Titel_LY:Layout 1

Transcription

Titel_LY:Layout 1

Lower Saxony State Ministry for Social, Women
and Family Affairs, Health and Integration
Gender Equality Atlas
for Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony
2
Published:
Lower Saxony State Ministry for Social, Women and
Family Affairs, Health and Integration
Hinrich-Wilhelm-Kopf-Platz 2
30159 Hannover
Germany
www.ms.niedersachsen.de
Data and Graphics:
Lower Saxony State Office of Statistics and Communications
Technology (LSKN)
Editor: Marion Olthoff (MS)
2nd Edition: June 2010
Like all publications issued by the State Government of Lower
Saxony, this brochure many not be used for party political
purposes in election campaigns.
Notice:
 The indicator tables contained in this atlas are
available online at: www.ms.niedersachsen.de
> Themen > Gleichberechtigung [in German only]

The atlas is optimized for double-sided prints
3
Contents
0.1 Methodologies
0.2 Introduction
I Participation
1. Mandates in administrative district and municipal councils,
and in the regional councils and the Hanover City Council
II Education and Vocational Education and Training
2.1 School leavers leaving secondary schools without any qualifications
2.2 School leavers who left secondary schools with
Hauptschulabschluss qualifications
2.3 School leavers leaving secondary school with
a Realschulabschluss qualification
2.4 School leavers leaving secondary school with
Hochschulreife university entrance qualifications
2.5 School leavers leaving vocational or technical schools and colleges
with Hochschulreife university entrance qualifications
2.6 School leavers leaving vocational schools and technical colleges
with subject-specific Fachhochschulreife
university entrance qualifications
III Work and Income
3.1 Compulsorily insured employees (employment rate)
3.2 Part-time employees who pay compulsory
social insurance contributions
3.3 Marginal employees
3.4 Unemployment among women and men (unemployment rate)
3.5 Long-term unemployment among women and men
3.6 Business start-ups
3.7 Parental benefit recipients
3.8 Childcare
IV Personal Circumstances
4.1 Percentage of men aged over 65 in society
4.2 Mortality
4
5
6
7
8
11
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
43
44
46
0.1 Methodologies
Administrative Districts and Municipal Councils:
Colours used in maps and diagrams:
Blue: Depicts proportion of men
Red:
Depicts proportion of women
Orange: Depicts all other results, e.g. on the difference between the figures on women and men, figures
for women stated relative to figures for men (index figures) and in cases where the genders were
not segregated in the data source
Definition: “Of which” means the breakdown of a total number into its various subparts.
The term ‘urban region’ used in the tables.
Defined by NUTS (Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques), the official statistics office of the
European Union (Eurostat) for country and regional statistical comparison. NUTS was transposed into law
in May 2003. The NUTS system is designed to enable pan-European comparison of regional data and
comprises four levels: NUTS 0, NUTS 1, NUTS II and NUTS III. NUTS 0 refers to nation states, NUTS I to
larger regions or parts of countries, for example the 16 German states. Larger regions fall under NUTS III
along with medium-sized regions and parts of countries. In Germany, these take in the 39 districts
(administrative) and statistical regions (non-administrative). NUTS III in Germany covers the districts and
municipalities, and currently comprises 429 regional units.
5
0.2 Introduction
Gender equality should not be just a buzzword. Rather, it must be defined by indicators, figures
and targets. To be sustainable, gender equality policy is reliant on this information. Reliable data
can significantly support well-founded, target-oriented gender equality policy. The question is
how and with what data social trends can be illustrated in the complex policy area of gender
equality. The development of indicators has proven useful in other policy areas such as
environment protection, demographic change and sustainable development. They can provide
information on situations which are not readily measurable, and they can highlight temporal
changes and describe how complex structures come about.
This is why, on 31 May 2007, the 17th Conference of Gender Equality and Women’s Affairs
Ministers (GFMK) agreed the introduction of a standardised, cross-state indicator system to
illustrate the current status of and trends in gender equality policy. Because the indicators had to
be comparable and identified using the same statistical basis in all Länder, public statistics were
preferentially used as the basis for this work. In the case of data on the jobs market, statistics
published by the Federal Employment Agency were used. While this imposes restrictions on
statistics selection, it guarantees data availability and comparability. The Gender Equality Atlas
for Germany published in July 2009 by the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens,
Women and Youth (BMBFSJ) contains the findings of this indicator-supported appraisal.
This Gender Equality Atlas for Lower Saxony takes the form of a regionalised appraisal. To the
greatest extent possible and where appropriate, the indicators contained in the Gender Equality
Atlas for Germany were broken down and applied to the State of Lower Saxony, its districts and
municipalities, and the city and region of Hanover. Given Hanover’s special importance as the
capital city of Lower Saxony, the region of Hanover has wherever possible been divided into the
City of Hanover and its surrounding areas. Data on the Hanover region as a whole are provided
in the legends to the maps and as footnotes in the diagrams. The data was revised for 2008.
The regionalised indicator catalogue for Lower Saxony contains 17 indicators in four categories:
1. Participation – 1 indicator
2. Education and Vocational Training – 6 indicators
3. Work and Income – 8 indicators
4. Social Environment – 2 indicators
First, the indicator data are described and illustrated with maps and diagrams.* The colours used
for the diagrams and maps represent the indicator type:
Red represents information relating to the percentage of women
Blue represents information relating to the percentage of men
Orange represents other information, for example relating to the difference between the
percentages of women and men.
In the coloured sections of the maps showing women’s and men’s percentages, the average for
Lower Saxony is used with regional deviations shown in a different colour. In the maps depicting
the differences between women’s and men’s percentages, the differences are shown with the
men’s percentage set at 100, while the higher women’s percentage is depicted with coloured
graduations. Normally, five categories are shown with coloured graduations.
