones of the monument.
Mr. Vladimir Matichenkov
presented a report on hydro-geological
within the zones of historical monuments of Kyrgyz Republic. He
of the most significant
of them as well as brief description
geological situation of each zone stressing that due to the number
hydro-geological
conditions are not completely and deeply studied
Mr. Vladimir Kalinin made a presentation
situation
gave a list
of hydroof reasons
yet.
on ground water and soil salinity
related damage to the historical monuments
of Kyrgyz Republic. There is
rather low level of soil salinity in Kyrgyz Republic and the main reason of
monument’s damage is capillary rising of water, which is very intensive due
9
to the hot, dry and windy climate. He stressed the importance
of careful
choice of restoration materials, cause the modern ones could led to more
large scaled damages of existing constructions
and interior decorations as
well. It means that it is better to use materials, which structure is very similar
to the ancient ones. This also concerned the methods of protection from
ground water related damage. In conclusion,
Mr. Kalinin underlined unsustainable state of reconstruction
and conservation
works on historical monuments in Kyrgyz Republic.
The next speaker Mr. Akmal Akhmedov presented a paper concerning the
aspects of anthropogenic
influence to the state of ground waters in TajikiStan. He highlighted
the fact that the most of historical monuments are located within the irrigation zones. The main factor of anthropogenic
influence
to the monuments is the increase of irrigation square in Central Asian region.
The problems of safeguarding and protection of archaeological,
architectural
historical monuments are depending on solution of ecological issues of the
Aral Sea basin. In order to decrease the negative affects of anthropogenic
factors on the state of ground waters it is necessary:
-to establish a complex monitoring of environment;
-to develop gardening in mountainous
areas;
-to implement biological drainage technologies;
-to held a reconstruction
of irrigation systems.
Mr. Alijon Abdullayev
in presentation
reflected the issues of ground water
and soil salinity related damage to the historical and cultural monuments of
Firstly he gave a detailed historical,
geoKabadian Valley in Tajikistan.
graphical and geological content of Kabadian Valley and explained that the
major reasons of soil salinity in this area are the high level of ground waters
and dry climate. There are a lot of monuments in Tajikistan now that are still
destroying due to these factors and it is necessary to start again and continue the experiments
and works on prevention
of negative affects of the
above factors.
Mr. Abduvali Khudoberganov
has provided information
on researches of engineering-geological
state of foundations
of historical
and architectural
monuments. The major goals of researches are:
-studying of geological structure of ground waters within the zone of monument’s location;
-data base on structure, state and physical-mechanical
properties of foundations;
-evaluation of ground water damage to the foundations and constructions;
-identification
of engineering and geological and hydro-geological
reasons of
architectural
monument’s deformations;
-elaboration
of recommendations
on protection from ground water damage
to foundations
and other measures on strengthening
and improvement
of
foundations.
The main topic of Mrs. Larisa Kourduk’s presentation
was on prevention
and liquidation
of ground water and soil salinity related damage to the
monuments, which was carrying out for a long time by “Tamirshunoslik”
In10
stitute in
fluenced
duk also
methods
Tashkent. She noted that the ground water damage especially into the monuments located not far from the rivers, lakes. Mrs. Kourgave an example of horizontal hydro-isolation
and other protective
of walls and foundations.
Second Day
Morning session
.
.
.
Presentations of international
experts
following presentations’ were made:
-Mr. Mario Biritognolo
-Mr. Roger Capps
-Mr. Pave1 Blaha
-Mr. Gert Karwath
(continuation).
During
the session the
(Italy)
(United Kingdom)
(Czech Republic)
(Germany)
Mr. Mario Biritognolo underlined the effects of the lowering of the ground
water table on the settlement of the foundation;
presented the case studies
concerning the monuments affected by settlement of their foundations,
also
related to ground water level: Tilla Kari Madrasah, and the Tower of Pisa. Finally, Mr. Biritognolo discussed the criteria for protection of monuments
by
the earthquake, particularly
referring to appropriate interventions
on the masonry structures.
Mr. Roger Capps He shared with participants a philosophy of conservation,
outlining the need to use local skills and materials. Mr. Capps also discussed
three buildings in Bukhara in relation to rising damp and salt. He especially
wished to describe why a decision was made not to redecorate with new tiles
the exterior. They were that there were no longer sufficient evidence for the
originalscheme
and it was not acceptable to invent with a building of such a
quality. No longer the skills to execute the same quality of work, and the
problem of the rising salts must be given time to be resolved.
Mr. Pave1 Blaha presented the results of a systematic
cooperation
with
Uzbekistan hydro-geological
authority concerning the following:
-The establishment of a digital data base of the present condition ,of historical buildings and a data base of building failure
the automatic measurements
of chosen parameters influencing
the building
settlement;
-the slope deformations using geophysical methods for their prospecting and
creating of maps in GIS system;
-results of geophysical measurements
around monuments;
He also discussed the drinking water resources in fluvial valleys. in Uzbekistan;
Mr. Gert Karwath made a presentation
of a method to measure the percentages of damp within walls. He presented a device which he said would be
able to dry the walls, which later was installed in the Tilla Kari
Afternoon
session
There was organized on-site discussion in Tilla Kari madrasah with installation of Mr. Karwath’s device and further sightseeing of historical monuments
ensemble, Gur-Emir mausoof Samarkand (Registan square, Shakhi-Zinda
leum).
73ird Day
One day field trip to Bukhara with visiting of Historical
lsmail Samani Mausoleum, Bayan Kuli Khan Madrasah,
ble.
Center of Bukhara,
Chor Bakr Ensem-
The groups first visit was to Chor Bakr. Where the complex was in the middle of a major restoration. This was a problem of high ground water As a
part of this work the ground waters had been reduced from 1.7mbelow
ground to 4m A 2000m horizontal collector and two vertical wells had been
dug It is hoped to reduce this level lm more in order to work on the
strengthening
of the foundations.
The next building that was visited, after some time wandering through the
historical center of Bukhara, was the mausoleum of lsmail Samani, which at
present sits in a low archaeological
pit that is completely tiled. Mr Babaev
explained that this mainly represented a problem of local drainage.. At this
site the water is rising. It was 2.4m now it is 1.7 This may be a problem of
the near-by channel. At the other side of the monument is a lake. Two years
ago, the Haouze was excavated. It is proposed to alter the drainage channel
by waterproofing
it, and to reduce the level of the lake, or remove it. This
should make the existing drains work.
The final building was Bayan Kuli Khan. Mr Babaev outlined two problems.
The first was ground waters and the second being the salt saturation of the
walls. Concerning the ground waters. At present two vertical wells have been
dug but are in operation .and two more are proposed. The level at present is
approximately
lm.The new repairs executed with the aid of UNESCO are
now much damaged by continuing salt damage A long discussion between
the participants
ensued The sacrificial lime plaster should be replaced as
was originally intended. It was felt that no further work should be attempted
until the salt problem was solved which may involve the installation
of a
damp proof course Discussions centered around a physical cut lead or bitumen course (there was concern about cutting the wall because of earth
quake). Resin impregnation,
or Silicone which may have the disadvantage of
being irreversible and difficult to install. Methods of cutting ceramic tubes
into the base of the wall are being considered.
Fourth Day
Morning session: Discussions
Mrs. Ludmila Dubrovskaya,
Vice-chairman,
officially took the Chair.
Firstly Mr. Tuigun Babayev, Head of Bukhara Department on Preservation
Monuments,
reported on field trip to Bukhara and gave brief description
12
of
of
state of following monuments: Chor Bakr, Chor Minor, Bayan Kuli Khan, Ismail Samani.
The Session was devoted to the discussion of following themes:
-exchange of experience and knowledge
-scientific researches
-regional and international
cooperation
-water management
During the conversation were highlighted a number of measures to deal with
damp rising, including injection of resin or silicone. Mr. Matichenkov
proposed a method of mixing natural water with artificial solutions. In conclusion participants
expressed to get all detailed information
on the above
mentioned methods and views of scientists.
VII.
ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDATIONS
AND CLOSING SESSION
During the Closing session the Recommendations
were adopted with some
amendments
(Annex I). This final document
incorporates
the suggested
amendments.
The Workshop
was closed by Mr. Barry Lane, Head of
UNESCO Office in Tashkent, UNESCO Regional Advisor for Culture.
.
13
s
-“.._l.---
I
ANNEX
/
REGIONAL WORKSHOP
((GROUND WATER AND SOIL SALINITY RELATED DAMAGE TO
THE MONUMENTS AND SITES IN CENTRAL ASIA),
Samarkand
/ Bukhara
14-18 June, 2000
RECOMMENDATIONS
On the occasion of the Regional Workshop on ground Water and Soil Salinity
related Damage to the Monuments and Sites in central Asia held in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, from 14- 18 June 2000, the participants:
1. Thanking United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for great efforts undertaken to find solutions to the problem of ground Water and Soil Salinity related Damage to the Monuments
and Sites in central Asia.
2. Appreciating
the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan for support
given to the Workshop project and great interest demonstrated
in the development
of technique
against the Ground Water and Soil Salinity
problem with a view to protecting architectural monuments.
3. Stressing the need in all countries of Central Asia for recognition
of the
stake to develop technique against the ground Water and Soil Salinity
problem with a view to protect architectural monuments.
4. Recognizing of the impossibility
of conserving the architectural
heritage
without taking into account the use of techniques for dealing with Ground
Water and Soil Salinity problems.
5.
Considering
served.
that
traditional
6. Stressing the fact that modern
ments with precaution
techniques
techniques
and knowledge
must
must be applied
7. Underlining the fact that use should be made of appropriate
to safeguard the monuments.
be pre-
to the monu-
techniques
8. /Yoting the historic, artistic, economic and ecological importance
of the
development
of techniques against Ground Water and Soil Salinity problems.
9.
Concernedwith
the fact that the Architectural
Heritage is threatened by
ground water and increasing soil salinity due to natural and man made
changes and therefore must be at the center of national and international
cultural policy.
Recommend to the Governments of Member States that they should:
approach which will take into account
1. Adopt an interdisciplinary
engiresearches and
neering, geological,
hydro-geological
and geo-physical
studies of historical and architectural
monuments.
2. Any restoration of a monument should not destroy or falsify the historical
evidence. This evidence is contained not only in the architectural
form
but also in the original materials of the surfaces. No attempt should be
made at reconstructing
lost structure or decoration unless its past form is
clearly known or if it is precious fabric needs to be protected.
3. Undertake
4.
regular monitoring
Create zones around
related damage.
of monuments
the monuments
5. improve the water management
stitutions and installing adequate
and their environment.
in order to protect them from water
in historical areas by strengthening
inwater, drainage and sewage systems.
Recommend that UNESCO should:
1. Promote this recommendations
among central Asian countries and other
countries concerned by bringing this meeting to the attention of Ciovernments of these countries.
of Central Asian
2. Estab/ish a working group consisting of representatives
countries and other states with a view of providing a forum for consultation on issues of restoration and conservation
of monuments,
which will
provide practical solutions for specific problems.
of existing programmes of research and the
3. Facilitate the strengthening
establishment
of a special programme
into the testing of traditional
building materials and methods.
4.
Ofganize an international
symposium
on the improvement
performance in historic buildings and monuments.
of seismic
Collect and review data on past and present methods dealing in water
and salt related damage to buildings in central Asia and in other parts of
the world.
6. Establish a programme of field trials to evaluate these methods.
5.
7. Compile a manual of best practice in practical methods
of water related damage to buildings and monuments.
15
__.
---
_~-.___-- ._._
for the repairing
REGIONAL WORKSHOP
((GROUND WATER AND SOIL SALINITY RELATED DAMAGE
TO THE MONUMENTS AND SITES IN CENTRAL ASIA,)
Samarkand
/ Bukhara
14-18 June, 2000
PROGRAMME
June 14, 2000-Wednesday
13.30
19.30
Arrival of participants to Tashkent
Departure to Samarkand by bus from HHotel Tashkent))
to Hotel ((Afrosiabs.
Dinner
June 15, 2000 -Thursday
8.30-9.30
Opening ceremony
9.30- 10.00
1o.oo- 10.30
10.30- 13.00
13.00- 14.30
14.30-16.00
Welcome speech by Mr. Pulat Abdurakhmanov,
Mayor
of Samarkand
Greetings by Mr. Barry Lane, Head of UNESCO Office in
Tashkent, Regional Adviser on Culture in Central Asia
Opening speech by Mr. Botir Usmanov, Director of the
Board for Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Remarks by Mr. Shavkat Ochilov, Representative of
UNESCO Chair at the SAMGASI
Election of Chairperson and rapporteurs
Coffee break
Presentations by international
experts
- Robert Myers-Report
on Salt Damage to Important
Islamic Monuments at Bukhara and Khiva
- Prof. J. Niemcynowycz -Water, Sanitation and
Drainage Related Damage: Case Studies in Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva
- Rinat Iskhakov-World Bank Projects in Samarkand
and Bukhara
Lunch
Presentations by regional experts
- Prof. Bolat Aubekerov-Hydro-Geological
Conditions
and Historical and Archaeological
Monuments of the
Arid Zone of Kazakhstan
- Ludmila Dubrovskaya-The Problems of Protection of
Khodja Akhmad Yassavi Khanaka of XIV from
Ground Water Related Damage
- Vladimir Malichenkov-Hydro-Geological
Situation
within the Zones of Historical Monuments of Kyrgyz
Republic
16
-
16.00-16.30
16.30-17.30
17.30- 18.00
19.00
Vladimir Kalinin-Ground
Water and Soil Salinity Related Damage to the Monuments and Sites in Kyrgyz
Republic
- Akmal Akhmedov-Aspects
of Anthropogenic
Affect
to the Ground Waters in Tajikistan
Water and Soil Salinity
- Alijon Abdullayev-Ground
Related Damage to the Monuments and Sites in Tajikistan
Coffee break
Presentations by regional experts (continuation)
- Larisa Korduk- Ground Water and Soil Salinity Related Damage to the Monuments and Sites in Uzbekistan
- Abduvali Khudaybergenov-Ground
Water Affect to
the State of Historical and Architectural
Monuments
and Problems of their Protection in Uzbekistan
- Rustam Niyazov-Changing
of Ground Water Level
and Contemporary
Deformations
of Ancient Architectural Monuments of Samarkand, Bukhara and
Khiva
- Shavkat Abdullayev-Possibilities
of geophysical
Measurements in Studying of Historical Monuments
Discussion
Reception
June 16, 2000- Friday
9.00- 10.30
10.30- 11 .oo
11 .OO-12.30
12.30-13.00
13.00-14.30
14.30-18.00
19.00
experts
- Mario Biritognolo-Experiences
in Ground Water Related Problems Affecting the Monuments: the Cases
of Tilla Kari Mosque and Tower of Pisa
- Roger Capps-Ground
Water and Soil Salinity Related
Damage to the Monuments and Sites in Central Asia
Coffee break
experts (continuation):
- Prof. Pave1 Blaha-Joint Czech-Uzbek Projects
- Gert Karwath-The Electra-Physical
Method for the
Dehydration of Threatened Stone Structures
Discussion
Lunch
Visit to historical sites of Samarkand
- On-site discussion in Tilla Kari madrassa with installation of Mr. Karwath’s device
Dinner
June 17, 2000- Saturday
Departure for Bukhara by bus
7.00
Lunch in Bukhara
12.00-13.30
Visit to historical sites of Bukhara
13.30-18.00
- Historical Center
17
-
18.00- 19.00
20.00
June 18,20009.30-l 1.00
11.00-l 1.30
11.30- 13.00
13.00-14.30
14.30-16.00
16.00
lsmael Samani Mausoleum
Buyan Kulikhan Madrassa
Chor Bakr Ensemble
Dinner
Departure for Samarkand by bus
Sunday
Round table discussion
Coffee break
Round table discussion (continuation)
Lunch
Adoption of Final Recommendations
Return to Tashkent by bus
18
of the Symposium
ANNEX/II
REGIONAL WORKSHOP
(<GROUND WATER AND SOIL SALINITY RELATED DAMAGE TO
THE MONUMENTS AND SITES IN CENTRAL ASIA,)
Samarkand
/ Bukhara
I4- 18 June, 2000
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
KAZAKHSTAN
Mr. Bolat AUBEKEROV,
Institute of Geological Sciences, Ministry of Science
69A Kabanbai Batir str. 4801000, Almaty, Kazakhstan, tel:
fax: (3272 915314
Mrs. Ludmlla DUBROVSKAYA,
State Institute for Scientific Research and
Planning on Monuments of Materia Culture, 21 Toloibi str., 4801000, Almaty, Kazakhstan, tel: (3272) 9 14380, fax: (3272) 9 16111
and Education.
(3272) 918140,
KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
Mr. Vladimir KALININ,
“Bishkekproekt”
Institute,
164A, Chui prospect,
tel: (996-312) 224355
Mr. Vladimir MATICHENKOV, Bishkek Mining Institute, Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic, 533 Frunze str. Bishkek,
tel/fax:
(996-312)
210674
Bishkek,
Kyrgyz Republic,
TAJIKISTAN
Mr. Akmal AKHMEDOV,
Tajikglavgeologia,
tel: 27-27- 19, 21-43- 10
Mr. Alijon ABDULLAYEV, Ministry of Culture
Dushanbe, tel: 2 l-64-66
27,
Mirzo
Tursunzode
str.
Dushanbe,
of Tajikistan,
34, Rudaki
str.
UZBEKISTAN
Mr. Botir USMANOV,
General
Monuments, Ministry of Cultural
kent, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-712)
Office for Scientific
Production
of Cultural
Affaires of Uzbekistan, 30, Navoi str. Tash1443894, fax: (998-712)
1442214
Mr. Abdusafi RAKHMONOV,
General Office for Scientific
Production
of
Cultural Monuments, Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Uzbekistan, 30, Navoi str.
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel: (998-712)
1443894, fax: (998-712)
144221.4
Mr. Tuigun BABAYEV, Head of State inspection,
Bukhara, tel.: (36522)
24 1462
Mr. Ikrom RAKHIMOV, Head of State inspection, Khorezm, tel:
Mrs. Larlsa KOURDUK, “Tamirshunoslik”
Institute, tel: (998-712)
538142/
53873 1
UNITED KINGDOM
Mr. Robert MYERS, Price and Myers, 30 Newman
str. LondonWlP 3PE, tel.:
(44) 2076315128,
fax: (44) 2074621393,
e-mail: [email protected]
Mr. Roger CAPPS, Capps and Capps Limited, the Saw Mill, Sarnesfield,
Herefordshire HR4 8RH, tel: (44) 1544318877,
Fax: (44) 1544318399,
email: cappsQcapps.40.freeserve.co.uk
19
SWEDEN
Mr. Janusz NIEMCZYNOWICZ,
Sweden, tel: (4646) 2228981,
University of Lund, Box 118, S-22100
fax(4646) 2224435,
Lund
ITALY
Mr. Mario BIRITOGNOLO,
5746335,
St.Via Fonte di fauno, 2a Roma, Italy, tel: ( 3906)
fax: 3906 5781268, e-mail: [email protected]
GERMANY
Mr. Gert KARWATH,
SKM Electronics,
9 Globinger str. D-06 888 dabrun,
(4934)
91455120,
fax:
(4934)
91455121,
e-mail:
Germany,
tel:
q.karwath@skm-electronic-de
Mr. Bemd URBAN, SKM Electronics,
9 Globinger str. D-06 888 Dabrun,
Germany, tel: (4934) 91455120,
fax: (4934) 91455121,
e-mail: skm.qk@lonline-de
CZECH REPUBLIC
Mr. Pave1 BLAHA,
70900, Ostrava,
6620617, e-mail:
Regional Manager, GeoTest Brno, a.s., 28, rijna 287,
Czech Republic,
tel: (420-69)6622772,
fax: (420-69)
qeotest.ova@tel’ecom.cz
WORLD BANK
Mr. Rinat ISKHAKOV,
tel: (998-71)
The World Bank Resident Mission in Uzbekistan;
120 62 14, fax: 120 62 15, e-mail: [email protected]
UNESCO
Mr. Frits VERHOOG-
Consultant,
Water Sciences Division, UNESCO, 8 rue
Clement Ader, 78960 Voisines-le-Bretonneux,
France, tel: (33- 1) 30434768,
Fax:(33-1) 30644244,
Mr. Michael BARY LANE, Head of UNESCO Office in Tashkent, 95, Amir
tel/fax:
(998-71)
1207116,
(998Temur
str. Tashkent,
Uzbekistan,
7 1) 132 1382, e-mail: [email protected]
Mr. Philippe CANIVET- UNV-Architect,
95, Amir Temur str. Tashkent,
Uzbekistan, tel/fax: (998-7 1) 1207116, (998-7 12)358253, e-mail:
[email protected]
Mr. Aybek ERKABAYEV-UNV-Architect,
95, Amir Temur str. Tashkent,
Uzbekistan, tel/fax: (998-71) 1207116, (998-712)358253
NATIONAL COMMISSION OF UZBEKISTAN
Mr. Alisher IKRAMOV, Secretary-General,
Uzbekistan
for UNESCO,
Uzbekistan, tel.: (998-712)
[email protected]
Ms. Elena CHEMULOVA,
Uzbekistan
for UNESCO,
Uzbekistan, tel.: (998-7 12)
[email protected]
FOR UNESCO
the National Commission
of
54, Buyuk lpak Yuli str. 700137,
Tashkent,
670561, Fax: (998-712)670538,
e-mail:
Senior Expert, the National
Commission
of
54, Buyuk lpak Yuli str. 700137,
Tashkent,
67056 1, Fax: (998-712)670538,
e-mail:
20
Mr. Alisher
AKHMEDOV,
Senior Expert, the National Commission
of
Uzbekistan
for UNESCO, 54, Buyuk lpak Yuli str. 700137,
Tashkent,
Uzbekistan, tel.: (998-7 12) 67056 1, Fax: (998-7 12)670538, e-mail:
unesco@~~tcom,_qrg.uz
of
Mr. Doniyol BOLTABOYEV,
Senior Expert, the National Commission
Uzbekistan
for UNESCO, 54, Buyuk lpak Yuli str. 700137,
Tashkent,
Uzbekistan, tel.: (998-712) 670561, Fax: (998-712)670538,
e-mail:
[email protected]
.
OBSERVERS
Mrs. Maysara NABERAYEVA,
Head of Samarkand branch of governmental
inspection on the protection of historical and cultural monuments, Ministry of
Culture of Uzbekistan,
Registan sq., medrese Tilla-Kari,
Samarkand,
tel.:
(998-3662)-3572-44,
fax: 353826
Mr. Mavlon KHUDAYBERGANOV,
Head of department,
Institute of Tamirshunoslik, Seismology,
6, Karakumskiy
proyezd Tashkent, Uzbekistan, tel.:
(998-7 12)-538762
Mr. Abduvali KHUDAYBERGANOV,
Head of Laboratory,
Institute of Seismology, Academic of Sciences of Uzbekistan, 3, Zulfiyakhonim
str., 700128,
Tashkent, tel.:( 998-712) 415692, fax: (998-712) 415314
Mr. Ravshan QODIROV, Inspector, Inspection of Cultural Heritages in Shakhrisabz, 89, lpak Yuli str. Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan, Tel: 2 16 32
Mr. Jovli KHAYDAROV, Chairman of “Meres” (Heritage) Company, 32, Taragay Bahodir str. Uzbekistan, Tel: 2-83-25
Mr. KomIl OTAKHONOV, Chairman of “Memor” Company on Renovation of
Historical Heritages, 39, Karmana district, Toshkent str, Navoi, Uzbekistan
Mr. Ikromboy RAKHIMOV,
Head of Governmental
Inspection on the protection of heritage, 41, Khiva, Uzbekistan, tel.: 5-31-69
Mr. Rustam NIYAZOV, Hydrological Enterprise, “Uzbekgidrogeologiya”,
Institute of “Geodrology”,
64, Khodjibayeva
str. Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Mr. Shavkat ABDCILLAYEV, Hydrological
Enterprise,
“Uzbekgidrogeologiya”, Institute of “Geodrology”,
64, Khodjibayeva
str. Tashkent, Uzbekistan
.
21
--
-
-._-..
-
_.
ANNEX
PRESENTATIONS
/I/
OF REGIONAL EXPERTS
Bolat Aubekerov Institute of Geologica/ Sciences
Ministry of Science and Education
Republic of Kazakhstan
Hydra-
GeoIogica/
Conditions
and Historical
and Archaeo/ogical
Monuments
of the Arid Zone of Kazakhstan
The construction
of monuments
was made according to the request of the
customers, thus the existing climatic conditions and features of a relief and
landscape were usually taken into account by traditions.
After the end of
construction
further there were changes, which could essentially affect hydro-geological
conditions,
soil salinization,
that frequently
resulted in destruction of monuments
and complicated
their preservation
and restoration.
Therefore for development
of the general approaches to understanding
of
the problems of hydro-geology
and soil salinization it is necessary to know
about hydro-geological
partition and other features of hydro-geological
conditions. It allows to choose the strategy and to forecast the changes of hydro-geological
conditions of the certain areas.
The most part of Kazakhstan settles down in the arid zone. Within the limits
of this zone, the ground waters of the first from a ground surface horizon settle down on different depth and consequently
their influence on archaeological and historical monuments
is not equal. What is about the influence of
hydro-geological
conditions
on preservation of monuments
of different epochs in the past, it was significant in connection with the large fluctuations
of
a climate, which rendered direct influence on ground waters.
The arid zone of Kazakhstan
is divided into Western, Central, East and
Southern Kazakhstan. fn Western Kazakhstan are allocated
1 .Mugodjary low-hilly upland.
2.Ural-Emba
plateau.
3.North Aral tabular-outlier
hilly plain.
4.Mangyshlak
low- mountainous
upland.
5.Usturt Plateau.
6. South Mangyshlak
Plateau.
Cen
traf
Kazakhs
tan
are a//o ca ted
In
7. Low-mountainous
and raised low-hilly areas of Balkhash-lrtysh
watershed.
8. Ulytau low-mountainous
and raised low-hilly area.
9. Low-hilly plain.
10. Teniz-Kurgaljy
weak-hilly closed-type plain.
11. Low flat plains of the lshim and lrtysh interfluvial area.
12.Turgai tabular-outlier
plain.
22
In Eastern Kazakhstan are allocated
13. Middle- and low-mountainous
areas.
14. Raised low hills with a low-mountainous
site.
15. Low hilly plains.
16. Zaisan hollow.
17. Alakol depression.
ln Southern Kazakhstan are a/located:
18. High-mountainous
areas.
lS.Middle- and low-mountainous
areas with sites of low hills.
20. Betpak-Dala plateau.
21. Kopa-lli intermountain
plain.
22. South-Balkhash
hillocky-ridged
plain.
23. Chu-Talas sloping foothill and hillocky-ridged
plain.
24. Circum-Syrdarya
river flat and hillocky-ridged
plain.
In Western Kazakhstan in the area of the Mugojary low-hill upland fresh underground waters, lying on depths from 5 up to 30 meters with average flow
from 0,l up to 1 I/set. prevail. At the Ural-Emba plateau lo-30 meters fresh
and weakly saline waters with flow of 5-l Ol/sec., with depth of occurrence
5- 10, occasionally
prevail. North Aral tabular-outlier
hilly plain prevails
motley on structure (fresh, weakly saline and salty waters), with flow from
0,l up to 1 I/set., with depth of occurrence from 2-3 up to lo-30 meters. In
the Mangyshlak
low- mountainous
upland and in a mountain part weakly
saline waters prevail, with depth of occurrence from lo-30 m. and with average flow of 0,1-l I/set. At the Usturt plateau weakly saline or slightly saline waters prevail, with the average flow of O,l- 1 I/set., and with depth of
plateau
occurrence
up to 30-50 meters. At the Southern Mangyshlak
weakly saline waters prevail, with the average flow of 0,l -ll/sec.
and with
depth of occurrence up to lo-50 meters.
In Central Kazakhstan are allocated: in low-mountainous
and raised low-hilly
area of the Balkhash Sea and the lrtysh river watershed fresh waters with an
average flow of O,l- 1 I/set. prevail, with depth of occurrence up to lo-50
meters. In the Ulytau low-mountainous
and raised low-hilly area the motley
structure of ground waters from fresh and slightly salty ones up to weakly
saline waters with flow from 0, l-l up to 1 O-30 I/set., with depth of occurrence from 10 to 30 m prevails. In low-hilly
plain fresh and weakly saline
waters prevail with flow from 5- 1 I/set. and depth of occurrence from 15 up
to 30, sometimes up to 30 m. In Teniz-Kurgaljy
weak-hilly closed-type plain
prevail and fresh waters with flow of 0, l-l I/set., with depth of occurrence
from 2 up to 5 meters and in the southern part up to 30 meters.
In East Kazakhstan are allocated: in the middle- and low-mountainous
areas
and also in raised low hills with a site of low-mountainous
areas of fresh waters with flow up to l-3 meters, sometimes raising till lo-30 I/set. prevail.
The depth of occurrence of ground waters changes in the very large limits,
especially in the strongly dismembered
area. In the low-hilly plain and in
Zaisan hollow fresh waters with depth of occurrence 5- 10 meters and flow of
5- 10 I/set. are distributed.
