141027_PEP SSA MZ_Sub Sector Analysis PV Tourism_final

Transcription

SUBSECTOR ANALYSIS
Qualitative Photovoltaic Power Supply for the
Mozambican Tourism Sector
www.renewables-made-in-germany.com
Imprint
Authors
Dipl. Ing. (FH) Joerg Behrschmidt, Engineer
Harald Olk, Electrical Engineering Master Technician
June 2014
Publisher
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
On behalf of the
German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)
Contact
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Köthener Str. 2, 10963 Berlin, Germany
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.giz.de/projektentwicklungsprogramm
Web: www.renewables-made-in-germany.com
Cover Picture: Massinga Beach Lodge 2014
This subsector analysis is part of the Project Development Programme (PDP) Sub-Saharan-Africa. PDP Sub-Saharan-Africa is
implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the German Federal Ministry
for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) under the “renewables – Made in Germany” initiative. More information about PDP and about
renewable
energy
markets
in
Sub-Saharan-Africa
and
South-East
Asia
can
be
found
on
the
website
www.giz.de/projektentwicklungsprogramm.
This publication, including all its information, is protected by copyright. GIZ cannot be liable for any material or immaterial damages
caused directly or indirectly by the use or disuse of parts. Any use that is not expressly permitted under copyright legislation requires the
prior consent of GIZ.
All contents were created with the utmost care and in good faith. GIZ assumes no responsibility for the accuracy, timeliness,
completeness or quality of the information provided.
Content
List of Tables
ii
Currency
iii
Measurement
iii
List of Acronyms
iv
Executive Summary
1
1
Framework Conditions
2
1.1 Weather Data Inhambane
2
1.2 Basic Parameters: Energy Prices and Grid Reliability
3
1.3 Status of Photovoltaic in Mozambique
1.3.1 Technical
1.3.2 Financial
5
5
5
1.4 Basic Findings of the Energy Audit
6
1.5 Classification of Hotel Facilities
8
1.6 Possible Applications for Solar PV-Systems
1.6.1 PV-Island System
1.6.2 PV-Backup System
1.6.3 PV-Diesel-Hybrid System (PV operating as Negative load)
1.6.4 PV-Diesel-Hybrid System (PV operating as Main Resource)
8
9
9
9
9
2
3
1.7 Recommendations for Components
10
End Clients and Structures
11
2.1 PV Sizing
11
2.2 System Cost PV-System and Battery-Systems
12
2.3 Payback Period of PV- and Battery-System
12
Conclusions and Recommendations
14
3.1 General Conclusions
14
3.2 Recommendations for the Examined Hotel Facilities
15
Annex
A1.
PVSyst Simulation for Calculating the Specific Yield
18
A2.
Assumptions Cost of PV-systems
21
A3.
OPEX of PV-systems
22
A4.
Cost Storing Capacity of Battery Systems
23
A5.
Cost of Diesel Generators per kWh
24
A6.
Pay Back Period
25
A7.
Load Profile Azura
26
A8.
Interest Rates Mozambique
27
A9.
Fact Sheets
28
i
List of Tables
Table 1 Global Solar Irradiation in Inhambane[17]
2
Table 2 Ambient Temperature in Inhambane (Source: authors’ illustration)
3
Table 3 Customs Classification of Goods (Source: authors’ illustration)
6
Table 4: Base Scenario Consumption Hotel Facilities, 100% Occupancy (Source: authors’ illustration)
8
Table 5: PV Generator and Battery Sizing (Source: authors’ illustration)
11
Table 6: Cost Overview (Source: authors’ illustration)
12
Table 7: Overview Yearly Profit and Payback Period (Source: authors’ illustration)
13
Table 8: Key figures for the Locations Evaluated (Source: authors’ illustration)
15
Table 9 OPEX of PV-Systems (Source: authors’ illustration)
22
Table 10: Cost of Battery Systems According [4]
23
Table 11: Overview Cost of Diesel Generator (Source: authors’ illustration)
24
Table 12: Payback Period with Unit Cost of 0.32EUR/kWh (Source: authors’ illustration)
25
Table 13: Payback Period with Unit Cost of 0.25EUR/kWh for Azura (Source: authors’ illustration)
25
List of Figures
Figure 1 Electricity Tariffs EDM, September 2013[11]
4
Figure 2 Locations for the Energy Audit (Source: authors’ illustration)
6
Figure 3 Load Distribution Travessia (Source: authors’ illustration)
7
Figure 4 Load Distribution Massinga (Source: authors’ illustration)
7
Figure 5 Load Distribution Azura (Source: authors’ illustration)
7
Figure 6 PV-Island System Function
9
[2]
Figure 7 Backup-System by Reference to the SMA Backup Solution
9
[2]
Figure 8 Block Diagram PV-Diesel-Hybrid System (Main Resource)
9
[2]
Figure 9 Distribution about the Cost per Unit Produced Electricity (Source: authors’ illustration)
24
Figure 10 Measurement Results of Power and Power Factor in Azura (Source: authors’ illustration)
26
Figure 11 Load Profile Azura (Source: authors’ illustration)
26
Figure 12 Mozambique Lending Interest Rate (Percent, Source: The World Bank)
[16]
27
ii
Currency
1 USD = 31,149 MZN (April 2014)
1 EUR = 43.133 MZN (April 2014)
Measurement
W
kW
MW
Watt
Kilowatt
Megawatt
Wp
kWp
MWp
Watt peak
Kilowatt peak
Megawatt peak
Wh
kWh
MWh
GW
K
Gigawatt
Kelvin
GWp
l
Gigawatt peak
Litre
GWh
Watt hour
Kilowatt hour
Megawatt
hour
Gigawatt hour
iii
List of Acronyms
Gen-Set
Diesel generator plus control
LV
Low voltage
MV
Medium Voltage
PV
Photovoltaic
PV-System
PV plant (turnkey)
VAT
Value added tax
iv
QUALITATIVE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SUPPLY FOR THE MOZAMBICAN TOURISM SECTOR
Executive Summary
The renewable energy market in Sub-Saharan African countries has been taken into consideration by the
international public and private investors in the recent few years. The German Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy (BMWi), within the initiative “renewables – Made in Germany”, supports private sector cooperation and the
development of sustainable framework conditions with the Project Development Program (PDP). The PDP works
closely together with both German and local companies from Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania.
The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) is responsible to implement the PDP in
Sub-Saharan African countries. Moreover, GIZ has been given the task to determine the potential for renewable
energy (and energy efficiency) in the Mozambican tourism sector, which is the objective of this paper. Specifically,
this paper focuses on the potential of the photovoltaic market within the tourism sector in Mozambique. The overall
goal is to inform the tourism sector about the possibilities of PV power supply and to show the private sector
possible clients and their demand.
The first kick-workshop with the tourism sector was held in November 2013 in Inhambane, Mozambique. As a
result, the decision was made to conduct energy audits of the energy consumption covering the coast of Inhambane
with its simple and luxurious hotels in order to get clear and complete data. Hereinafter, the data was used as input
for this analysis. The energy auditing study has suggested 3 different scenarios for the use of the solar PV in
Mozambican tourism sector: PV-backup system, PV-diesel-hybrid system and PV-island system.
The availability of solar irradiation in Mozambique is extremely encouraging for implementing solar PV systems.
Furthermore, it fits the governments profile for improving and developing the rural electrification. However, it
should be taken into consideration that there are still many obstacles for the development of solar energy projects
in Mozambique such as missing incentive instruments (e.g. feed-in tariffs) and high interest rates. Plus, electricity
from the national grid is very cheap and economic feasibility of grid connected PV hard to reach.
Despite the dynamic and challenging political and financial framework, it is possible to realize PV projects.
Precondition is the use of higher equity or financing the project from outside of Mozambique.
The production cost per kWh electricity from a PV-system is below the production cost of a diesel generator in off
grid applications, therefore adding PV to a diesel generator mini grid to build a PV-diesel-hybrid system is an
option.
In regions where grid failures occur very often, PV-backup systems provide a much higher reliability for the power
supply for the tourism sector.