* For technical reasons, the text contained in the illustrations and the headlines above illustrations has not been
translated. We apologize for any convenience and ask for your understanding.
6
I. Participation
One of the most frequent measures for gender equality used in public is the representation of
women and men in management positions and decisionmaking functions. This applies to
participation in decisionmaking processes at all levels of political, business, social and cultural
life.
The EU speaks of wanting to achieve “balanced participation of women and men in
decisionmaking processes”. It does not, however, define the word “balanced”. Nonetheless, it
strives for parity in participation. Most EU countries see a 30 percent representation as the
1
‘critical mass’ for effective influence by women and men.
This critical mass of 30 percent is achieved in state (Länder) parliaments only, with a national
average of 32 percent women. This Atlas is limited to participation in municipal bodies.
In the local elections in Lower Saxony in 2006, the percentage of women among the mandates
in the district and municipal councils was 24.2 percent.
1) Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee on
the implementation of Council recommendation 96/694 of 2nd December 1996 on the balanced participation of
women and men in the decision-making process COM/2000/0120 final.
2) Source: Gender Equality Atlas for Germany, p. 8.
7
1. Mandates in administrative district and municipal councils, and in the
regional councils and the Hanover City Council
Indicator description:
Definition: Percentage share of women among mandate holders in the respective municipal
administrations.
Methodological notes: The survey took the total number of women mandate holders in the
administrative district and municipal councils, and in the Hanover regional council. The percentage of
women was additionally assessed for it because of Hanover’s importance as state capital. On the map, the
colour used to depict the area corresponding to the Hanover region is equal to the number of women in
the regional council. The percentage of women and men on district and city councils was not covered in
the survey. No attempt was made to identify replacements who step in when members leave office.
Source: Official election statistics
This indicator shows the extent to which women are represented in municipal administrations. It points to:
 Trends in political and social culture
 Women’s political influence at municipal level
 The composition of municipal councils
 The attitudes of the electorat

Of the 2,352 mandate holders (male and female) in Lower Saxony, 574 were women (24.4 percent).
Percentage of women among mandate holders on municipal councils in 2006
Women among mandate holders (%)
less than 15.0 (3)
15.0 and less than 20.0 (14)
20.0 and less than 25.0 (9)
30.0 and above
(14)
8
Hanover region 32.1
Minimum 11.1 (Rotenburg, Wümme)
Maximum 42.0 (Stadt Osnabrück)
Lower Saxony: 24.2
Frauenanteil an den Mandaten in den kommunalen Vertretungen 2006
Ro t enb urg (W ümme)
W it t mund
Osnab rück
Lücho w-Dannenb erg
V echt a
So lt au-Falling b o st el
Nienb urg (W eser)
Peine
Emsland
Clo pp enb urg
A mmerland
Salzg it t er, St ad t
No rt heim
Uelzen
Ho lzmind en
Helmst ed t
Cuxhaven
W o lf enbüt t el
Go slar
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Gif ho rn
St ad e
Ost ero d e am Harz
Friesland
Celle
Diep ho lz
A urich
Leer
Old enb urg
W esermarsch
Schaumb urg
Gö t t ing en
Lüneb urg
Graf schaf t B ent heim
V erd en
W ilhelmshaven, St ad t
Reg io n Hanno ver
B raunschweig , St ad t
Emd en, St ad t
Hild esheim
Delmenho rst , St ad t
Ost erho lz
W o lf sb urg , St ad t
Harb urg
Hanno ver, Land eshaup t st ad t (nachr.)
Old enb urg (Old b ), St ad t
Osnab rück, St ad t
0 ,0
Regio n Hanno ver: 3 2 ,1 %
5,0
10 ,0
15,0
2 0 ,0
25,0
3 0 ,0
35,0
4 0 ,0
45,0
in %
9
10
II. Education and Vocational Education and Training
As our industrialised society rapidly becomes a knowledge society, education plays an ever
greater role. This applies both to society’s chances of securing competitive and innovation ability
and social cohesion, and also to individual opportunities on the jobs market, earning
opportunities and participation in society.
Given the importance of school-leaving qualifications, six indicators were selected. In respect of
educational qualifications, significant gender differences are apparent. More young women than
young men have higher education qualifications.
11
2.1 School leavers leaving secondary schools without any qualifications
Definition: Percentage of boys among school leavers from secondary schools who leave with no
qualifications.
Methodological notes: The figures include public and private secondary schools. Source: Statistics for
secondary schools and vocational schools and colleges (school year 2007/2008).
Source: Statistics for secondary schools and vocational schools and colleges (school year 2007/2008).
The indicator shows the percentage of boys among school leavers who leave school without any
qualifications. It points to:
 Gender-specific educational differences
 The presence of a gender-equitable school environment
 The level at which gender-specific teaching concepts have been implemented
 Gender competence in everyday school life.
Of the 3,528 school leavers in Lower Saxony who left secondary school in school year 2007/2008 with no
qualifications, 63.2 percent were male.