.
23
In Southern
Kazakhstan
are allocated:
in high-,
middleand lowmountainous
areas with sites of low hills fresh waters with depths of occurrence from 5 m and deeper and flow from O,l -0,5 up to 5 I/set. prevail. The
plateau of Betpak-Dala
is characterized
by diversity of compositions
of
ground waters, where weakly saline and slight salty waters prevail in
lithologically
various rocks, with depths of occurrence from 5 up to 30 M and
flow from O,Ol -0,5 up to 1 I/set. The Kopa-lli intermountain
plain is characterized by motley structure of waters from fresh ones up to slightly saline
ones with depths of occurrence from 2-5 up to 30 m. and flow from 0.5 up
to 5 I/set. The South-Circum-Balkhash
hillocky-ridged
plain is characterized
by a combination
of fresh, slightly saline and weakly saline waters with salty
waters along the southern coast of the Balkhash lake with depths of occurrence from 2,5 up to 15 M and flow from 0.1 up to 2 I/set. The Chu-Talas
sloping foothill and hillocky-ridged
plain is characterized
by a combination
of fresh and weakly saline waters with depth of occurrence 5- 10 M and flow
of 0.1 -1 I/set. The Circum-Syrdarya
river flat and hillocky-ridged
plain is
characterized
by very motley structure of ground waters from fresh and
slightly saline up to weakly saline ones with flow from 0.1-0.5 up to 1 l/set.
and depths of occurrence from l-5 up to 30 m.
These average parameters of occurrence of ground waters change depending on human activities’ impact. Intensive agricultural
activities, redistribution of ‘a superficial drain, construction
of irrigation systems during long time
have changed the natural environment,
that resulted in strong destruction of
monuments or their total destruction.
In Kazakhstan, despite of the large attention to monuments of the past, many aspects of revealing and protection
are not investigated well enough yet.
The examples of monuments
of different periods are given below and the
influence on their state of conservation
of both ground waters and processes
of soil salinization and salt corrosion are shown.
Stone Age monuments
The Stone Age habitation sites, i.e. those of paleolith, mesolith, neolith and
eneolith were found out in all over the territory of Kazakhstan. The most ancient sites are known in Karatau mountain range and at the Caspian Sea
coast (their age is about 1 million years). The sites of Middle and Late Paleolith, Mesolith and Neolith are the most widely represented ones and they are
distributed in all regions of Kazakhstan.
All the habitation
sites by their geomorphological
positions can be subdivided into terraced (sea, river, lake), spoon-like,
the sites on alluvial fans
and deluvial habitation
sites. In relation to the modern surface they are of
fossil or open ground types. The sites of an open type are the most numerous and are usually located on surfaces, which did not test essential changes
during long time, for example, during the Quaternary. The influence on them
of varied hydro-geological
conditions
is insignificant.
Terraced habitation
sites experience the strong enough influences connected with strengthening
the erosive activity drying up (seasonally functioning)
the rivers and different
kinds of sources (springs, griphons
and others) closely connected
with
24
changes of ground waters’ level. The multi-layer
Stone Age habitation
sites
in Pavlodar-Circum-lrtysh
river area, i.e. the cave ones in the Karatau
mountains etc. represent good examples in this respect. Many such cases
are well known by the literature, therefore we shall give an example only on
griphon habitation sites of Karatau mountains.
The Koshkurgan
habitation
site is situated on the southeast outskirts of the same name settlement,
18
km Northeast from the town of Turkestan (South Kazakhstan region). The
Koshkurgan
site was investigated
in 1962-1963,
when in griphon deposits
near the medieval tell the remains of mammals were collected. They, as defined by paleontologists
G.D.Hisarova and V.S. Bazhanov, contained the remains of Canis Lupus, Arcidiskodon
cf., Wusti, Eguus Caballus cf., Mosbachensis Reich., Eguus hydruntinus
Reg., Dicerorhinus
kircyenbergensis
Jag., Elasmotherium
sibiricum Fisch, Paracamelus
gigas Schloss., Cervus
sp., Bison Schoetensaski
Boj., Gasella sp., Ovis cf. Ammon, Struthio sp. In
geomorphological
relation the Koshkurgan
site is in the bottom of large
downturn opened to the south. Its step slopes have the enclosed complex of
terraces. The materials of research works on Koshkurgan griphon allowed to
speak about a new large mammal fauna site of Early Pleistocene and also
about a new type of archaeological
monument - the griphon habitation site
of the ancient man, which age ascends to the beginning of Pleistocene.The
researches of the griphons have given an unexpected result. Being a collector for water-bearing
horizon, the depositions contained numerous large and
fine mammals’ bones and the accompanying
artefacts of paleolith. The concentration of bones and artefacts was very large. In 1,5-2 ~3 from a ground
level some hundreds of bones and teeth of mammals and more than 2000
Paleolithic artefacts were found. The griphons of Koshkurgan
bear the large
and new information:
a) The main of them appeared in the scientific literature as a new type of
griphon sites in Kazakhstan with original griphon culture of ancient paleolith.
6) The Paleolithic artefacts and the bones of the Early Pleistocene animals
are found in a plenty basal water-bearing
layer and have age of about 500
thousand years. Later stage is characterized
by the vigorous activity of the
griphon, formation of a travertine ring around it more than 8 m in height and
accumulation
of a layer of sand. The active accumulation
of carbonates has
been completed at a level of 40-l 6 thousand years (EPR dates). The features of a hydro-geological
mode had an effect on the most ancient Paleolithic monuments of this area so that the repeated activation of ground waters’ pressure has resulted in destruction
of initial structure of the monuments.
As the reconnoitering
routes have shown, the griphons are characteristic
not
only for Koshkurgan
hollow, but also for other adjacent areas. All of them
are connected to zones of faults and form chains or settle down groups. In
relation to a modern relief they settle down in the bottoms of the negative
fonms, on slopes and tops of low hills.
It is possible to assume, that the Koshkurgan hollow in its main features and
dimensions could be formed already in the end of Eopleistocene
- LowerPleistocene, that proves to be true by the data on absolute age (500-420
thousand years) of samples from the lowermost parts of the travertine sec25
tion of the Koshkurgan-1
griphon. The actively functioning
griphons now
have ceased to work because of construction
of a large quarry and downturn of a level of ground waters. It has enabled to study the griphon habitation sites in Karatau mountains.
Bronze and Ear/y Iron epochs
The preservation
of monuments of Bronze and Early Iron Ages in a zone of
deserts also in many cases depend on hydro-geological
conditions,
which
are directly connected
to fluctuations
of climate. Usually deeply occurring
ground waters in a pluvial phase of climate experience
the significant
increase of a level and there is an increase of flow of springs and other
sources, and also appeared new frequent results in destruction
of monuments (settlements,
necropolis,
barrows), which in dry conditions
of arid
zone were settled down on the bottoms of valleys. Such a crisis circumstance was the change of a climate on a boundary between the Bronze and
Early Iron epochs. The traces of the Bronze Age settlements were destroyed
and abandoned in Early Iron Age because of the risen level of ground waters
and strengthening
of processes of slope moving of talus deposits investigated in many areas of Semirechie in 1998-2000.
Monuments of the Middle Ages
The preservation
of monuments of historic epoch (architectural
and historical monuments of Middle Ages and later periods) also in many respects was
determined by influence of a level of ground waters and its fluctuations..
In a
number of cases bad hydro-geological
conditions create the large difficulties
for conservation
and restoration of these monuments.
Here again the main
part is acted not by climate, but by the anthropogenous
factors.
For some regions (Central Kazakhstan, mountain
areas, Mugojary) where
the rocky material serves as the foundations
of monuments,
the hydrogeological conditions
do not render a large influence. Settled down on the
stone foundations
or without them on the rocky basis, the monuments
are
kept well enough. In these regions the changes of hydro-geological
conditions nevertheless can cause negative influence, which arises from strengthened watering of the fields, ploughed up around the monuments.
The increase of ground waters’ level causes salting ground and the destruction of
the lower parts of structures.
In the same regions, in cases when monuments are situated on the bottom of
broad gullies or valleys, there are absolutely other problems. Active salting
the soils, the destruction of foundations, the sagging phenomena are closely
connected to changes of the ground waters’ level.
The cases when the basis for monuments is formed by
represented by the majority of complex monuments
of
Southern regions of Kazakhstan,
such as Circum-Aral
Syrdaria river areas and the Balkhash and Alakol lake
monuments
experience the increasing negative influence
The construction
of irrigation structures since the Middle
nels, dams, etc.) renders the especially strong influence
26
friable ground are
different periods in
Sea and Circumregions, where the
of human activity.
Ages (pass chanon ground waters.
Here again the features of a geomorphological
structure can be determinative. On low plains and on plains located at a level of basis of erosion (the
delta plains), the dump of water also occurs the fast salting soil, sagging
results in destruction
of monuments.
In
phenomena
etc., that frequently
cases where the similar structures are located on plains with large slopes
and located far from basis of erosion, the situation is more favorable. Some
examples of variable states of monuments of different epochs in various areas of Kazakhstan will be given below.
Western Kazakhstan. Historic city ten tre of Uralsk
The general problem of Uralsk city is the absence of the storm water drain,
the earth waters’ level is high enough, but because of absence of a drain on
a flat place near the Ural and Chagan rivers’ confluence, where the historic
city centre is situated, there are large problems on preservation
of monuments.
The first horizon of earth waters settles down on depth of 5-6 meters. The
base of old buildings does not reach them, but, nevertheless, the damages to
foundations
and bottom parts of walls’ brickwork
can be observed everywhere. It grows out of salt corrosion. The traces of damp rising up to height
not less than 1.5 m, sometimes up to height of the first floor are observed.
The sulphate salts come upwards from strongly salted soil. All attempts to
solve this problem by a local way (local drainage etc.) were unsuccessful.
The oldest buildings of the city are of 18’h c. (e.g. Michael the Archangel
Cathedral built in 1751) and the latest building of the historical centre concerns to the beginning of century, and all of them are faced to the same
problem. All the buildings originally
were constructed
with basements, but
later the most of these basements was filled with ground and ashes. It has
not given any results and destructive activity of earth water and salt corrosion continues to destroy buildings.
Central Kazakhstan
In Central Kazakhstan, among the most significant properties are the cultural
landscape of Ulytau, the megalithic
structures of Begazy-Dandybai
culture
and the barrows of Tasmola culture. All of these properties are on the WH
Tentative list of Kazakhstan.
There are also many other monuments
and
sites of Bronze, Iron and Middle Ages. The Ulytau oasis is a combination
of
steppe and semidesert landscapes,
low granite mountains,
deep canyons,
lakes, rivers. Climate is dry. The cultural layer is almost absent. Earth waters
are deep. The most of monuments stands on raised parts of a relief, that rescues them from adverse conditions.
The main factor affecting the monuments is the wind erosion and weathering. The destruction of monuments
is
usual occurs by wind erosion on a direction of prevailing winds. The salt
corrosion presents rather at small amounts in the bottom parts of walls, that
is connected with strong sulphates’ salinization of soils. But it does not result
in destruction of building materials. In general, the state of conservation
of
monuments is rather good.
.
21
In some cases the agricultural
development
of territories
in proximity
of
monuments
and intensive watering cause the changes of environmental
conditions and those of the monuments’
state of conservation
connected to
salt corrosion can be observed.
KyzyI- Orda region
In the Kyzyl-Orda region the monuments are situated along the right and left
banks of the Syrdaria river. The right-bank
area is well developed, and all
the large cities and agricultural
lands are located here, as well as lots of
monuments
of different epochs. The left-bank area is deserted and poorly
inhabited. It represents a continuous zone of archaeological
and architectural
monuments.
Many monuments and sites here serve as the places of pilgrimage. Comparison of monuments
of the right and left banks shows, that the
right-bank
monuments
located in a zone of agricultural
development
are
subject to strong salt corrosion and destruction.
On the left bank, in conditions of absence of irrigation
systems the monuments
are very well preserved. At comparison, the negative influence of human activities on historical monuments is evident.
In the left-bank area of Syrdaria river, the unique archaeological
sites of
apasiaks towns of the 1” c. B.C. were discovered by Tolstov’s expedition in
1930’s. and even the remains of earth structures were kept in a very good
condition.
For example, on the Balandy-2
mausoleum
of the 2”d c. B.C.,
which is considered as the first dome structure in Central Asia, the influence
of earth waters is not observed.
In the right-bank area the earth structures almost disappeared. Same of architectural
structures made of brick. The bottom parts of brickwork of the
left-bank monuments are kept always better than of those situated along the
right bank. The restoration works on the right-bank area monuments, due to
their bad state of conservation,
were carried out in greater scale than on the
monuments situated at the left-bank area.
For instance, the Aktas Mosque at the right bank of the river was restored
twice. This structure is of 16 c. In the early 20 c. it was partly reconstructed,
and during the Soviet times it was restored twice (last time - 3 years ago),
but the bottom part of brickwork again needs to be replaced.
The left-bank monuments
are very well preserved.
For example the archaeological
remains of Chilik-Rabat,
Taghisken,
Balandy- 1 and Balandy-2
tells, after they were excavated and not conserved, are kept in good condition. At the same time the excavated structures of the right-bank
area, for
example
those of the Otrar archaeological
site in the adjacent South
Kazakhstan region, where the earth structures excavated have melted almost
completely.
The well-known
architectural
monuments of the left bank are two medieval
mausolea (both are named Syrlytam) located at Inkardaria and Zhanadaria
rivers. The destruction of the bottom parts of walls is almost not observed on
28
both of them, while the monuments
are destroyed
monuments are of the Golden Horde period (14 c.).
strongly
Southern Kazakhstan
Otrar district, South Kazakhstan region. The State Archaeological
Otrar is located not far from Shaulder village.
enough.
Both
Reserve of
The Otrar oasis is on the WH Tentative List of Kazakhstan as a complex. All
the towns, tells and other historical objects dated from an early Middle Ages
up to 16 - 17 centuries have been included here. In the territory of the Otrar
Reserve there is a well-known
architectural
monument
Archaeological
Arystanbab Mausoleum, which has a rich history.
The existing building is constructed in the beginning of 20 century (1903). It
has been built on a place of a ruined monument
of Timurid’s epoch, which
was the contemporary
one to Ahmed Yasawi Mausoleum.
The mausoleum
of an early Middle Ages, in which Arystanbab
(the first teacher of Ahmed
Yasavi) was buried, has been situated at the same place.
The problems of the preservation of the monuments
and sites of Otrar oasis
first of all are connected with irrigation. Water from the Arys river watered all
the territory of oasis up to the late Middle Ages.
Now this is a deserted area, where some settlements, with independent water
sources (wells) are existing. The cultural layer of the medieval tells was well
kept due to a dry climate of deserts. Only in 20 century in the territory of an
oasis the fields began to be cultivated again and the modern irrigation system was constructed. Due to efforts of archaeologists,
the decision on exclusion of this area from an agricultural
use was accepted. Due to this, now the
monuments
are out of danger. To date, only the Arysarchaeological
Turkestan channel is still working.
The Arystanbab Mausoleum is situated in 700 meters from this channel. In
1970’s the restoration works were carried out here along with the hydrogeological surveys. It was concluded that the earth waters’ level settles down
in 70 km from a ground surface. In general, the monument is in a good condition. But the close location of earth waters cause the humidifying
of walls.
At height of 2 meters from a ground surface the brickwork is damaged by
salt corrosion, which destroys a mortar (both original and that of restorations
of 1970’s and 1980’s). The surfaces of bricks are weakened, many bricks
are in decay and need to be replaced. The adverse hydro-geological
conditions have influenced the deformations of a monuments constructions.
The drainage system (drainage channels and chinks) was created in 1970’s.
But already soon all drainage system has left out of operation. The soil here
is loess and all filters have got littered quickly. The restorers have an opinion, that it is exactly the drainage system worsens now the conditions of existence of a monument.
In South Kazakhstan, halfway on a road between Shymkent and Tashkent,
there are two complexes of mausoleums
in Turbat village. One of them Isk29
hak-Ata, is situated on a top of hill, and another one, Ismail-Ata, is in a river
valley, in the centre of Turbat village. Both monuments are dated by 15 - 16
C.C. The Ismail- Ata Mausoleum itself is one of few preserved structures with
the octagonal coned brick dome. The monuments are located in a very picturesque place. The structures on a top of hill are kept well. In spite of the
fact that there is a fruit garden around, the damp and salt corrosion of the
bottom parts of structures is not observed.
The Ismail-Ata Mausoleum complex, which is located in a village, represents
a place of Muslim pilgrimage
and includes several mausoleums
a little and
some other structures. The Ismail-Ata Mausoleum has been restored twice.
The influence of earth waters is very strong, occurs constant humidifying
of
walls up to height of 2.5 m, and all efforts undertaken to reduce this influence were unsuccessful.
City of Taraz. Cuftura/ Reserve of Ancient Taraz
The unique architectural
monuments of the cultural reserve of ancient Taraz
are protected by the state. From all the complex the most appreciable ones
are the mausoleums
of Karakhan and Shamansur. They existed from the
early Middle Ages, but in the beginning of 20th century have been reconstructed with application
of old materials,
but thus the architecture
was
changed.
The level of ground waters is close to foundations and creates problems. The
mausoleums are located close to each other, but the Shamansur mausoleum
is more damaged, because of the worse conditions created by the water
channel, which is situated right near the mausoleum. This mausoleum is in
constant humidifying
up to the top, almost up to the dome. Accumulation
of
salts in the walls is very intensive. Besides this, a bad repair of the roof and
the atmospheric water worsens the situation. The mausoleum of Karakhan is
located farther from the channel, and such phenomena
are not observed
here. The influence of ground waters has an effect only up to height of 0,5
meters. In both mausoleums
salts cause intensive corrosion and the replacement of bricks in lower parts of walls is required. For past 10 years
from the moment of last restoration
the bricks are again completely
destroyed and require replacement.
A/ma ty area
Problems of monuments
connected with ground waters and salting here is
less than in other regions. The Cathedral in Almaty in this respect is a unique
structure, as the builders have provided both waterproofing
and ventilation
of walls and the state of conservation of this building is quite excellent.
Conclusions
Among the large number of problems on study, restoration, preservation and
conservation of monuments of different epochs, the hydro-geological
conditions and salt corrosion play an important part in some regions. Therefore it
is necessary that all problems are to be solved in a complex, and opinions of
experts of different disciplines must be taken into consideration.
For normal
30
.
existence of a monument and for solving the existing problems of its preservation it is necessary:
-to know in what conditions the monument was created
-to consider the original landscape and hydro-geological
conditions
and mode of a superficial drain.
-to determine what conditions exist now and what are the perspectives of changes. These all will help to understand
the changes of
conditions occurred during the monument’s
life.
-to realize what consequences
had the previous interventions
on a
monument.
-to decide, considering all the complex of issues, what it is necessary to undertake for prolonging the life of a monument as much as
it is possible.
Dealing with groups of buildings with same environmental
conditions
and
same conservation
problems, one must remember that only the complex
approach and complex corrective measures on all the buildings and their
territory can have a good and sustainable effect.
.
s
31
-.
-
-.
--.-__-_.
--..
.-
Ludmila Dubro vskaya
State Institute for Scientific Research and
Planning on Monuments
of Ma teria Cufture
Republic of Kazakhstan
The Problems
of Protection
of Khodja AWlmad
Yassavi
of X/V from Ground Water ReJated Damage
Khanaka
Khodja Ahmed Yassavi Khanaka is a portal-cupola
construction,
that was
built at the of XIV-beginning
XV cc. The height of portal is 39 meters, width
is 50 meters. The main building has a height of 15 meters. The monument
consists of 34 buildings separated with a system of corridors. The major hall
of construction
is covered by dome (18 meters in diameter), which is the
largest in Central Asia.
The outside walls, except of portal, are faced by glazed bricks and majolica
and decorated
by geometrical
ornament and inscriptions
in Arabic languages. There is no information
on monument’s
deformations
its construction in historical
literature. There numerous small cracks in covered the
whore building.
In 191 1 was created a special commission of engineers for monument’s
inspection. In the report of commission there are descriptions of numerous destructions. In order to determine
the reasons of monument’s
deformations
it
was necessary to study the state of foundations.
The first researches on underground
part of building were carried out in
1928, 1928. It was found out that the foot of Wallis is in different depth. The
next investigations
were organized in the period from 1939-1941.
It was revealed that foundations
were violated by numerous graves. In fact. The
monument had no any basement, except of portal part.
In 1952- 1954 there built foundations.
On the territory of monument
there
were also carried out engineering-geological
and hydrogeological
researches
by various organizations.
In 1963, there was created Aris-Turkestan
channel about 2-2,5 km to the
north from monument.
Horizon of water in channel rising on 9-l 1 meters
above monument’s
ground. It was noted increasing of ground water level
since exploitation
of channel was started the ground water level is 3-4 meters.
Hydrogeological
researches on the territory of Turkestan city showed, that
regime of ground waters is depends on a number of natural and artificial
factors. The natural factors are-geological
and geo-morphological
structure
of territory and climatic conditions.
Climatic factor play significant role in formation of ground waters’ regime. The
overage annual level of precipitation is about 200mm.-650mm.
32
.--..-- - ..--- I-~
-.--..-l_ll_
__.-.
__,__.__l_l_.^
_-_._..._...
---. -
_
are forming from several sources; flow of ground
So, the ground waters
waters from Karatau mountains,
penetration
of water from Aris-Turkestan
channel, from irrigation zones and leakage from water pipes.
After studying of factors, which affecting to the increasing of ground waters
level, the Institute HFundamentproektw
have elaborated in 1974 the project of
drainage of this territory.
In 1983-1986 There were carried out studying of temperature-moistening
The moisture of wall’s materials is 4-5%, in some
regime of monument..
places-12%; Salting of walls-6-l 5%. These factors are leading to destruction
of facing of walls. The reason of wall’s dampness are: flooding of monument,
capillary rising. There is necessary to establish horizontal hydro isolation of
walls.
)) organized works on studying of air
In 1992- 1993 cKazproektrestavratsiya
environment
parameters,
and definition
of dampness and salinization
of
materials with the view of further restoration. Material’s moisture in autumn
period is also 4-5%, and level of saits- 15%.
In order to prevent settlement of building, it was decided to put stake foundations the monument.
This project was implemented
in 1993- 1994. But
due to a number of reasons there was not made horizontal hydro isolation of
walls.
In 1996. In a two years after erection of stake foundation,
bottom parts of the walls reached 26,1%.
the dampness
of
With the purpose of decreasing of ground water level on the territory of
monument it was decided to launch existing drainage system. This work was
done is 1998. Nowadays the monument is still moistening and destroying by
salts.
The decreasing of ground water level is possible through there methods.
-construction of horizontal collector
-improvement
of existing drainage system
-to combine drainage around the monument with demands of population
drink water
in
In order to choose any of the above mentioned methods it is necessary to
study present state of formation of ground waters:
-re-establish regional regime network
-make wells for observation on ground water level and hydro-chemical
indicators
-observe seasons water balance.
33
Vladimir Kalinin
“Bishkekproekt
* fnstitute
Kyrgyz Republic
Ground Water and Soil Salinity Related
to the Monuments
and Sites in Kyrgyz
Damage
Republic
The various natural-climate
conditions of central Asia arose difficult problems for ancient builders, who had to solve that problems. Nowadays, some
of them are still significant: provision of safety of buildings and constructions
located in seismic zones, areas with high level of ground waters and soil salinity, areas with hot and dry climate. All the above issues were successfully
solved by ancient constructors
and due to this fact we can admire the
monuments at present. These are three mausoleums
and minaret of XI-XII
cc. located in Uzgen, Shakh-Fazil Mausoleum (Xl) in Ala-Buka region, the
Mausoleums
of XVIII c. in Chatkal, Ravat-Abdulakhan
Mosque (XVI) and
Asaf ibn Burhiya Mausoleum
(XVIII) in Osh city. Some constructions
are
about 1000 years old. And we must preserve them for future generations.
In general, main structures of historical monuments were made of raw materials - clayey masonry (pahsa). The level of safety of constructions
made of
such materials is rather high independently
from climatic conditions.
Building made from raw materials are the most ancient on the territory of Central
Asia (more than 200 years old). To our regret such buildings were not preserved in the zones with high level of ground waters and damp. Under the
influence of precipitation
the monuments turned into hills known as (ctepe)).
Hydro isolation plays an important role for constructions.
The lower parts of
walls are most of all exposing to water capillary rising. The walls made of
burnt bricks are withstand the winds and salts, but being in the zone of capillary water rising also destroying. The brick masonry is demolishing
due to
the affect of frozen water in pores (Balasagun town and Tower of Buran).
There is rather low level of soil salinity in Kyrgyz Republic and the main reason of monument’s
damage is capillary water rising, which is very intensive
because of hot, dry and windy climate of Kyrgyzstan. In winter due to very
low temperatures
the water in zone of capillary rising is freezing, this leading
to destruction
of wall’s materials. The situation is worsening because of
strong frosts are changing by often thaws. This is the reason of additional
moisten of construction’s
walls.
We can observe the above situation on the photos of Asaf ibn Burhiya Mausoleum, which is situated at the foot of Suleiman mountain,
where the
ground waters are very deep. But the lower parts of walls are exposed to the
affects of capillary water rising and destroying step by step. The reason of
destruction is violation of existing hydro isolation.
Sometimes during the restoration works the existing hydro isolation system
is turn out lower than the soil level and walls are exposed to affect of superficial waters and atmosphere precipitation.
34
It is very important
implementation
of
ones could lead to
interior decorations
to take into account the choice of restoration materials in
restoration
and conservation
works, cause the modern
more large scaled damages of existing constructions
and
as well.
The vivid example is Shakh-Fazil
Mausoleum in Djalal-Abad
region, where
instead of brick dome was constructed the ferro-concrete
one. The building
destruction
was
stopped to nbreaths, and process of interior decorations
more intensive. It means that it is better to use materials, the structure of
which is very similar to the ancient ones. This issue is also concerns the
methods of protection from ground water related damage.
Utilization of contemporary
methods of reconstruction
ment solutions, polymer materials, chemical additions
examined and scientifically
grounded.
works based on ceshould be practically
35
_-----_.
-~
VJadimir Ma tichenkov
Bishkek Mining Institute,
Academy of Sciences of
Kyrgyz Republic
ffydro-
Geological
Situation
within Zones of Historical
of Kyrgyz Republic
Monuments
The list of historical monuments on the territory of Kyrgyz Republic, famous
all over the world, includes:
-historic-archaeological
complex of Suleiman-Tahta
mountain in Osh city;
-three mausoleums and minaret of XI-XIII cc in historical complex Urger-r;
-the mausoleum of Shakh-Fazil of XII c. In Ala-Buka region:
-the medieval tower of Buran in central part of Chuy valley;
-the medieval caravan-saray
of Great Silk Road in Atbashin region
-the group of mausoleums of XVI-XVIII cc. In Chatkal valley and others.
This not full list of historical monuments located on this ancient land, where
historical events left numerous architectural
traces of various civilizations.
The territory of Kyrgyz Republic is very rich with original natural formations,
connected
with epic wManas.H as well as artificial
constructions,
reflected
cultural, religious and economic human activity in various regions.
Meantime, historical-archaeological
studying of Kyrgrzstan’s
territory is in
the stage of development
and is foreseeing a lot very important discoverings
that is why the issues of ground water and soil salinity related damage are
very actual. But to our regret the state of investigation
of the above theme is
rather bad. The reasons of such situation are:
-incomplete studying of architectural
monuments,
-peculiarities
of engineering -geological
conditions of monument’s constructions. The mountainous
character of Kyrgyzstan’s
territory assisting to the
formation of wide range of ground water’s laying depth.
Hydra -geological state of some historica/ monuments
Tower of &ran
The well 257-is situated in several meters from architectural
monument on
the mark 992, 02 meters. The depth of this well is 160 meters and overage
level of ground waters is 153,30 meters.
The well 24 is also situated in the same area on the mark 877,8 meters. Its
depth is 78 meters, and laying level of ground waters is 70,8 meters. The
ground waters in both wells are not too mineral.
Three mausofeums and minaret of Xl-X/// in historical compIex of Uzgen
There are no hydro-geological
wells close to these monuments.
On the distance 3-8 km, in the zone unfavorable
for construction
and exploitation
of
foundations, there a number of places, where we can observe ground waters.
The observations
confirmed the absence of danger to the foundations
of
historical monuments in conditions of natural regime of ground waters.
36
The well 484 is located on the south-eastern part of Uzgen. The depth of it is
80 meters, and level of ground waters laying is 1 1,9 meters. The chemical
composition of water is characterizing
by the following
formula:
/v’, 0,46
HCOs 68SO4 2OCL12
_____________________________
Ca40 Mg29 (Na+K)31
The well 688 on the territory of factory is situated on the mark 990 meters
(the depth 70 meters). It have revealed that ground waters are laying on the
depth 12,7 meters. Chemical compositionof
ground waters is the following:
M 0,23
HCOs 82 SO413
------------------------------Ca58 Mg 27 (Na+K) 15
This water is not aggressive
ditional materials.