Especially for low consumption hotel facilities in remote areas a PV-island system with battery storage is the best
option.
To convince hotel managers to implement PV in their power supply, three main topics could be identified: higher
service quality due to a more reliable or longer electricity supply per day, short payback times for the investment,
and eco-tourism as a quality label of the hotel.
1
1 Framework Conditions
This subsector analysis should show the actual status, the possibilities and the relevance of photovoltaic for the
tourism sector in Mozambique. It has been carried out on the basis of energy audits done for three hotel facilities
with own power supply and for one hotel connected to the grid. All four hotels are located in the province of
Inhambane and near its capital, the city of Inhambane, which acts as a hub for the tourism sector.
In this chapter the background for photovoltaic will be outlined, including the current status of the photovoltaic
market, electricity prices, the results of the energy audits and the climate conditions.
The evaluation of promotion programs as part of the global efforts for climate protection, for example the
“Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action” (NAMA), is not part of this study.
1.1
Weather Data Inhambane
The province of Inhambane is located within the tropical latitude. The global irradiation on horizontal plane with
an average of 1,935 kWh per year is high, hence a very good energy production of photovoltaic plants is possible.
Table 1 shows the irradiation for different cities within the province of Inhambane as a 30 years average. The
selection of the cities indicates the distribution of irradiation within the region. The irradiation data for Inhambane,
Massinga and Vilanculos correspond to the location of the hotel facilities, selected for the energy audit.
Inhambane
Massinga
Vilanculos
Zavala
Govuro
Funhalouro
Mabote
Panda
Latitude
23°52'S
23°19'S
22° 0'S
24°41'S
21°19S
23° 5'S
21°58'S
24° 3'S
Longitude
35°23'E
35°22'E
35°18'E
34°25'E
34°35'E
34°23'E
33°37'E
34°43'E
22
63
121
108
177
157
4
116
Altitude [m]
Global Solar Irradiation (kWh/m²/a)
January
199.4
201.1
205.3
198.3
195.3
199.2
196.9
196.7
February
164.6
169.4
175.8
170.5
170.5
170.8
172.4
164.7
March
170.0
173.2
179.5
168.7
177.2
173.9
175.7
169.1
April
139.2
142.8
154.3
138.7
157.6
146.3
154.7
139.8
May
122.0
124.7
136.0
120.5
139.3
130.1
137.8
122.5
June
105.1
107.4
118.7
104.9
122.3
113.4
121.0
107.2
July
118.5
119.8
127.5
115.1
129.8
123.3
130.6
118.3
August
142.8
144.6
152.1
137.6
152.4
146.4
153.8
142.0
September
159.2
161.7
172.0
153.2
169.6
163.8
171.9
157.3
October
184.3
186.0
194.5
175.7
185.9
183.3
189.5
178.7
November
188.3
189.6
195.5
178.2
183.5
184.0
185.1
183.0
December
203.2
203.6
207.2
202.4
195.8
200.8
201.5
199.2
1,896.6
1,923.7
2,018.2
1,863.6
1,979.1
1,935.2
1,990.9
1,878.4
Annual
Table 1: Global Solar Irradiation in Inhambane[17]
2
Table 2 gives an overview about the medium ambient temperatures[17] of the different cities. It shows that the
monthly average is high. The spread of the monthly average between summer and winter time with around 8K is
low compared to Europe, where the spread is around 20K. Basically the temperature is distinctly above 0°C.
Inhambane
Massinga
Vilanculos
Zavala
Govuro
Funhalouro
Mabote
Panda
Latitude
23°52'S
23°19'S
22° 0'S
24°41'S
21°19S
23° 5'S
21°58'S
24° 3'S
Longitude
35°23'E
35°22'E
35°18'E
34°25'E
34°35'E
34°23'E
33°37'E
34°43'E
116
22
63
121
108
177
157
26.7
26.3
26.0
26.0
26.0
4
Altitude [m]
Ambient Temperature (°C)
January
26.4
26.0
26.5
February
26.4
26.0
26.4
26.9
26.0
25.9
25.8
25.9
March
25.5
24.9
25.3
26.0
24.7
24.7
24.6
24.9
April
23.7
23.2
23.6
24.3
22.9
22.8
22.7
23.0
May
21.6
21.0
21.3
22.2
20.5
20.4
20.3
20.7
June
19.9
19.3
19.7
20.4
18.7
18.6
18.4
18.9
July
19.3
18.7
19.0
19.7
18.3
18.0
17.9
18.3
August
20.8
20.3
20.7
21.2
20.4
20.1
20.2
20.2
September
22.3
22.0
22.6
22.5
22.7
22.3
22.7
22.1
October
23.6
23.4
24.2
23.8
24.6
23.9
24.5
23.5
November
24.9
24.6
25.3
25.1
25.7
25.0
25.4
24.7
December
26.0
25.6
26.1
26.4
26.2
25.8
26.0
25.8
Annual
23.4
22.9
23.4
23.7
23.1
22.8
22.8
22.8
Table 2: Ambient Temperature in Inhambane (Source: authors’ illustration)
In the peak season the irradiation is nearly twice as much as during off-season. This matches well with the seasonal
energy demand of the hotel facilities and benefits the tourism of Mozambique. Taking into account the irradiation
average in Table 1 and the temperatures in Table 2, a simulation had been performed to predict the prospective
energy yield of a PV plant. The simulation was done with the planning software PVSyst 6.25. The set of parameters
describes a standard PV-system with crystalline solar panels and string inverters connected to the low voltage grid.
The expected energy yield in the province of Inhambane is about 1,600 kWh/kWp (see Annex A1).
1.2
Basic Parameters: Energy Prices and Grid Reliability
To the time of this study, Mozambique is one of the important exporters for electricity in southern Africa. However,
the electricity grid of Mozambique covers only a part of the country. The key facts describing the supply of
electricity are the following:
■
Availability
The grid connection systems of the rural areas, and therefore the connection of areas of interest for the
tourism sector, are weak. As a direct consequence most hotel facilities run their own power supplies, mostly
driven by diesel generators.
■
Reliability
Mozambique has the ambitious target to connect all 128 regional cities by the end of 2014[5] and to the
complete the transmission grid by 2017. Nevertheless the reliability of the grid, which is insufficient today,
and the availability of the distribution grid will be a topic to take into account furthermore.
3
■
Energy Prices EDM
The electricity tariffs of the national power company EDM (indicated on its website) are shown in Figure 1.
Hotel facilities rank among the major consumers of low and medium voltage connections (‘Grandes
Consumidores de Baixa Tensão, Média Tensão’).
Social Tariff, Household, Agriculture and General (Low Voltage)
Recorded
Consumption (kWh)
From 0 to 100
Sale Price
Household
Farming
Social Tariff
Tariff
Tariff
(EUR ct/kWh) (EUR ct/kWh) (EUR ct/kW)
Flat Rate
General
Tariff
(EUR ct/kW)
(EUR)
2.48
From 0 to 300
5.80
6.21
6.89
1.98
From 301 to 500
8.18
8.83
9.83
1.98
Above 500
8.60
9.67
10.76
1.98
7.37
8.60
9.88
Pre-Payment
2.48
Major Consumers of Low, Medium and High Voltage
Class of Consumers
Major Cons. LV
(GCBT)
Medium Voltage (MT)
Farming Medium
Voltage (MTA)
High Voltage (AT)
Sale Price
Flat Rate
(EUR ct/kWh)
(EUR/kW)
(EUR)
3.85
2.96
5.79
3.18
3.32
27.19
2.87
3.32
27.19
2.85
3.65
27.19
Note: For the tariff " Farming Medium Voltage " the power rating to be invoiced will be the peak power used
Figure 1: Electricity Tariffs EDM, September 2013[11]
■
Electricity Prices for Hotel Facilities On-grid
The tariff of ‘Grandes Consumidores’ is divided into a demand rate, working price and a fix price. The
assessment of different electricity bills of three Casa Rex hotels of February 2014 shows a working price for
a consumer connected to the low voltage grid (BT) including VAT of 1,767Mt/kWh (0.041EUR/kWh) and
for the medium voltage connected consumer of 1,463Mt/kWh (0.034EUR/kWh). This is an increase of
around 6% to the EDM tariffs September 2013 see Figure 1.