Percentage of boys among school leavers who left secondary school with no
qualifications in 2008
Boys among school leavers who left secondary school
with no qualifications in 2008 (%)
less than 55.0 (7)
Hanover region 62.8
60.0 and less than 65.0 (13)
Minimum 29.2 (Holzminden)
Maximum 81.3 (Emden)
70.0 and above
(12)
Lower Saxony: 63.2
12
Jungenanteil an Abgängerinnen und Abgängern aus allgemein bildenen Schulen
Ohne
ohne Schulabschluss 2008
Ho lzmind en
Osnabrück,St ad t
Cuxhaven
Leer
Friesland
V erd en
Go slar
W o lf enb üt t el
Peine
W ilhelmshaven,St ad t
Helmst ed t
A urich
Schaumb urg
St ade
Hild esheim
Hanno ver, Umland
Diep ho lz
Gö t t ing en
W esermarsch
V echt a
Uelzen
Ost erho lz
Lüneb urg
Celle
Osnab rück
So lt au-Falling bo st el
W o lf sb urg ,St ad t
Hannover, Land eshaup t st ad t
Nienb urg (W eser)
Old enb urg (Old b ),St ad t
Salzg it t er,St ad t
No rt heim
Clo p p enb urg
W it t mund
Delmenho rst ,St ad t
B raunschweig ,St ad t
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Gif ho rn
A mmerland
Old enb urg
Ost ero d e am Harz
Emsland
Harb urg
Emd en,St ad t
0 ,0
Reg io n Hanno ver: 6 2 ,8 %
10 ,0
2 0 ,0
3 0 ,0
4 0 ,0
50 ,0
in %
6 0 ,0
70 ,0
8 0 ,0
9 0 ,0
NDS
13
2.2 School leavers who left secondary schools with Hauptschulabschluss
qualifications
Definition: Percentage of boys among school leavers who left secondary school with
Hauptschulabschluss qualifications
Methodological notes: The figures include public and private secondary schools.
Source: Statistics for secondary schools and vocational schools and colleges (school year
2006/2007).
The indicator points to:
 The presence of a gender-equitable school environment.
 The level at which gender-specific teaching concepts have been implemented.
Of 17,334 school leavers who left secondary school in Lower Saxony in school year 2007/2008 with a
Hauptschulabschluss certificate, 58.4 percent were male.
Percentage of boys among school leavers who left secondary school with a
Hauptschulabschluss certificate in 2008
Boys among school leavers who left secondary school
with a Hauptschulabschluss certificate in 2008 (%)
less than 50.0 (1)
Hanover region 59.5
55.0 and less than 60.0 (24)
Minimum 44.9 (Emden)
60.0 and less than 65.0 (11)
Maximum 66.5 (Helmstedt)
65.0 and above
(4)
Lower Saxony: 58.2
14
Jungenanteil an den Abgängerinnen und Abgängern aus allgemein bildenden
nante il an de n Abgänge rinne
n und Abgänge rn aus allge m e in bilde nde n Schule n m it
SchulenJunge
mit Hauptschulabschluss
2008
Haupts chulabs chlus s 2007
Emd en, St ad t
Ho lzmind en
No rt heim
Leer
Celle
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Hild esheim
Nienburg (W eser)
A urich
V erd en
V echt a
Old enb urg
Emsland
Clo p p enb urg
Schaumb urg
Friesland
A mmerland
W esermarsch
Ost ero d e am Harz
Delmenho rst
W o lf sb urg, St ad t
B raunschweig, St ad t
W olf enb üt t el,
Hanno ver, Umland
Gif ho rn
Hanno ver, Land eshaup t st ad t
Harb urg
Ost erho lz
Peine
Diep ho lz
Lüneb urg
Uelzen
St ad e
Osnabrück
W it t mund
Gö t t ing en
Cuxhaven
Old enb urg (Oldenb urg ), St ad t
Go slar
Helmst ed t
0 ,0
Reg io n Hanno ver: 59 ,5 %
10 ,0
2 0 ,0
3 0 ,0
40 ,0
in %
50 ,0
6 0 ,0
70 ,0
NDS
15
2.3 School leavers leaving secondary school with a Realschulabschluss
qualification
Definition: Percentage of boys among school leavers who leave secondary school with
Realschulabschluss qualifications.
Methodological notes: The figures include public and private secondary schools. The Realschulabschluss
qualification is equivalent to Sekundarabschluss I (ordinary level secondary school leaving qualifications).
Source: Statistics for secondary schools (school year 2007/2008)
Of 43,869 school leavers who left secondary school in Lower Saxony with Realschulabschluss
qualifications in school year 2007/2008, 51.2 percent were male.
Percentage of boys among school leavers who left secondary school with a
Realschulabschluss certificate in 2008
Boys among school leavers who left secondary school with
a Realschulabschluss certificate in 2008 (%)
less than 49.0 (8)
Hanover region 52.0
Minimum 43.2 (Wittmund)
51.0 and less than 52.0 (17)
Maximum 53.8 (Osnabrück distr., Göttingen)
52.0 and above
(12)
Lower Saxony: 51.2
16
Jungenanteil an den Abgängerinnen und Abgängern aus allgemein bildenden Schulen
Jungen
mit Realschulabschluss 2008
W it t mund
Friesland
A mmerland
V erden
Holzmind en
Emd en, St adt
Ost ero d e am Harz
Leer
A urich
Uelzen
Salzg it t er, St adt
Schaumb urg
Celle
Lüneb urg
W esermarsch
Hild esheim
Emsland
Clo p p enb urg
Diep ho lz
Peine
Cuxhaven
Go slar
Helmst edt
Old enburg (Old b .), St adt
Ost erho lz
Nort heim
St ad e
Hanno ver, Land eshaup t st adt
Rot enb urg (W ümme)
Old enb urg
B raunschweig , St adt
Hanno ver, Umland
V echt a
Gif ho rn
W o lf enb üt t el
W o lf sb urg , St adt
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Harb urg
Nienb urg (W eser)
Gö t t ing en
Osnab rück
4 1,0
4 3 ,0
4 5,0
4 7,0
4 9 ,0
in %
51,0
53 ,0
55,0
NDS
17
2.4 School leavers leaving secondary school with Hochschulreife university
entrance qualifications
Definition: Percentage of boys among school leavers who leave secondary schools with Hochschulreife
university entrance qualifications.