PH 7,3
and don’t affect to the foundations
made of tra-
The well 610 is situated in the bottom of Yassa river valley (the depth 70
meters). The level of ground waters laying is 9,8 meters. Chemical composition of water is the following:
M 0,2
This water
foundations
HCOs.82 SO‘, 12
_______________________________
pH7.9
Ca 63 Mg 24 (Na+K) 13
could be considered as not aggressive
made of traditional materials.
and not dangerous
for
Historica/-archaeo/ogica/
compIex of Suleiman - Tab ta moun tab.
There are no wells within the historical-architectural
zone. The well *2515 is
on the distance 1000 meters from the mountain. The ground waters were
found on the depth 98 meters. The chemical composition
of ground waters is
M*O ,65
HC03 61 so4 31
____________________--- pH 7,O
Ca 64 Mg29
The well 2635 located at the foot of north slope of Suleiman Tahta on the
mark 965 meters. Ground waters were revealed on the depth 40,4 meters.
Chemical composition
of waters is the following:
M 0.62
HCOs 50 SO4 31
_______________________
PH 7,7
Ca 58 Mg 33
The well 2572 located on the western slope of Suleiman Tahta on the mark
1005. Ground water level is 47 meters. Chemical composition
is very similar
to the others found near Suleiman Tahta mountain:
37
M 0.53
HCOs 49 SO4 36
pH 7,6
_______________________
Ca 60 Mg 25
The analysis of all described wells allow to determine direction of ground
waters from south to the north as well as forecast the level of ground waters
from 50 to 150 meters.
According to the above mentioned examples we can conclude that ground
waters in conditions of natural regime are not affecting to the state of foundations of historical monuments.
At the same time there are a lot of irrigation
which were built in favorable hydro-geological
bility of monuments is not determined yet.
38
--l-..--_~_--..
_
,.
._I_
___-..
channels close to monuments,
conditions. But their role sta-
Akma/ Akhmedov
TaJYkgla vgeologia
Republic of Tajikis tan
Aspects
of Anthropogenic
Affect
to the Ground Waters in Tajiki,tan
The land of Tajikistan is rich with natural, historical, archaeological,
artistic
and architectural
monuments.
There about 900 archaeological
and 200 architectural monuments.
The numerous hills and tepes, located along river’s
valleys and ancient caravan routes are concealing
the remains of ancient
historical city, which were capitals, handicrafts and cultural centers of states,
existed on the territory of Tajikistan.
The problems of protection
and utilization of natural, historical and cultural
monuments
are the integral part of environmental
protection.
The major
quantity of monuments
is located in river valleys, within irrigation zones. The
main factor of authropogenic
affect to the monuments-is
increasing of irrigation areas in Central Asian states, where water resources are polluting by
industrial
wastes. Further economical
development
of Tajikistan
is connected with ecological situation in the region.
Economic activity of humanity in Tajikistan is significantly
negatively
influhydro-geological
and engineeringencing to the present
geological,
geological processes. There are regional and local changes in conditions of
feeding and monument
of ground waters. The intensive removal of ground
waters is decreasing of its level with further settling of ground surface.
Antropogenic
affect, arising by social-economic
factors, is the major reason
of water level. Such problem is very typical for northern regions of TajikiStan.
Pollution of ground waters
There are four kinds of ground waters pollution:
-pollution depending on affect of irrigation waters;
-pollution, connected with changing of environmental
-pollution of ground waters by fertilizers and poisons;
-pollution of ground waters by industrial wastes.
conditions;
Flooding of territories
The leakage from irrigation systems, excessive watering are leading to the
flooding of territories
and creating conditions
for degradation
of cultural
lands, with further changing of geo-chemical
composition
of soil.
The depth of ground waters laying in some regions is about 0,2-4.1 meters.
For the period 199 1 - 1996 the ground water level rised on 0,3-2,l m.
The problems of preservation
of natural, archaeological,
historical monuments
are depend on solution of ecological
architectural
and
problems of Aral
39
-._-
- -
---.-
-.--~---
.__I_
.._._
Sea basin. Improvement
of ecological state in Tajikistan will play significant
role in provision of sustainable development of Central Asian States.
In order to decrease negative affect of anthropogonic
factors to the state of
ground waters and preservation of cultural heritage, it is necessary:
-to create complex monitoring of environment;
-to develop gardening on high territories, that will help fixation of slopes and
decreasing of erosion processes;
-to implement biological technologies of drainage;
-to improve meliorative state of lands;
-to implement modern watering systems;
-reconstruction
of existing irrigation networks.
40
Ministry
Ground
AliJon Abduflaye v
of Cukure of Tajikistan
Republic of TaJYkistan
Water and Soil Salinity Related Damage to the Monuments
and Sites in Tajikistan
(Kabadian
VaJJey)
The lowest stream of Kafirnigan river is well-known as Kabadian Valley, the
relief of which is tectonic. There are a number of climatic zones according to
physical-geographical
conditions within Uzbekistan. The Kafirnigan, Vakhsh
Valleys as well as valleys of Toirsy, Kisilsu, Yahsu rivers and southern part of
Tajikistan are related to the zone with dry climate with very hot summer,
mild winter and autumn. The summer temperature is 46-48C*,
duration of
hot period is 9-l 0 months, and winter temperature is -3, -5C* the average
annual precipitation
in southern Tajikistan is 150- 179mm.
The main reason of soil salinization are high level of ground waters, dry climate. Removement of salts could be reached trough washing and functioning of developed collecting-drainage
system.
Nowadays there are more than 100 registered historical and cultural monuments protected by state in Kabadian and Shaartuz regions of Tajikistan.
The first archaeological
researches of Kabadian Valley were carried out in
1946- 1948 by complex archaeological
expedition. At this period were registered numerous
archaeological
monuments of valley. In 1966 historical
department
of Institute of history, archaeology and ethnography
organized
researches of medieval constructions,
situated in Kabadian valley. The most
part of revealed building are made of raw bricks, and there are only two
mausoleums that made of burnt bricks. Building materials are exposed to
the affect of climatic and atmospheric precipitation.
Preservation and reconstruction of such monuments is rather complicated question.
Various mosques, mausoleums,
palaces, became the objects of monumental
architecture
developed in medieval times. In Kabadion valley were registered a lot of cultural
architectural
monuments
made of raw materials
(pahsa):
- the mausoleum of Khodja Sarboz-central cupola construction,
where the
dome was not preserved;
- the mosque located not for from Khodja Sarboz mausoleum-construction
with gallery in western part of building:
- unanimous mausoleum of XII-XIV cc.-square construction
with destroyed
dome.
All of the above monuments
present ruins and hills. Due to the hot and dry
climate, wind and etc. the materials of constructions
were exposed to various physical-chemical
changes , lost mechanic solidity, and have been destroyed very intensively.
The monuments excavated during archeological
works are also destroying. These facts are indicating the actuality of problems, connected with preservation of architectural monuments, made of raw-
41
^_I-.
---.
.._____ .
materials, strengthening
of their constructions
struction of historical and cultural monuments.
and prevention
of further
de-
In order to determine the reasons of destruction and to define the depth of
ground waters and soil salinity, the State Institute of Engineering-Technical
researches carried out in 1990s the scientific studying of the territories of
monuments
made of raw materials:
Ok Mazar, Kum-Mazar
and KhodjaMashad mausoleums
of Kabadian valley. In conclusion
there were determined geological structure of monument’s
platform. Hydro-geological
conditions are characterizing
by presence of ground waters on the depth 2-2,8
meters on Ok-mazar, 2,4-3,Om on Kum-Mazar, 2,2-4.2 on Khodja-Mashad.
The sources of ground waters feeding are atmospheric
precipitations
and
waters of Kafirnigan rivers. The maximal level of ground waters is in summer
and the lowest-in winter.
The single way of preservation
and protection
of monuments
zones from ground waters trough drainage systems.
is drying
of
We have a lot of ideas and plans, a lot of experiments are on the fist stage
of their implementation.
It’s not easy to realize them because of difficult
situation in our country. It is necessary to continue our researches in order to
preserve
historical and cultural monuments.
All these issues should be
solved in close collaboration
between local, national, regional and international experts.
42
Academy
Abduvafi Khudabergenov
institute of Seismology
of Sciences of Uzbekistan
Republic of Uzbekistan
Jnfluence of Ground Water to the State of Historica/
and ArchitecturaJ
Monuments
and Problems
of their Protection
in Uzbekistan
Historical-architectural
monuments are located mainly in ancient cities, their
suburbs and long since developed lands. Natural conditions,
including
hydro-geological
conditions
of ancient cities and areas have been changed
considerably
for a long period of time under the influence of civil, industrial
and hydro-technical
construction,
irrigation,
drainage and cultivation
of the
territories. On the territory of large ancient cities such as Tashkent, Bukhara,
Khiva and others a thick network of irrigation channels has been formed as
well as anthropogenic,
soil covers, underground
waters of anthropogenic
regime, and a number of engineering-geological
processes developed such as
subsidence, flooding, salting of soils, changing of underground
water level
and chemical content. For recent decades a considerable
increase in anthropogenic change of underground
waters has been noted which resulted in
essential disturbance of the balance between architectural
monuments
and
geological environment
formed for centuries, in activation of their deformation.
The water-bearing
layers and soil foundations
of historical-architectural
monuments
are represented by quaternary
loess rocks, loamy and sandy
soils of lo- 15 meters thickness and fill soils of 5-20 meters thickness. These
grounds are characterized
with considerable
compressibility,
strength drop
(2-3 times in average) under moistening with surface and underground
waters. Loess and fill soils have subsiding abilities under extra moistening
(5
cm<Ssl<50 cm).
Hydro-geological
studies conducted
on the territory of Tashkent,
Samarkand, Bukhara and other cities demonstrated
that under the affect of various
anthropogenic
factors there were essential changes in natural state, regime
and conditions of underground
waters. Main attention was paid to fluctuations of the water-level regime, which had an active influence on the state of
grounds serving as a base of buildings and structures. According to manyyears regime observations
for underground
waters (since 1930) there were
both increase and decrease in water level. But in the regional scale there is a
considerable predomination
of the increase.
For the recent 15-20 years an average annual increase in underground
water
level made up in some of districts of Tashkent
l-3 meters (North-East,
Karakamush, Suth-West), in central parts of Samarkand 2,5-3 meters, Bukhara 0,5-l meters. Increasing of underground
water level is mainly due to
the increasing
of volumes of infiltration
water from irrigation
and waste
industrial
and domestic sewage, leakage
channels, areas under irrigation,
from underground
sewer networks, hydrostatic
lift from underground
waters
43
because of filling-up of existing drains, deep valleys and ravines acting as a
zone of discharge for underground
flows. In spite of general regularity of increase in the level of underground
waters, currently their level in Tashkent
and Samarkand is rather deep (1 O-20 meters) and they have no influence on
stability of soil foundation
of buildings.
In these cities and suburb zones a
certain danger is represented by infiltration surface waters and leakage from
underground
water supply system responsible for moistening
of soils and
development of subsiding deformations,
Because of these reasons in Samarkand Madrasah Tilla-Kari (XVII), Bibi-Khanum
Mausoleum (XIV-XV), ShakhiZinda Ensemble
(XIV-XV) and other architectural
monuments
were deformed.
The most potential danger from underground
waters damage and their bad
consequences
are expected in the cities of Bukhara, Khiva and Shakhrisyabz, where flooding and salting processes take place. Average value of
ground water table here is equal to l-3 meters, at some places up to 5 meters. All aspects of unfavorable
affect of flooding processes could be divided
into two groups: 1) decrease in strengthen properties of soils and increase in
their corrosion hostility, deformations
of buildings and structures, including
architectural
monuments;
2) increase in salting, degradation
of meliorate
conditions of lands, flooding of basement rooms, worsening of ecological
situation. Decrease in strength properties of soils under extra moistening
takes place because of dissolution
of binding salts and destruction of structural links of soils.
As the result of conducted investigations
it was found that development
of
flooding processes and extra moistening
of soil foundations
and in consequence decrease in strength and large non-uniform
settlements were the
main reasons of deformations
of historical-architectural
monuments
and
modern buildings and structures. Among them there are in Bukhara: Nodir
Divonbegi Madrasah (XVII), Divonbegi Khanaka (XVII), Kukeldosh Madrasah
(XVI), Mirso Ulugbek
(XV), Abdulaziz
Khan (XVII), Bolokhauz
Mosque
(IX),
(XVI-XIX), N amazgoh Mosque (XII-XVIII), lsmail Samani Mausoleum
Chor Bakr Mausoleum (XVI), Chor Monir Madrasah (XIX), Sayfiddin Bokhazi
Mausoleum (XIII-XVI) and others; in Sakhrisyabz - Ak-Saray Palace (XIV).
In sharply pronounced arid climatic conditions of Uzbekistan in case of high
level of underground
waters (less than 2 meters) and in case of intensive
evaporation of moisture, secondary salting-up processes in soils are intensified. Large quantities of salts are accumulated
on the surface in the form of
white covers and layers with salt-marsh formations. The weight salt-content
in such places makes up 3-5 % of soil. There are sulfate, hydro-carbonate,
and chlorine types of salting. There are not only soils subject to salting-up
but also foundations
and lower parts of walls of the monuments. Moistening
and salting processes in the walls of lsmail Samani Mausoleum, Chore Minor
Madras reached the level of 2-3 meters under surface.
On the plinth parts of the walls of these monuments a salty cover is formed,
which is then removed and periodically
cleaned. It was found a considerable
corrosion loosening of walls and foundations of some of the monuments be44
cause of the corrosion salt damage
hazi Mausoleum and others).
(Chore Bark Ensemble,
Sayfiddin
Bok-
For the purpose of protection of architectural
monuments,
prevention of underground water level increase, flooding processes and their negative affect
there are used in practice mainly horizontal and vertical drainage. In Tashkent and Samarkand networks of horizontal drainage were created. Besides,
there are deep valleys and ravines (up to 20-25 meters) here, which are
providing
drainage of ground waters. In Bukhara and Shakhrisyabz
there
were both horizontal and vertical drainage systems. As the main collector of
the horizontal drainage in Bukhara the Sokovich channel is working. In the
central part of the city more than 50 wells of vertical drainage were drilled.
At the present time most of the drainage systems are outdated, in inadequate state and do not do the job to provide efficient decrease in underground water table. At some sites horizontal drains were filled up as result of
building of the territories, many of them were silted. Non-efficient
operation
of the vertical drainage is due to non-perfection
of the boreholes
construction and low filtration abilities of soil because of silting.
To increase efficiency of the existing drainage system and provide proper
decrease of the underground
water table, to prevent their possible influence
on grounds and foundations
of historical and architectural
monuments
it is
necessary to prepare a complex of measures on the base of new advanced
technologies.
The types of the measures to be taken are depend on concrete
engineering-geological
conditions
of the territories.
The following general measures are recommended:
of the existing horizontal drainage system through com- reconstruction
bining of open and underground-type
drains according to the local environmental conditions;
of local and regional networks of the horizontal drainage of
- construction
circular and radical types;
- creation of new system of vertical drainage wells through the construction of water intake facilities of radical and inclined types and organization of water collection and run-off using unified system.
--
-- _. ..- ____..
--I _... ._l___ll_.
._.
-_.._.._-._
-.I_-._
Larisa Kourduk
(ITamirsh un os/ik* en te/pn*se
-Republic of Uzbekistan
Ground
Water and SoiJ SaJinity ReJated Damage
Monuments
and Sites in Uzbekistan
to the
The condition of ground waters is significantly
affected to the destruction of
historical monuments. To our regret we are colliding with this fact every day.
cTamirshounosliktt
Institute is carrying out a work on liquidation
of all phenomena, connected with monument’s
destruction, for a long period of time,
including liquidation
of ground water and soil salinity related damage. There
are a lot of factors, assisting the penetration
of ground waters into the
monument’s
constructions:
-reservoir, lakes, rivers, channels near the monuments
-leakage from water pipes
-moistening of salted soils
-irrigation zones, located close to monuments.
-rising of ground water level and etc.
HTamirshunoslikH Institute have elaborated a number of projects on prevention and relaxation of aggressive ground water’s penetration
into constructions of monuments.
As it was mentioned, one of the reasons of monument’s
dampness-is close location of reservoirs.
The ground waters are constantly flowing in one direction taking out from
under the foundations
small particles of soil. Such phenomena
are arising
chopping off large lots of soil near reservoir, that is leading to heeling of
whole building. This is particularly
visible in minarets, located closely to reservoirs.
In order to prevent taking out particles of soil, it is worth while to establish
drainage system around the monument. Drainage system is using for drying
of monument and give good results if it is working constantly. The drainage
system of Kyrk-Kyz complex in Termez was conducting
as the following:
there were lay the pipes in channels, surrounding
the monument, with inclination to the pump pipe. The example of Chor Minor monument in Bukhara.
There removed all gardens and lawns, which were the reason of monument’s flooding.
One more mentioned
reason-is leakage from water pipes, laying near the
monument.
During working
out of project on engineering-constructive
strengthening
of Nodira Divanbegi monument in Bukhara, were carried out
engineering-geological
and hydrogeological
researches.
According to the results of these researches it was found out that major reason of monument’s
settlement is leakage from water pipes, but not close
location of Shakhruh channel and Lyabi Haus.
46
Archaeological
researches revealed, the level of soil around the monument
is increasing day-by -day, and monuments are in low-land, which collecting
all atmospheric waters In case the monument is situated on settling salted
soils. The atmosphere
precipitation
are penetrating
into soil, and monument’s foundations and walls are exposing to the affect of aggressive waters
he ground waters are rising along the walls destroying them.
During restoration works it is necessary to protect foundations
and walls.
The foundations of our monuments
are made of burnt bricks on complicated
solutions. Protection of’foundation
is implementing
through sticky isolation.
If the salt is visible on the height of 2 meters of the wall, it means that there
is no horizontal hydro isolation in the wall above the soil surface. That’s why
it is necessary to conduct horizontal hydro isolation. In order to prevent capillary rising of water on the plinth level it is implementing
into masonry hydro
isolation. In our monuments
the role of horizontal hydro isolation
plays
wooden girder along the perimeter of construction.
On the plinth level it is
injecting cement-lime solution, which is filling all cracks and pores.
Chemical compositions
of masonry solutions
each monument. The materials for solutions
preserve old appearance.
are assorting individually
for
should be stable and should
The scientific department of Institute is usually studying samples of solution
of concrete monuments
and give recommendations
on solution’s composition. The vivid example is project of restoration of bath-house
in Karshi,
where the principal architect of project in cooperation with scientific department of institute determined solution’s composition for masonry of walls, hot
resistant channels, for fixation of floor and etc.
An
ley.
the
are
interesting hydro isolation system is on the monuments of Fergana valRush mates, Thickness of which 3-5 cm, are laying perpendicularly
to
wall. The water is flowing down on rush and not touching the walls. We
winding the foundations and lowest parts of walls very often.
47
Rustam Niyazov
Uzbekgidrogeo/
Changing
of Ground Water LeveJ and Contemporary
Deformations
of Ancien t Architectural
Monuments
of Samarkand,
BuWlara and Khiva
From the beginning of 60-s hydro-regime
stations of Llzbekgidrogeologia~~
are carrying special regime observations on the level and quality of ground
waters in zones of historical architectural
monument’s location.
Samarkand city - The ground waters are laying on the depth from 0 to 20
meters. Ground and subpressing waters are hydraulically
interdependent
and
have the same level regime. The flow of ground waters is forming in Zerafshan mountains,
direction-from
the south to north-west. The territory of the
city in transition zone, where we can distinguish two kinds of regime:
1 )climatic-severing
and
2)irrigation-hydrological-severing.
The first regime is usual for western part of city, where the leading regime
forming factor is meteorological.
The highest level of ground waters is forming in spring, and the lowest-in autumn.
The second one is usual for the eastern part of city, where situated the Registan Square. The major regime forming factor here-is penetration of water
from irrigation zones and channels. The highest level is in September. The
For the last 20 years the level of
average speed of rising is 0,23m\year.
ground waters increased from 20 meters up to 17 meters.
Rising of ground water level is connected with changes of existing irrigation
situation in city; As the result of construction
works there filled up a lot of
springs. The rising of ground water level didn’t affected to the development
of present cracks. Appearance of cracks is connected with atmospheric precipitation. The cracks were formed in places of Rain-water gutter. In 19911992 the quantity of atmospheric
precipitation
was 450-500mm\years,
in
1997-373mm\yer
(there were no new deformations).
Bukhara city -is situated in the low stream of Zerafshan river. The ground
waters are moving along the river and its branches from east to west, and
forming because of leakage of water from rivers, channels, irrigation areas,
atmospheric
precipitation.
Geological structure of historical center was significantly changed due to formation of spreading soil, which are conducting
a compact surface. The most dangerous negative processes are developing
on the territory of the city: Heoding by ground waters, salinization and etc.
The ground waters in central part of city are laying on the dept of 5-9 meters, on the rest territory-l -5 meters. The highest levels could be observed in
March-May, and the lowest-in August-November.
The long-standing
regime of ground water level is depends on quantity of
atmosphere precipitation,
water-feeding,
acting of drainage systems and etc.
48
Khiva city-located
on the south of Khorezm region in delta of Amudarya
river. The ground waters are presenting
common water horizon, which is
filling due to regional decentralized flow from Amudarya
river, penetrations
of water from Akyab and Fergana channels, irrigation
lands. The level of
ground waters in summer is -2,5-2,7 meters and in winter-3,O 5,9 meters.
The territory of historical Khiva is divided into two part: the old city is place
of location of architectural
monuments
of ancient Khorezm. The square of
inside town-lchan
Kala (650x400sq.m.)
is rising over the rest territory on
1,5=2,0 meters. For the last 27 years the level of ground waters increased
on 1,5 meters and now is on the depth 3,02-3,67 meters. On the territory of
outside town-lchan Kala the ground water level in 1997-99 was on the depth
of O.l -2,3m. The main reason of flooding is leakage of irrigation waters and
atmospheric
precipitation.
The highest level-summer
and spiking, the lowest-autumn and winter.
In 1981 due to the heavy rains, there appeared small
crack were registered in 1976 after Gazli earthquake.
cracks.
The same
So, the present ground water levels in Samarkand,
Bukhara and Khiva are
laying lower the foundations borders and don’t have straight affect to their
stability. However, according to scientific observations,
there is a tendency
of ground water’s rising on 1,5-4,0 meters, that could arise Heeding of historical monument’s
location areas. The present development
of cracks is
connected not with ground water level rising, but with unusual quantity of
atmospheric precipitation.
Fig.1 Samarkand - ground water be1 changing - 1964 - 2000
hole 213 - Registan, hole 214 Gur-Emira
49
---_-
..-.
-.
._
2.5!
J
0
7 /
3
;
6
month
;
9
.
1
12
2.5
:
0
i
:
6
month
:
9
: f_f:.::.tiole’~&
fl ..
: ..x$J&:
i’ :.;::/
.’ .:.;.:.. ...’ y.::.
.y
:,
{;:,:
:. _.
.iii-..A.A::,
-.: -.$Jisj; :
::..:-.j::::::.;: ,, ..::.:
.:.
,..
.y 1996
e-c.L + .$$
:.;:::
:
Buchara
- ground
water
level changing
- during
the year
year
Fig. 2 Buchara
- ground
water
level changing
- 1996 - 1999
1
12
Fig.3
Cbiva - gmuod water level changing - 1973 - 1999
.
.
51
Sha vka t AbduJJaye v,
Rakhim Tursunme to v
UzbekgidrogeoJogiya
RepubJJc of Uzbekistan
Possibilities
of Geophysical
of Historical
Measurements
Monuments
in Studying
In studying of historical monuments the geo-physical
measurements
could
be used not only for investigation
of rocks, forming the base of foundations,
but also in inspection
of constructions.
There is a wide complex of geophysical measurements
of investigations.
One of the basic conditions of successful monuments
protection in Central
Asia -is excellent knowledge of geological structure and character of interaction between the monument’s
foundations
and their basements. These
problems could be solved only Through complex geological
prospecting.
The complex of the above researches includes: engineering-geological,
hydro-geological,
geophysical,
geo-technical
measurements
of studying. This
presentation
is highlighting
the contribution
of geo-physical
measurements
into solution of the above problems.
The first example is Samarkand
city-Registan
Square. Here, during geophysical prospecting were used the methods of vertical electric exploration
(VEE) and natural field (NF). There were carried out measuring on 8 profiles. On picture 1 you can see the results of geophysical
measurements
on
1 profile. According
to the results of VEE were defined 7 layers, and lytologic- archaeological
interpretation
was given to them. It was also defined
that first 6 layers are related to cultural-anthropogenic
deposits. And only
the surface of lowest layer is the natural relief.
In horizontal direction the section could be divided into two major blocks. In
the first block (PKI -PK20) the section is represented by sub-horizontal
seam
with insignificant
changes of specific electric resistance. The second block
is characterizing
by ravine relief. The whole block is charac(PK24-PK28)
terizing by significant changes of specific resistance in horizontal directions.
In the right part of this block the values of specific resistance are close to the
values of first block.
It is well known that during increasing of level of rock’s dampness, their specific electric resistance is decreasing. It will be easy to define the linkage
between dampness and specific resistance for some layers, it is enough
quantity of laboratory definition of dampness and specific resistance. Using
the above approach, it will be possible to determine the of dampness for
each layer and point of measuring.
According to all the above mentioned, we can note that in first block it is
possible to determine increasing of dampness in two last layers using geophysical data. In second block decreasing of specific resistance and increasing of dampness of rocks are present in all layers that is vividly re52
fleeted on the diagram of specific resistance. The decreasing of specific resistance. The decreasing of specific resistance here is much more higher
than jn first block. Consequently,
the dampness of rock here is higher. This
situation is coinciding with the results of Prof. Niemczynowicz.
Incleasing of rock’s dampness is also noting according to the results of anotl>er method-method
of NF. The negative anomaly is indicating that there is
penetration of water down along the section. Increasing of rock’s dampness
is leading to its settlement. In cases, when the monuments
are located on
such soil, this situation is leading to development
of deformations
of constructions. For example Tilla-Kari
madrasah-in
the zones of rock’s dampness !here is intensive increasing of cracks.
It is P:lssible to distinguish
two zones of abnormally
high dampness. The
most ?veak zone of the northern part of Registan square (Tilla Kari madraytih) is too moisten state. The second zone, being more wide, is characterizir;g by less dampness. A long standing affect of this unfavorable factor
cou12 lead to arising of deformations
in Sher-dor construction.
Anotiier example of geophysical
measurements
concerns Khiva city. The
geophysical
profile is in the center of historical reserve Ichan-Kala. The detailed geophysical measurements
allowed to get the new principal imagination on selection of this area. This factor-is presence of non penetrating
clays on small depth. According to geophysical
data it is local waterstress.
The statical level of ground waters is situated on the foot of this layer.
which are penetrating
though upper
Probably atmospheric
precipitation,
layer, couldn’t go vertically down and spreading in horizontal directions. This
a reac’:>i-~of increasing of negative influence of ground waters. On the picture
3 we can see that form of lowest neogen layers is not flat and homogeneous.
Are ttiese factors also affecting to the development
of monument’s deformation?
Comparing the results of geophysical
and other prospecting measurements,
it is easy to conduct real geophysical
sections. Utilization of this method in
corrlplex with others will allow to get more reliable information
on the state
of rocks, which are forming the foundations
of historical monuments.
The
main advantage of such methods-is cheapness and operational activity.
53
I Resistivitv
chances
c--
block 2
200
220
Fig. 1 Results of geophysical measurement, Registan - profile Pl
-t
1
E
1
1
7
3
4
c
Geological
and geophysical
cross-section
710
705
700
0
20
40
60
SO
100
120
140
loam with small fragments
2%
sandy luam
loam with bigger fragments
pg$
loam with ceramic fragments
160
180
X4
m
barn
Fig. 2 Registan - map of geophysical measurement
f-
zone of markedly
incresed
moisture
.
zone of slightly
incresed
moisture
.
L
RS point
Fig. 3 Results of geophysical
measurement
khan - Kala, profde Pl
Muhammad Rachim
Dzuma M&id
A
!
n
crack
9
829
I1
10
11
- _
- .-. claystone
sandstone
loamy sand
I
Abdulhcban
tower banking
55
._.-.__
..-
-..
Fig. 4 khan
- Kala - map of geophysical
56
.
..^
__-_.^___”
l_--_
--
-.--
-
_.___...
_
..,
.
,_
.._-.
_
measurement
M. Akbmedo v
Institute of Mechanics
and Seismology
Institute
Na fura/
and Technogen
of Architecture
Republic
Affects
on Historica/
of Uzbekistan
Prof. Yakubov
and Building
of Uzbekistan
Monuments
It is known, that historical monuments are already suffered from various degrees of deformation,
connected with several factors of environmental
affect
(atmospheric
precipitation,
modification
of temperature,
wind affects and
etc.), operating conditions taking into consideration
of the time of their construction. They meet earthquakes
not according to standard strength and
reliability, which were incorporated
in the projects during the construction.