With an increase of this amount, the actual total cost for electricity interpreted in terms of kWh is around
2.06 MT/kWh (0.047EUR/kWh) to 2.7 MT/kWh (0.063EUR/kWh).
■
Electricity Generation Prices from Diesel-fuelled Generator Sets
The price for diesel is approximately 0.85EUR/l[12], [13].With a generator set efficiency of approx. 3.0 kWh/l
(net electricity production for small generator systems), of the price amounts to 0.28 EUR/kWh. In
addition to the fuel costs, a tax for generators used for off grid installations applies in Mozambique.
The costs for maintenance are approx. 0.02 – 0.03EUR/kWh, whereas the amount for small generators is
higher than for larger ones. Depending on the generator type, the lifetime of a diesel generator can be
expected between 3,000 to 25,000 hours.[14] Taking this into account, the reserve for replacement
investment can be calculated as 0.02EUR/kWh (see Annex A5).
4
In total the electricity generation, including maintenance and (re-)investment cost, can be calculated as
approx. 0.32EUR/kWh for an off grid electricity supply using diesel generators.
■
Electricity Generation Prices with PV Plants
In Mozambique, the electricity generation costs could be calculated as an estimated specific production of
1,600kWh/kWp per year for a standard PV-system with crystalline solar panels and string inverters. At the
present, the system costs are 1,760 EUR/kWp for small systems up to 30kWp (see Annex A2). The expected
lifetime of a PV system is 20 to 25 years. With operational expenses of 6.5% on average of the annual
turnover (see Annex A3) and a module degradation of 0.3% per year the generation costs are
0.06EUR/kWh for a fully self-financed PV-system.
Conclusions
Due to a low electricity prices for grid connected consumers and lack of an e.g. feed-in tariff system, a first analyse
of the existing situation suggests that a profitable implementation of PV as a grid connected system cannot be
reached. Finally, it is important to highlight that, due to high diesel prices, especially PV-systems for off-grid
applications are a good opportunity.
1.3
Status of Photovoltaic in Mozambique
1.3.1
Technical
The limited number of manufactures of solar PV modules and PV-systems has a negative influence on module
prices. Fosera Southern Africa Limitada, a private factory in Maputo, assembles pico solar photovoltaic systems
with 1.5Wp, 2.5Wp and 5.0Wp per PV kit. Pico systems are defined as systems with a power output up to 10W. The
PV kits are used for household lighting and mobile charging.[1] In order to solve this bottleneck, the government of
Mozambique has signed a contract with the Indian government to build a factory for assembling solar PV modules
with a capacity of around 200Wp for a production capacity of 5MWp.[1] Although it seems encouraging, experts are
not so optimistic about the success of this project. However, another issue lies in the lack of expertise of solar PV
and qualified technicians in rural areas. Knowledge of solar PV is limited to some companies, which are mostly
located in Maputo.
1.3.2
Financial
The financial key figures for renewable energy projects are:
■
Feed-In Tariff
The government of Mozambique has not announced incentives specifically for renewable energies yet.
Especially no feed-in tariff for PV exists up to now.
A draft of feed-in tariff law is under discussion since September 2013, and the expected announcement for
the beginning of 2014 is very much delayed. The proposed tariffs are likely to be reduced before approval,
as they are higher than needed (from: up to 10 kWp = 33.25 EURCt/kWh to 18.96EURCt/kWh for large
scale projects up to 10 MWp).
■
Other incentives
Apart from a feed-in tariff system, Mozambique has designed also other incentives in other areas, such as
encouraging investments in certain parts of the country, generating employment and promoting exports.
For this purpose, reduced taxes and custom duties are available.[3],[10]
■
FUNAE
A slightly different approach is taken by the governmental agency ‘Fundo de Energia’ (FUNAE) which has
been created to improve the rural electrification and access to energy for the Mozambican population. Its
5
approach is to supply financial aid and financial guarantees for projects that comply with the requirements
of FUNAE.
■
Value added Tax
The value-added tax (VAT) in 2014 amounts to 17 %.
■
Custom Duties
Custom duties are levied on the value of goods (including freight and insurance) classified according
Table 3. According to the TKN Report[9] page 19, it could be possible for PV projects to benefit from
exemptions from customs and VAT.
DESCRIPTION
Raw Materials
Intermediate Goods
Capital Goods
Consumer Goods
Essential Goods
Fuel
Electricity
CLASS
M
I
K
C
E
N
W
RATES
2.5%
7.5%
5.0%
20%
0.0%
5%
0.0%
Table 3: Customs Classification of Goods (Source: authors’ illustration)
■
Bank Loans
So far most renewable energy projects were funded by donor organizations. At the national level, banks are
generally not familiar with the specifics of renewable energy projects. Therefore, a high risk perception has
been experienced: accordingly there is an extreme caution in granting loans. The general financing tenors
of 5 to 7 years do not match the typical requirements for renewable energy projects of 10 to 15 years or
more.[3]
Special interest rates for renewable energy projects are not known at the time of writing this report.
According to the Monthly Bulletin of the ‘Banco de Moçambique’, the actual interest rate for loans is 19.81%
(Annex A8).
Conclusion
Up to now the financing sector is not developed to support PV projects with favourable terms.
In Mozambique a direct promotion of technologies for the use of renewable energy and therewith PV does not exist
yet. A kind of support is given only by indirect measures, such as relief from custom duties and VAT, which also can
be used for conventional technologies. [3],[10]
1.4
Basic Findings of the Energy Audit
This subsector analysis is based on the energy audits of three
hotel facilities (Travessia, Massinga and Azura) located in the
coastal region of Inhambane and equipped with their own
power supply. These hotel facilities are more than 6 km away
from the medium voltage grid. A fourth hotel (Casa Rex)
examined is located in Vilanculos and has direct connection to
the medium voltage grid using an own transformer.
The hotel facilities are aimed at different categories of guests
with different requirements to equipment and air conditioning.
This results in different demands of electricity.
Figure 2: Locations for the Energy Audit (Source: Google
Maps)
6
The key facts are the following:
■
Travessia
■
■
■
■
■
Massinga
■
■
■
■
■
Buildings: & Infrastructure:
4 ‘Family Cottages’ with 3 rooms each for up to 4 persons; 2 ‘Couple Cottages’, with 2 rooms for 2
persons, pool bar, restaurant, kitchen, laundry, staff quarter,
manager house.
Electrical: equipment:
Lamps, assumed 4 pcs per room, walkway lighting, around 100 pcs
with 3 watt, operating hours 3 to6 per night, wall socket for charging
of mobile, laptop and camera, fan, 1 per rooms, 3 refrigerators, 2
deep freezers for bar and kitchen, no air conditioning, water heating
with solar water heaters.
Consumption estimation:
Travessia is optimized for low consumption and still under
Figure 3: Load Distribution Travessia
construction. The needed power is calculated with approx. 4 kW and (Source: authors’ illustration)
the electrical consumption with 17 – 20kWh per day.
Power Supply:
A PV-system should be used as main power supply and a diesel generator as backup system.
Buildings & Infrastructure:
32 Villas, all with air conditioning & fridge, pools belonging to the
villas are without pool pump, warm water supply by gas separated
for each villa, energy saving lamps for lighting the villas and
walkways.
Electrical equipment:
Diesel Genset with 72 kW power output feeding local mini grid;
operating time 10 – 12 hours per day until 10:00 PM, distance to the
grid is around 12km, grid connection is scheduled because of
construction of holiday cottages behind the villas, warm water
supply by gas separate for each villa, energy saving lamps for
lightning villas and ways.
Figure 4: Load Distribution Massinga
(Source: authors’ illustration)
Needed power approx. 70kW, electrical consumption 400kWh per
day.