Methodological notes: The figures include public and private secondary schools. School leavers leaving
secondary schools with Fachhochschulreife technical college entrance qualifications were not surveyed.
Source: Statistics for secondary schools (school year 2006/2007).
Of 20,921 school leavers who left secondary school in Lower Saxony with Hochschulreife qualifications in
school year 2007/2008, 43.3 percent were male.
Percentage of boys among school leavers leaving secondary schools with
Hochschulreife university entrance qualifications 2008
Boys among school leavers leaving secondary schools
with Hochschulreife university entrance qualifications 2008 (%)
less than 38.0 (4)
38.0 and less than 42.0 (13)
42.0 and less than 46.0 (19)
48.0 and above
(5)
18
Hanover region 44.9
Minimum 33.9 (Cloppenburg)
Maximum 51.0 (Holzminden)
Lower Saxony: 43.3
Jungenanteil an den Abgängerinnen und Abgängern aus allgemein bildenden Schulen
A B S-HRG2 0 08
mit Hochschulreife 2008
Clo p p enb urg
V echt a
Helmst ed t
W o lf enb üt t el
Peine
Friesland
A mmerland
Emsland
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
W esermarsch
Diep ho lz
Ost ero d e am Harz
Nienb urg (W eser)
Uelzen
No rt heim
V erd en
Hild esheim
Lüneb urg
Harb urg
Old enb urg
Ost erho lz
St ade
Gö t t ing en
Go slar
Leer
Hanno ver, Umland
Old enb urg (Oldb ), St ad t
A urich
Osnab rück
Emd en, St ad t
Gif ho rn
Cuxhaven
Schaumb urg
Celle
W it t mund
Ho lzmind en
0 ,0
10 ,0
2 0 ,0
3 0 ,0
in %
4 0 ,0
NDS
50 ,0
6 0 ,0
19
2.5 School leavers leaving vocational or technical schools and colleges with
Hochschulreife university entrance qualifications
Definition: Percentage of boys among school leavers who leave vocational schools and technical colleges
with Hochschulreife university entrance qualifications (including subject-specific university entrance
qualifications).
Methodological notes: The figures include school leavers with Hochschulreife and subject-related
Hochschulreife university entrance qualifications.
Source: Statistics for vocational schools and colleges (school year 2007/2008)
Of 4,937 school leavers who left vocational schools and technical colleges in Lower Saxony with
Hochschulreife qualifications in school year 2007/2008, 48.6 percent were male.
Percentage of boys among school leavers leaving vocational schools and technical
colleges with Hochschulreife (including subject-related Hochschulreife) university
entrance qualifications 2008
Boys among school leavers leaving vocational schools
and technical colleges with Hochschulreife (including subjectspecific Hochschulreife) university entrance qualifications 2008 (%)
less than 40.0 (3)
40.0 and less than 45.0 (10)
Hanover region 52.7
Minimum 32.7 (Wesermarsch)
50.0 and less than 55.0 (13)
Maximum 74.5 (Schaumburg)
55.0 and above
(7)
Lower Saxony: 48.6
The grey areas refer to Bremen and Bremerhaven, and to the respective districts and municipalities in
which there is no vocational school or technical college at which students can attain Hochschulreife
university entrance qualification.
20
Jungenanteil an den Abgängerinnen und Abgängern aus berufsbildenden Schulen mit
Hochschulreife 2008
W it t mund
Osnab rück
Old enb urg
W o lf enb üt t el
Helmst ed t
W esermarsch
Emd en,St ad t
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Cuxhaven
Nienb urg (W eser)
V echt a
Celle
St ad e
A urich
Delmenho rst ,St ad t
Harb urg
Hild esheim
Emsland
Ost erho lz
Friesland
Gö t t ing en
Ost ero d e am Harz
A mmerland
Lüneb urg
Ho lzmind en
Go slar
Leer
Uelzen
Peine
Gif ho rn
Clo p p enb urg
Diep ho lz
V erd en
No rt heim
Hanno ver, Umland
Schaumb urg
0 ,0
Reg io n Hanno ver: 52 ,7%
10 ,0
2 0 ,0
3 0 ,0
NDS
4 0 ,0
50 ,0
6 0 ,0
70 ,0
8 0 ,0
in %
21
2.6 School leavers leaving vocational schools and technical colleges with
subject-specific Fachhochschulreife university entrance qualifications
Definition: Percentage of boys among school leavers from vocational school and technical colleges who
leave with Fachhochschulreife in 2008.
Methodological notes: The figures include school leavers with Fachhochschulreife qualifications.#
Source: Statistics for vocational schools and technical colleges (school year 2007/2008)
Of 10,493 school leavers who left vocational school or technical college (Fachschule or Fachoberschule) in
Lower Saxony with Fachhochschulabschluss university entrance qualifications in school year 2008, 52.8
percent were male.
In 31 of 47 districts and municipalities, the percentage of male school leavers with an additional subjectspecific Fachhochschulreife university entrance qualification is higher than that of female school leavers
(66 percent). Boys dominate technical and business-focused school forms, while girls do so in schools
where the curriculum concentrates on social affairs, the care sector, and the hospitality industry. Given
this gender-specific school preference, particular attention is paid in regional comparisons to the subjects
offered by the individual schools and colleges.