The main reason among them are irregular settlings.
In the last 20-30 years it was being raised slowly the ground water level because of building the water-keeping
constructions,
irrigation of new lands,
willow, outflow of water from city and irrigation systems. The intensity of
water flood on the territory has formed 0,2-3,7 m/year, often 0,3- 1 ,O m/year
and if according to scientific research of Institute of Seismology
of Uzbekistan among 462 inhabited areas of Uzbekistan the earthquake of magnitude
none was registered in 26 inhabited areas, in 206 areas -eight, in 2 13 areasseven, in 17 areas-six, than as a result of outcome of water filling, the building properties of ground have worsened sharply and according to the new
data of Institute of Seismology the seismicity of region was increased for one
earthquake magnitude.
The raising of ground water levels and settlings of grounds happens because
of failures in engineering
systems, violation of aquadivert systems of atmosof weak waterfilled
pheric precipitation
and freshet waters, vibrolanding
grounds under the affect of static and dynamic stowage.
The movements
of the railway transport (underground,
trains, trams), the
heavy vehicles on the uneven roads can be the origin of vibration stowage.
Even rneaningless
vibrations with its amplitude and weak earthquakes
are
capabie to call non-proportional
settlings of weak grounds under conditions
of higil frequencies and long-term affects. These reasons are the major conditions of damages of buildings and historical monuments.
Deformation of configuration
items of historica/ monuments settled on saked
grounds
The danger of raising the ground water levels for a buildings are becoming
complicated
process due to underground
waters are salted very much. On
the territory of Uzbekistan the distribution
of lands with various types of
salting depends on precisely marked regularities of a wide - zone character.
Zones, according
to the degree of salting, are determined
by the altitude
57
l_l-._.__ -I
. .
__-_
factors. Gypsum grounds are distributed
widely on the territory
of the
Uzbekistan. You can find big resources of gypsum grounds in Bukhara, Karshi, Samarkand and Navoi regions. Ingredient of gypsum in grounds is being
changed till 60-70 % within upper level of a slit (up to 10 meters).
Accumulation
of chloride-sulfate
salt is registered in grounds of half-deserts,
the Fergana Valley, mouth of Amu-Darya and Zerafshan rivers. It was registered several times deformations
and destruction during the research works
of different buildings in those territories which are connected with salts.
In 1976 one of the tower type building in Bukhara region has received a
great skew during Gazli earthquake. After careful investigation
of that place
it was found that a very salted gypsies grounds were on the base of tower.
According to the results of the inspection, the salting processes have led to
the significant
increase of a porosity which was not compensated
by the
suffoziod settling. The ground practically has passed the limited condition,
however in time of operation of a static load, structural
cohesion of the
ground has provided its sustainability.
In time of seismic affects the lift capability of the foundation was settled and it was a fast loss of its stability.
It has been inspected 19 minarets in the territory of Central Asia by our institution. The researches have defined the size, peculiarities
of construction
of some parts, technical condition and it has been collected historical information about the time of and sizes of minarets. It was found, that the main
reason of destruction
of ancient minarets is earthquakes of various intensity
in the past, such as minarets constructed
in XII century (minarets Kalyan
and Vabkent in Bukhara) and in the beginning of XX century (Islam-Khodja
in Khiva, Balahauz in Bukhara). Height of inspected minarets is changed
from 57 meters up to 12,55 meters.
The inspection discovered the following: if affect of the earthquake is manifested by destruction of upper part of minarets, then underground
waters influence on the underground
parts of structures. For example, usual damage
in Balahauz minaret is the magnification
of cracks in plinth part of minaret,
which were appeared in the result of irregular settling. It can be seen under
the sole of basement of Sheih Sharif Mausoleum
(Khorezmshakh
Tekesha,
XIII century).
The inspections
of the sole of basement showed
that the
maximum pressure under the sole of the basement in the southern facade
was 4 kg/cm, on northern part about 6 kg/sm.
Such pressure for forest materials are almost limited, and if one takes into
consideration
the meaningless
depth of the basement and possibility
of
moistening of ground, it is understood inequality
of building’s settling, confirmed by measurements
of the basement of internal dome. It has a mark
+I ,50 to the South and +1 1,40 to the North, that led to general inclination of
the monument
as a whole and northern wall especially in the north. Researches (1995) conducted by the Seismologic
Institute on seismic properties of a ground has shown that because of a raising of ground waters the
seismic properties of grounds have worsened sharply in the basement of
Tilla Kari Madrasah.
There was a significant
decrease of stability of the
58
building and seismic sustainability.
The grounds of the basement in AkSaray (Shakhrisabz,
XIV century) consist of strewn grounds and humid
wooden materials, including debris bricks, tiles of ceramic utensils, bones
and wood coal.
The strewn grounds are located directly under the basement. Wooden covers
are in the lowest part of pressured thick layer. The potency of a strewn
grounds are equal to 4-5 meters. The physic-mechanical
properties
of
grounds differ according to higher variability.
So, specific tripping is vibrating from 0,0088 kg/cm to 0,0083 kg/cm. An angle of internal friction from
23 to 28 and the module of deformation
from 20 MPa to 83 Mpa, if the
ground is naturally humid. The denseness of addition of strewn grounds are
inhomogeneous,
changing from 1,65 t/m to 1,88 t/m. A settlement
resistance of the ground in western pylon is equal to 3,21 kg/cm and eastern
3,19 kg/sm. The level of ground waters are 3,05-3,lO meters. Consequently,
the lowest part of the basement and grounds of the bases are in the zone
where ground waters may flood. That was the reason of appearance of heel
in the southern
part of eastern pylon. It happened
because of nonproportional
settling of grounds in basement part, their weaker compression
than other parts.
According to geodesic observation data on stability of Ak-Saray palace during 1995-1998 the settling of building was on 5.3 mm in average, except of
its internal part. It can be observed further the significant acceleration of settling of pylons, that have shown the instability
of palace basement.
For
maintenance of Ak-Saray palace’s stability it is necessary to implement the
measures’on
decrease of ground water levels. The results of influence of
ground waters are observed in serious destruction of mausoleum of Najmiddin Kubro Ensemble (Urgench, XIV century)
Protecthe measures
Salting of grounds calls corrosion of mechanisms
and metal items and reduces the term of life of the basements of buildings. It has forced the specialists for the implementation
of a number of researches on evaluation and
rebuilding of underground
parts of buildings from affects of salts in Uzbekistan. Even if there are repair jobs they have surface-cosmetic
character,
which are insufficient
in security of their safety for tens and hundreds of
years. That is why for safety of monuments
for the future generations
we
think now it is necessary to conduct a universal evaluation of availability
index of historical monuments
of Uzbekistan and Central Asia, taking into
consideration
the influence of salted grounds and their underground
parts
and realization of protective measures against aggressive waters, which consist of:
- protection
against moisture of sites (drainage,
branch of object from
channels, landing of not watering plants);
- in planting of green plants on the distance of 6 meters and in some cases
the drainage for tap irrigation waters;
- in fixing of grounds of the foundations sylicatization
in the name of magnification of strength and elimination of ground waters;
- isolation from ground adjoining with constructions
(clay houses, vertical
and horizontal hydro-isolation).
59
F. Kadirov
Tasbgidrospetsproekt
Prbtective
of Historica/
Measurements
to Deal with Settlement
Monuments
in Conditions
of Flooding
of Foundations
by Ground Waters.
The intensive development of new lands as well as intensive development of
building and increasing of cities’ population is leading to increasing of environmental
influence to the historical
monuments,
especially
its foundations.
The rising of ground water level is the reason of settlement phenomena of
historical
monument’s
foundations.
The settling phenomena
is dangerous
because of its unevenness as usual, monuments are occupying wide cultural
layers).
The foundations
of monuments
are ordinary brick masonry, made of non
burnt brick or dense clay. In condition of ground waters rising, connected
with leakage of water from city sewerage systems and flowing waters from
irrigation lands, the affect of salted ground waters is the most dangerous, as
it’s arising violations foundations structure and its further destruction.
The main reason of monuments destruction is water leakage from sewerage
systems, located very close to the monuments.
Such situation is leading to
unequal moistening of foundations.
The result of which are construction’s
distortions
with further development
of monument’s
deformations
and destruction of whole construction.
Our firm have been worked on liquidation of settlements of Moscow Kremlin,
and a number of historical monuments
in Uzbekistan. I would like to note
that methods of fixation and reconstruction
of historical monument’s
foundations is differ from that ones, which are using with regard to contemporary
constructions.
The difference in technology of monument’s
erections, according to various
periods of time and methods, is dictating the necessity to consider flexible
approach in fixation of foundations and basement’s deformations.
It is better to combine to combine methods of fixation by various chemical
reagents and removing of all sewerage communications
out of determined
zone. In order to define the borders of such zone, as well as determine reasons and points of moistening, our firm is using. The new methods of geophysical researches. For fixation of soil, we using chemical solutions, and for
reconstruction
of building’s foundations-injection
of consolidating
materials.
The cost of such works, in comparison
monuments,
is not significant.
60
with
historical
value
of cultural
PRESENTATIONS
OF INTERNATIONAL
EXPERTS
R. Legg and Robert Myers
Department
of Geography,
University Co//ege, London
United Kingdom
Salt Damage
to Important
Islamic
Monuments
at Bukhara
and Khiva
1. Introduction
The Central Asian Republic of Uzbekistan (Fig. 1) is famous for some of the
most beautiful and important examples of Islamic architecture
to be found
anywhere in the world. These date from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries.
The historic towns of Khiva, Bukhara and Samarkand
include many outstanding individual
buildings and ensembles of buildings.
Many of these
monuments,
which in addition to their enormous historic value are of fundamental importance to the local tourist industry, face a serious threat from
salt attack. Unless action is taken to control the problem, the already serious
damage will get worse; increasingly expensive repairs will be essential. Some
buildings are at real risk of collapse. At the request of the Uzbek Ministry of
Culture S Akiner, R U Cooke and R A French of London University, undertook a preliminary
field reconnaissance
in the towns of Khiva and Bukhara in
1998 and 1991.
This reconnaissance
was followed up by Robert Myers of the Structural Engineering Practice Price & Myers who visited Tashkent, Bukhara and Khiva
during late October, early November 199 1.
Time was spent at the Tashkent Institute of Restoration in discussions with
Engineers, Architects,
Archaeologists
and Materials Consultants to establish
the form of construction
of the historic buildings,
their problems and the
methods of restoration
currently being employed and considered. A selection of the historic buildings in Bukhara and Khiva was examined to determine the extent of the salt attack problem, the traditional methods for dealing with it, and to find out how repairs and restoration was actually being
carried out.
the extent and mechanism
of the
This report describes the monuments,
problem of salt attack, possible solutions to the problem and in conclusion
sets out proposals for trials of damp courses to deal with the problem.
.
61
--.-.
_..
._l--_l__.
2. The historical context
Archaeological
investigations
have established that urban cultures had begun to emerge in the basins of the Amu-Darya
and Zerafshan rivers by the
middle of the first millennium
BC, by which time Samarkand (first Afrosiab,
later Macaranda), Bukhara, Khiva and Tashkent had all been founded. Many
different civilizations
flourished
in the area, but in the second half of the
eighth century AD, the Arab conquest introduced Islam, which soon became
the dominant force. The region was drawn firmly into the cultural as well as
the political orbit of the Caliphate, resulting in an extraordinary
flowering of
intellectual
and artistic endeavor. By the ninth century AD, Central Asian
scholars
were making
an impressive
contribution
to Islamic science,
amongst them Ibn Sina (Avicenna),
who with other mathematicians
and
philosophers
was later to have a major influence on the development
of
European science.
The artistic achievements
found fullest expression in architecture,
where Islamic forms blended with indigenous
traditions
to create monuments
of
unique distinction.
Generous patronage came from rulers, eager to beautify
their cities and to commemorate
their reigns with splendid buildings. Some
of these are among the greatest masterpieces
of the Islamic world. Many
were extended and remodeled over a period of several centuries and display
the differing architectural
fashions and building techniques of their day.
The oldest Islamic edifices on the territory of present-day
Uzbekistan date
from the ninth century, but few survived the great damage inflicted by the
Mongol invasions of the early thirteenth century. Those that do, display an
elegant simplicity of line, with a subtle texture of ochre-colored
brickwork.
The outstanding
example of this style is the family mausoleum
of the
Samanid family in Bukhara, built in the reign of Sultan lsmail Samani in the
9th-10th centuries. Blue ceramic tiles, carved terra-cotta facings and Quranit inscriptions
were used to enliven the facades of later monuments of this
period.
Towards the end of the thirteenth century, urban culture began to regain its
vitality and during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries there was a great
revival of architecture.
Some of the finest monuments
date from this period
(Mausoleum of Chasma Ayub). Under Tamerlane (d. 1405) and his grandson, Ulughbek
(d. 1449), Samarkand
was made a city of incomparable
beauty and grace. Decorative tilework became more varied and was used to
cover broad expanses of wall, rather as carpets and embroideries were used
inside the house.
62
-,-
_______ ”____---
,
.
FIG.
.
1
KAZAKH
.i’
I
.
I
i
:\
TURKMEN
ISTAN
.:’
Kyzyl Kum
(desert)
\
UZBEK/STAN
STAN
!
!
!
\
i
I
Bukhara
‘“‘-.
I.?
TAOZHlKlSTAN
1
2
Chashma - Ayub
Mausoleum 01
lsmall Samanl
3
Ark
4
Kalyan Mosque
Kalyan Mlnarel
5
c Mr-I-arab Madfassa
Bole-khauz Mosque and
Mlnarel
Kukel’larh Madrassa
9
LyabCKhaut
c Nadir-Chran-Bqg Mdrassa
7
ChwMlnor
9
Magokl-ANarlMo~us
9
10
Wiola
Bazaars
113
FIG. 2 BUKHARA
After the collapse of Tamerlane’s
empire, power gradually shifted back to
Bukhara (Fig. 2) and later still Khiva and Kokand emerged as important political and economic
centers. Most of the historic buildings of Khiva date
from the nineteenth century (Fig. 3). The basic architectural
forms remained
the same; indeed continuity and imitation were prized. Decorative motifs became lighter and more reminiscent
in pattern and line of contemporary
Perso-Moghul styles. Yet another artistic influence was added when the Russian conquest of Central Asia in the 1860s introduced European style buildings. There was an interesting attempt to blend indigenous styles with new
forms, especially in the palaces and mansions of the local elite.
Medieval descriptions
of Central Asian cities speak of spacious squares and
thoroughfares
and a great variety of public and domestic buildings,
set
among luxurious
gardens. Today, human-inflicted
damage, resulting from
invasions, internecine
wars, revolution and ideological
intolerance,
coupled
with natural disasters such as earthquakes
and floods have destroyed most
of the rich urban textures. The few buildings that have survived are for the
most part unhappily marooned in the midst of modern urban sprawl.
Most of the monuments
to be seen today had a religious function. They include a variety of mosques - the large Friday mosques within the city, the
mosques outside the city (namazgokh,
or idgokh) used for special feasts,
and the small makhalya mosques situated in each district of the city. Adjunct to the mosques
are minarets,
either structurally
attached
to the
mosque or free-standing,
in the latter case often of substantial
size and
height. There are also several mausoleums,
erected in honor of a notable,
usually a holy man or a ruler. They may consist of a single vaulted chamber,
or a central chamber surrounded by other smaller rooms. In some cases the
mausoleum comprises a whole architectural
ensemble, approached
through
an imposing portal, or an entire necropolis, as the Shakh-i Zinda in Samarkand. Chanuka were Dervish ‘monasteries’,
where pilgrims could pray and
find accommodation.
Many examples have survived of the madrasah, religious colleges intended to accommodate
large numbers of students. The
usual plan is a central quadrangle,
enclosed on all four sides by a double
storey of small, arcaded cells, interspersed with prayer rooms and lecture
halls.
The Islamic monuments
of Uzbekistan are part of the world’s architectural
and cultural heritage. Khiva has been declared a World Heritage City by
UNESCO and similar status is being sought for Bukhara.
.
65
FIG. 3 KHIVA
Key
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
Kunya Ark
Mukhamed Amin Khan Madrassa
and Kal’ta Minor Minaref
Mausoleum of Said Alauddin
Mausoleum ol Pakhlavan Makhmud
Dzhuma Mosque and Minarer
Shirgazi Khan Madrasa
Islam Khodzha Ensemble
Ak - Mechet
Allakulikhan Madrassa
Kutlug-Murad - lnak Madrassa
Tash-khauli Palace
Arabkhana Madrassa
Mukhammed Rakhimkhan Madrassa
66
.
3.
The
geographical
context
The towns of Khiva, Bukhara and Samarkand are the centers of areas where
irrigation
agriculture
has been practiced
for some three thousand years.
Khiva lies on the margins of the Amu-Darya,
flood plain just above the
commencement
of the river delta, in the area known as Khorezm; Samarkand and Bukhara stand near the river Zerafshan, which until the late prehistoric period was a tributary of the Amu-Darya,
but which now dies out
through loss of water to irrigation and evaporation,
some 25 km short of the
main channel stream’ (Fig. 1).
The whole of the Aral Sea basin, downstream of the mountain foothills, has
an extremely
arid, continental
climate. Everywhere
precipitation
is under
400 mm per annum. In Bukhara, annual precipitation
is less than 220 mm
and in Khiva less than 100 mm. Maximum rainfall occurs in spring, commencing in late February/early
March and dying out in April. The temperature regime is characterized by a sharp annual range. January average temperatures fall to -5°C in Khiva and -1°C in more southerly Bukhara. Variations from year to year can be considerable:
in Bukhara the January minimum is -23°C (1950) and the January maximum is 20°C (1940). July average temperatures
are 27°C in Khiva and 29°C in Bukhara, with maxima in
the mid 4Os”C in both places.
Over’the year, the net radiation balance in the Central Asian deserts is about
150- 160 kilocalories
cm2 (Murzayev,
1968). Relative humidity
by day in
summer does not exceed 20-30 per cent and around midday may fall below
10 per cent; in winter it averages 40-65 per cent during the day. The temperature regime ensures high evapo-transpiration.
Arable agriculture in the basins of the Amu-Darya
and Zerafshan is wholly
dependent on irrigation, for which the rivers are the sole significant source of
supply. River flow in turn is heavily dependent on glacier and snow melt in
the headwater regions of the Pamirs and Tyan-Shan,
giving two peaks of
flow in March and in June-August.
Although irrigation, based on gravity flow,
is of extreme antiquity in Central Asia, the irrigated area began to increase
rapidly only after the Russian conquest in the later nineteenth century. The
tempo of constructing
new canals and extending the irrigated area increased
further in the Soviet period and particularly
after the Second World War
(Table 1). Since the opening of the first Soviet Five-year Plan, the irrigated
area of Soviet Central Asia and Kazakhstan
(part of which lies in the Aral
Sea basin) has nearly tripled. In the Uzbek Republic the area has nearly doubled since 1950 and is still rising. One well-known
consequence of this development,
together with comparable
reductions
in the basin of the Syr
Darya, has been the reduction of flow into the Aral Sea, which has led to its
progressive desiccation and a range of associated problems.
67
TABLE
1
Irrigated land in Central Asia, 1928-1989
Year
1928
1950
1960
1970
1980
1988
1989
(million
ha)
Central Asia and Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
3.33
5.42
5.89
6.19
7.94
9.39
9.44
n.a.
2.14
2.69
2.81
3.48
4.15
4.16
Sources: Various, including volumes of Narodnoye Khozyaistvo
SSSR and
Narodnoye
Khozyaistvo
Uzbekskoi SSR; figures are approximate
in that
slightly differing definitions of irrigated land are used at different dates.
Another, less well-known
consequence
that is probably crucial to the problem of building damage is the concomitant
rise of the water table in the
lower reaches of the catchments. Few of the canals are adequately lined and
there is considerable loss of water by seepage. Data on this phenomenon are
not readily available and the evidence for change in water table level is
equivocal. Nevertheless,
it is certainly true that in the Bukhara and Khiva
districts, the water table is not far below the surface today.
68
_
,_.-_
~.------“I-
4. The evidence of damage
.
Many old buildings have successfully stood the tests of time, but there is
clear evidence of damage on many of the major Islamic buildings examined
in Khiva and Bukhara. This damage is of three main kinds. First, there is
structural damage, such as cracking, leaning walls and zones of horizontal
shear failure due to earthquakes which can be seen on buildings such as the
early nineteenth-century
Chor Minor mosque in Bukhara.
Although
this
damage is important,
it is not the focus of this study. Secondly, the upper
parts of some buildings show evidence of tile removal and deterioration
due
to rain water ingress. This too was not investigated.
Thirdly and most importantly, extensive damage occurs in a zone around the bases of buildings,
that in places has an upper limit of over 3 m above ground level.
The evidence
following
.
.
of damage
around the external
base of buildings
includes
the
1. The break-up by flaking of some bricks, such as some of the red-colored
bricks in Bukhara.
2. The break-up to powder of some other bricks, such as the yellow-colored
bricks in Bukhara.
3. The fracturing of bricks.
4. The extrusion of bricks from walls and the associated deformation of wall
lines.
5. The break-up of original brick patinas.
6. The removal of mortar from between bricks.
7. Ceramic tile fall.
8. Surface disruption, both internally and externally.
9. Associated with alabaster repairs and surface coatings, (for example,
blistering, flaking and tumbling)
10. Salt efflorescence, which is commonly associated with mortar and which
also, in places, ‘coats’ the bricks.
.
69
.-
--
One form or another of this damage was specifically observed in each of the
buildings listed in Table 2. Moreover, there is also clear evidence that the
damage is occurring at present. For example, salt efflorescence,
the breaking-up of bricks and mortar extrusion are all clearly to be seen on part of the
Ulughbek madrassa in Bukhara, that was only restored in 1980. Similarly,
Grazhdankina
described damage to the Samanid mausoleum
after the restoration in 1938; part of the base was crumbling and bricks and mortar were
being forced out. The ground-level
damage is a matter of serious concern
since it re,duces the strength of walls where stresses are greatest, eventually
leading to structural failure of the buildings affected.
TABLE 2
Estimated
heights of the upper limit of damage by Salt Attack
KHIVA
Madrassa Mohammed Amin
Khan
Madrassa Kazy Kalyan
Yaqub Kh,odza Khona
Harem
1.5
Depth of water
surface (m)
?
1.72
0.9
c.2.0
?
?
c.5.0
1.8-2.55
1.5-2.25
0.8
c. 1.5
c.2.5
?
?
c.3.0
2.25
2.55
2.0
?
?
Height (m)
BUKHARA
Samanid mausoleum
Kalyan minaret
Ulughbeg madrassa
Gizhduvon (on road to Samarkand)
Magoki-Attari
mosque
Chor Minor mosque
Bahauddin (near Bukhara)
c.2.0
70
I----I
^---.-_--_l__l
..._..”._._,_. . .. _-^.l____.l_.^_____l.
-. .
5. Dampness and salt efflorescence
The zones in buildings above ground level in which the damage is found are
associated with two clearly related characteristics,
dampness and salt efflorescence.
The lower parts of many buildings in Khiva and Bukhara, where darnage is
concentrated,
are damp. During the survey, patches of relative dampness
were measured on the buildings listed in Table 2. The results are summarised in Figure 4. These and other data show that the upper limit of dampness is variable, but at a maximum it is over 3.0 m. Often, but not always,
the mortar is relatively damper than the adjacent brick.
Figure 4
Dampness
of bnckviorLand mortarrelativeto height above ground level
71
_I-______.
___I_.._-...
..-... -
-..-
-__.-~---...-
. ___-.
Within the damp zone, the zone of most damage, salt efflorescence
is evident as white encrustations.
Samples of salts were collected and analyzed.
The results are shown in Table 3A and B. The samples of efflorescences
within the capillary zone, taken from Bukhara, reveal a complex mixture of
salts. Of crucial importance
is the occurrence in two samples of sodium and
magnesium sulphates. Both of these salts have been shown experimentally
to be amongst the most serious agents of salt weathering.
Saltpeter, KNO, is present in two samples suggesting that nitrates may be
present in groundwater.
This in turn suggests that fertilizers used locally in
association
with irrigation
are a possible source. Whatever the origin, nitrates, some of which have relatively high coefficients of volumetric
expansion, may be important
in causing damage. Gypsum, a dominant component of sample 4, is also a significant
agent of salt weathering,
although it,
together with halite, is thought to be relatively less effective than the sodium
and magnesium sulfates.
TABLE 3A
Analysis of salt samples, by element, from Uzbek Islamic monuments
Major constituents:
constituents
percentage
Sample 1 KHIVA:
Madrassa Mohammed
Amin Khan,
efflorescence
(120 cm. Above ground
level, inside)
Sample
2 BUKHARA:
Samanid Mausoleum,
efflorescence (34 cm,
a.g.l., south side)
Sample
by weight
of total sample
of water
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Cl
24.4
3.6
4.7
0.1
39.1
3.6
7.9
83.4
7.2
1.6
1.6
6.7
1.9
0.4
46.1
65.5
6.1
13.7
1.7
3.5
0. 7
21.3
30.6
77.6
6.4
2.2
15.7
1.0
2.4
0.9
55.0
83.6
NO3
so4
soluble
Tota I
3 BUKHARA:
Magoki Attari mosque,
efflorescence (7 cm.
a.g.l., south side)
Sample
4 BUKHARA:
Chor Minor mosque,
efflorescence
TABLE 3B
Analysis of salt samples from Uzbek Islamic monuments
Major salts (percent)-
Sample 1
.
CaCOs31 calcium carbonate NaCl halite
KNOX saltpeter
CaS0,2HzO gypsum
KHIVA: madrasah
Mohammed Amin Khan,
efflorescence ( 120 cm
above ground level,
inside)
Sample 2
MgS04.6HzO hexahydrate
major c.60%
MgS04.7HzO epsomite
minor
Na$SOd thenardite minor
c.20%
BUKHARA: Samanid
mausoleum efflorescence,
(34 cm a.g.l.,west side)
Sample 3
.
MgS04.6HzO hexahydrate
KNOs saltpetre
NaNOs soda nitre possible
NaS04
BUKHARA: Magoki-Attari
mosque, efflorescence
(7 cm a.g.l., south side)
Sample 4
CaS0,2H20 gypsum
major 65%
NaCl present 5%
Na, K, and Mg and sulfates
but not mirabilite or
thenardite
BUKHARA:Chor Minor
mosque efflorescence
(1 m a-g.)., south side)
.
.
10%
70%
5%
10%
The analyses were undertaken
by Dr-J. McArthur
Geological Sciences, University College London.
73
--_-.
-I _
of the Department
of
These analyses are comparable to those undertaken at the Samanid Mausoleum in May, 1988 by the Bukhara-Samarkand
expedition,
which showed,
inter alia, that the salts include NaS04, CaS04 and MgSO, (Table 4).
TABLE 4,
Salt and moisture in the Samanid Mausoleum,
Percentage
Brick E
*
May 1988
by weight of total sample of water soluble constituents
Height cm Moisture % &SO4
4.96
16.41
i.5
KzS04
1.232
CaS04
MgS04
Total
5.97
10.29
22.4
wall
Brick S
0.3
29.96
3.29
0.55
7.68
2.45
14.97
2.0
10.6
1.147
4.97
5.38
0.33
11.92
wall
Brick
Source:
Report No.35, Institute of Restoration,
Tashkent.
6. The capillary fringe
Both salt efflorescence and dampness are associated with the capillary fringe
- the zone of saturated and partially saturated material above the water table. Groundwater
is drawn upward through surface materials and buildings
above the water table by nevaporative pumping”, which is essentially the result of high surface temperatures.
The height of capillary rise is determined
by the nature of the sub-surface temperature
gradients, so that it is likely to
be higher in desert areas of low relative humidity, such as Uzbekistan. The
height is also determined by the nature of the materials through which the
moisture passes. In general, the height will be greater in fine materials such
as clay, and in coherent, fine-grained
building materials such as bricks and
mortar. Thus in Khiva and Bukhara, where climatic conditions are propitious
and the materials involved are fine-grained,
the height of the capillary fringe
is relatively great. Observations of water table depth, taken in conjunction
with measurements
of the upper limit of capillary fringe (Table 2), suggest
that the height of capillary rise may in places exceed 6 m (as estimated, for
example, at the harem in Khiva).
Such thicknesses of the capillary zone are high. Normally the zone would not
exceed a meter or two, even in the hottest, driest deserts. This anomaly, explained by R.A Legg, is due to two zones of capillary rise. One is immediately above the water table, the other at and above the ground surface; the
two are separated by a relatively ‘dry’ zone (Fig. 5). In winter, when the upper soil layer is relatively cool there is a marked temperature
gradient from
the water table to the surface, water will evaporate from the groundwater
at
depth, and the warm vapour will pass upwards through the dry zone to condense in the relatively cool surface layers (Fig.‘G). In this way a second
saturation zone is created from which capillary rise could proceed into the
buildings. Apparent recent increases in capillary rise could also be explained
by increases in temperature gradient, even though ground and air temperatures remain the same, as a result of two circumstances
shown in Figure 6.