Power Supply:
A diesel generator is used as main power supply. A second one is installed as backup system. For the
future a connection to the grid is planned.
Azura, Benguerra Island
■
■
Buildings & Infrastructure:
16 Villas, all with air conditioning, swimming pool & fridge, cold
room and refrigerating room for the restaurant.
Electrical equipment:
Mini Grid, 200kVA Generator for 24/7 use, power supply contracted
to ELGAS Maputo; ELGAS supplies electrical power via generator
operated with natural gas via gas pipeline from main land, ELGAS is
owner of the equipment and performs the O&M, payment based on
consumed kWh, use of backup diesel generator during failures of the
gas driven generator; Azura has to provide and to pay the diesel.
Figure 5: Load Distribution Azura
7
■
■
1.5
Needed power approx. 200kW, electrical consumption
2,100kWh per day.
Power Supply:
A gas generator is used as main power supply. The generator is operated by the gas supplier. A diesel
generator is installed as backup system.
Classification of Hotel Facilities
The hotel facilities evaluated during the energy audit are all equipped with restaurant, kitchen, bar, lounge, central
pool, laundry area and staff quarters. The hotels operate their own water pumps for the water supply. The main
differences among the hotels are represented by the different use of air conditioning in the guest rooms. A
distinction can be made as it follows: facilities with no air conditioning, facilities with air conditioning during a
restricted time per day, and facilities with air conditioning without a restricted use. In rare cases the hotel facilities
operate cold rooms. In most cases they run refrigerators, deep-freezers or chest freezers. The water heating is
realized using decentralized gas. In one case a solar water heating system is installed.
Base on the energy audit, three basic scenarios have been identified regarding the different equipment features. The
scenarios are shown in Table 4 for the peak season. The outlined consumption values are defined according the
consumption of the corresponding hotel facilities.
Base Scenario
Low
Consumption
(8 Cottages, 24 People,
100% occupancy)
Medium
Consumption
(32 Cottages, 48
People, 100%
occupancy)
High
Consumption
(16 Cottages, 38
People, 100%
occupancy)
Peak
Power
4kW
70kW
150kW
Consumption
per Day
25kWh/d
420kWh/d
2,100kWh/d
Yearly
Consumption*
Remarks
9.1MWh/a
Rooms with LED lights and outlets for
low consumption devices (notebook,
mobile), no air conditioning and no
refrigerator
153MWh/a
Rooms with LED lights, hair dryer and
outlets for low consumption devices
(notebook, mobile), air conditioning
only for a few hours per day, one
refrigerator per guest house
766MWh/a
Rooms with LED lights, hair dryer and
outlets for low consumption devices
(notebook, mobile), air conditioning for
the whole day, one refrigerator per guest
house, pool pumps
Table 4: Base Scenario Consumption Hotel Facilities, 100% Occupancy (Source: authors’ illustration)
*Estimated Annual Average Energy Demand
1.6
Possible Applications for Solar PV-Systems
The discussions during the energy audit with owners and technicians of the hotel facilities have revealed different
issues with their actual power supply. Therefore, four possible applications for solar PV-systems have been assessed
and described as it follows:
8
1.6.1
PV-Island System
PV-Island systems or so called stand-alone PV-systems are
autonomous power grids that are supplied only with energy from
photovoltaic source. The PV generator as the source of renewable
energy is the crucial component of the stand-alone power system. It
can be coupled to the grid either as DC or as AC variant. For this
study, a distinction between these two types is not necessary.
To supply the grid with electricity during night time or to add
power to the grid in case the power of the PV-system is not
sufficient, a battery is used. The capacity of the battery is crucial for
covering the time without electricity.
The battery or stand-alone power inverter is the important part of
the AC coupled system. It ensures that generated and load power
are balanced at all times. For an emergency case, a diesel generator
Figure 6: PV-Island System Function [2]
could be implemented as backup-system.
1.6.2
PV-Backup System
The instability of the grid causes problems with computers and, in
case of long grid outages, it is not possible to keep refrigerated food
cooled. A PV-Backup system allows grid connected PV-systems to
achieve temporary independence from the public power grid. In the
event of a power outage, the backup system continues to provide
electricity to the in-house grid to ensure stable power supply for
office systems, cash systems, refrigerators, guest rooms and
lighting.
The system basically consists of a backup inverter, a PV system, and
Figure 7: Backup-System by Reference to the SMA
a storage battery. During normal operation, one or more solar Backup Solution [2]
inverters feed electricity from the PV system into the in-house or
public grid or charge the battery. The backup system will only activate in the event of a grid failure or outage. The
switching mechanism will then disconnect both PV system and power consumers from the public grid in
accordance with the applicable standards, while supply to the in-house grid continues from the battery.
1.6.3
PV-Diesel-Hybrid System (PV operating as Negative load)
The electricity price per kWh produced with diesel generators in off-grid applications exceeds the generating costs
of an optimized PV-system. To reduce the electricity production of the diesel generator, a PV-system can act as so
called negative load, which means that it reduces the load of the diesel generator without the need of additional
control for synchronizing the PV-system with the diesel generator.
The inverters of the PV-system are directly connected to the in-house grid. The PV-system feeds in the whole
produced electricity to the time of production and reduces the load of the diesel generator.
1.6.4
PV-Diesel-Hybrid System (PV operating as Main Resource)
Within the PV-diesel-hybrid system the PV-system is designed to
cover around 70% of the consumption, while the diesel generator
covers the remaining 30%. Batteries are used to optimize the
runtime of the diesel generator and to adapt the profile of the PV
production to the load-profile.
An additional power inverter with management functions is needed
to guarantee the stable operation of the power supply system even in
Figure 8: Block Diagram PV-Diesel-Hybrid System
(Main Ressource) [2]
9
case of that only the PV-system supplies the needed energy and the diesel generator is switched off. Battery,
generator, power and load management complement each other to provide a comprehensive system management.
All the necessary variables are measured or calculated by the power inverter. This ensures that no switching activity
or set point alteration will be left to chance.
1.7
Recommendations for Components
The important parameters for choosing the right components are weather conditions and availability of trained
technicians for installation and operations and maintenance. The impact can be described as follows.
■
PV modules
Inhambane is a province with high average temperatures and seasons with high humidity. The long term
average for global horizontal Irradiance is approx. 1,935 kWh/m² per year, which is very high. These
conditions have to be considered for selecting the right quality of modules. As important as the climatic
demands, it is the lack of trained technicians. Therefore the PV-systems should be designed as simple as
possible. Special requirements like grounding of the negative pole should be avoided.
■
Inverters
The type of the inverter depends on the principle design of the generator, for example grounding of the
negative pole. To ease the planning, the decision about the use of one or three phase inverters should
comply with the installed grid (230V / 400V). The choice of the inverter has to consider the climatic
demands and the lack of trained technicians. It should be nearly maintenance free.
■
Cabling
The irradiation in Mozambique is very high. Although solar cables are UV resistant, an additional
protection is recommended in case the cables are directly exposed to sunlight.
■
Structures
The structure could be built with local material or as steal construction usually used in Europe. Static
calculation should be provided.
All components should be resistant against salty air, because in most cases the hotel facilities are located at the
coast. Further considerations are based on PV-systems built with crystalline solar modules and string inverters.
10
2 End Clients and Structures
2.1
PV Sizing
The size of the possible PV-system depends on the consumption profile of the hotel facility and the requirements
defined above. The following issues have been considered:
■
To avoid grid instability greater than 20ms the PV-system used for the scenario ‘Backup’ has to switch to
off-grid operation within this time. Otherwise an additional UPS is necessary to secure computers against
switching of. The power rating of computers and refrigerators/deep-freezers are calculated with 0,5kW for
the scenario ‘Low consumption” and 1kW for the other ones. To secure this power rating and the recharge
of the batteries, the module power is set to twice the needed power rating. The size of the battery is
calculated to provide electricity for 24 hours without support of the PV-system.