Percentage of boys among school leavers leaving vocational schools and technical colleges with
Fachhochschulabschluss university entrance qualifications 2008
Boys among school leavers leaving vocational schools
and technical colleges with Fachhochschulabschluss
university entrance qualifications 2008 (%)
less than 45.0 (7)
Hanover region 54.7
Minimum 37.2 (Vechta)
55.0 and less than 65.0 (16)
Maximum 86.2 (Oldenburg distr.)
65.0 and above
(7)
Lower Saxony: 52.8
22
Jungenanteil an Abgängerinnen und Abgängern aus berufsbildenden Schulen mit
B B S-HSR
Fachhochabschluss 2008
V echt a
W it t mund
Go slar
Harb urg
W esermarsch
Hanno ver, Umland
Ost erho lz
Emsland
Gö t t ing en
Celle
Nienb urg (W eser)
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Osnab rück
Ho lzmind en
Friesland
Hild esheim
Ost ero d e am Harz
Lüneb urg
Clo p p enb urg
Leer
W o lf enb üt t el
Schaumb urg
St ade
Emd en, St ad t
No rt heim
Cuxhaven
Diep ho lz
Peine
A mmerland
V erd en
Uelzen
A urich
Gif ho rn
Helmst ed t
Old enb urg
0 ,0
10 ,0
2 0 ,0
3 0 ,0
4 0 ,0
50 ,0
in %
6 0 ,0
70 ,0
8 0 ,0
9 0 ,0
100 ,0
NDS
23
24
III. Work and Income
Among the main social changes in the past ten years are the growing numbers of women who
go to work. While the ratio of women in the jobs market has steadily increased, the ratio of men
is stagnating. But focusing purely on employment figures is not enough, because despite the rise
in numbers, the percentage of women in employment has not risen apace.
One reason lies in the traditional gender-specific division of work. Women do the unpaid work
of keeping the house, caring for the family and bringing up the children, and thus have only a
limited amount of time in which they could take up gainful employment. Given the difficulties of
balancing family and work commitments, women usually work part-time or in what are referred
to in Germany as minijobs that do not enable them to earn their own living. This has an impact
on upward mobility and career opportunities, meaning that women often work in poorer paid
jobs than men. Breaks from work to bring up a family and to work part-time are among the key
factors which result in the fact that in Germany, an average 23 percent few women earn less
than men. As the employment figures were traditionally higher in former eastern Germany, the
gender pay gap in the new Länder lies at six percent (Federal Statistical Office 2008).
With regard to reconciling work and family life, childcare was taken up as an indicator. The
childcare infrastructure, coupled with family-friends human resources development and
organisational structures are central determinants of how work and family life can be reconciled,
both for women and for men.
The change in employment structures highlights trends which do away with the image of men
as the sole bread winners. The normal work profile of ‘full-time work without a break until
pensionable age’, which men have generally held, is on the decline. Discontinuous work
histories, meaning switching between phases of full-time employment, unemployment, parttime work and minijobs, will affect women and men alike.
The eight selected indicators show the current status within a changing society. They are a
yardstick for the opportunities available to women and men in paid employment and in the
home.
25
3.1 Compulsorily insured employees (employment rate)
Definition: Percentage of compulsorily insured employees (women and men) in the 15 to 65 age group
as an annual average in 2008 (employment rate of women and men).
Methodological notes: The employment statistics take in employees aged 15 to 65 who are
compulsorily insured (health and pensions) or who must pay social security contributions under Book III of
the German Social Code (SGB III). Marginal employees, civil servants, the self-employed and family
members who act as unpaid helpers were not included in the survey.
Source: Employment statistics published by the Federal Employment Agency 2007. The indicator
highlights the quantitative differences in the participation of women and men in compulsorily insured
employment.
 Differences in the numbers of women and men in employment.
 The social situation and changes in traditional gender-specific division of work.
In Lower Saxony there were 2,542,711 compulsorily insured individuals in work (49.3 percent of the
5,158,698 people aged 15 to 65) on 30 June 2008, of which 1,116,467 were women (43.8 percent) and
1,426,244 were men (54.7 percent).
Employment Rates 2008
Index: Employment rate among women at 30 June 2008
with employment rate among men set at 100.
less than 75.0 (12)
75.0 and less than 80.0 (11)
80.0 and less than 85.0 (11)
90.0 and above
(5)
26
Hanover region 89
Minimum 65 (Leer and Aurich)
Maximum 100 (Wilhelmshaven)
Lower Saxony: 80
Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen und Männern 30.06.2008
B eschäf t igung sq uo t e
Leer
Emd en, St adt
A urich
Emsland
W it t mund
W esermarsch
Clo p p enb urg
Friesland
Gö t t ing en
Helmst edt
Holzmind en
Ost ero d e am Harz
Go slar
Cuxhaven
Gif ho rn
Schaumb urg
V echt a
W o lf enb üt t el
St ad e
Nienb urg (W eser)
Celle
Uelzen
Hild esheim
A mmerland
Lüneb urg
Peine
Old enb urg
Ost erho lz
Osnab rück
Diep ho lz
Nort heim
V erden
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Harb urg
Hanno ver, Umland
0 ,0
10 ,0
2 0 ,0
Reg io n Hanno ver: weib lich: 4 6,7 % und männlich: 52 ,5 %
3 0 ,0
4 0 ,0
in %
NDS
50,0
NDS
Frauen
6 0 ,0
70 ,0
8 0 ,0
Männer
27
3.2 Part-time employees who pay compulsory social insurance contributions
Definition: Percentage of women and men working part-time relative to all compulsorily insured women
and men (part-time figures).
Methodological note: Low-paid workers (minijobs), civil servants, the self-employed and unpaid family
members were not included in the survey.