First, a rise in groundwater level, due to irrigation. And second, if irrigation
water is applied to the land in spring and early summer, the excess water
that washes out the soil and leaches down to the water table would arrive at
the high temperatures
of that season. This would create a steeper temperature gradient. Hence increasing the migration of water to the surface.
YMSNRE
THE %3L
WlNTER RISE Df
MDlSTlJRE
$TARllNC
AS -WARMVAPOUR
AND CoNDENsrNC
NEAR COCD SUftFACE
.
II
-iI
‘/
EXTRACTED
FROU
AS BRIM
PCNWS
Ii
II
II
II
II
II
.
.
flCURE
5:
WERE
CAPUARY
IT IS POSSJBLE
RI=
IS FOUND
THAT I-HERE ARE
IN WICDINGS
SEVERAL
METRES
ABDVE
m0
ZONES ff
CAACLARY
RISE.
.
75
THE
WATER
TABLE.
SUMMER
l zJ’--
SURFACE
SUMMER
1
: j ‘QA
(1.1
(2.1
“NATURAL’
SUMMER
'NAlURAl'
MNTEA
.,
-3-DRY-
SOIL
-s--
-
VANTER
Au
WET S&L
CAPILLARY
(IN
FRINGE)
‘c
4
FIGURE
6.
AN
OF
EXPCANATlON
WJPERATURE
OF ME IJOUBlE
GRADIENTS.
ZONE
OF CAPILLARY
RISE
IN
TERMS
(3.)
INTER
GRADIENT
AS MOLWIED
BY
MODERN
IRRIGATION.
(SUGGESTED)
7. The water table
The present water tables in Khiva and Bukhara vary in their depth below the
surface, both spatially and seasonally. Table 2 provides some data and Table 5 A and B summarizes water table depths at specific sample locations in
Khiva and Bukhara. These data show that the water table is close to the
surface beneath many buildings, with the result that the capillary
fringe is
bound to affect their walls.
TABLE 5A
Depth to water table, Khiva
Borehole No
1986
1987
1988
28
50
5
222
223
224
225
125
Range
1.28
1.55
1.13
1.03
2.68
4.14
2.16
0.86
0.86-4.14
1.64
1.84
0.97
1.08
1.82
3.31
2.39
1.31
0.97-3.31
2.55
1.93
1.62
1.09
1.75
3.59
2.43
1.48
1.09-3.59
TABLE 5B
Depth to water table, Bukhara
1.4
n.a.
not found at 2.5m
n.a.
3.7
1977
not found at 6.5m
1977
3.0
1978
15.0
1978
7.25 -8.2
1978
Throne Hall, Ark
15.0
1981
Kalyan mosque
17.0
1979
Namazgan
mosque
Labi Khauz Kalon mosque
Khodzha
Peshku mosque
Toki-Tilpak
Furoshon
cupola bazaar
Cottage near Chashma
Ayub
Mir-i Arab madrasah
Ark (Citadel)
Abdulla-Azizlchan
madrasah
4.5 -4.7
1979
Navoi chaikhana
(teahouse)
more than 20m
1981
Source for Tables 5A and 58: personal communication
from members of the
State Centre ‘Nature’, GUGIC, Uzbekistan. Note: these data may be influenced by ‘drawdown’ as a result of pumping of groundwater.
77
_---
--
_._
_
-..
8. Salinity of groundwater
It is the upward and outward migration of water through the capillary fringe
that transports salts into the buildings from ground. It is the salts that cause
most of the damage in the capillary fringe zone. There is some evidence that
groundwater
is relatively saline. Electrical conductivity
measurements
at the
Samanid mausoleum gave a groundwater
value of 5,100 micro-siemens,
for
example (Table 6A, sample 3). Water being used for mortar in Bukhara was
also quite saline (Table 6A, sample 4). Grazhdankina
showed that Bukharan
groundwater
is characterized
by substantial amounts of magnesium and sodium sulphate (Table 613). These salts were found to be the most abundant
in salt efflorescences (Table 3).
TABLE 6
Salinity of groundwater
A- Electrical
conductivity
measurements
(micro-siemens)
Hotel tap water, Tashkent
300-350
Bottled water, Tashkent
1090-l
Bukhara,
5,100
Samanid
mausoleum
Bukhara, water used for mortar,
(Emir’s citadel)
B. Analysis
Composition
at the Ark
made by Grazhdankina,
of Bukhara
MgSQ
4.14
NazS04
4.16
NaCl
3.56
CaS04
1.91
groundwater
2,700
( 1989, p. 175)
samples
78
(gm/l
)
100
9. Evaporation and salt deposition
Evaporation
causes salts to be formed on the outside of buildings from the
water in the capillary zone. The key to this process is that external air temperature is different from the wall temperature
and is at times higher, thus
allowing evaporation at the surface. Field measurements of air, wet bulb and
external wall temperatures
(e.g. Fig. 4) support this argument. In addition,
air temperatures within buildings are normally lower than temperatures
outside, thus creating ,a transverse gradient that encourages moisture movement to the outside walls. In moving to the outer wall of the building, salts
will form mainly where moisture is greatest, that is to say, preferentially
within the mortar.
10. The effect of salts
The formation of salts from solution by evaporation on the external walls of
buildings in the capillary zone is one major process that causes the break-up
(weathering) of bricks, mortar, and stone. The effectiveness of crystal growth
from solution is well-known
and experimentally
verified. Studies have demonstrated that the disruptive effects of crystal growth vary with the type of
salt, and that magnesium
and sodium sulphate are both particularly
damaging. Both are present in Bukhara.
A second process involves the expansion of certain salts that are already in
crystalline form within pores, through hydration under daily ambient temperature conditions. The salts that have hydrates and may suffer hydration in
ambient conditions include calcium sulphate, sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate. The hydration
process may well be important in Khiva and
Bukhara, not only because damaging salts are present, but also because the
daily march of temperature
and relative humidity crosses the relevant hydration thresholds at times (e.g., 21.4” and 32.3“ for hydrates of NazS04) and
because the temperature gradients in walls may encourage it.
A third possibility is of chemical changes, for example to mortar, that create
new products of higher volume than the original material. Such increases in
volume can cause extrusion and disintegration.
Thus the climatic conditions,
the specific salts present, and the presence of capillary fringe water in the
buildings all suggest that salt weathering
is the major cause of damage to
buildings at and immediately
above the ground surface.
11. The Salt Weathering Problem Elsewhere
The problems recognized in Khiva and Bukhara are not unique. Similar conditions have been described throughout
the Arabian Gulf and in Egypt at
Suez, and similar, but more advanced versions of these problems are to be
found in Turkmenia.
79
-_..
..__
-
.-.--I^____
-_.___
12. Other Sources of Salt
Analysis of water being used for mortar at the palace in Bukhara (Table 6)
suggests that salts could be introduced into buildings through the water used
in mortar’. Certainly this could be a problem today, although according to the
conservators
of the Uzbek Ministry of Culture at both Khiva and Bulchara,
traditionally,
serious efforts were made to use mortar water that was free of
salts. Salty mortar could be responsible for tile fall high up in buildings. Salty
mortar could also augment damage in the capillary zone.
13. Deterioration
of the Monuments
The previous discussion makes it clear that the ground level damage to the
monuments is caused by salts that have entered the walls of the buildings as
a result of rising damp and salt laden building materials. It is also clear that
most of the salts are derived from saline ground water or soil.
It is essential that the monuments
are properly protected and maintained,
but this requires substantial investment. Salt damage gives particular cause
for concern, since all the methods so far used to solve the problems in
Uzbekistan connected with this form of damage appear to have been largely
unsuccessful.
Consequently,
costly restoration
work has to be repeated
every few years, at what appear to be ever-decreasing
intervals.
The question of restoration
is made more pressing by the role of these
buildings as a great tourist attraction. Some 500,000 visitors a year come to
Uzbekistan to see them; approximately
two-thirds are from outside the C.I.S.,
bringing much-needed
foreign currency into the republic. Service industries
have developed around them, so that it is important for the economic future
of the region that the historic monuments should survive. The republic, however, cannot afford to pour funds into what is perceived to be a bottomless
pit.
It is vital therefore that an effective and lasting method of preventing rising
damp and of dealing with salts in the fabric of these monuments should be
found if further deterioration
is to be avoided.
14. Details of the Building Construction
The detailed form of construction
appropriate
methods for dealing
mulated.
The buildings
examined
of the monuments
with the salt attack
divide into two distinct
was examined so that
problem could be for-
types
1.
Mainly domestic buildings having a timber frame with sun dried brick
infill which is then rendered externally with mud mixed with straw.
2.
Mainly
Public and Religious
buildings
so
witil walls made of burnt brick.
TYPO
.
,
The timber frame of these buildings is built off a substantial sole plate set on
a brick plinth. See SKI. These buildings do not suffer from severe salt attack
problems because the timber sole plate isolates the upper section of the external wall and acts as an effective damp proof course. The timber does not
rot because the dry climate keeps it sufficiently dry. The brick or stone plinth
suffers from salt attack but this feature is usually rendered with mud and
straw. Since the salt crystals form on the surface which is subject to evaporation, the crystals grow in the mud render. This gradually disintegrates
but
is easily removed and replaced every few years.
Type
.
1
2
The more substantial
buildings
and monuments
such as mosques,
madrasahs, minarets,
and trading bazaars have walls made of solid burnt
brickwork.
These buildings are the subject of this report and are the ones
suffering from salt attack. The bricks are set in lime mortar, gypsum mortar
or mud mortar. Sometimes a mixture of mortars appears in the same wall
construction.
The thickness at ground level depends on the building and
varies from walls about 30cm thick to piers about 2.0 meters thick. Some of
the thicker walls and piers have rubble cores. The walls are often decorated
with glazed brick tiles or mosaics made from glazed tilework set in gypsum
plaster. The internal wall surface is sometimes
exposed brickwork
and
sometimes plastered or tiled.
Most of the buildings examined do not have damp courses: the brickwork
running continuously
up from foundation
level. See SK.2. Occasionally
the
brickwork is built off stonework or marble at the level of the ground, which
forms an effective damp course. See SK.3.
Some buildings
incorporate
a timber feature about 60cm above ground
level. A drawing seen at the Tashkent Institute of Restoration
shows this
feature as a wall plate extending through the entire thickness of the wall. See
SK.4. This would act as a damp proof course. It is possible that this feature
also acted as a structural tie within the brickwork
since the buildings are
within an earthquake zone.
The only examples however of this timber feature that were visible in the
buildings examined, where a cross section could be seen, did not extend
through the entire wall thickness. They appeared to be purely decorative,
probably an imitation of the sole plate used in the timber framed buildings.
Some of the buildings seen at the Chor-Bakr
necropolis
had reed damp
courses incorporated
within their walls. These are formed from a mat of
reeds, similar to roof thatching,
about 5cm thick passing through the full
thickness of the brick walls. See SK.6. In some instances the wall below the
mat is stonework. These damp courses appeared to be effective.
81
A common detail is for monuments
to be set on a solid plinth faced with
brickwork
(see SK.7) or for the internal ground level to be higher than the
external level. See SK.8. This results in brick retaining walls around the
monument.
15. Current Methods of Restoration
Brickwork
Repairs
The outer face of brick walls that have deteriorated are cut out and replaced
with new brickwork built off a bituminous
felt damp course. The backing
brickwork
is untouched.
Any associated tiling or mosaic work is also replaced with tiles and decoration carefully matching the existing colors and
patterns. In some cases the repair work is carried down to foundation level
where the foundations are re-built or enlarged.
The new brickwork is built up using locally made bricks with Portland Cement or gypsum mortar. There appeared to be no bonding between the new
and old work. See SK.9.
In cases where the damage was too great the existing work was pulled down
and re-built; the new construction
employing
methods appropriate
to new
buildings such as brick faced reinforced concrete and portland cement mortar. It appears that little is done to avoid salts being incorporated
in the new
work since salts are present in the mortar gauging water and in the new
bricks. This is in contrast to descriptions
by the museum curators who explained that traditionally
great care used to be taken to exclude salts from
building construction.
Ground Water Lowering
The Tashkent Institute of Restoration described two schemes where ground
water lowering had been used. Both schemes were used in locations where
the ground water had risen as a result of irrigation; the water level rising to
near or above the ground level adjacent to the monuments.
At Tamburlane’s
Tomb the monument
is small and is set below the current
ground surface in a depression about 2.0m deep. The water level had risen
so that sometimes it was half a meter above the local ground surrounding
the tomb. A system of well pointing was installed in c.1981 to lower the
ground water locally to prevent seasonal flooding. The system was designed
to lower the water table by about two meters and was successful at first but
problems with the pumping and lack of full time attendance has caused the
system to break down. See SK.10.
At Khagan a system using a trench filled with porous material surrounding
a
porous pipe was installed around the monument.
The monument
is about
50m square in plan with the water table about I .5m below ground level. The
system was designed to lower the water table by 1 to 1.5m. This was installed during 1982-83. Within a year the system ceased to work due to silting up of the pumps and the porous pipework. See SK. 1 1.
S2
-_“...~-.-..- - ---.~----
. ---
___I_~
Anti damp methods employed in recent Restoration
.
Work
1.
As described earlier, (see SK.9.) a damp course is incorporated
only
in neti facing brickwork,
the original backing brickwork
being left
untouched.
This is ineffective since the damp course does not pass right through
the wall.
2.
The brickwork foundations have, in some locations, been surrounded
with 20cm of concrete. This also proved to be ineffective since normal concrete is cracked and porous. See SK.9.
3.
In places where asphalt or bituminous
materials surfaced the ground
in contact with external walls these have been removed and replaced
with porous materials such as brick or stone on a sand bed. This
method prevents moisture from being trapped under impervious surfaces. It increases evaporation within the surrounding
soil and therefore reduces moisture movement through the brickwork of the building but does not stop it. There are many examples however where the
buildings
are not surrounded
by impervious
surfaces and where
brickwork suffering from salt attack is clearly visible.
Materials
The use of
theme that
volved with
were not of
durable and
poor materials currently
being employed for restoration
is a
re-occurred time after time during discussions with people inrestoration work. They were conscious that the materials used
the highest quality. The bricks they said were less strong, less
less dense than the original bricks.
.
They explained that traditionally,
bricks were made from carefully selected
clay treated to remove salts. These methods were no longer being employed
since modern brickworks were concerned with volume output rather than
quality. The mortar being used for restoration work is made with portland
cement or gypsum plaster. These mortars are not compatible
with lime
mortars.
There seems to be no attempt
lating portland cement mortar
of Restoration recognized these
theory and practice in building,
at matching new and old mortars nor at isofrom gypsum plaster. The Tashkent Institute
problems but there is always a gap between
particularly
in restoration work.
.
83
MccaAllw
aAnD
BRKK SURFACE CR
UOSAJC
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IN u
uoRlAR.
cwsuY
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UORTAt?. SCUENS
A
UlXnJRE
OF YORTARS
54
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.
llYsER
nE AND
DAUP cow(sE
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llF AND DAMP COURSE - 9< 4
REED DAMP
COURSE
EXTERNAL
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BUILT DFF A f’LPITl4
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87
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58
., __ I_, ._
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ti
J
16. Possible Methods for dealing with the Salt Attack Problem
Sacrificial Render
.
The main mechanism of salt attack of brickwork and mortar is the crystallization of salts near the surface of the brickwork or mortar. If a porous render
is applied to the brickwork
the crystals form within the render. The render
deteriorates but can easily be removed and replaced from time to time. The
use of mud rendering in Uzbekistan, as a traditional
material, would make
sacrificial renders attractive for long runs of brickwork where the visual aspect was not too important.
This would simply be an extension
of the
method already in use for the lower part of domestic buildings.
Salt Resistant materials
The Tashkent Institute of Restoration has experimented
with additions to
gypsum mortar. They have increased the strength of gypsum mortar by
some 30 to 70% by the addition of 0.2% sugar to the mortar mix. An experimental tile at the Institute is fastened to an area of brickwork suffering from
rising damp and salt attack. The tile fastened with the improved mix is still in
place. The control tile has fallen off. It is possible that by studying the use of
salt resistant materials that mortars, bricks and tiles could be developed that
were not prone to salt attack. This would then permit these materials to be
used in areas of wall subject to salt attack.
Ground Water Lowering
Ground water can be controlled
by extracting
the water by pumping from
ditches filled with granular material, wells or well points. It is a method that
can be effective in dealing with the physical presence of water, ie. flooding or
a water table very close to the ground surface. The method, described in
section 15, has been tried in Uzbekistan but was unsuccessful
in the long
is
unlikely
to
be
an
effective
term. Ground water lowering in any case,
method of preventing rising damp into the buildings studied since the zone of
capillary rise as described in section 6 is so great. Further more, there is
some rainfall and water tends to be used at the surface to water plants and
parks surrounding
historic buildings. An examination
of late 19th century
photographs
shows that the salt attack problem was present then. This is
before the relatively recent large scale irrigation of the area.
17. Damp Proof Courses
It is clear that the introduction
of effective damp courses into the buildings
described is possible. It is simply a question of establishing the correct type
of damp proof course to be installed taking account of the building materials, the type of construction
and the local economic context.
It is also important to realize that the introduction
of an effective damp proof
course will only prevent future moisture and salts from entering the brick
walls from the ground. The walls will still contain salts and the behaviour of
.
these salts in dry walls may still cause problems. This point is discussed
later. The different types of available damp proof courses are set out below:
Physical Damp Proof Courses
These are physical
walls.
moisture
barriers
introduced
throughout
the thickness
of
1. Damp proof courses of sheet bituminous felt, plastic or metal, can be put
into a wall by removing sections of the wall in stages, placing the membranes and re-bricking.
See SK. 12.
2. The membranes can also be introduced by sawing through the brickwork
with a mechanical
tungsten-carbide
tipped chainsaw to form a slot into
which the membrane can be placed. See SK.13.
3.
Damp proof courses of slate or vitrified brick or timber, can be introduced by rebuilding a wall in sections at ground level incorporating
vitrified bricks, slates or timber. See SK. 14.
Physical damp proof courses have been used throughout
the world for centuries. The methods employed and their effect are known and well tried. No
great technical knowledge nor use of special materials is required. The disadvantages
of these methods is that their installation
into existing walls is
disruptive and slow.
Chemical Damp Proof Courses
These are barriers that are formed by treating a zone of brickwork at ground
level with silicones or aluminium stearate water repellents which prevent the
capillary
rise of water in the brickwork. The chemicals are introduced
into
the wall through a series of holes drilled in the brickwork. The chemicals can
be pressure injected into the holes or allowed to transfuse under gravity. See
SK.15 & 16. The advantage of chemical damp proof courses is that they are
quick to install, and cause little disruption to the building. Their disadvantage
is that historically
they are recent, less than 50 years old. Their long term
durability is therefore unknown.
It is also possible that chemical injection would be difficult in rubble filled
walls. The wall composition
would have to be determined
to establish the
materials and chemicals in the walls before using this technique. The technique although commonplace
in the United Kingdom is not used in Uzbekistan. The materials and techniques would therefore have to be imported.
Removal of Salts from Walls
As stated earlier, salts remaining
since the salts may be hygroscopic
contract due to change of phase.
will cause salts in solution in the
cause more deterioration
of the
in dry brickwork may still cause problems
and they will still continue to expand and
The introduction
of a damp proof course
wall to crystallize and may in some cases
brickwork than when the wall was damp.
Attempts have been made to remove salts from walls by gently spraying
with clean water followed by the application
of a clay poultice to draw out
the salt and moisture. The technique is recent, the outcome uncertain.
Electra-Osmotic
.
.
.
.
Damp Proof Courses
This system r&es on the fact that moisture in a wall is associated with an
electrical potential. Electrodes
are introduced
into the wall and into the
ground. An electrical voltage is then permanently
applied causing the moisture in the wall to move downwards into the soil. See SK.1 7. It is likely that
the downward migration of moisture caused by the electrical voltage may
also carry away the salts. This process could be enchanced
by gently
spraying the wall surface with clean water until the salts are removed.
The Electra-Osmotic
technique was largely supplanted by the chemical injection damp proof courses in the United Kingdom. It employs techniques
that involve the use of expensive materials and requires a constant voltage
to be applied. It is likely therefore that this method would be too complicated
for most uses although it might have a place in situations where the monument is small and where it is likely that the residual salts in the brickwork
could cause problems.
f
91
EXTERNAL
c
I
T
MEUBRANE
1.
2.
3.
4.
IS WSTAUfD
IN SECTIONS
:-
Full
Maw35
ff WALL REMOVED IN Smms.
MEUBRANE
8EDM.l
ON UORTAR.
BRICKWORK RE-BUILT
A8OK
NEW UEUBRANE.
NEXT SECTION Of UEU8RANE
IAWED
MW
FREMUISLY
INSTALLED SECl-iW.
UEUBRANE
INSTAWY
REUOHNG
QF WALL AND RE-0RlCXING
-
~n0r.i~
!Xlt
EXTERNAL
GROUND
kEXT
sEcnoN
1. CUT YAM
mlH CHAMSAW.
2. K-E
PIACED
AND CRDUTED
Smm
BY Stmm.
3. LAPPED YEUBRANE.
WRX
ANF @iSTAll FD BY SAY N G
AM UORTARING
IN PLACE -
SK 13
92
-_.__ --
_._.---
.
.
.
1. FULL TNICKNESS OF WALL REUOZD w sEcTK*Is
2. HT’MlED 8RICXS WILT MOWG IN SECllONS
3.8Rmwa?K
RE-8uLT
ABOVE NEW UOIBRANE.
4. NEXT SECTK)N OF 8fUtXyoRK
REMOVED AND
Pf?ocEss REPEATED.
.
.
93
I..-
-.-
--.--
__-.-.-
I. ElECWCOE N WALL FFRCU
CORUlSWlPSNHaLES.
z.cwPmsllwBEI*EMHol.Es~
NJCWTSANOlOOPEDNTDtKtES.
3. EARMw mm.
4. ElEclmcM PolDmAl
AFRED BErrrw
ww
Ra) AND ElEcwooEs
94
SALT CRKTALS
FORM IN RENDEF4
H PREFERANCE
.
m ~wc~(IM)cw
.
.
95
---
-
18. Conclusion
and Recommendations
a) It is clear that any method based on ground water lowering
the problem of Salt Attack in Bukara or Khiva.
will not solve
b) The use of Sacrificial
plication is restricted
but their ap-
Renders would be cheap and effective
to very limited situations.
c) The use of salt resistant materials, if these exist or could be developed,
would be most effective in situations where large scale re-building
was
necessary. The section of the monuments to be repaired would be rebuilt in salt resistant materials. A whole area of research is required to
establish whether:
1. The materials could be developed
tual monuments.
2. Whether these materials
textures for incorporation
3. Whether
to withstand
the test of time in ac-
could be made with the necessary
into existing monuments.
their use would be economically
colors and
viable.
d) In our opinion the method most likely to succeed and to be of general
application
is that based on the use of Damp Proof Courses.
A systematic
programme
of trials of Damp Proof Courses is therefore proposed. These would enable the problem to be carefully studied and possible
solutions evaluated. This would involve careful and painstaking work over a
period of some years. This systematic approach should however yield valuable results and almost certainly establish clear guide lines for future restoration work. We suggest the following course of action:-
Four buildings would be studied.
The buildings
selected would range from the very important,
e.g. the
Samanid Mausoleum, to a building so far untouched by restoration work and
of lesser historic importance such as the Gazion Madrassa in Bukhara.
1. The buildings
would be carefully
and sections at ground level.
measured
to establish
detailed
plans
2. The construction
of the walls would be investigated
to determine the
properties and chemical composition of the materials used and the salts
present. Eg. type of mortars and composition.
Strength, density and
composition
of the bricks.
3. Detailed moisture and salt profiles for the walls would be recorded. The
absolute moisture content is required together with the types and concentration of salts.
96
4. The form of the foundations
ging trial pits or by studying
of the buildings would
archives if available.
be found out by dig-
5. The water table depths would be recorded.
6. The organization of the labor force and methods
work in Khiva and Bukhara would be determined.
.
available
for restoration
and costs of materials and plant would be established.
7. The availability
Realistic costs for the various methods proposed for Restoration work
could then be drawn up.
would then be selected and schemes for
8. A building of lesser importance
the installation of the various Damp Proof Courses would be drawn up so
that they could be installed.
.
9. The actual process
future evaluation.
.
of installation
would
then be carefully
recorded
lO.The treated sections of the building would then be monitored
the success or otherwise of the work done to the building.
for
to assess
1 1. If the treatment were proved to be successful it would then allow the
method or methods to be extended with confidence to more important
monuments. It could also be used as an example and training scheme for
restoration workers.
12. It is proposed that the studies should be lead by The Institute of Restoration in Tashkent who would work in close cooperation with the Architects
of the Ministry of Culture and with Price and Myers Consulting Engineers.
.
.
97
Roger Capps
Capps and Capps Limited
United Kingdom
Ground
Water and Soil Salinity Related
And Sites in Central
Damage
Asia
to Monuments
I have been asked to talk on the subject of Appropriate
Technology
for the
repair of our old buildings. Appropriate
is a subjective word, and I will try to
explain what it means to me and to many others that work with old buildings
in the West. I shall not confine myself to salt but speak in more general
terms. _ After speaking of conservation
I will discuss the three buildings in
Bukhara that we will see and with which I have been involved, and outline
the repairs and why I chose to execute
them in the way I did.
I shall try to share with you an approach to the repair of ancient buildings
that may be of interest and I hope a little assistance. I feel that any repair
should be sympathetic
and should respect the sensitive nature of our historic buildings, which for me means that I will not invent what is no longer
there. I try to avoid any falsification of the historic details that have survived.
For we are only the keepers of these monuments for a short time in their
history and owe them and our descendants only the best of our endeavors.
find it a sobering fact that there is little that we can do to a building that
will not have long term consequences.
Little or nothing that once executed
can be reversed.
I
The agents of destruction are numerous and they are complex. They generally do not develop in isolation, and consequently
the way to resolve a conservation problem will also not be simplistic. It can be argued that the biggest cause of damage, the greatest danger to a structure, is misplaced or
misjudged action on the part of those that have the building in their care.
And so with this knowledge
do we proceed?
that we are the greatest
potential
danger,
how
Firstly, to analyze the causes of damage within a structure is difficult. As the
effect of the initial cause may in turn have created further stresses and their
consequential
effects. These later stresses may either be hidden by the initial
cause or disguise it. When salts are present in a failing structure, that may
not any longer be the only consequence of the presence of rising damp, and
its elimination
may not be the only necessary work. Careful consideration
must be made of the structure as a whole, and the immediate environment
in
which it exists. It is well to ignore the compulsion
to jump to the obvious
conclusion
but to compare the other, unaffected areas of the building, with
the damaged portion, or other buildings of a similar construction
build close
by. All around are clues to the damage, and suggestions
as to how this
damage can be dealt with. The buildings themselves will dictate how they
are to be repaired. We have to learn to read the clues.
98
I spend time trying to understand the building, and then decide what has
been the cause, or causes of damage, (with the knowledge that as the work
proceeds other possible information will become evident). Then the time has
come to consider how to relieve the stress and how to repair the damage.
Which is not the same thing. And the later may not be appropriate.
To see these as two separate issues (that of structural work and that of the
repair to the damage that has been caused by that structural failure) is important as aesthetics now raises its head.
Which leads me to a slight diversion. One of the greatest Sculptures,
possibly the greatest, of recent times in Europe was a Frenchman,
Rodin. Just
before the 1914-18 War he wrote a short book concerning
the French Cathedrals, (buildings of equal stature to those of the Registan) and the recent
restorations that had been taking place. It was a cry of anger from a sculpture who saw these restorers, in there attempt at cccompleting)) damaged areas of these buildings, as destroyers, who in there enthusiastic
attempt to
finish off broken or damaged details altering the balance of the whole. He
pointed out that to try to copy great work could only result in a dead copy,
that the damaged areas however broken and disfigured had a greater message than the weak and he called it ccsoftjbrepairs. He warned us of the Pastiche of Restoration. That, even if we can discover how the ancients physically worked, which often we cannot, however much we think we can, we
will not enter the heads of those men. The age that influenced
them has
gone, and with it the spontaneity and the depth of feeling that created those
great works. And so perhaps we should honor these men our forebears and
our peers by committing
our selves to the task of preserving
their great
works from further damage. To be the guardians of what remains rather than
try to recreate what has been lost.
It is helpful to compare what we wish to do, against International
Standards
of Conservation.
Like all definitions, these are in constant change and reappraisal, and our approach to the repair of our historic buildings has changed
greatly in recent years. Partly as a result of our being able to see the results
of past repairs, both the failures and the successes, and also a new appreciation of the skills and knowledge of the ancients, and a rebirth of our belief
of traditional techniques and traditional materials.
.
When Portland cement was invented in the 1860’s less than 150years ago it
was considered because of its strength the great panacea. It is easy to believe that this must be the material to use when repairing weak structures.