■
The scenario ‘PV as negative load’ in a PV-diesel-hybrid system does not use special management devices to
synchronize diesel generator and PV-system. Sizing the PV-system is aimed to insure that the load demand
for the diesel generator is above the minimum possible part load named in the data sheet. For Azura the
minimum load during the day is 70kW. The minimum part load of the generator is 10 % of the maximum
200kW (=20 kW). The difference of 50kW can be provided by a PV-system. This is around 25 % of the
maximum generator power. For the calculations below the size of the PV-system is set to 20 % of the
maximum power. The maximum power of the base scenario ‘Low consumption’ is very low. Therewith the
maximum power calculated for a PV-system as ‘Negative load’ is too small for designing a valid PV-system.
■
The scenario ‘Main resource’ in a PV-diesel-hybrid system uses a special control device to optimize the use
of the diesel generator and the PV-system. To avoid frequent starts and stops of the generator, batteries are
needed. The calculation was made to generate around 70% of the yearly consumption using solar power
and to provide battery capacity for one day. The size of the PV-system and the battery are calculated
according to the recommendations of SMA[2]. For this calculation the efficiency of the system is assumed to
be 75%. The yearly output of the PV-system is calculated as 1,600kWh/kWp (compare Annex A1).
■
For the scenario ‘low consumption’ as main resource, an off-grid application only with PV and batteries has
been chosen.
The following table shows the sizing for the different scenarios:
Size PV Generator (kWp) / Battery Capacity (kWh)
Backup
Negative Load
Main Resource
Low
Consumption
1kWp / 12kWh
Medium
Consumption
2kWp / 24kWh
14kWp / 0kWh
90kWp / 470kWh
High
Consumption
2kWp / 24kWh
30kWp / 0kWh
460kWp / 2,350kWh
- / -1
6kWp / 30kWh
Table 5: PV Generator and Battery Sizing (Source: authors’ illustration)
1
Not considered due the low system power
11
2.2
System Cost PV-System and Battery-Systems
As outlined on page 5 the PV-system costs are 1,760EUR/kWp for calculating the capital expenditure of PV-systems
(see Table 6).
The capital expenditure for battery-systems varies extreme. On the one hand, the difference is caused by diverse
technologies; on the other hand, the spread within one technology is also high (see Annex A4). The cost for the
storing capacity of battery systems is calculated to be 730EUR/kWh. This value is used for creating Table 6. Base of
the following cost calculation is the system sizing shown in Table 5.
Capital
Expenditure
Low
Consumption
Medium
Consumption
High
Consumption
Backup
Negative Load
Main Resource
PV-system
1,760EUR
-2
10,560EUR
Off grid
control/battery
8,760EUR
-
21,900EUR
Total cost
10,520EUR
PV-system
3,520EUR
24,640EUR
158,400EUR
Off grid
control/battery
17,520EUR
0EUR
343,100EUR
Total cost
21,040EUR
24,640EUR
501,500EUR
PV-system
3,520EUR
52,800EUR
809,600EUR
Off grid
control/battery
17,520EUR
0EUR
1,715,500EUR
Total cost
21,040EUR
52,800EUR
2,525,100EUR
32,460EUR
Table 6: Cost Overview (Source: authors’ illustration)
2.3
Payback Period of PV- and Battery-System
For the cost assessment of the scenario ‘backup’ one outage of the power-supply with a duration around one day is
assumed per year. The damage caused is assumed to be 500€ for a small hotel facility and 1,000€ for larger hotel
facilities. For the cost assessment of the scenarios ‘negative load’ and ‘main resource’ only the additional cost for the
PV-system and the battery-system was considered. The cost of the diesel generator for the conventional and the PVdiesel-hybrid systems is assumed to be equal. The payback period is calculated in comparison to the avoided fuel
and maintenance cost of the diesel generator.
To calculate the payback period, a price of 0.32EUR/kWh was assumed corresponding to the electricity prices of
diesel generators. For the calculation of the payback period, the following parameters were considered additionally:
■
2
100% own capital
Not considered due the low system power
12
■
Degradation of the PV-system 0,3% per year
■
OPEX 6.5%
■
Expected lifetime of 20 years
■
Average energy yield of the first year with 1,600kWh/kWp
The results of the cost assessment are shown in Table 7:
Capital Expenditure
Low Consumption
Medium
Consumption
High Consumption
Backup
Negative Load
Main Resource
Yearly profit
400EUR
-
2,509EUR
Payback
period
26.3 a
-
12.9 a
Yearly profit
850EUR
6,504EUR
37,629EUR
Payback
period
24.8 a
3.8 a
13.3 a
Yearly profit
850EUR
13,937EUR
192,324EUR
Payback
period
24.8 a
3.8 a
13.1 a
Table 7: Overview Yearly Profit and Payback Period (Source: authors’ illustration)
The calculations above illustrates that it is possible to set up PV projects regarding economic aspects.
The calculation of the payback period and the yearly profit shows that it is profitable to implement PV-systems as
negative load to reduce the operation cost of diesel generator. The profitability is given in a short time.
Using PV-system with batteries as ‘Main Resource’ is profitable, too. The profitability is given in the medium term.
The payback time for a PV-system with batteries as ‘Backup’ is very long. In the medium term it is not profitable.
However, adding a backup-system to an unstable grid can reduce outages of electrical devices, like computers. In
addition, it can enhance the lifetime of electrical devices by reducing voltage peaks.
In grid connected hotels a PV-system can stabilize the internal hotel grid (load curve fits well to production curve of
solar PV). In off-grid applications, the time of electricity availability can be increased. Therefore, it is possible that
the decision of a hotel manager will not be driven only by economic aspects.
13
3 Conclusions and Recommendations
3.1
General Conclusions
In Mozambique the main precondition for the use of PV-systems, a high irradiation, is fulfilled. The solar
irradiation is very high, especially from October to March, which is the main season for tourism in Mozambique.
This gives reason to predict a lot of possibilities for setting up profitable PV projects in the tourism sector. However
photovoltaic is only one solution among many to provide energy to people in Mozambique. Because of this
competition among the different energetic sources, PV has to compete against conventional systems in order to win
a position in the market. An active promotion of PV as energetic technology (for example with a feed-in tariff
system) would change that situation but is not in place yet. In order to promote PV directly, the following policy
could be implemented:
■
No duty should be levied for imported components. This would be very helpful for financing PV projects, in
particular because the main components come from abroad.
Concerning the financial aspect, the general conditions for the financing PV projects with local banks support are
difficult, in particular for these main reasons:
■
The interest rates claimed by local banks are very high.
■
The repayment term does not fit to the usual lifetimes for PV-systems of 20 years
Therefore, it is necessary to find financing solutions independent from banks in Mozambique.
Moreover, it should be considered that most new projects in the tourism sector cannot be connected to the grid;
therefore an own power supply is needed (mainly it is used diesel generator). For such cases different applications
of PV are possible:
■
The use of PV is mostly profitable for applications that do not need a secured power supply for the entire
day. This could be the case for example of a power supply of water pumps, for water supply or pool pumps.
■
Especially for hotel facilities using air conditioning systems, a PV-system can take over a part of the load of
the diesel generator. In that case it acts as negative load, reducing both the use and the cost of the diesel
generator.
■
With an expected price decrease for battery systems in the next few years, it is expected that the PV-system
will become the most used energetic resource for off-grid solutions. In this new scenario, the diesel
generator will be used only as backup system.
It should be noted that only a few trained people are located in Mozambique, mainly in Maputo. Therefore, the PVsystems should be easy to maintain and it is recommended necessary training for people to maintain the systems.
The training is also useful for developing measures for rural electrification, which is a stated target of the
government.
Considering economic aspects, it is possible to implement PV-systems into the power production for off-grid
solutions. At the moment, a profitable solution is represented by the combination of PV-system and diesel
generator. In this combination the PV-system acts as negative load reducing the use and cost of the diesel
generator. With an expected price decrease for battery systems in the next few years, it is expected that the PVsystem will become the most used energetic resource for off-grid solutions. In this new scenario, the diesel
generator will be used only as backup system.