Source: Employment statistics published by the Federal Employment Agency
This indicator shows the considerable gender-specific differences in part-time work. It points to:
 Part-time work as typically a women’s domain (modified bread-winner model with the wife
earning pin-money)
 Women bearing most responsibility for raising children and/or caring for dependent family
members
 Unfavourable employment trends and career opportunities for women, which could also be due
to part-time working.
In Lower Saxony, there were 2,542,711 compulsorily insured people in work on 30 June 2008. This
includes 464,318 part-time workers (19.5 percent), of which 423,521 were women (37.9%) and 71,467
men (5.0%).
Women in part-time work paying compulsory social insurance contributions on 30 July
2008
Index: Employment rate among women at 30 June 2008
with employment rate among men set at 100.
less than 650.0 (7)
650.0 and less than 750.0 (6)
Hanover region 744
750.0 and less than 850.0 (9)
Minimum 343 Hanover (state cap.)
850.0 and less than 950.0 (11)
Maximum 1.452 (Vechta)
950.0 and above
(14)
Lower Saxony: 757
28
Teilzeitbeschäftigungsquote von Frauen und
Männern am 30.06.2208
Teilzeit
Clo p p enb urg
A urich
Harb urg
W it t mund
Leer
V echt a
Lüneb urg
Emd en, St adt
Osnab rück
Emsland
Hanno ver, Umland
V erden
Diep ho lz
A mmerland
Gif ho rn
Uelzen
St ad e
Schaumb urg
Nienb urg (W eser)
Helmst edt
W esermarsch
Celle
Hild esheim
Cuxhaven
Go slar
Holzmind en
Peine
Old enb urg
Ost erho lz
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Nort heim
Friesland
Ost erro d e am Harz
W o lf enb üt t el
Gö t t ing en
0 ,0
NDS
5,0
10 ,0
Reg io n Hanno ver: weib lich: 3 5,6 % und männlich: 7,1 %
15,0
2 0 ,0
2 5,0
in %
3 0 ,0
3 5,0
Frauen
NDS
4 0 ,0
4 5,0
Männer
29
3.3 Marginal employees
Definition: Percentage of women among low-paid employees in work on 30 July 2008
Methodological note: Marginal employees are those whose income from their employment does not
exceed 400 per month (Book IV, Section 14 of the German Social Code). For the purposes of this Atlas,
marginal employment taken alongside regular employment is not taken into account.
Source: Statistics published by the Federal Employment Agency.
The indicator highlights significant gender-specific differences in marginal employment. It points to:
 Marginal employment as typically a women’s domain (modified bread-winner model with the
wife earning pin-money).
 Women bearing most responsibility for raising children and/or caring for dependent family
members.
 Unfavourable employment trends and career opportunities for women, which could also be
linked to the minijob form of employment
Of the 512,871 employees in Lower Saxony who worked exclusively in marginal employment 30 June
2008, 69.2 percent were women.
Percentage of women who work exclusively in marginal employment 2008
Women among workers at same place of work holding
exclusively low-paid jobs at 30 June 2008 (%)
less than 66.0 (4)
68.0 and less than 70.0 (12)
72.0 and above
(13)
30
Hanover region 63.9
Minimum 61.8 Hanover (state cap.)
Maximum 76.7 (Aurich)
Lower Saxony: 69.2
Frauenanteil der ausschließlich geringfügig entlohnten Beschäftigten am
Gering f üg ig B eschäf t ig t e
Arbeitsort am 30.06.2008
Gö t t ing en
Hanno ver, Umland
Lüneb urg
Hild esheim
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Go slar
Schaumb urg
St ade
Harb urg
No rt heim
Uelzen
V erd en
Diep ho lz
Celle
Cuxhaven
W o lf enb üt t el
Gif ho rn
Peine
Friesland
Emd en,St ad t
Ost erho lz
Nienb urg (W eser)
A mmerland
Ost erro d e am Harz
Old enb urg
Ho lzmind en
Clo p p enb urg
W it t mund
Osnab rück
V echt a
Helmst ed t
W esermarsch
Emsland
Leer
A urich
0 ,0
10 ,0
2 0 ,0
3 0 ,0
4 0 ,0
in %
50 ,0
6 0 ,0
70 ,0
8 0 ,0
NDS
31
3.4 Unemployment among women and men (unemployment rate)
Definition: Percentage of unemployed people among civilian employees, segregated by gender.
Methodological notes: Unemployed refers to anyone without a job (less than 15 hours a week), seeking
work, available for work and registered as unemployed with either a job centre or a provider of basic
benefits for job seekers. Civilian employees include unemployed persons, compulsorily insured employees,
low-paid workers, and civil servants, but not members of the armed forces. To calculate the figures for
civilian employees, statistics from various sources are used (employment statistics, unemployment and
labour promotion statistics, personnel statistics and the microcensus). The gender-specific differences
cannot be interpreted directly as differences in employment opportunities, because non-working women
who want to work are more likely than men to leave the jobs market without registering as unemployed
and are thus not included in the unemployment statistics.
Source: Unemployment statistics published by the Federal Employment Agency
The unemployment figures serve as a key indicator for how the jobs market is assessed. The separate
figures for women and men provide references for gender-specific differences in the employment market.
Some 292,678 people in Lower Saxony were unemployed (7.5 percent) on 30 June 2008. Of these
146,024 were women (8.0 percent) and 146,649 were men (6.9 percent).