Not easy to understand that the ancient buildings, built of soft brick, with a
bond of ganche or mud, survived because of their softness and ability to absorb shock, bend without breaking, and withstand stress by distortion.
To
interrupt flexibility
is to build into weakened structures a potential cause of
their later dissolution. The disadvantage of cement does not stop at its lack
of flexibility,
it is also loaded with sulphates, and further, because of its imof
permeability,
slows up the flow of moisture, helping the crystallization
other salts, which are already present, within the structure. I have said that I
feel that the buildings themselves will dictate how they can be repaired.
99
The material that a building is constructed of, and the method by which the
creators have put it together,
has caused the building to react to local
stresses in a unique way. If it has survived for perhaps three or four or six
hundred years using this unique combination
of factors then to ignore this
background
information
is to begin a short and perilous path, one that will
confirm the ccrestorenb as the destroyer, not the guardian. I will now talk of the
buildings with which I was involved in Bukhara, which we will see tomorrow,
and I will try to show you the background to the decisions that were made.
The madrasah of Chor Minor and both mausoleums Bayan Khuli Khan and
lsmail Samani are built of soft materials and these materials are bonded together in a similar way; a low fired brick with a ganche mortar or mud fill. As
we know the properties of such structures are fundamentally
different from
those of buildings
constructed
with a cement mortar. There is no major
building in Central Asia that I know of that has lime as its principal construction material, ganche and alabaster mortars and mud are used. Ganche as
with lime mortar or mud mortar has the great advantage of elasticity. It will
accommodate
movement without causing stress to the individual bricks from
which it is formed, and so little cracking will occur to the building as a whole
until the structure is sufficiently
weakened by a massive in-balance
in its
loading.
The stresses of uneven settlement
during building, or of sudden loading
during an earthquake
can be more easily absorbed within such structures
precisely because of the lack of cohesion between one brick and its neighbor. This flexibility
may cause considerable
distortion to the planes of the
building.
It may sacrifice individual units but no real damage to the structure
as a whole may occur.
Fault lines through the structure can often be seen
in the distorted bonding and horizontal brick courses but in the absence of
any cracking, the mortar has been able to absorb the stress across a wide
surface area. If cracks do occur they will tend to thread there way around
many of the individual bricks of the line of the fault, rather than run across
the brick bonding.
A brick structure built with cement mortar acts in a different way.
The
strength of such a structure is in the bonding between the bricks, which
transmits the strength of thousand of individual units to a single mass. This
would seem to have an advantage over the soft, malleable method of construction
but this structure
has sacrificed elasticity for brittleness.
This
means that when overloaded,
it is unable to gradually shed the load by distortion.
It will absorb the forces until the whole structure is unable to withstand them and then suddenly collapse in a dynamic way. The mortar will
generally be stronger than the bricks thus causing cracks across the bricks
rather than around them. These fault lines will often travel right across the
structure and thus destroy the geometry of the building, resulting in a greater
danger of collapse.
If the soft and malleable structure is repaired with hard cement then the
same problems occur. If later exceptional
loads are imposed on the repaired
structure, the stress will avoid the hard patches or stitches and travel within
IO0
.
..-_-_“__...
I “-.
.- .II..
the older softer material. Thus, instead of protecting the valuable older material, the repair is a catalyst for further damage. The very thing that has
been introduced to protect the old material is a potential means to the historic fabric’s later destruction.
The three buildings suffer from rising damp, for differing reasons and to differing degrees. All were built with ganche and mud; two were subsequently
repaired with cement. Both the mausoleum of lsmail Samani and Bayan Kuli
Khan ‘sit on large bases that are saturated with salts. They are dissimilar in
that only lsmail Samani‘suffered
repairs in the 30’s.
Having heard Mr. Alijon Abdullayev of Tajikistan speak I know that He would
not approve of the isolation of lsmail Samani in its great tile covered archaeological
pit. When it rains the water collects in this lowered area. The
water is presumed to go down the drains. However on close inspection there
are tiny cracks around each tile, and so when it rains, the water trickles
down between the mortar and the tile and is then trapped. Thus making Ismail Samani, when it heats up in the sun, like a giant wick sucking up the
water from the saturated ground below the tiles and transporting
the crystallized salt to the surfaces of the building.
This collecting of moisture from the
rain does not assist an already difficult situation, as the building is already
suffering.from
a water table that is less than 2 meters below its foundations.
The lake that lies not two hundred meters away is at a similar level.
The repair work done two years ago included the cutting out of the salt laden
ganche mortar above the plinth and the replacement
with a similar ganche
mortar. It proved impossible to remove the hard cement pointing to lower
areas of the plinth. Any attempt to cut this out resulted in damage to the irreplaceable old bricks. During the 1930’s the wconservatiom left the lower
section of the walls and the plinth completely
rebuilt with a hard cement
reconstruction
and embellishment
to the lower
mortar The nimprovementjj,
part of the monument has left the same void behind this new brickwork as
Chor Minor. This provides a route for the heated air and moisture to travel up
behind the walls of the building, both buildings suffering the same consequences, that of salt crystallization
up to four meters above ground level.
Previously the rising damp was evident to a higher level than at present, but
the salt problem will continue in the lower area at least until the base is rebuilt and the duct removed. There are proposals to improve the water level,
which include reducing the lake level and stop the leaking from the watercourse close by. This may help solve these problems for this glorious building.
The evidence of damp from above, coming through the cupola, the flat roof
above the passages, down the stairs and through the apertures left by the
lost Fonaric, as well as the rising damp was far more dramatic at Bayan Kuli
Khan. The monument, very neglected, is hidden in the shadow of the Mausoleum of Saifuddin Bukhazi, between railway lines. It had lost much of its
tiles through theft, many can be seen in the Victoria and Albert museum in
London, and the Museum of Dublin to name only two. Also there is a great
loss due to the loosening and falling of the decoration, caused by the salts in
101
the lower three meters. This has happened to both the inside and outside
walls of the mausoleum. The decisron was made not to replace any lost fanence. Firstly, because at the present time it would be impossible to replicate
tiles of such a wonderful quality.
Secondly, the original decorative scheme
is lost; and we were not prepared to cheat. (There are photographs
of the
turn of the century, which show much of the lost tile work to the upper part
of the front elevation, but there are many missing areas with no tiles remaining and no hint as to how the scheme resolved itself. It is the same for
the front, rear and the side elevations.) Consequently,
it was decided to outline the form but not the detail of the scheme in the plaster, and to bring this
plaster forward to the same level as the face of the early work. It is hoped
that this provides enough information
for the surviving work to be read. It
can be said that so little survives in some areas that the walls are too blank.
In my defense I would point out that everything surviving is historically
correct, nothing is falsified. With the knowledge that the salts would continue to
migrate, the lower panels were constructed using lime plaster rather than the
original ganche, the lime would more readily absorb the salts and would act
sacrificially,
and be taken off as the plaster became saturated with salt. This
layer should be removed every year or so until the salts are sufficiently reduced so as to no longer migrate to the surface of the plaster. In addition to
these works which only deal with the saturated salts already in the wall, the
level of the raised ground was reduced revealing a decorated plinth that had
been lost. What a glory this mausoleum must have been, decorated from its
plinth to the tops of the walls, and in its entirety within. There is a plan to reduce the ground water level, the principal cause of the salt damage; this is at
present very high, less than two meters. I understand that the salt damage
although severe is generally kept within the lime plaster zone. The plaster
will have to be removed regularly to maintain this level.
Finally Chor Minor. This survival of a Medresser, which was built in the first
years of the nineteenth
century, has a minaret type tower at each corner.
One of these collapsed in 1995. This left-hand tower was rebuilt recently.
Ostensibly in the traditional way, incorporating
a timber till and timber cross
beams and floors. However hidden within it are a maze of concrete beams
that rise up through the structure and clasp it at each level. These emerge at
the roof level in the form of a steel cage and on the top of the pishtak .I hear
black rumors of proposals to run a cage of concrete beams across the roof
to clasp each minaret and the cupola. All ready this stiff structure is pulling
away from the building and causing cracks to the sidewall and the Pishtak,
what would it do when it clasps the building in a brittle corset?
The bases of all the minarets were rebuilt at some time to a height of approximately 4.0 meters. As before mentioned with a duct running behind this
brick skin. I believe the first minaret collapsed as a result of the failure of this
skin that was not connected with the inner structure. Also mentioned is my
belief that this duct assists the heated air and moisture and the salts to travel
up the interior of the building emerging up to a high level in the form of
damp and salt crystals. The right hand minaret showed classic signs of progressive collapse including the vertical cracks rising up, through the brickwork. The salt and rising damp rose up to the full height of the duct. In order
102
.
to resolve the structural problems, first the upper section of the minaret was
supported on hydraulic jacks, then the face brickwork taken down and renewed, incorporating
bitumen DPC. Which will not work well as to do that
would require a complete course through the full section of the structure.
This may give some arbitrary help to the lower courses of the new work. This
new outer skin was bonded in with the structural backing at every fourth
course. The lower 1.5 meters of the building was executed with a lime mortar that will assist in the migration of salts and can be sacrificial as at Byan
Kuli Khan. Because of the history of movement of one part of the building
with another and the resulting distortion it was necessary to fill the voids.
This was done with a lime grout, using crushed brick as a pozallan. The
grout was introduced by gravity only. Not only was the minaret done in this
way but also the right hand side of the Pishtaq and the lower parts of the
dome and the inner walls adjacent to the minaret. The cracks that were in
conjunction with these areas were cut out and stitched with brick stitches. It
was understood that the two rear minarets were to be treated in the same
way. However from the evidence of the interior of both of these minarets,
(access can be gained from the first floor), and from looking at the pointing
to the exterior nothing has been done. This is especially concerning
as the
minarets lean over the pedestrian way behind and the occupied houses, that
would be destroyed should there be a further collapse.
103
Rim t Iskhakov
World Bank Resident
Mission in Clzbekistan
Let me, first of all. thank you on behalf of the World Bank for Reconstruction
and Development and its Resident Mission in the Republic of Uzbekistan for
invitation to participate in this conference and a chance to share the information re. Cultural heritage related activities of the Bank in Uzbekistan.
The
sets
and
well
Republic is world renowned for its monuments and cultural heritage asgiven its history and position on the Silk Road. In particular,
Bukhara
Samarkand, nowadays the third and second cities of the republic, are
known for well known for being home of important cultural monuments.
Cultural heritage is an important part of the people’s life and plays significant role in the country’s development.
In early nineties the Government has
adopted and follows the policies of reforms in various sectors and areas, including preservation of cultural heritage.
UNESCO and Aga Khan Trust Fund for Culture and other international
organizations and other bilaterals have had various initiatives
undertaken to
assist the Government of Uzbekistan
of Uzbekistan in identifying needed of
urgent intervention is soil and groundwater salinity.
The saline groundwater problems in both cities pose a threat to the foundations of old structures. These problems need to be addressed to avoid further
damage to the sites with consequent social, economic and financial damage
to the local and cultural tourism. The protection of these monuments and
urban renewal in the areas around the monuments are essential to preserve
the city’s cultural heritage for future generations and for international
tourism.
There is evidence that, in places, the structural integrity of foundations of
these monuments in both cities is compromised
by ascending groundwater
and salt. The lack of a sewage collection network in surrounding
areas, the
possible leakage from pit latrines used in these neighborhoods,
the leakage
from the water distribution
network, and the lack of appropriate
rainfall
drainage systems around the monuments are possible cause of this problem.
During the last few years, since getting independent
in 1991, Uzbekistan,
like most of newly independent states, has been facing substantial difficulties
resulting from the deterioration
of infrastructure,
primarily in water supply
and sewerage sector. The water and sanitation services in Uzbekistan are
rapidly declining and the reliability and safety of drinking water are continuously decreasing. The water supply and sanitation sector in Uzbekistan currently faces several constraints:
Although the percentage of urban households connected to pipe water supply is greater than 80%, the water treatment and distribution
facilities, as well
as the wastewater collection and treatment installations
are deteriorating.
The lack of appropriate maintenance,
poor planing, the use of low quality
104
materials and equipment,
and poor construction
quality, combined with recent shortages of resources, are responsible for the poor state of repair of
water supply and wastewater assets.
Being affected by all above, potable water and wastewater treatment plants
been poorly maintained
and operated. As consequence,
these plants perform badly in terms of quality of output and efficiency. Other components of
the water and sewage are similarly inefficiencies drive up operating costs.
The water and utilities in Uzbekistan are reduced government
transfers due
to fiscal constraints,
very low tariffs and poor collections leaving them in a
financially
untenable situation. Consequently,
these utilities and municipalities have made little investments in rehabilitation,
repair and expansion of
facilities for the last years. This trend bring the water and sanitation systems
towards lower service levels.
Many of the people working in the water sector in Uzbekistan are skilled
technical professionals often doing an admirable job of keeping old facilities
running in of insufficient funding for repairs and replacement.
However, there
is an urgent need for updating and improving
skill in modern utility management systems (including
management
and operations of water supply
and sanitation), planing strategies, investment selection, etc.
Additional constraint is that many water supply enterprises in Uzbekistan are
located in basins with limited water resources. The problem of water resources is compounded
by poor management
of regional water systems
poor allocation of water, pollution caused by agriculture
and industry
in
some areas, and wastage in the drinking water systems, both from leafages
and lack of water conservation
practices. Rapid urbanization
has exerted
pressure on the urban water supply and sanitation systems and is contribution to their deterioration.
To address the issues above, Uzbekistan’s water sector requires deep structural reforms to create a more effective and efficient institutional
and regulatory environment
that leads to water and sanitation
services of higher
quality, efficiency,
sustainability,
affordable financial viability,
and a more
cost-effective
approach to investing scarce resources.
Responding to these problems, the Government
of Uzbekistan
requested
World Bank for assistance in financing a proposed water supply and sanitation project in these two cities. As part of project preparation,
the Government of Uzbekistan carried out a number of technical and institutional
assessments and studies with the assistance of the World Bank and both international and local consultants,
such as technical, institutional,
regulatory,
social and financial
assessments. These preparatory
activities will define
main recommendations
and required investments
for improvement
in the
water supply and sanitation sector.
105
The main objectives of the proposed project are:
+ Assistance to the water and waste water enterprises
in Bukhara and
Samarkand
to become more efficiently managed and operated, financially self sufficient, and commercially
operated municipal water supply
and waste water utilities;
of the safety, reliability and efficiency of water supply and
+ improvement
waste water services through the rehabilitation
and efficiency of water
services though the rehabilitation
and efficiency improvements
of existing facilities and limited expansion of services.
Based on the assessments and recommendations
of the project consultants
and further discussions with the Bukhara and Samarkand as well as central
authorities, it is envisaged that project will include the following activities:
+ Urgent priority and least cost investments to improve service quality and
operational efficiency of the water supply and waste water systems;
the institutional
capacity and financial viability of Bukhara
+ Strengthening
and Samarkand vodokanals;
and preparation of
+ Engineering services for technical studies/analyses
designs and bidding documents and supervision of construction.
During the project preparation a number of the studies has been initiated.
Some of the results of these assessments show that water networks suffer
from excessive leakage- loss rates of 50% and more are not uncommonand hydraulically
improper design; sewer pipes take on excessive leakage
and infiltration.
Consumers, households, industry and agencies, not accustomed to water conservation
and not faced with appropriate
water tariffs
waste significant amounts of water.
The financial and technical information
available to the utility management
is insufficient and does not provide the information
base needed to manage
the operations or plan the development of the water and sanitation systems
efficiently.
Some of the findings of Water Network and Distribution
assessment show
that:
varies from 70 litres in houses
- Basic daily per capita water consumption
without gardens to 112 litres for apartment dwellers. However, it has also
been demonstrated
that daily per capita consumption
almost reaches
390 litres in houses with gardens during the summer months and- leakage within apartment blocks would add a further lOOlitres per person per
day.
- The facilities for measurement of the amount of water produced from the
various sources and fed to the distribution
systems of both cities are either inadequate or non-existent and must be improve d if it is intended to
monitor NRW ( Non-Revenue Water) performance and to properly manage its reduction to acceptable levels.
- The lack of metering of domestic supplies is also a hindrance to the
measurement
and monitoring of NRW and either better data is collected
on per capita water consumption
under different living conditions or metering of domestic connections should be introduced.
106
-
-
The Vodokanals practice only the most basic elements of leakage control-i.e. passive leakage control, repairing leaks reported to them. However , repairs are made in a rudimentary
fashion, inserting wooden plugs,
and are subject to frequent re-occurrence.
Percentage figures for NRW and physical losses do not provide a basic
for
upon which leakage performance
can be compared or strategies
improvement
formulated. Based on recommendations
of IWSA, proper
loss indicators were calculated
and compared to standard
physical
UK/Germany values:
Samarkand
UK/Germany
By connection
(litres/connection/day/metre
pressure)
By length of main( m3/km
main/day/metre
pressure
Bukhara
277
142
2.4
17.6
5.
.25
The principal reasons for the very poor NRW and leakage management performance in the two cities can be summarized as follows :
- Networks constructed mostly from steel pipes with neither external nor
combined with aggressive ground condiinternal corrosion protection,
tions and a probability of stray currents from cables crossing the pipes.
- Lack of policy for the routine partial replacement of networks to control
the their average age within reasonable limits-e.g. in Western
- Europe water undertaking will routinely replace between 1.5 and 3% of
their networks, limiting the average age to between 66 and 33 years.
- No policy of active leakage control, i.e. the detection of unreported
bursts ( hidden leaks) , pressure management or replacement
of domestic connections in poor condition.
- Repair only of leaks reported to the water utilities by their own operatives
or the general public when surface leaks are causing nuisance or damage.
- Due to the foregoing, the accumulation
of a large backlog of undetected
bursts that continue to leak until they deteriorate to such a point that
they appear at the surface and are reported.
introduction
of leakage reLack of any zoning of the system, hindering
duction measures.
- Poor quality repairs of reported bursts.
The following findings can be applied to both cities with regard to the waste
water treatment facilities and networks:
- Extremely high flow rates causing hydraulic
overlaid of the treatment
plants ( 660 l/p.c.,d,)
Comparable figures observed in Western Europe
are circa 200-250 l/p.c.,d,(
Hamburg 1998:170 l/p.c.,d.
as a front-runner)
- Advanced deterioration and hydraulic bottlenecks in the pipe system According to BVK’s own assessment ( which needs to be confirmed in future) about 16 km ( out of totally 171 km) need to be replaced due to
107
--
age/corrosion
and respective leakage, and Samarkand 54 km out of total
240 km.
Poor performance and degradation of the civil works
Insufficient pre- treatment
Corrosion of steelwork
-Potential damaging effect of lack of sewerage and drainage in monument areas
Lack of appropriate monitoring, maintenance
and operation
Insufficient data and knowledge of the system to determine and prioritise
rehabilitation
/ investment needs
- Absence of a flow reduction program
Major bottlenecks in water production
in both cities are such as:
- Chemical analyses are carried out according to GOST standards which
do not take into account that especially for surface water certain parameters need to be determined to clarify the overall ((fingerprint)) of the
water. This is mainly due to a lack of modern laboratory equipment in
the City and at the water production facilities.
- The local groundwater and surface water sources deliver water with too
high salinity and total hardness.
- Especially the filter technology
and disaffection
technology
of surface
water should be modernized.
The installed filter technology
does njt
comply anymore with international
standards for surface water treatment
in hot climates.
- Pumping stations are not working at a high level of efficiency and need
improvements.
The transition into marked economy in Uzbekistan redefinition of the public
sector role, and a new division of responsibilities
among national, regional
and local levels. To manage their operations efficiently, the city water and
wastewater services would have to be transformed
into autonomous,
selffinancing organizations.
Their operations would be characterized
by the following features:
- A solid legal regulatory framework that allows an appropriate level of operational independence from national, regional and local governments.
- A municipality
capable of rendering strategic control, guidance and supervision of City Vodocanal
services, without interfering in their day -today operations.
- Modern governance and organization
structure, computerized
management and operation systems, and a well trained, motivated staff.
These institutional
objectives and preconditions
can partly be in the project
preparation period, partly during project implementation.
It is planned that implementation
period will be 2001-2006.
During project preparation the need for deep structural reform, issues of cost
recovery policies, institutional
reform and strengthening,
capacity building
will be further discussed and refined with full participation
of local authorities
and other stakeholders to ensure ownership of the implementation
process.
The Bank and the government
the project would not include
had extensive
any activities,
108
..-__
-
_.-_.
-_-”
---
discussions and agreed that
directly related to historical
monuments in Bukhara and Samarkand. However, the project may consider
funding for construction
of sewer systems in selected parts of the historic
core of both cities. This will depend on the Government and the municipalities interest in using the portion of the loan for this activity. These investments would have three main benefits:
a) improve public health for the people living in areas around the monument;
b) provide more pleasant environment to tourism;
c) contribute to protecting the foundations
of monuments by lowering the
ground water table.
It is expected that, based on this interest and appropriate decision made by
the Government of Uzbekistan and further analysis, a specific project component will be developed and proposed for financing under the project.
The national government
and regional and local governments
of Bukhara
and Samarkand have indicated their strong commitment
to the necessary
reforms in the water sector. The regional and local governments of Bukhara
and Samarkand support the need for full cost-recovery
through increased
but affordable tariffs and collections
from users. The national government
fully supports this approach as the only option for sustainability
of the sector.
One of the current largest ongoing World Bank operations in Uzbekistan is
Water Supply, Sanitation and Health project. $75 M loan from the World
Bank has been approved in 1997 and has co-financing
contributions
of
$19.8M from KFAED and US $9.4M from KFW.
Possible co-financing
arrangements
and coordination:
The proposed project
will be coordinated with ongoing French project funded by FF26M loan of
the French Government in Samarkand and planned financial and technical
assistance from Spanish government in Bukhara. The World Bank welcomes
parallel financing from other possible sources for the project and would be
ready to discuss such initiatives.
109
Jan usz Niemczyn o wicz
Ulliversity of Lund
Sweden
Preliminary
Report from Study Visit in Khiva,
Samarkand
and Bukhara
Khiva
Total poulation
In old town
Yearly rainfall
5000
2000
ca 100 mm
Problem:
Leaning of monument; construction
damages; salt efflorescence;
damage to
the walls; bad hygienic standard of the city.
All these problems are water-related
and are caused by the following factors: 1. General rize of groundwater
level.
Intensified irrigation within the region has raised the groundwater
level by
about 3-4 m during the last 5years. According
documents
the present
groundwater
level in Khiva is between 6 and 10 m b.g.1.
According to other sources the level is -1.5 m below g.w.l.in the lower parts
of the city. Observation in a large well in Kutluk Muradinuk
shows that the
gr.w.l.is not deeper than ca 2m below street level; this is in contradiction
to
the official data.
Efforts are being made to lower gr.w.l.by vertical drainage, i.e. by pumping
out the water from deep wells.
According
to the Drainage Department
112 such wells needed to lower
gr.w.1. sufficiently
in the whole city. Only this year 19 new wells have been
constructed. To protect lchan Qala (the inner walled city) a barrier of 9 wells
would be needed, but only two have been constructed and only one is operating (ca 30 m south of the east gate). This can produce more damage than
improvement,
because a depression cone with variable water level can reach
the east part of the old city where monuments are suffering the most severe
groundwater
level is
damage and are leaning most, and asymmetrical
probably a major cause of problems.
Reliable information
about groundwater
levels is not sufficient and in some
cases contradictory.
Thus the picture of ground water levels and its variations (there are no leveled observations)
is not clear and needs some additional investigations
(see last section).
Added moisture in unsaturated zone (above groundwater table)
2.
This is due to a combination of the following factors:
Irrigation of lawns in the new and old parts of the city.
2.1.
Lawns are overflown by about 10 cm water several times a year.
Within lchan Kalla there is only 3# of permeable surface where infil1 IO
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.
tration of domestic water and rainwater can take place. However, local moistening of some sports in the town may create wet cones oriented downwards in the soil, asymmetrically
influencing
the carrying
capacity of the ground.
Leakages from the water suply system within the old city (Ichan
Qala).
The mains of the system enter the old city from the east (about
1OOOm the north of the East Gate), the west (about 300 m north of he
West gate) and the south (by the south-east corner) and leave the
city to the east (ca 100 m south of the East gate).
Only the Madrasa Hotel and an unknown number of houses close to
the mains are officially connected to the water system. However there
is a great number of illegal connections.
An inventory of connected
house is one of the points listed as necessary investigations
(se last
section).
Uncontrolled
release of water after use into the ground.
A major source of infiltration is open taps that are damaged or not
closed after use. An assessment of the amount of water meters and
payments are made only on a number of legal taps.
Uncontrolled
water leaks from underground
mains pipes and sanitary
piping in houses Bad piping can be observed (for example in the Madrasa Hotel). Reliable evaluation of the volume of water leaks is not
possible.
Leakages from the wastewater system.
The mains of the sewerage network roughly follow the course of the
drinking water pipes. The only known service pipes are going around
the Madrasa Hotel. There is however an unknown number of illegal
connections.
Cess-pool latrines and other holes in the ground where used water is
disposed.
Rainwater entering the ground via the old system of impermeable
surfaces, mainly within the monuments.
Badly managed rainwater outlets from the roofs of the buildings.
Due to untight connections between the water outcast
and the wall
water flows along the wall. Water falling from high roofs damages the
paved surfaces below and water may enter the ground very close to
the foundations.
Damaged pavements.
The question of a policy as to how to manage paved pavement is woth a
discussion. Damage to paving opens the way to water enter to the ground,
which again creates local changes in moisture conditions in the ground. In
addition, openings in the paved surfaces create conditions for evaporation
reduces moisture in the ground. Because irregular changes of soil moisture
create risks for the foundations (and may increase the salt problem),
it is
advisable to care about tight pavings within 4-5 m from the walls of monuments. Further away the creation of permeable pavements (permeable
asphalt or semi-permeable
pavements of stone or concrete) can be advisable).
.
111
The problem of groundwater:
It is not clear whether the groundwater level in the region can be eliminated
or not as a source of problems within lchan Kalla. For 100 year ago water
was drained from the city a channel around the city from the east, south and
west avacuvating
water body (lake ca 150x300 m south of lchan Kalla).
Channel was used as a fortification,
and it is not likely that it was necessary
for evacuation
of water surplus, especially because at that time general
groundwater
level was much than now. Thus restoration
of the channel
around the city can now be considered as a measure for general lowering of
ground water table instead of pumped deep wells. Such solution is difficult,
costly and it is not clear if it could solve the problem without installation of
pumps. Restoration of channel drainage will not bring difference, unless horizontal drains are very (6-7 m) deep. It is not clear where the pumped water
could be released without several pumping stations. In order to make a final
assessment
in which proportions
groundwater
level (1) and added soil
moisture (2) act as a damaging mechanism,
real groundwater
levels and
their variations in time must be measured. Measures preventing added soil
water are easier and should be conducted as soon as possible.
Principal of proposed solutions is thus based on consequent
elimination
of
all points of water entering the ground at all sources listed above as (2). The
solution contains inventory of such places and adaptation of most appropriate methods for elimination
them. This means also exchange (or at least
check) of all piping for drinking water and sewerage, connecting all houses
within the study area to the water and sewerage networks. An alternative,
appealing solution is it to install dry sanitation at least in monuments
and
other public buildings. This is a modern solution connecting
to the recent
environmental
thinking. But the grey water (kitchen, bath and laundry) still
remains and these houses must be connected to the sewage network but the
pipes can have smaller diameters.
Details of proposed solutions,
sizes,
specifications
and costs will be listed in a final report.
Proposed investigations:
1. Leveling of all places from which groundwater
level can be measured
existing within the lchan Kalla along the line EW east the gate to the
street below east entrance. One example of such points is court yard of
the Kutluk Muradinuk, where gr.w.1. can be measured in a well of about 8
m diameter.
2. Construction
and leveling of the edge of the piezometer (gr.w.observation
well) ca 1OOm to the east from east gate.
3. Simultaneous
measurement (within one hour) of absolute levels of absolute levels of ground water table at all above points every week during
one year (probably only a part of the se data will be available within the
project time).
4. Installation of a limigraf (graphical registration)
for continuous measurement of gr. W. L. In Kutluk Muradinuk and in a piezometer.
5. Inventory
of all houses connected (legally and illegally)
to water and
sewerage network within procted area.
220 000, average yearly
precipitation
SAMARKAND
total population
331mm
Problems:
-weakening of the ground under Tilla Kari mosque, construction
damages
-salt efflorescence,
damage to the walls
-bad hygienic standard of the ciy around monument
All these problems are water-related.
Due to similar reasons as in Khiva.
Major differences in conditions in Samarkand in relation to Khiva are: larger
rainfall amount, and larger intensity (max. daily value 45mm), anthropogenie soils of larger and more variable depth, (5-13), deeper groundwater
level (16.5m under eastern building and 16.5 under western building).
Several persons in Samarkand have rised the question of groundwater
that have
rized as a consequence
of covering up the small river existing before 1978
about 400 m east from the wall of Tilla Kari. The valley of the river was filled
to 9 m from bottom with clayish ground the outlet of groundwater
outflow
manifested on valley slopes water sources. However, because groundwater
level under the monument is still on 16.5 m depth, it is unlikely that coverage of river had any significant influence on present problems of Tilla Kari.