However, it has to be taken into account that a hotel normally has a very low interest in the production of
electricity. In such cases the focus is very much on the service to their guests. Thus, energy contracting could be the
best solution for implementing PV in the energy supply of hotels in Mozambique.
14
3.2
Recommendations for the Examined Hotel Facilities
According the findings above, the installation of a PV-system as negative load is a good option for Massinga and
Azura. In Azura the rooftop of the laundry and the staff canteen can be used to install approx. 20kWp for the first
step. The place is close to the main junction box that will reduce cable losses.
For Travessia the installation of a PV-system with battery is meaningful. The size of the PV-system is designed for a
system as main resource.
Casa Rex is connected to the grid. Using PV as negative load only is not seen as advisable. Casa Rex often suffers
from grid failures. Because of that, it can make sense to implement a PV-system with battery as backup system.
The energy of the PV-system not used for the backup function can be used to reduce the energy purchased from the
grid.
Table 8 shows the key figures for the hotel facilities examined, including energy values and recommendations for
sizing possible PV-systems.
Island System
Grid Connected System
A1) PV/Battery
System
A2) PV/Hybrid
System
B1)Self
Consumption
B2) Back up
System
Gen-Set only as back
up
Gen-Set 3-4 hours per
day
Negative load
Back up function
Travessia Beach
Camp
Massinga Beach
Camp
Azura at
Casa Rex
Benguerra Island
Off Grid, conn.
Expensive
Off Grid, expensive
Off Grid
Off Grid, conn.
expensive
17- 20 kWh/day
400 kWh/day
1800 – 2500
kWh/day
300- 500 kWh/day
4 kW peak load
72 kW peak load
150 kW peak load
50 kW peak load
7 kWp
15 kWp
20 kWp
2 kWp
Battery: 48 kWh
24kWh
0 kWh
24 kWh
CAPEX: 25 tEUR
44 tEUR
35 tEUR
21 tEUR
PV:
Table 8: Key figures for the Locations Evaluated (Source: authors’ illustration)
15
References
[1] BHKW-Kenndaten 2011, ASUE Arbeitsgemeinschaft für sparsamen und umweltfreundlichen
Energieverbrauch e.V., 2011
[2] Installation - Quick Reference Guide Off-Grid Systems Off-Grid Systems with Sunny Island 6.0H / 8.0H,
SMA Solar Technology AG, http://files.sma.de/dl/17632/Off-Grid-IAS-en-21W.pdf
[3] IRENA Report Mozambique Renewables Readiness Assessment 2012, 2012
[4] Kurzexpertise Wirtschaftlichkeit Batteriespeicher; Christian Lorenz&Gerd Schröder Leipziger Institut für
Energie GmbH, 01/2014
[5] Marktreport Mosambik 2013, Guido Radel, Julia Becker, Dominik Baranowski, 2013, AHK Portugal
[6] Statistische Zahlen der deutschen Solarstrombranche (Photovoltaik) 02/2014, Bundesverband
Solarwirtschaft e.V. (BSW-Solar), April 2014
[7] Statistische Zahlen der deutschen Solarstrombranche (Photovoltaik), Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V.
(BSW-Solar), 04/2014
[8] TechnologyCompendium 2 Solar Stand-Alone Power and Backup Power Supply, SMA Solar Technology AG
(http://files.sma.de/dl/10040/INSELVERSOR-AEN101410.pdf#sthash.e6Awez2g.dpuf) 04/2010
[9] TKN Report - Investment Incentives for Renewable Energy in Southern Africa: The case of Mozambique;
Boaventura Chongo Cuamba, Amílcar dos Santos Cipriano Ruth Henrique Jaime Turatsinze; January 2013;
Maputo, Mozambique
[10] ZIELMARKTANALYSE MOSAMBIK, Deutsche Industrie- und Handelskammer für das Südliche Afrika, 2014
[11] http://www.edm.co.mz/, © 2014 EDM - Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P, 6/2014
[12] MyTravelCost May/2014; http://www.mytravelcost.com/Mozambique/gas-prices/
[13] GlobalPetrolPrices.com May/2014; http://www.globalpetrolprices.com/Mozambique/diesel_prices/
[14] Compare http://mittronik.com/start/dieselgenerator.php, 06/2014, Copyright © 2002-2013 by
MITTRONIK and http://www.elmag.at/index.htm?/produkte/10/stromerzeuger_dauerlaeufer.htm, 6/2014,
ELMAG Entwicklungs- und Handels-GmbH
[15] http://www.bancomoc.mz/Files/DEE/February%202014.pdf
[16] http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Mozambique/Lending_interest_rate/, TheGlobalEconomy.com,
06/2014
[17] Sources: SolarGIS v1.8 of GeoModel Solar s.r.o. using Meteosat IODC Satellit (© EUMETSAT, Deutschland)
1999 – 2011 and meteonorm 7 of Meteotest Genossenschaft using Global Energy Balance Archive 1981 –
1990.
16
Annex
17
A1. PVSyst Simulation for Calculating the Specific
Yield
18
19
20
A2. Assumptions Cost of PV-systems
In Mozambique, the actual prices for the main components of a PV-system up to 30kWp without freight costs are
0.75EUR/Wp for PV panels and 0.32EUR/Wp for inverters. PV panels and inverters amount to around 70% of the
total system costs. The freight costs can be assumed with around 15%. With this, the total costs per kWp are
1,760EUR.
21
A3. OPEX of PV-systems
Cost Unit
Annual estimated cost
in percentage of the
annual turnover
exposure
Maximum
annual
estimated
cost
Minimum
annual
estimated
cost
Average
estimated
cost
Losses through
operational current,
shutdown, energy
meter and others
1-2%
2.0%
1.0%
1.5%
Insurance
1-2%
2.0%
1.0%
1.5%
Operation Management
& Maintenance
1-6%
6.0%
1.0%
3.5%
10.0%
3.0%
6.5%
Total
Table 9: OPEX of PV-Systems (Source: authors’ illustration)
22
A4. Cost Storing Capacity of Battery Systems
To guess costs for battery systems (battery and controller) table 1 of “Kurzexpertise Wirtschaftlichkeit
Batteriespeicher”[4] is used as base for creating the overview in Table 10. The “Storage Capacity net” used for
calculating the total costs is the usable capacity, which differs from that on the nameplate. For example, the usable
storage capacity of a lead-acid battery with a nameplate capacity of 10kWh is around 5kWh only.
Nedap
Deutsche
Energy EnergieverSystems
sorgung
SMA
Prosol
Invest
E3/DC
Bosch
Voltwerk
Kostal
Solar
Electric
IBC
Solar
IBC
Solar
Lead-acid
Lead-acid
Leadacid
Lithium
Lithium
Lithium
Lead-acid
Leadacid
Lithium
kWh
7.4
16
7.4
10.2
5.4
11
11.6
8
6.3
kWh
3.7
8
3.7
7.1
4.1
6.6
5.8
4
5.7
EUR
7,800
7,990
8,900
15,300
12,000
28,500
12,000
8,500
11,300
EUR
800
500
500
800
550
500
400
400
400
EUR
2,324
1,061
2,541
2,268
3,061
4,394
2,138
2,225
2,053
Technology
Storage
Capacity
Nameplate
Storage
Capacity net
End Client
Price
Installation
Costs
Total Costs
per kWh
Table 10: Cost of Battery Systems According [4]
The spread of the given cost per capacity unit is huge. For Mozambique it can be assumed, that lead-acid batteries
will be used due to the investment cost. Therefore, the following considerations are for lead-acid batteries.
A validation of the costs for systems with lead-acid batteries given in Table 10 reveals an average cost reduction
around 10% until now.
Generally, one can assume a cost decrease with the size of the battery capacity due the fact one control-unit can
handle a greater amount of battery capacity as used for creating Table 10. For the named systems the share of the
controller is around 50% of the total cost. We assume that the decrease for systems with a storage capacity net
12kWh and above is around 60%. With this, the average cost for the storage capacity net of systems with lead-acid
batteries is around 730EUR/kWh.