Unemployment among women and men on 30 June 2008
Index: Unemployment rate among women at 30 June 2008
with unemployment rate among men set at 100.
less than 100
100 and less than 110
130 and above
32
(5)
(11)
(7)
(9)
(15)
Hanover region 96
Minimum 88 Hanover (surr. region)
Maximum 162 (Emsland)
Lower Saxony: 115
Arbeitslosenquoten von Männern und Frauen am 30.06.2008
A r bei t s l os enquot en
V echt a
Harb urg
Emsland
Ost erho lz
Osnab rück
Diep ho lz
A mmerland
Old enb urg
V erd en
Clo p p enb urg
W it t mund
Friesland
Nienb urg (W eser)
W o lf enb üt t el
Lüneb urg
Celle
Cuxhaven
Gif ho rn
St ad e
Hild esheim
Uelzen
Peine
No rt heim
Schaumb urg
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Gö t t ing en
W esermarsch
Leer
Helmst ed t
A urich
Ho lzmind en
Go slar
Ost ero d e am Harz
Hanno ver, Umland
Emd en, St ad t
0, 0
2, 0
Reg io n Hanno ver: weib lich 9 ,0 % und männlich 9 ,3 %
4, 0
6, 0
NDS
8, 0
in %
10, 0
12, 0
14, 0
NDS
Frauen
Männer
33
3.5 Long-term unemployment among women and men
Definition: Percentage of long-term unemployed among unemployed individuals, segregated by gender.
Methodological notes: Unemployed refers to anyone without a job (less than 15 hours a week), seeking
work, available for work and registered as unemployed with either a job centre or a basic benefits for job
seekers provider. Long-term unemployed refers to women and men who have been unemployed for
longer than 12 months. The gender-specific differences cannot be interpreted directly as differences in
employment opportunities, because non-working women who want to work are more likely than men to
leave the jobs market without registering as unemployed and are thus not included in the unemployment
statistics. The figures do not include long-term unemployed persons who receive support from an
authorised municipal agency, thus limiting the possibility of regional comparison.
Source: Unemployment statistics published by the Federal Employment Agency
This indicator points to:
 Gender-specific differences in reintegration into the jobs market following unemployment.
 Potential barriers to reentering the jobs market.
 Varying potential risk of poverty for women and men, particularly of poverty in later life.
Some 92,617 people in Lower Saxony were registered as long-term unemployed (31.3 percent of 295,678
unemployed) on 30 June 2008. Of these 48,883 were women (33.5 percent of 146,024 unemployed
women) and 43,734 were men (29.8 percent of 146,649 unemployed men).
Long-term unemployment among women in 2008
Long-term unemployment among women in 2008
with long-term unemployment among men set at 100
less than 70.0 (1)
70.0 and less than 100.0 (6)
100.0 and less than 130.0 (20)
130.0 and less than 160.0 (8)
160.0 and above
(12)
34
Hanover region 91
Minimum 67 (Grafschaft Bentheim)
Maximum 375 (Osterode)
Lower Saxony: 112
Anteil der langzeitarbeitslosen Frauen und Männer am 30.06.2008
A nt eil d er lang zeit arb eit slo sen Frauen und M änner 2 0 0 8
Emsland
Peine
Old enb urg
Leer
Ost ero d e am Harz
V erden
Ost erho lz
Gö t t ing en
A mmerland
Osnab rück
Lüneb urg
Harb urg
Nienb urg (W eser)
Uelzen
Diep ho lz
V echt a
Hild esheim
Celle
Nort heim
W it t mund
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Go slar
Hanno ver, Umland
Cuxhaven
W o lf enb üt t el
A urich
Clo p p enb urg
Friesland
Holzmind en
W esermarsch
Schaumb urg
St ad e
Gif ho rn
Helmst edt
Emd en, St adt
0 ,0
5,0
Reg io n Hanno ver: weib lich 2 0 ,6 % und männlich 2 2 ,7 %
10 ,0
NDS
15,0
in %
NDS
2 0 ,0
2 5,0
Frauen
3 0 ,0
Männer
35
3.6 Business start-ups
Definition: The percentage of women in the overall number of people involved in business start-ups.
Methodological notes: The reliability of this indicator is limited because the business is not always taken
up in all cases in which a start-up is reported. Start-up founders in sectors not covered by the German
Commercial Code are not included (e.g. liberal professions, primary sector, administering private assets).
Source: Official commercial statistics 2007.
This indicator shows the number of women in business start-ups. It points to:
 Women’s readiness and confidence in starting up a business
 Target group-specific consultancy services
 Target group-specific need for support.
 Influencing factors in founding a business conditions (e.g. economic situation, unemployment)
Of the 46,910 individuals who registered a business in Lower Saxony, 36.4 percent were women.
New Small Businesses: Women-Owned Start-ups – Percentage of women among new
small businesses 2008
New small businesses:
Women among new small businesses 2008 (%)
less than 33.0 (4)
35.0 and less than 37.0 (11)
37.0 and less than 39.0 (16)
39.0 and above
(9)
36
Hanover region 34.0
Minimum 28.6 (Vechta)
Maximum 44.9 (Wittmund)
Lower Saxony: 36.4
Frauenanteil an Neugründungen
von Einzelunternehmen
2008
Frauenanteil
an Neugründungen 2008
V echt a
Clo p p enb urg
Emsland
Osnab rück
W esermarsch
V erd en
A urich
Emd en, St ad t
Hild esheim
Nienb urg (W eser)
W o lf enb üt t el
Ho lzmind en
A mmerland
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Leer
Schaumb urg
Old enb urg
Hanno ver, Umland
Helmst ed t
Peine
Uelzen
St ade
No rt heim
Friesland
Harb urg
Diep ho lz
Old enb urg (Olb g .), St ad t
Ost ero d e am Harz
Celle
Ost erho lz
Go slar
Gö t t ing en
Cuxhaven
Lüneb urg
Gif ho rn
W it t mund
0 ,0
5,0
10 ,0
15,0
2 0 ,0
2 5,0
in %
3 0 ,0
3 5,0
4 0 ,0
4 5,0
NDS
37
3.7 Parental benefit recipients
Definition: Percentage of men among recipients of parental benefit payments ending in 2008.