Thus, negative of rising groundwater level can with large probability
beexeluded as a main reason of construction damages to the building.
Reasons of the problems
Added water from different sources (in principle the same as listed for Khiva)
increase soil moisture and negatively
influence carrying capacity
of the
ground below fundaments.
Leaking wastewater pipes and leaky manholes constitute one of the most
probable sources of water. Wastewater pipes are made of poor quality concrete rings of manholes are shifted horizontally,
tightening
between pipes
and rings should according the norms be done tightly using bitumen, but no
signs of any tightening
of ring was found during inspection of three manholes. Mains of sewerage network goes about 15 from northern and western
wall of Tilla Kari.
After this year. Negative influence of rising groundwater level can with large
probability
be excluded as a main reason of construction
damages to the
building.
Principle of proposed solution:
Elimination
of all sources of added water to the ground within a 200m wide
zone from the Tilla Kari monument. That includes total restoration of sewerage network including manholes and joint (legal and illegal), checking and if
nesessart replacing all drinking water pipes. Connection of all houses within
the study areas to the water and sewerage network. Immediate repair of all
taps that are broken and cannot be closed.
There are several points of irrigation within the area of monument.
irrigation
does not creating any real problems, because evaporation from the soil and
plant transpiration
acts in positive direction, i.e. removes up to 15mm water
from the soil per day. Nevertheless, all connections
to the sprinkler system
has to be checked and repaired if leaky. Irrigation acts as areal source, leaks
act as poin sources that should eliminated. Rainwater from the area around
113
Tilla Kari is evacuated in NS direction by an ((arik* i.e. concrete channel
40x50 cm. Connections of sections are not tight, channel has no or insufficient slope, water is stagnant in some sections. Connection to the sewer is
higher than bottom of the channel. The whole channel should be rebuild.
For esthetical reasons, drainage channels around monuments
(generally)
can be filled with crashed stones of sizes 40.80mm.
In such case, channel
crossection must be increased 3 times. Garbage accumulation
in channels,
observed at the moment, could be eliminated in this way.
Wastewater connections
Dry sanitation alternative
should be arranged to all houses in a study area.
should be also thorothfully
investigated.
Proposed investigations:
1. In order to finally resolve the problem of groundwater
influence, 4 gr.w.
observation
piezometers should be constructed along the line east-west
from western wall of Tilla Kari on a distance of 400 m, i.e. to the buried
river. Leveling of all piezometer crests and simultaneous
measurement
(within one hour) of absolute gr. W. Level once a month during one
year.
2. inventory
of all houses connected
to waste-and stormwaster
systems
(legal and illegal) within the protection belt of IOOm distance from Tilla
Kari. North and East part of this area should be searched for all point
sources of water leaking or being disposed of into to the ground.
BUKHARA, population of xxxx, annual average rainfall 220 mm.
Problems
-Constructure
damages to Chorminor Mosque
-Construction
damages ans salt-related problems at Abdulaziskhan
-Settlings and salt effluence damages due to high groundwater
Samani monument
Causes of the problems
Added water to the ground and increased
part of the study area (Abdulaziskhan-Ljabi
case of Chorminor and Samani.
Mosque
level at
soil moisture ccontent in a central
Houz). High groundwater level in
With exception of central part of the city groundwater
level has increased
steadily during last 20 years. The area around the city would be at the moment submerged if water was not pumped out in 50 deep wells (32m) in the
city. Water from the wells is pumped intermittently
and governed by automatic registration of levels in observation
holes (piezometers).
The water is
pumped until the level in the well is stabilized (dynamic gr. W.I.). This is
usually achieved after ca 24 hours pumping, then the pump stops asnd
groundwater
level rises to its stabilized level (staic gr. W. I .) that is usually
achieved after 3 -2 hours. The speed of rise vithess about large permeability
of the water bearing layers. Such procedure results in fluctuating groundwater level that is the worse possible conditions from the soil dynamics point of
view.
The center of the study area is situated on a hill of anthropogenic
origin. It
consist of artificial ground with varying composition.
Large amount of very
fine fractions make the ground not very suitable as a base of fundaments. iT
is also vulnerable to chages in soil moisturde content and its carrying capacity deteriorates
drastically with increasing
moisture content. Such increase is a result of groundwater ievel rise and/or added water due to natural
phenomena (rainfall, condensation)
or human activities, mainly inappropriate water use and disposal. Most likely both reasons act together in majority
of cases. However groundwater
level rize is the most important
reason of
Chorminor problems accentuated by recent brake of one minaret. The same
is valid for Samani monument. Most important reason for problems in Abdulasiskhan
mosque are related to added water to the soil in combination
with low carrying capacity of soil.
Principle of proposed solutions
1 .Chorminor
The level of the ground around Chorminor is 1.2 m below the ground level
around. Groundwater level is between 1 and 2.0 m below the fundation. In
order to lower gr. W.1. Horizonetal has to be constructed.
According
lokal
norms drainage has to be constructed.
According
lokal norms drainage of
building must be performed so that the gr.w.1. will be more than 3.5m below
the fundament. That gives necessary depth on which the drainage pipe ( or
channel) is to be constructed. This , in turn, in relation to ground -and water
levels in channels that can serve as recipients for pumped out water. The
conclusion is that gravitational
cannot be arranged. Moreover, hydraulic capacity of drainage channels in the area (Sakovic collector north, and wastewater pipe south) is not sufficient to take any additional water. Conclusion is
that solution must contain: horizontal drainage around the monument to the
depth of 6 meters from ground level, construction
of a new pipe ( diameter
800mm length 800 m ), pumping station between Sakovic collector and
Amir Timur channel. East of the mosque, ancient chouzt) i. e. Artificial, open
water tank existed before it was filled with ground and is now used as a garden. It is proposed that the soil will be removed and horizontal drainage
connected with this resorted ahouza . Pumping water will take place from this
place. This gives better possibility of inspection etc.
Before any drainage works can start, further damages to the construction
Chorminor mosque must be prevented using appropriate
construction
inforcement.
of
re-
2 Samani mausoleum
The same principle of solution is recommended
for this monument.
Horizontal drainage on a level of 5 m above present ground level. Evacuation of
water to the Sakovic collector west from the site distance 540 m in west direction.
3.Abdulaziskhan
Groundwater will not be addressed. All methods of elimination
added water
to the soil will be conducted in the similar way as described for Bukhara.
Proposed investigations
‘
11.5
Chorminor and lsmael Samani Mausoleum:
Two bore-holes from two sides of both monuments have to be drilled with
equipment making possible soil sampling. The soil conditions at site have to
be established before any digging for drainage can be undertaken.
Bore hols
around Chorminor west and east ata distance of 6 meters. Around Samaniwest and east, distance 4 meters. Traditional geo-engineering
tests should
be performed on the samples. Moisture has to be measured immediately
after taking a sample from the borehole should be stored for further examination has to be analyzed as traditional soil
More complete description of present situation in the there cities, and details
of proposed solutions will be given in final report from this study. It will be
completed within one month.
116
Mario Biritogn o/o
St. Via Fonte di Fauna
Italy
Experiences
in Ground Water ReJa ted ProbJems Affecting
the Monuments:
the Cases of TiJJa Kari Mosque-Samarkand
(Uzbekistan)
and the Tower of Pisa (JtaJy)
Abstact
The Tilla Kari Mosque has been interested by heavy damages caused by soil
settlements, mainly in the last five years. Urgent measures were required in
order to reduce immediately the risks and to obtain a strengthening
that in
any case can provide an anticipation
of any future final intervention.
A project for the strengthening
that in any case can provide an anticipation
of any
future final intervention.
A project for the strengthening
of the foundations of
the central part where the heavy dome could have been the main cause of
differential settlements has been carried out.
The tower of Pisa is affected by tilting and crushing phenomena. Provisional
safeguard measures were required first of all aiming to avoid to avoid that
tilting would increase and produce the collapse of the tower as a rigid body;
as regard the structural aspects, the main task was to prevent fhrther lateral
deformations of the masonry and to provide a support where the equilibrium
is compromised.
Definitive measures are sometimes a complement
of the previous ones and
may involve consolidation of the masonry, stabilization of the soil, etc.
1. Tilla Kari Mosque-Samarkand
(Uzbekistan)
1.1 Historical Survey
Samarkand has a long history, from the time of Alexandre the Great to the
Arab Conquest the VIII century, from the Turkish occupation which brought
prosperity in the XII century to the destruction
of Genghiz Khan in the XIII
century.
It is the XIV century anyway that Samarkand began to flourish reaching in
the XV century its splendor with Tamerlane, when artists and master builders
even from foreign lands come to work there.
As Florence in Europe, that in the same century was living the grandeur of
the Renaissance, Samarkand became the centre of Asia for scholars, poets,
phisicains; the Architecture was characterized
by slender minarets and double domes, the outer bulbous one supported not only on the drums but usually also on the interior masony cupola; the domes and the walls covered
with glazed tile works.
The Registan square was the centre of the city; the Tilla Kari Madrasah, built
in the XVIII century, is one of the masterpieces which, although earthquakes
and decay, has survived upo today Some restorations have been made in
this century but never the problem of stability of its foundations
has been
tackled.
Tilla Kari Madrah is characterized by a central part where is placed an high
dome and much lower lateral wings. The roof of these wings consists of
117
small vaults supported by two rows of pillars and by the lateral wails as
shown in the plans and vertical sections. In 1976 the outer brick work dome
that includes some reinforced concrete elements has been built; it is possible
that the dome has never been built before as there is no compelling evidence
of the previous collapse.
The inner masonry dome, very flat, is probably the original one: the thickness is about 80 cm . It is said that the cracks, settlements and inclinations
increased sensibly thirty years ago when the outer dome has been built and
some metres of soil have been removed on the Registan Square.
The two shells are supported by a drum horizontally stiffened by a system of
steel brazing; some old timber chains are also visible. The presence of an
ancient timber structure indicates that it is likely that it supported a very
shallow conical roof before the building of the outer dome.
1.2. The present situation and the damages
Consistent leanings are present both on the external walls and the inner pillars. A consistent danger is related to the tilting minaret that is also affected
by significant cracks.
The phenomena of deformations
are in evolution and though no monitoring
system has been installed, it is clear that the learning of some walls and columns, as well as the widening of some cracks, are increasing. The distribution of the vertical settlements shows a concentration
of distortion in correspondence of the central and northern part of the western facade of the
Mosque, as well as outward displacements.
Risky situations are evident.
It seems that the first deformations
have appeared from the XVI-XVII centuries that is from the of the construction.
Anyway it has been noticed that in
1977 there has been a fire and the water used to extinguish it has been a
cause of further settlements; in 1993, in occasion of a strong storm, some
water penetrated under the foundations and the settlements increased.
The evaluation of settlements indicates in the last 7 years a very high speed,
particularly
concentrated in the first month of each year. The speed is further
increased in 1993, perhaps related to the above said phenomenon.
1.3. Geotechnical conditions and bearing capacity of the soil
The central part of samarkand is located on the plain of Northern slopes of
Kara-tepa
mountains
of Zarafshan
mountain-ridhes
and cut by seven
streams, coming from Zarafshan river. The territory of the ensemble of Registan is situated between two streams, Obi Mashal from the East and the
West and Siab from the West.
The geological structure consists of Quaternary
deposits, loess loamy soil
with the layers of coarse sand and organic matters.
The thickness of the anthropogen
formations is different, i. e. Within 6- 12
meters and more. These formations consist of the loam soil of grey-brown
colour with a large amount of dust, debris and animal bones.
The anthropogen
soils are very wet within 2-8m, considered as a result of
regular penetration of the atmospheric
water into the soil and lack of the
aeration zones after closing the drains existing before.
11s
According to the data of Uzbekhudrogeologia
of 1993 and 1975 the underground water level raised up to 8m, i.e. raising of the water level is 0.23m
per year.
The underground water level in the region of Tilla Kari Mosque was found in
the depth of 16-20m.
The raising of underground
water level is not local, but it is closely connected with the development of virgin lands and breaking the natural drainage system.
Along the western facade of the Tilla Kari Mosque, some test pits with depths
ranging from 12 to 17 m were opened for the investigation of the foundation
system and the soil conditions.
The foundations observed in these pits showed that the foundations
consist
of stone and brick masonry layers and reach down to depths of 1.3 to 3m;
they essentially are continuous strip shallow foundation.
The upper soil layer in the foundation
medium, where foundations
are located, consist of artificial fills (locally called: civilization soil). This layer goes
down to 7-12m. It consists of grayish-black
sandy, in homogenous,
with
large porosity and high water content. .It includes 15-25% brick particles,
ceramic fragments and coal ash with a density of l.l- 1.6 t/m3. The void ratio varies between 0,7- 1.4, the water content is about % 30 and the degree of
saturation varies between 0.5-0.8. the thickness of this layer varies along the
western facade of the Mosque, according to the results of the soil investigation.
Under the artificial fill layer a loess type soil lies, whose top decreases just
under the central part of the Mosque. This soil consists of light brown colored sandy clay with high water content, large void ratio and slight consolidation. It has a density of 1.42-1.54 t/m3. The samples taken from this loess
soil yield the following test results: Porosity=48%,
Void Ratio=0.92,
Liquid
limit=30%,
Plastic Llimit-20%,
Plasticity Index= 1O%, Water Content=20%30%, Degree of Saturation=0.5-0.6,
Modules of Elasticity=5-15
Mpa, Cohesion= 15-20 kPa and Angle of internal Friction=1 7-23 Degrees. Although
relatively better that the artificial fill, these values indicate a weak and very
soft soil condition.
The water table lies at the depth of 16-l 7m. The water table has reportedly
elevated for about 8m in the past 24 years. Compared to the location of the
water content of the upper soil layers exhibit high values indicating the presence of surface water seepage.
Based on these physic characteristics,
the following
definition
of the
geotechnical
parameters of the upper soil layer that mainly affects the behavior of the structure, may be drawn:
-unit weight 15 KN/cu.m
-cohesion 0
-friction angle 20*
Young modules 5000-8000 Kpa (500-800t/sq.m)
1.4. Causes of damages
The few available data on the soil conditions show relevant deformability
up
to the depth of 17 metres, that is the maximum level presently investigated.
119
Due to the extension and load of the Madrasah the deeper layers can be involved in the deformation process.
An important role in the evolution of the settlements is played by rising of
the water table; the rising can be related to the alternation
in the natural
drainage of precipation and to the possible leakage of the sewage system.
The available data do not allow us to fully understand if the main component
of the settlements is related to the flow back of the soil from the shallow
foundations, or to deformations of the compressible soil strata.
1.5 Strengthening
interventions
This is a typical case where urgent measures are required being too risky to
wait all the investigations
to be completed and a final decision to be taken;
the most suitable philosophy to be followed appears therefore to be the so
called ((observational approach)). Two task must be achieved:
-to reduce immediately the risks;
-to introduce a strengthening
that in any case is necessary and that
therefore can provide an anticipation
of any future final intervention.
1.5.1 The central part
The most urgent measure regards the foundations of the central part where
the heavy dome has been the main cause of differential settlements. The
proposed intervention is articulated as follows:
-to remove some strips of soil near the main walls: this work will be realized step-by-step in order to avoid in this phase any possible weakening of the bearing of the bearing capacity of the foundations. This intervention will produce a reduction of the load under the foundations;
-to realize on both sides of these walls two strips of reinforced concrete
and some little cantilevers connected by steel bars, inserted through the
previously drilled foundation wall will realize a connection indispensable
not only to stiffen the foundation, also as regards the seismic actions;
-to inject the masonry of the foundation
in order to consolidate it; this
can be done by natural pressure placing a box with the mortar some
meters higher of the masonry;
-to place over the soil on the outer side of the foundations some slabs
that will be loaded by the jack that contrast on the little cantilevers previously realized.
This intervention
will produce the pressures under the foundation and to redistribute them in a more favorable way; in order to oppose the present trend
of settlements and inclinations
the system of jacks will be regulated till the
settlement will result stabilized.
It is possible, if necessary and economically
convenient, to take into consideration the possibility to introduce some piles within the proposed foundation
slabs;
-to realize a drainage system to eliminate the water from the bottom of
the excavations;
-to complete the intervention
realizing a new floor that will constitute
some concrete box structure around the foundations.
The intervention will provide the following benefits:
-reduction of the average state of the stress and of the pressures on the
soil foundation as consequence of the enlargement, increasing the overall stability of the foundations of the wall;
120
-reduction of the stress and of the deformations
of the soil foundation
due the unloading caused by the progressive excavations;
-reduction
of the moisture in the walls;
-strengthening
of the foundations so that it will contribute
on the one
hand to avoid differential settlements and on the other to improve the
seismic behavior.
The (cobservational approach)), besides, will allow to adapt progressively
the
intervention
as the data on the actual behavior of the structure will be acquired; this data will be mush more reliable than any theoretical analysis and
any further investigations.
These urgent measures will be combined with a monitoring
system in order
to control the improvement
of the main parameters (deformations,
inclinations, widening of the cracks, etc.) The recorded data will be very useful
firstly to evaluate if this intervention,
that undoubtedly
produces a permanent of the global behavior, will be sufficient, letting open all the possibilities
for further final interventions;
in fact, both in the case of completing the enlargement of the foundations
and in the case to use piles to reach deeper
strafe of the soil, the continuous reinforced concrete step around the foundations and the little cantilevers will provide the best way to transfer the
loads to the strengthened
masonry. It must be noticed moreover that the
transversal bars and the injections represent a reinforcement
indispensable
for any action of support of the foundations. Finally, the possibility to regulate the loads on the piles through the jacks will represent a remarkable advantage.
In conclusion any final solution can follow three main lines:
to reduce the load of the dome could have been the cause of the
a>
settlements;
to enlarge the foundations in order to redistribute and to reduce the
b)
pressures on the soil;
to reach deeper stiffen strata through piles or micropiles.
4
It appears necessary besides to insert some jacks to regulate and to control
the pressure distribution.
The urgent measures that have been proposed follow point a) and b); we
think that they will be sufficient to ensure the stability; it will be easy anyway
to implement them proportionally
to the real requirements
on the one hand
creating a raft of foundations shaped as an inverse curvature little dome all
over the plan of the central part (phase2) on the other placing
some piles
that will be pre-loaded by the same jacks foreseen in correspondence
of the
reinforced concrete cantilevers.
It is worth mentioning
that all works provided in this project must be
checked depending on the measures on site and on the actual situation that
will be focused on by tests during the operational phases and by the results
provided by the monitoring system.
1.5.2. The lateral wings
The deformations
in the lateral wings presently appear to be substantially
stabilized so that their strengthening
is not foreseen as urgent intervention.
It
is useful anyway to carry out some test and investigations
in order to verify
the presence and efficiency of chains and connections.
Possible further interventions can be limited to some chains to connect the opposite longitudinal walls.
121
1 .G.Mathematical
Model
The study of the mechanical behavior of the masonry structures of the Tilla
Kari Mosque has been performed in order to define the stresses and to determine the forces at the foundations level by using mathematical
finite elements model. This first phase of the study has taken into account the central
body of the mosque under the effect of the dead load.
This model has been built with reference to the present knowledge of the
building and to the masonry characteristics
as typology
and mechanical
parameters on the basis of the available data.
These approximations
however do not affect significantly
the stresses distribution as regard the study of the foundation that is the subject of the urgent
measures.
The most accurately mathematical
analyses to obtain a more definition of
the structural behavior can be reached only with specific investigations
to
improve the knowledge of the geometry and of the mechanical characteristics.
The results of the linear elastic analysis, under dead loads, show a good
structural behavior. The masonry stresses are contained; the value of the
compressive
stresses hardly ever exceeds 0.4Q\mm2 in the whole structure.
The very little tensile stresses are concentrated
only on the top of the arches
which support the domes.
The domes show a generic compression
condition where the stress value
does not exceed 0.1 Q\mm2 both in the meridians and in the parallels direction. In the upper dome, the particular shape produces tensile both in the
meridians and in the parallels direction. In the upper dome, the particular
shape produces tensile stresses at the springs level in the parallels direction.
However, these stresses are widely born by the reinforced concrete frame
which shows tensile stresses than 1 Q\mm2.
At the foundation level the stresses pattern in the front zone of the building
shows average compressive value like 0.3Qhm2
while in the back zone the
stresses are lower (0.23Qhm2).
A sensible variation of the stress values are
present in the masonry width at the base level of the domes’ pillars
(like-+30% of the average value).
2.The Tower of Pisa
2.1 .Introduction
Towers and, more generally, tall buildings may be affected by three main
phenomena that can interact each other: tilting, disarticulation
of the structure and crushing.
Tilting is due to the deformability
of the soil because soil settle4
ment are never uniform; in fact it is sufficient a first casual little rotation
to create an eccentricity of the dead load which increases the stresses
and the deformations
on the downstream side of the tower, starting a
process that automatically
increases.
The
disarticultion
of
the structure is also related to the deformaW
tions of the soil, and in particular to nonlinear settlements, which produce
supplementary
stresses, and in particular horizontal or diagonal tensile
stresses. If the structure is not sufficiently
compact and resistant these
stresses create cracks, which may be extended to all the structure, sliding between the blocks in dry stone masonry, disarticulation
of the
building, etc.
122
Crushing is another phenomenon that may occur, due to the high
compression stresses produced by the dead load, and increased by the
leaning and disarticulation
of the masonry.
Provisional safeguard measures first of all aim to avoid that the tilting would
increase and produce the collapse of the tower as a rigid body; possible
measures are propping on the downstream
side, anchorages on the upstream side, etc..
As regards the structural aspects, the main task is to prevent further lateral
deformations of the masonry and to provide a support where the equilibrium
is compromised;
chains, tie roads, etc. may represent possible solutions. In
some cases it can be required to recover part of the tilting; possible measures are to lift up the downstream side of the tower (jacks, etc.) create an
artificial settlement on the upstream side ( compression,
softening of the
soil, etc.), to push or to pull the structure, etc..
Definitive measures are sometimes a complement
of the previous ones and
may involve consolidation
of the masonry, stabilization
of the soil, underpinning of the foundations etc.
The main characteristics
of the Tower of Pisa are:
-cylindrical shape
-high-58m
-diametre
-thickness of the walls at the base-4m
-dead load- 14,500t
-present inclination = 58* 28’
-eccentricity=2,27m
-horizontal displacement or the top-=5,6m
-overturning moment-33.000tm
c)
.
2.2 The provisional safeguard measures
The aim of the provisional reinforcement
structure is to improve the safety
levels, and to prevent instability phenomena of the soil that might be produced during the works.
The positive effects that this provisional structure should achieve are:
+ To apply a stabilizing moment
+ To react quickly and simply to any increasing tilting or unfavorable phenomena;
+ To help on the recovering
of the tilting during the under excavation
works.
Three kinds of possible actions can be considered:
a) Vertical eccentric action applied on the applied on the foundation.
This action (to be applied on the upstream side of the foundation)
may be
realized with weights, vertical prestressed cables, etc.
This is the simplest but also the less efficient possible scheme for two reasons: 1) the distance of the vertical action from the baricentum is small and
probability the eccentricity
respect the center of rotation ( whose position is
unknown) is likely to be even smaller; 2) the favorable effect of the stabilizing moment is associated with a large vertical force that produces unfavorable effects on the soil.
b) Horizontal action applied at a certain level of the tower.
123
An horizontal
action-applied
through horizontal
(or little inclined)
cablesreduces the stresses both on the structure and on the foundation
and produce a stabilizing moment without any vertical force. However, due to the
uncertainties
on the position of the centre of rotation that during an unexpected phenomenon
be much higher than the level of the foundation,
the
real stabilizing moment on the soil may sensibly be reduced because only a
fraction of the theoretical brace is effective.
If the center of rotation rises till the level of application of the cables the efficiency of this solution is zero. Other negative aspects of this solution are that
a big anchorage structure is required and that horizontal shear forces are induced on the soil.
c) Composite system consisting on an horizontal action applied at a certain
level of the tower an and inclined action applied on the foundation.
This scheme consists on applying at certain level of the tower some horizontal cables (similarly to the precedent case) associated with a compressed
inclined strut that insist on the foundation of the tower; the upper edge of the
strut is connected to the cables that are therefore vertically
deviated and
then anchored on the soil.
If we compare this scheme with the first one (a) we see that it produces a
much more favorable ratio between the stabilizing moment and the vertical
force; in addition it produces positive effects on the structure too.
Compared with the second scheme (b) we seen that it requires a much simpler anchorage system and is much more efficient because the strut induces
on the foundation an horizontal force of the same entity-but opposite sing-of
that produced by the cables; this means that there is a precise value of stabilizing moment we the soil.
The provisional measures adopted by the Committee*
for the tower of Pisa
have been in two phases. In a first phase (1993) it has been followed the
scheme a ), applying ( in two subsequent steps) around 900t of lead blocks
on the upstream side, which produce a stabilizing moment of about 5.450tm.
that is about 22% of the overturn moment. In a second phase (1998), the
safeguard system has been implemented
applying two horizontal
cables,
more than lOOm.long, with the anchorage hidden behind a building, able to
provide a global force of about 300 tons and a stabilizing moment whose
value depends on the position that the cccenter of rotation)) will take if an unexpected rotation occur (solution b).
In my opinion the best would have been to adopt the solution c ), which is
the only that garantees an efficient stabilizing moment wherever is collocated
the center of rotation during the development
of a possible unknown unfavorable phenomenon.
* The commitee for the safegard of the Tower of Pisa is composite by M.
Jamiolkowski
(Chairman),
J.B.Burland,
R Calzona, M.Cordaro,
G.Creazza,
G. Croci, M. D’Elia, R. Di Stefano, J. De Barthelemy, G. Macchi, L. Samapalesi, S.Settis, F.Veniale, C.Viggiani
We have had long discussion on this subject in the mettings of the Committee, but at the end the opinion of having a provisional structure visible as
possible prevailed.
The provisional
strengthening
of the structure has been realized applying
circumferential
prestressed cables.
121
2.3 The definitive measures
The definitive measures that have been adopted to stabilize the tower consist
on recovering about 10% of the present inclination, going back to the situation of about 3 centuries ago; this will ensure definitive or, at least for long
period, safety levels.
Fig. Shows the evolution of the inclination
that has always increased since
the of time of the construction;
Fig. Shows the last decade in detail when
firstly the tower has begun to recover a small part of the inclination
(corresponding
to a recover of about 2cm of the top) due to the application
of lead blocks, and then has started a more significant backward movement
(underexcavation).
The technique used to recover part of the tilting called ccunderexcavatiom;
it
consists on removing from below the upstream side of the foundation
little
bits of soil in order to artificially produce differential soil settlements and the
refore a rotation of the opposite sigh respect that has been developing since
centuries.
This intervention
is expected to be completed by the half of 2001; at that
moment all the lead blocks will be removed.
This solution has been possible because the stiffness and the global strength
of the structure have prevented any disconnection
of the masonry structure,
so that the tower has rotated as a rigid body.
As regards the masonry structure, realized with two facing layers made of
regular stone blocks and an inner fill made of irregular stones and mortar, it
has been consolidated in the downstream side, where the stresses are hoger
and some voids have been detected, with injections
of a fluid mortar
(grouting); in addition at the level of the first balcony a circular prestressed
cable is going to be placed and , in the weak zones, corresponding
to the
inner staircase, some little radial stainless bars will be inserted.
3.Conclusions
The above described urgent measures have been requested by a risky situation that could compromise the overall stability or the structures. The intervention will be combined with a monitoring
system in order to control the
improvement
of the main parameters(deformations,
inclinations,
widening of
the cracks, etc.).The recorded data will be very useful to evaluate whether
the interventions
will be sufficient to stabilize the settlements,
if it will be
necessary to further regulate the pressures in the jacks, or if an extension of
the interventions
will be required; in the latter case it could be envisaged to
create a raft of foundations
shaped as an inverse curvature little dome all
over the plan of the central part.
Concerning the Tilla Kari Mosque, both in the case of completing
the enlargement of the foundations
and in the case to use piles to reach deeper
strata of the soil, the continues reinforced concrete strip around the foundations and the little cantilevers will provide the best way to transfer the loads
to the strengthened masonry. It must be noticed moreover that the transversal bars and the injections represent a reinforcement that is indispensable
for
any action of support of the foundations.
Finally, the possibility to regulate
the loads on the foundation soil through the jacks will represent a remarkable advantage.
125
Pave/ BJaha Geo
Geo Test Bmo
Czech Republic
Joint
Czech-Uzbekistan
Projects
Czech-Uzbek cooperation between State Hydro-Geological
enterprise Uzbekgidrogeologia
and cGeotest)) was started in 1981. Collaboration
is carrying
out in the field of studying of landslide geo-ecology
protection of historical
monuments,
hydrology and geophysics. As a result of common researches
were implemented a number of large scaled projects concerned investigation
of landslide’s nature, methods of its prognosis, ecological-hydro-geological
researches effective using of geo-physical
methods during studying of stop
deformations and territories, where historical monuments are located.