23
A5. Cost of Diesel Generators per kWh
The following table gives an overview about the cost for diesel generators.
kV
A
Motor
Hersteller
Typ
Verbr.
75%
Preis
EUR
Preis
spezifisch
EUR/kVA
Lebensdauer h
Invest
EUR/h
Invest
EUR/kWh
4.5
Yanmar
L100N
1.9
4,478.02
995.12
5000
0.199
0.044
5
Yanmar
L100N
1.9
4,653.00
930.60
5000
0.186
0.037
MP73DE
6
Kubota
Z482
2.4
6,385.00
1064.17
5000
0.213
0.035
MP83TDE
7
Kubota
Z482
2.4
6,539.00
934.14
5000
0.187
0.027
MP103DE
9
Kubota
D722
3.1
6,858.01
762.00
5000
0.152
0.017
MP113TDE
10
Kubota
D722
3.1
6,592.01
659.20
5000
0.132
0.013
MP123DE
11
Kubota
D902
3.5
7,569.00
688.09
5000
0.138
0.013
MP133TDE
12
Kubota
D902
3.5
7,598.00
633.17
5000
0.127
0.011
14.4
Kubota
D1105
4.5
8,452.00
586.94
5000
0.117
0.008
17
Kubota
D1105
4.5
8,240.00
484.71
5000
0.097
0.006
MP193DE
17.1
Kubota
V1505
6.5
10,135.99
592.75
5000
0.119
0.007
MP243TDE
23
Kubota
V1505
6.5
9,794.00
425.83
5000
0.085
0.004
MPG6000DE
MPG6000TD
E
MP163DE
MP183TDE
Table 11: Overview Cost of Diesel Generator (Source: authors’ illustration)
Figure 9 shows the distribution of the invest for a diesel generator per produced energ unit. The average is
0.018EUR/kWh.
Figure 9: Distribution about the Cost per Unit Produced Electricity (Source: authors’ illustration)
24
A6. Pay Back Period
The payback period for off grid systems is basically influenced by the cost of electricity caused by the use of the
diesel generator. For this assessment it was assumed a fixed price per unit of electricity (EUR/kWh). The following
Table 12 shows the results using 0.32EUR/kWh without price increase. The interest rate considered the possibility
to get loans outside Mozambique. The calculation considered the use of 100% debt capital.
Energy Yield [kWh/kWp]
Interest Rate
Degradation [%]
Running Costs [%]
Running Time [a]
Backup
Low
Consumption Negative load
Main Resource
Backup
Medium
Main Resource
Backup
High
Main Resource
1,600
0.0%
0.3%
6.5%
20
Invest
[€]
10,520
32,460
21,040
24,640
501,500
21,040
52,800
2,525,100
PV
Production
per Year
Used Share
PV
Production
Salary
PV
Savings
Costs
Yearly
Profit
Payback
Period
[kWh]
1,553
9,316
3,105
21,737
139,738
3,105
46,579
714,216
[%]
[€/kWh]
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
[€]
500
2,683
1,000
6,956
40,245
1,000
14,905
205,694
[€]
100
174
150
452
2,616
150
969
13,370
[€]
400
2,509
850
6,504
37,629
850
13,937
192,324
[a]
26.3
12.9
24.8
3.8
13.3
24.8
3.8
13.1
90%
100%
90%
100%
90%
Table 12: Payback Period with Unit Cost of 0.32EUR/kWh (Source: authors’ illustration)
Azura negotiate a contract all cost (investment, operation, full cost etc.) are included into the price of the energy
unit with 0.25EUR/kWh. Table 13 shows the payback period considering this contract.
Energy Yield [kWh/kWp]
Interest Rate
Degradation [%]
Running Costs [%]
Running Time [a]
Backup
Low
Consumption Negative Load
Main Resource
Backup
Medium
Main Resource
Backup
High
Main Resource
1,600
0.0%
0.3%
6.5%
20
Invest
[€]
10,520
32,460
21,040
24,640
501,500
21,040
52,800
2,525,100
PV
Production
per Year
Used Share
PV
Production
Salary
PV
Savings
Costs
Yearly
Profit
Payback
Period
[kWh]
1,553
9,316
3,105
21,737
139,738
3,105
46,579
714,216
[%]
[€/kWh]
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
[€]
500
2,096
1,000
5,434
31,441
1,000
11,645
160,699
[€]
100
136
150
353
2,044
150
757
10,445
[€]
400
1,960
850
5,081
29,397
850
10,888
150,253
[a]
26.3
16.6
24.8
4.8
17.1
24.8
4.8
16.8
90%
100%
90%
100%
90%
Table 13: Payback Period with Unit Cost of 0.25EUR/kWh for Azura (Source: authors’ illustration)
25
A7. Load Profile Azura
Figure 10: Measurement Results of Power and Power Factor in Azura (Source: authors’ illustration)
Figure 11: Load Profile Azura (Source: authors’ illustration)
26
A8. Interest Rates Mozambique
The average interest rate of Mozambique from 2009 to 2012 was 20.2% (Figure 12). According the Monthly
Bulletin of the Banco de Moçambique [15] the actual interest rate for loans is 19.81%.
Figure 12: Mozambique Lending Interest Rate (Percent, Source: The World Bank)[16]
27
A9. Fact Sheets
28
Renewable Energy Project Development Programme (PDP) Mozambique
Photovoltaic Power Supply for the Mozambican Tourism Sector
Fact Sheet: Travessia Beach Camp
Background
Region about 60 km north of Inhambane town.
In Mozambique, approximately 13 % of the country
Coming from Inhambane 20 km before Massinga,
is connected to the grid. In the other regions, diesel
a dusty road of 6 km length leads to the lodge. No
generators are usually used for power supply. The
grid access is available or scheduled.
fuel has high costs; therefore the electricity prices
Concept
are also high. These regions are of huge interest for
Tourism for families, couples & individuals aim to
the tourism sector, due to its amazing landscape
enjoy
and places for diving. Therefore several hotels
surroundings. A place for people who enjoy
facilities have been developed. However, the
understated barefoot luxury in Eco Tourism style.
distance to the public grid is a challenge for the
Travessia Lodge is a completely new constructed
hotels.
Lodge. The owners aim to follow a very committed
To gather information about the local situation, an
approach to provide eco-tourism powered by
energy audit has been performed at three different
renewable energies.
sites. On the basis of this information, possible
Buildings & Infrastructure
solutions for the power supply were elaborated
- 4 ‘Family Cottages’ with 3 rooms each for up to 4
using photovoltaics as additional power source.
exclusive
time
in
completely
natural
persons
This fact sheet shows the details of Travessia.
- 2 ‘Couple Cottages’, with 2 rooms for 2 persons
Location
- Pool bar, restaurant, kitchen, laundry, staff
Travessia Beach Camp3 is located in Inhambane
quarter, manager house
- Power house & PV area is best located for actual
3
https://www.facebook.com/TravessiaLodge?fref=ts
5 wire cable will allow for switch off walk way lights
planning and for a scheduled extension.
Electrical equipment
in 3 steps.
- Lamps, assumed 4 pcs per Room
+ Improved operation
- Walk way light, around 100 pcs a 3 Watt, 3 - 6 h
Make production and consumption visible due to
per night
kWh-meters and set up a long distance monitoring
- Wall socket for charging of cell phone, laptop and
for control by experts.
camera
- Fan, 1 per rooms
- 3 refrigerators, 2 deep freezer for bar and kitchen
- No air conditioning
- Water heating with solar water heater
Figure 3: Monitoring display (Source: Discovergy.com)
Power Supply System (planning figures)
+ Set up an energy policy!
Consumption estimation
17 – 20kWh/24h
Assign responsibilities follow up by record keeping.
Reaching targeted goals will be beneficiary for the
person in charge and the whole staff.
Operating deep freezer and refrigerators properly
can help to increase solar energy consumption and
reduce night time load.
Electrification Concept using PV
The owner of Travessia reserved an area for the
installation of approximately 7kWp PV-system
Figure 1: Load Distribution (Source: authors’ illustration)
Electrification Concept
Precondition
of
the
power
supply
with
a
combination of PV and battery is an energy
efficiency approach.