The most intensive were joint scientific-research
works on measurement
of
strain and motion landslides on the depth. All the above works were implemented during 1981-1985. The works were tines head by conduction of joint
guidelines, which was the base of monographic
published by c{Fann Publishing House in 1989.
Nowadays the problems of population
safety and protection of engineering
constructions
and from affect of nature and Technogen assurances were
recognized one of the actual.
In this regard we propose a number of joint projects which are planing
implemented
in the framework of UNESCO.
to be
Theme: Silk way
The town of Khiva is situated in the western part of Uzbekistan in the proximity of the Amu -Darya river. The compact medieval town from the XVI.XIX. Centuries is founded on the thick layer of loess. The dimensions of the
center of the town are c. 650*400 meters. The fragments of its fortifications
in some parts of this town have come down to the present. These fragments
are founds not only in the historical center of the town, but they can also be
found in some other parts of Khiva.
One of the biggest problems of the construction
stability in today’s Uzbekistan is the changing of the ground water table. The outflows from sewerage,
water supply and hot-water supply and hot-water pipelines and an intensive
irrigation evoke the ground water table increasing water table cause the settlement of collapsible loess. The further problem of the old town of Khiva is
the in leak of rainy water from the stoning street under the building foundations.
The loess settlement is not even, which leads to the old buildings with
cracks. These cracks in some old buildings reach to the width from 3-5 cm
and the length of several meters. The company UZBEKGIDROGEOLOGIJA
Tashkent have recently made some initial operations. Their task was to describe the status of some buildings of the medieval town of Khiva. The sur-
vey included the mere description
in the chosen buildings. The means of
foundations of those objects were observed too. At present it would be suitable to start several kinds systematic operations in the town of Khiva.
.
They can be divided into two groups:
-establishing* digital database of the present conditions
of the historical
buildings
-the automatic measurements
of the chosen parameters influencing
the settlement of the rock massive.
Subtheme: Chiva-Data base creation of present situation of monuments failures.
It is necessary to equip the Uzbek specialists with the digital camcorder and
with the equipment necessary for the processing of digital records for establishing digital database. The output of these operations will be compiling
a
well-arranged
atlas on the situation of the historical
buildings
failure of
Khiva. This atlas will be completed with the detailed the description
of the
chosen monuments.
.
Subtheme: Khiva-Automatic
monitoring
of chosen parameters of building
settlement
Before starting automatic measurements,
it would be suitable to equip the
Uzbek specialists with the equipment for monitoring operations in some chosen parameters. We recommend to observe the fluctuation of water table, to
measure the settlement of the chosen building including the rock massive in
their subbases and observe the time ahange of the chosen cracks. The option of the given buildings and numbers of measuring points will depend on
the financial conditions given to this task. The output of these operations will
be getting an idea of the changes taking place during a year namely in the
historical buildings as in well as in the rock massive subbases. Thus obtained
Thus obtained data will served the determination
of the precautions against
the negative influence upon the historical buildings in the town of Chiva.
Theme: Geological hazard
The slope deformations
and their moving are of the biggest damages for the
people and the property of Uzbekistan. The slope deformations
cover an
area about 500 000 hectares. There are 12 thousand moving localities
known to us . The expressive moving by 100-300 landslides with the volume from 300m3-90 millionm3 occurs every year. The moving of thousands
of landslides was quoted during the years with more expressive rainfalls. The
slope deformation
have a damaging effection about 250 villages, tens of
miner and hydrotechnical
constructions,
a lot of the spas and recreational
centers and hundreds of kilometres of roads.
The landslide majority slips in the short 3-4 monthly spring periods when
during some days the moving landslides up to twenty in numbers are observed. The Landslide origin depends on the thickness of the snow cover,
velocity of its melting, spring rainfalls, and a contingent emulation of these
facts into the short periods. It is very difficult to determine the beginning of
the slope movements, their velocities and eventually their moving directions,
127
the volumes of sliding mass and the risks of that moving against the opposite slope. The of the landslide majority is mostly so rapid that there is no
time to do a lot of sufficient warning to the inhabitants living to the inhabitants living there and their evacuations in time.
In the recent years the number of inhabitants living in the foothills. that is in
the areas where the landslide disaster is bigger, has been increasing very
quickly. Since the year 1970 the number of inhabitants has increased by 2.5
times in those regions.
Subthemei Slope deformations-creating
maps in GIS system
I.
As it is not possible to develop such a system of timely warning at present, it
is necessary to reduce the inhabitant
settlement in those dangerous areas.
Therefore it is necessary to create such a map set that will demonstrate all
factors contributing
to the origin of the rapid slope moving. For the purpose
the map processing and their evaluating the geographic information systems
( GIS ) are the best suitable.
To determine the slope deformation hazards is useful to create e.g. the maps
of rainfalls, snow cover, rock and soil appearance that are predisposed to
sliding, the maps of slope inclination,
the hydrogeological
maps including
the maps of surface springs.
On the basis of these maps it will be
degree of the particular elements and
quick landslide origin. On the basis of
inhabitants
against the the landslide
possibilities for new places of settlement
possible for us to compile the hazard
the total degree of the danger of the
these maps it will be possible to warn
hazard and eventually
to adjust the
and industrial constructions.
Subtheme: Slope deformations -using geophysical
methods for their prospecting
The geophysical methods create a compact kit of the methods that enables
us to carry out the quick prospecting
of the areas with the slope deformations namely of the areas nonaccessible
for heavy technologies. It is possible
to use the knowledge of the geological
structure as a base for the hazard
evaluation of the possible new landslide origin. The geophysical methods are
also very suitable for the sliding landslide prospecting too. The determination of the geological structure supports the understanding
of the landslide
dynamics in the given regions. The interpretation
results of the geophysical
measurements
give us the data for the inverse stability solutions. We can
suggest slide corrections on the basis of geophysical results and at the same
we can some of the geophysical methods for landslide monitoring.
We has written a monograph on the geophysical methods used for the prospecting and of the slope deformations
(published only in the Czech language
up to now). In the frame of this task we would like to complete its translation
into the Russian language in order that it can serve as a methodical base for
the geophysical
measurements
of the slope deformation
research in the
whole region of Central Asia . We have already been working on this translation.
Them: Hydrogeology
and water resources
Subtheme: Exhaustion
risk of drink water resources in fluvial valleys in
Uzbekistan
In Uzbekistan the underground
water in the fluvial valleys is the main source
supplying inhabitants of drink water and eventually it serves as a source of
irrigation. During the last 30 years the underground
reserves have been reduced by 50%. The underground water resources have been reduced by 0.2
km3 every year. The existing resources are expected to be exhausted during
next the 40 years. Therefore it is necessary to look into the system of the
ground water using received from those resources at present as to look into
the system of economy dealing with obtaining water in this way. At the same
time it is necessary to investigate some other chances obtaining fresh water
in order that the collapse of inhabitants supplying with water can be avoided
in the future.
The possible ways of ground water taken fluvial valleys are further limited by
the ecological pollution of those resources. The ground water contamination
has main sources in various industrial objects, mining sites, agricultural
pollution as well as in the municipal contamination.
Therefore it is needed to
map all contamination
sources and to create their punctual digital database.
The aim of these operations is to evaluate the dangerous and of the pollution
of the ground water and its early exhaustion as a source of drink water. It will
be necessary to reach such a situation in which the ground water serves the
inhabitants of these regions to be supplied with the fresh water for approximately for the next 1000 years. It is necessary to evaluate the influence of
separate risk factors and hydrogeological
conditions forming the risk and the
hazard of the exhaustion of ground water resources. We ought to try to decrease all the hazards deteriorating
ground water quality, introducing
its using as only, decreasing its consumption
and the perfect regime of ground
water pumping so that the adulteration
of separate sources by the wrong
function of pumping wells will not occurred.
It is necessary for all this agenda to be converted into the computer processing by the help of geographic information systems (GIS) in order that the
perfect bases, their lucidity and the possible ways of their operative using
can be achieved. Only this way of processing enables us to ensure the decrease of ground water pollution and the effective using of separate sources.
.
Solution of this problems will allow decrease social strain in countries exposed to domgeruos
geological processes to define level of drinking water
exhaustion in river valleys of Uzbekistan which became strategic resources
for the life of human-being,
it will also make significated contribution
into
provision of safety of valuable historical monuments.
We also hope that realization of there projects
Uzbekistan, but for all Central Asian Region.
will be useful
.
129
-.--_
.._-_
not only
for
Fig. 1 Book about landslides
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M3MEPEH.Wl HAIIP%KEXWI
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Present methods of measurements of water pressure
and landslide movement
130
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Gert Karwa th
SKM Electronics
Germany
Tilla Kari Medresse.
The Heritage of the World Culture in Samarkand
The Electra-Physical
Method for the Dehydration
of Threatened
Stone Structures
.
Our safe system for the exsiccation of stone structures causes no damage to
the threatened historic building material. Therefore,
we regard it as our
moral obligation to put out know how and our special knowledge at the disposal of the UNESCO to preserve the valuable heritage of the world culture.
We have offered spontaneously
our help and support after a TV broadcasting
on “The threatened values of Central Asia - Uzbekistan and its cultural heritage”.
Today, we are following Mr Michael Bary Lane’s invitation from the UNESCO
in order to present you our experience of stone buildings’
exsiccation
in
connection with this symposium as well as to start the stone buildings’ dehydration in the threatened Tilla Kari Madrasah.
.
In our undertaking,
we proceed from the fact that the reasons of the increasing stone structures’ moisture with the strong additional
salinisation
contain mainly the same problems, which we have been able to overcome in
Europe since many years ago. The only difference is that that here, in Central Asia, the evaporation of moisture on the land surface happens quicker
and therefore the process of destruction through moisture and salinisation
has a stronger concentration.
Certainly, this problem could not be solved immediately
with the installation
of our equipment. There is an urgent need in the close international
cooperation
among the representatives
of respective
memorial
protection
service and our enterprise within the UNESCO Working Group or any eventually existing group of specialists.
The efficiency of dehydration
should be controlled,
for example, in accordance with our directions through the careful measurement
of moisture in
regular intervals. The reaction of salt should be optically determined and
documented in definite intervals. Another important working mission of the
future special group will be to detect the construction
materials, which could
be used for the safe and knowledgeable
sanitation and restoration of monuments, by means of the still executed analysis of salinity and moistures level.
Within the framework of our following special report we will document why it
is essentially important to select thoroughly
the permissible building materials for the salvation of the world culture heritage.
Do not expect please that we will install “magical boxes” for you here to
conjure the missing millions for the salvation of all threatened objects. Exhausted fundaments and defective walls will not be changed automatically,
131
either. Our equipment has only a task to dehydrate the stone buildings with
The saline and suffered walls are still
natural means, causing no damages.
to be renovated carefully and with respective professional
knowledge by
craftspeople from an appropriate region.
For a better technical comprehension,
we will demonstrate you a video, produced initially to advertise our enterprise. Certainly, we are far from presenting a sales’ show for you here. On the other hand, this film contains all
essential details about the technical flow of our method for the exsiccation of
stone buildings including the determination
of possible construction
errors to
be corrected timely. You will notice that the problems with houses in Europe
are not greatly different than here.
SKM Presentation:
UNESCO International
June 2000
(Part 2 after the video demonstration)
Symposium,
Samarkand,
14- 18
You have been able to learn from the video record that the problems of the
stone buildings’ moisturizing in Europe do not generally develop differently
than here, in the desert. In order to prove it scientifically
we undertook this
trip. We were unbelievably
derided in Germany when we told about our intentions, “What - to exsiccate in the desert?”
However, there is one point where we should distinguish
prerequisites:
exactly
While we could easily apply the method of stone structures’
the European area on the basis of solid building material
years’ experience, here we encounter something unknown:
professional
exsiccation
in
and our many
a) What historic construction material was processed;
b) At what speed will our stone structures exsiccation develop;
c) How much residual moisture should we preserve in any case in stone
buildings in order not to threaten the static of the monument.
Proceeding from the emerging questions, we have a firm conviction that the
and accompanied
salinisation
problem of the stone buildings’ exsiccation
can be solved through the long-lasting
international
co-operation
alone. We
could put our modern equipment and necessary professional knowledge at
the disposal. However, without a reliable partner from the appropriate
region, with whom we could straight away apply the newest scientific know
how, this action, which is very costly for us, would by rightly a flow in the
“desert sand”. Since we do not belong to any state agency but start this salvation act at our own expenses as private entrepreneurs,
we are interested in
the establishment
of international
enterprise with the partners from this region on a long-term basis. This venture should be able knowledgeably,
enduringly and, which is more important, safely to solve the Problem of stone
buildings’ moisture.
For the case study about the exsiccation
of stone structures we prepared
some slides to better familiarize you with the technical
process in stone
132
buildings. This is followed by a short extract from the reference list of out
European projects. For the comparison, we would like to tell you about their
specific problems.
Damped walls
There are 4 different main reasons to be identified
before any stone buildings’ exsiccation.
What is increasing moisture
Natural regularities.
and handled
separately
of stone buildings
The increasing moisture of stone buildings
Appears through the interaction of two different
impact principles:
a) Mechanical process:
The widely known capillary stream effect in porous solids (gravel bed and
sand layers under the foundations in desert areas belong to it as well). This
process is independent of the subsoil waters’ level!
b) Electra-physical
process:
The movement of water molecules in the fine construction
material capillaries causes the electrical charge between the border area of the capillaries
and water molecules, which are mainly bound to the hydrate coat (salts).
SKM electronics R, the modern method for the exsiccation
of stone structures, interrupts the increase of charge sending special impulses generated
by a low electromagnetic
field and enables thus a natural and, first of all,
damage-free hydration process in stone structures.
This process is scientifically
demonstrable
through
stone buildings’ moisture and optical observations.
the measurements
of
This slide documents
the interaction
“salinisation
through the moisture of
stone buildings ‘! You can already learn from this simple scheme that, in the
course of increasing
stone building’s moisture, the effect of dehydration
could not be achieved either through “draw off shafts” or the installation
of
“drainage”.
The most important damage causing salts.
There is no need for you to learn any formulas by heart, yet this diagram
clearly gives documentary
evidence about the natural origin of some damage causing salts in order to prevent programmed
construction
faults in the
future. By the preparation
to the symposium, we watched TV reports many
times about the threatened culture heritage in Uzbekistan. By that, we had to
state to out fear that at the valuable mosques there was already partly processed a significant
amount of cement and concrete. Hopefully,
this took
place from the lack of knowledge. A typical German expression, “this construction material was utilized proceeding from the considerations
of prise
and time”, would be completely our of place here. Our schedule shows definitely an interdependence
between such construction
materials like gypsum,
cement and concrete in connection with the damaging power of sulphate
L
133
-
__-
----..
compounds
in stone buildings. Since the sulphates cause the largest damages to construction
objects, this problem should be taken very seriously.
We will demonstrate
you later on the example of face how one could fully
restore monument structures without cement.
Damped walls?
4 reasons to be identified definitely:
1. The increasinq moisture
of __--.stone buildinqs:
__-~~The result of defective or missing border layers. Capillary
stone structures, joints and face.
stream influence
in
2.&g~e_ns&
moistur-e:
Cool walls/warm air
Sharp temperature differences
Insufficient warmth retention
Double shell stone buildings
3. Hyqrosco@c __moisture:
~~~-.---.
Strongly
salinised
stone
“hygroscopic
moisture”
4. Leaking water
___..By inclining locations,
buildings,
defective
e.g. face
drainage,
surface,
create
their
own
missing water draw off.
What is the increasing moisture?
(SKM research of construction work)
Horizontal shield
Vertical shield
Horizontal shield
Responsible for the qrowth-in the
nature
.__~-.
~_..
* Is independent of sub-soil water
* Comes from the ground
* Comes out even in the desert (the slide as a life-saver)
At home-I~_.a permanent Problernfo~r~own~ers
___
* Properly, a house is a alien matter in the ground and should constantly be
protected against the increasing soil moisture
* Defective shield layers - a big problem by sanifying obsolete buildings
* Unfortunately,
also transports the dissolved salts in the stone buildings and
thus activates the mechanism of destruction
The exsiccation of stone buildings SKM electronics
The increasing moisture?
I ,_Mec~anical_p_roc.~~s
Capillary stream
a) A capillary stream effect in porous solids
b) The elevation level is dependent on the diameter
of capillaries
2. Electra-technical
process
The movement of water molecules in thin capillaries of the construction
material results in the electrical charge between the border layer of capillaries and water molecules, which are bound mainly to hydrate coat (salt).
Horizontal partition
Vertical shield
The increasing sub-soil moisture
The stone building’s moisture arises everywhere where something
Therefore, partition layers must be built into the foundation.
.
The exsiccation
Tila Kari
of stone buildings
grows up!
SKM electronics
Salinisation through the moisture of stone buildings
Salts from the construction
material
The increasing moisture of stone buildings + salts from the soil
Capillary stream
Gravel and sand layers
The exsiccation of stone buildings
SKM electronics
Salts
Solutions
Hygroscopic solution
Ca - +, Mg -+, Na +, K+
N03-, Cl-
Ca( NOs)2
MgWW2
NaN03
KN03
NaCl
KC1
CaS04
SO4
MgSQ
Na2S04
CaC03
MgCO3
CaS04
Solution
.
Solution
Solution
MG-+, Ca-+, Na+, K+, Sod--, Cl-, CO3The moisture
I
.
of stone buildings
The most important
Compound
Sulphates
MgS04 .7HzO
CaS04 .2H20
Na2S04 . lOH20
3CaO. A1203.
3CaS04 . 32HzO
damage-causing
Name
salts
Origin
Bitter salts, magnesium sulphate, gypsum, calcium sulphate,
glauber salt, natrium
sulphate, sulphiric
natrium
.
13.5
.
From the sub-soil = soil salts,
mainly magnesium sulphate.
From the construction
material = cement mortars contain
gypsum and make for sulphate compounds
Nitrates
Mg(N03)2 . 6H20
Ca(N03)2
. 4H20
I 5Ca (NOT)2 .
‘4NH4N03 . lOHzO
Chlorides
CaCl2.6H20
NaCl
Magnesim nitrate, calcium nitrate, lime saltpetre
All stable and barn buildings,
agricultural
utilisation, bordering humus soil
Calcium chloride, table The oxidation of fronts.
salt, natrium chloride
Freese protection means
(painting or decoration
works), PM-Binder. Slag
stones = iron sulphate
]
Will you allow us at this stage to present briefly our enterprise
the content)
(To translate
The dehydration method of stone buildings
As it is well-known, there are various methods to overcome more or less the
increasing moisture of stone buildings. The mechanical
methods prohibit
themselves
since they could threaten the static of historic monuments.
Chemical injections unambiguously
belong to this category as well. Even
“draw off shafts” should not be risked here. Regardless of all this, one does
not penetrate under the foundations
in order to interrupt
the increasing
moisturizing of stone buildings. (To translate picture texts)
Salts in stone buildings and face.
This slide shows the effect of salts’ presence in stone buildings and face. The
top picture shows face trials in the practice/study
room of our enterprise.
The former could also be very useful for sanitation missions. I have been
working closely with Knut Akesson, consultant and restoration advisor from
Sweden, since Leipzig 1996 Monument Protection Fair. To process historic
faces and mortars, he developed a patented method, by the application
of
which no cement is needed. You can perceive yourself the influence on
moisturized
buildings and the ones with salinity. The salts come outwards
without cement and could be swiped off easily. The face test with cement
content is constantly moisturized
and would lead to the crystallization
of
salts on the external wall in winter and therefore to cleavage (to translate the
correlation of mixture).
The difference between the air temperature and dew point
These tables are important help means to calculate exactly the phenomenon
of how the condensed moisture is formed. This table was developed by Helmut Feige, Israeli meteorologist.
He is simultaneously
a EURAFEM e. V. consulting member, a European working group for electro-physical
stone buildings’ dehydration.
136
._. I”-._,....
10. The moisture precipitation
on external walls
This diagram will not correspond here in such a form. Nevertheless, it could
contain important starting points to identify construction
faults, which could
lead to the moisturizing in stone buildings. (Translation of diagram texts).
The enterprise is certified by TUV - Rheinland/Berlin
- Brandenburg
in accordance with DIN EN IS0 9001 for the following area of activity:
Development,
manufacturing,
trade and service of electronic equipment for
the exsiccation of stone buildings.
Advice on damages from moisture and the restoration
of buildings, especially with lime covering
The SKM equipment for the exsiccation of stone buildings:
Type: 1 .O EMV tests, OE certified
Type: 2.0
TUV - Thuringen via SCHWELLE - Electronic
SKM electronic
The European
buildings
.
is a EURAFEM e. V. Member
working circle for electro-physical
dehydration
SKM electronic joined a voluntary environmental
alliance
- Anhalt land in accordance with the EU guidelines
along with Sachsen
.
The method of stone buildings’
Draw off shafts
They do not hinder the capillary
The danger of collapse!
The moisture
precipitation
exsiccation
stream influence
on an external
in stone buildings
wall
c
EXTERNAL
Salinity
INTERNAL
AREA
AREA
Threat to health
impact
Frost impact
Fungus formation
Rain
Condensed
Hail
Microscopic
Roof water
Damp fusion
Heavy water, dissolved
Soil moisture,
dissolved
Damp fusion
salts
salts
Moisture penetrating through
or absent external isolation
damage
points
137
.
of stone
water
moisture
A short extract from the reference
have created until now.
list should give you an idea in what we
1. Markt 25 in Luthersrsadt Wittenberg
(Hydrated by Gert Karwath’s another electro-physical
method)
This historic baroque building possesses fantastic cask vaults in the basement area. The exsiccation was selected as the basic method from the very
beginning of sanitation.
The cask vaults are entirely moist. which another
system could achieve any result here altogether.
In the lower part we could see three small pictures of different exsiccation
stages = top left is the original condition, then an intermediate
phase and
down is the optical condition after approx. 9 months after the installation
(the moisture concentrates
in corners). Both lower photos show exsiccation
phases within a year. There are the private safes of the bank in these vaults
today. A paper archive was accommodated
in the next small vault! At the
external wall of the vault, a brood flows at the floor level as a special chicanery of this hydration.
The building’s exsiccation was supported by a qualified air circulation
with
the consideration
of wall temperatures. The lime was used as a covering.
2. Villa in Potsdam
The villa, protected as a monument, was purchased in a lamentable condition and sanified with large costs. When I was asked to help in about 1 year
(there was found no renter - the rent was 15 000 DM monthly),
I found the
following condition:
- A strong mould scent in the whole basement area, wall-papers
moist and
splay;
- Parquet floor swollen and buckled;
- Moisture level on basement walls = 12-18 % (Gann - measurements).
In 5 weeks:
The mould scent away, parquet floor smooth, moisture
level - 8- 10%.
In S year:
Moisture level: 5-7 %.
Control measurements
in
(2 measurement
units yet
The present-day utilization:
Administrative
office with
area! A full satisfaction of
approx. 5 years after the installation:
found) = I ,5 % and 1%.
computer equipment and paper in the basement
all new building proprietors.
Z.-The royal hunting castle “Tullgarn”~in Sweden.
The internal yard of the building is situated on an island. There are still old
foundations,
which are partly not strengthened and therefore are full of water
fault is being corrected. In the next picby heavy rains. This construction
ture, you could have a look at the royal kitchen, which in any case has not
been used for years. They tried to conquest the elevating moisture in this
area with 2 air dryers without success for about 10 years. It was a costly enterprise, all the more that the circulated air should be additionally
warmed
138
up already at 5 degrees, otherwise the cooling hoses froze. On the next picture, there is Knut Akesson, consultant and restoration advisor, by the installation of SKM equipment for the exsiccation of stone buildings. A close
co-operation
binds us since we met at Leipzig 1996 Monument
Protection
Fair and Knut Akesson deploys the SKM method along with his own mission
area in Sweden. In return, Gert Karwath tries to bring closer the rich experience from Sweden, including treating the lime sanitation, front covering from
lime as well as the application of oil colors for wood and bleach works, for
the monument protection in Germany.
Down left, you can see 3 photos of problem zones in the basement area.
Left: concentrated
cement face had to block the moisture. Middle: Intermediate walls could not be a long solution, either. Right: Moisture and strong
salinity in the basement. Down right, there is our interpreter
Martina Josefsson by CM - measurements.
4. The former food warehouse in a historic metallurqy area.
The building lies directly at a sea and is heavily damaged by water form the
occurring snow melting. On the left side, there are Knut Akesson and Torsten Krwath by the measurement of moisture level. In the picture down left, a
thrown out water pot shows a momentary sub-soil water level. The centre of
the pictures shows a wooden wall, where our SKM devise was mounted. The
high air humidity in the building had already made the nails become rusty.
On the next right picture, you can see a totally salted floor of this area.
There are 2 reasons for this:
l.Much pickle salt was used by the utilization of the warehouse (meat and
fish);
2.The building was constructed from slag stones of the metallurgical
works.
You could remember from the previously shown graphical presentation
of
the salinity precipitation
in stone buildings that the slag stones consist
mainly of iron sulphate, a salt, which must be subordinate to the chlorides.
5. SKM electronic R - Italy: Casa Professa in Palermo
This rich decorated church had a problem in the socle area: moisture and
salinity, the result of which the marble plates of the construction
began to
dissolve.
You can see in the lower picture that we refused to mount the SKM device
from respect to the costly decoration and the energy supply was organized
through flexible cables. Down right, you could see that they give blessing to
the careful and safe working of our method in this church.
The level of 4,5 % moisturizing is normally not sufficient when one certainly
needs the exsiccation of stone buildings. There would be a large gain for this
church if we manage to decrease the existing moisture for more l-2 % and
therefore to slacken the destructive power of salinity.
.
139
6. The church-asylum
of the evangelistic parish in Gernrode.
In the large building behind the church asylum, we found an internal
made from the same material as the church walls: lime sandstone.
wall
The whole wall was visibly strong over-moisturized.
We stated by the inspection of construction
works that behind this wall, there was a small country
house, of which the ground level corresponded
exactly to the moisture zone
in the hall. We also conducted our moisture measurements.
In order not to
cause unnecessary damages, we chose to measure the conductivity
in joints.
For safety, we put a CM-measurement
axis in a cleaned corner. Our SKM device was installed in the centre of the wooden-panel
ceiling.
We succeeded in registering good results already by the first measurements
after about 6 weeks. The next measurements
(after j year) evoked our astonishment: the stones were obviously dry, the joints were nevertheless more
moist than by the previous measuring. The situation was opposite by a control measurement
after 2 months: the stones were visually moist and the
moisture in the joints presented better results. Approximately
S year later, in
my village, the no more needed barns and old sheds were demolished and
the construction
material was sorted out. When I inspected the pile with lime
sandstone, I felt more respect to this construction
material. Many of these
stones served as the foundation for sheds for more than one hundred years
and lied still as if freshly delivered! We were in Gernrode next day and took a
control measurement
along with the priest. This time, of course, in the
stones. The result could be seen distinctly at the right down picture: there
appeared dust by drilling.
Total: due to its structure, sandstone absorbs no salts and little amounts of
moisture. The whole transportation
of moisture and salts takes place by this
material exceptionally
through the joints.
1. The main building of the land_provl:i.ion department
- ~-- in Leipzig,
Former cavalry barracks from the times of our last German Kaiser, in the
meantime used by the GDR National People’s Army, it was purchased by
this agency for a “friendship prize” after the reunification
of Germany. Then,
after a long planning phase, the building was “brand-newly”
sanified. The
planning and architectural
bureaus in Germany are unfortunately
remunerated in any case not according to the professional knowledge but the spent
turnover volume. Therefore, it is obvious why we, with our inexpensive electro-physical
method for the exsiccation of stone buildings, seldom have an
opportunity
to demonstrate our abilities on such large objects. An expensive
sanisation was carried out instead. The “results” are clearly visible at the
right down picture. The air drier are in operation day and night for many
years in order at least to keep a little bit away the moisture from the most
important rooms of the basement such as printing-office,
archive, warehouse
etc. An economic nonsense - called to being knowingly.
In such a tangled situation, we were asked, as usual, by new owners to help
them. Of course, with large distrust since they were informed already by
“knowledgeable
specialists” about the futility of our method (for whom?).
Despite of it, we got carried away by a scientific challenge. Two SKMdevices for the exsiccation of stone buildings were installed in a definite section of the object on 24.05.2000.
In line with the mutual agreement, the aim
of our exsiccation is the decrease of the building’s
moisture for 4.5 - max.
5% in the basement area. This experiment
is frozen at half of a year for a
test. In the meantime, the air drier will be turned off one after another in accordance with the measurement results.
.
Condition
before the installati_on:
~.. .~
Mould scent in the basement. Wall-papers
strongly moisturized.
Parquet
floors splay (swollen through the moisture).
Pre-arranged use after the sanitation of the building:
Office rooms in the basement area.
Building’s moisture in the basement: 12- 18 % (Gann - measurements)
After 5 weeks: no mould scent, parquet floor smooth
After S year: building’s moisture - 6 - 7 %
Measurements
after approx. 5 years: (2 measurement
indices still found)
1,5% and 1%.
.
.
141
.
-- -____-

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