Figure 2: PV Area Travessia (Source: authors’ illustration)
Energy efficiency approach
close to the power house. The electricity supply of
+ Use only most energy efficient equipment
the pump for the pool at the bar is realized with
(LED of best quality, Cold Chain in A+++, etc.)
two solar panels at the rooftop of the bar. Normally
+ Optimized electrical infrastructure
these panels are invisible for the guests. Also the
Cable sizing and cable layout has a considerable
water pumps currently have an own power supply
impact on the annual consumption. It can help
with PV panels.
reducing cable losses and allowing an intelligent
The supply with electricity will be done with a
control of electrical consumers. For instance a
combination of PV and batteries systems. The
batteries are sized to cover consumption up to 3
days without sun light. As backup system an
existing diesel generator is used.
Pool and water pumps stay independent.
Cost estimation for Power Supply System
Off Grid Island System, with Generator back up
Rooms, accommodation capacity
8 Cottages
Consumption per 24 h (estimate)
17 KWh
PV Power
7 KWp
Battery Bank capacity
48 KWh
Estimate Total System Cost 22,000 EUR
Extension, add. 8- 10 houses, scheduled next 2-3 years
Figure 4: Possible PV-system solution (Source: authors’
illustration)
Fact Sheet: Massinga Beach Lodge
paved road from Maputo to Massinga town.
Background
In Mozambique, around 13 % of the country is
connected to the grid. In the other regions diesel
generator are usually used for power supply. The
fuel has high costs; therefore the electricity prices
The last 10 km are sandy and suitable for 4x4
vehicles only.
Power supply, demand & distribution
-
32 Villas, all with air condition & fridge
-
Pool belonging to the villas are without pool
are also high. These regions are of huge interest for
the tourism, due to their amazing landscape and
pump
-
places for diving. For this reason, several hotels
have been built on the area. However, the distance
to the public grid is a challenge for these hotels.
turn-on time 10 – 12 h/day until 10:00 PM
-
Distance to the grid around 12km
-
Grid connection scheduled because of
construction of holiday cottages behind the
energy audit has been done at three different sites.
On the basis of this information, possible solutions
villas
-
for the power supply were elaborate using
photovoltaic energetic source.
This fact sheet shows the details of Massinga Beach
Lodge.
Location
Massinga Beach Lodge is accessible by flights to
Inhambane. The lodge provides airport transfers.
However, also self-drive is allowed through a good
Local mini Grid by own 72 kW diesel generator;
Warm water supply by gas separate for each
villa
-
Energy saving lamps for lightning villas and
ways
- Possible PV-system Solution can be backup or an
independent system.
Business Model “Holiday Home” for sale
Consumption & distribution estimated
400kWh / 24h
Holiday Homes
A Villa type beach house in guarded compound is a
newly upcoming business model.
Turn-key construction mostly with gen set back up
system.
Business Opportunity
Contact construction companies to include
renewable energies for back & self of selected
circuits.
Alongside with the introduction of solar thermal, a
new market will be developed.
Best practice solutions need to be developed.
Demand and distribution depend very much on the
occupancy
rate.
The
estimations
are
done
considering 100 % occupancy. A turn-on time for
the generator of 10-12h is assumed.
It is estimated that after grid connection the
consumption will grow und will be above 1000kWh
/24 h.
Figure 2: Floor Plan of a House for Sale as Holiday House
Electrification Concept
Massinga
Beach
Lodge
provides
itself
with
self-consumption of
photovoltaic. It
can
electricity by running an own diesel generator only
estimated
until the end of 2014. To save cost, the turn-on
install up to 10 %
time of the generator is restricted.
of the maximum
At the moment, the connection to the grid with
generator power
Off Grid
Grid Connection scheduled
estimated
of PV to reduce
400kWh/day
cost
of
250.000
EUR
is
under
to
PV/Hybrid System
Gen-Set 3-4 hours per day
70kW peak load
construction: it has been necessary since several
fuel cost.
private holiday cottages are planned to be realized.
The back-up is
PV
15kWp
Massinga
rather
Battery
12kWh
Cost estim.
46 t€*
Beach
Lodge
will
build
the
grid
connection at its own charge. The operation will be
interesting
be
for
Figure 3: Possible PV-System Solution
(Source: authors’s illustration)
*Rough
cost
estimate
intern.
procurement, excl. transport
done by the national grid operator, after signing
the lodge owner
over the property rights. Because of this, Massinga
as soon the lodge
Beach Lodge in the future will only pay the normal
is connected to
tariffs or electricity.
the grid. It secures against blackouts of the grid
Electrification Concept using PV
accompanied by the use of the diesel generator.
Massinga Beach Lodge has a huge potential for
Fact Sheet: Azura at Gabriels, Benguerra Island
Background
town and location of the international airport.
In Mozambique, around 13 % of the country is
For the transfer of the guests between the airport
connected to the grid. In the other regions, diesel
and Benguerra Island, a state of the art helicopter
generators are usually used for power supply. The
is used.
fuel has high costs; therefore the electricity price is
Power supply, demand & distribution
also high. These regions are of huge interest for the
Following the key facts of the hotel facilities:
tourism due to its amazing landscape and places
-
for diving. For this reason, several hotels have been
16 Villas, all with air condition, swimming
pool & fridge
built on the area. However, the distance to the
-
Cold room and freezer room for the restaurant
public grid is a challenge for these hotels.
-
Mini Grid, 200kVA Generator for 24/7
-
Power supply contracted with ELGAS
energy audit has been done at three different sites.
Maputo; ELGAS supplies electrical power via
On the basis of this information, possible solutions
generator operated with natural gas
for the power supply were elaborate using
-
Gas supply via gas pipeline from main land
photovoltaic energetic source.
-
ELGAS owns services and maintains the
generator; Payment up on consumed kWh
This fact sheet shows the details of Azura at
-
Use of diesel generator during breakdown of
Gabriels, Benguerra Island.
the gas generator; Azura has to provide and to
Location
pay the fuel
Azura is located on Benguerra Island, within the
-
Possible PV-system Solution: Back-up
Bazaruto Marine National Park. Benguerra Island
&“negative load” solution for reduction of
lies 14 km north east of Vilanculos, the nearest
electricity cost from mini grid
Consumption & distribution estimated up to
2,100kWh / 24h
freezer room. Energy-saving PV measures are
estimated to be up to 10 % replacement of the
maximum generator power (see figure below).
With an optimized operation and an additional
control, it is assumed to substitute up to 30 % of
the energy production with PV power.
The backup is rather interesting for the lodge
owner as he is interested to have backup power
during black outs, especially for the ‘Presidential
Villa’ (mainly for upper-class guests). Black outs
may occur because of problems with the gas supply
or technical problems with the gas generator.
Grid Connected System
PV in Net-metering, Negative Load
Incl. Back up function
2,100kWh/day
Demand and distribution depend very much on the
occupancy
rate.
The
estimations
are
150kW peak load
done
considering 100 % occupancy.
Electrification Concepts using PV
The contract for the lodge is free of capex costs that
PV
20kWp
Battery
12kWh
Cost estim.
46 t€*
are included into the purchase price. The price for
Figure 3: Possible PV-System Solution
authors’s illustration)
electricity of 0.34 US Dollar per kWh is reasonable
*Rough cost estimate intern. procurement, excl.
transport
to be considered for investment decisions for a PV-
(Source:
system.
Azura has a huge potential for self-consumption of
Alternative: PV by the contractor
photovoltaic power, due to the cold room and the
Since there are 3 lodges on the Island, the natural
gas supplying pipeline from the main land became
a profitable viable. However, power supply by
generator 24 / 7 is a challenge material
demanding approach. Thus even ELGAS as owner
& operator of the power supply unit could be
interested
to
complement
photovoltaic energy.
Figure 2: Load Curve Azura 22. / 23. March 2014 (Source: authors’
illustration)
the system with

141027_PEP SSA MZ_Sub Sector Analysis PV Tourism_final

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