Methodological notes: The figures on parental benefit receipts in 2008 contain fewer cases of parents
who received parental benefit consecutively (13 to 14 months) than in the following years. This is because
benefit receipt over such long periods, in which the mother was the recipient in the first twelve months of
the child’s life, and then the father received benefit for one or two additional months, was only stopped
in February or March 2008 with the introduction of parental benefit for births from 1 January 2007.
Parental benefit could not be applied for for children born at the end of 2006. This restriction no longer
applied in the years that followed.
Source: Federal statistics on parental benefit 2007.
This indicator shows the involvement of fathers in parental leave and points to:
 The current situation and trends in young fathers’ attitudes to employment and family.
 The break down of role models/gender-specific stereotypes.
 Social and business acceptance of modern fathers.
Of the 67,589 parental benefit recipients in Lower Saxony who received their final payment in 2008, 14.3
percent were fathers..
Percentage of fathers receiving parental benefit in 2008
Fathers among recipients of parental benefit payments
ending in 2008 (%)
less than 10 (4)
10 and less than 13 (5)
17 and above
(9)
Hanover region 17.5
Minimum 8.6 (Emden)
Maximum 44.9 (Braunschweig)
Lower Saxony: 14.3
The white areas represent Hamburg, Bremen and Bremerhaven.
38
Beendete Elterngeld-Leistungsbezüge von Vätern 2008
V ät er mit Elt erng eld
Emd en, St ad t
A urich
V echt a
Celle
Leer
Clop p enb urg
W esermarsch
Helmst ed t
Friesland
Go slar
Nienb urg (W eser)
Emsland
Uelzen
Cuxhaven
Ho lzmind en
Diep ho lz
V erd en
Peine
A mmerland
Osnab rück
St ad e
Ost ero d e am Harz
Old enb urg
No rt heim
W o lf enb üt t el
Lücho w-Dannenberg
Hild esheim
Gif horn
W it t mund
Ost erho lz
Hameln-Pyrmont
Schaumb urg
Harb urg
Reg io n Hanno ver
Old enb urg (Old b .), St ad t
Gö t t ing en
Lüneb urg
0 ,0
Reg io n Hanno ver: 17,5 %
2 ,0
4 ,0
6 ,0
8 ,0
10 ,0
in %
12 ,0
14,0
16 ,0
18 ,0
2 0 ,0
NDS
39
3.8 Childcare
Definition: Percentage of children under three in March 2008 who were cared for in childcare
institutions (daycare centres or with childminders, no double counting) among all children in this age
group (on 31 December 2007).
Methodological notes: Childcare institutions and services as defined by this indicator include creches
(for children under three), mixed-age nursery schools and daycare with childminders. The figures cover the
number of children cared for by childminders and who do not visit a daycare centre in addition, and
children who attend daycare centres.
Source: Statistics on children and staff in daycare centres, and children and carers in publicly funded
childminding services in 2008, and population figures for 2007.
This indicator points to:
 The current situation and trends which aid reconciliation of work and family life
 The actual freedom to choose between care within the family and childcare in creches, mixedage nursery groups or daycare.
Of the 198,770 children in Lower Saxony in March 2008, a total of 8,085 (9.1 percent) were cared for in
day centres.
Children under three in daycare in 2008
Children under three in daycare (with double counting between
daycare centres and childminders eliminated) (%)
less than 6.0
6.0 and less than 8.0
12.0 and above
40
(8)
(14)
(12)
(7)
(6)
Hanover region 12.9
Minimum 3.5 (Cloppenburg)
Maximum 17.9 (Göttingen)
Lower Saxony: 9.1
Betreuungsquote von Kindern unter 3 Jahren in Kindertagesbetreuung 2008
Clo ppenburg
Leer
Osnabrück
A urich
Emsland
Ro t enburg (W ümme)
W esermarsch
Nienb urg (W eser)
Uelzen
V echt a
Holzminden
Solt au-Fallingb ost el
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Delmenhorst , St ad t
Schaumb urg
St ade
Ost erro de am Harz
Ost erholz
Harburg
W it t mund
Celle
Friesland
No rt heim
Diepholz
Gif ho rn
Cuxhaven
Lüchow-Dannenb erg
A mmerland
Lüneburg
Helmst ed t
V erden
Hild esheim
Oldenburg
Emden, St ad t
Hannover, Umland
Oldenb urg (Oldb), St ad t
W olf enb üt t el
Goslar
B raunschlweig , St ad t
W olf sburg , St ad t
Göt t ingen
0 ,0
Regio n Hannover: 12,9 %
2 ,0
4 ,0
6,0
8 ,0
NDS
10,0
12 ,0
14,0
16 ,0
18,0
in %
41
42
IV. Personal Circumstances
As indicators, the living conditions and everyday circumstances of people in old age and their life
expectancy rate are used. Significant gender-specific differences are evident for both indicators.
Most elderly women live alone. This is mainly due to the high life expectancy rates for women
and the social norm that the male partner in a couple is older than the female. As a result,
women are far more reliant on professional help when they need care.
Life expectancy is one of the few sets of statistics which have long been segregated by gender.
The debate on the causes has been in progress equally as long. On the one hand, the reasons
for male excess mortality are put down to biological factors (genetic and hormonal differences),
while on the other behavioural and environmental influences are cited. In a study,
Mortalitätsdifferenzen der Geschlechter, also known as the Kosterstudie, (The Gender Mortality
Gap – the cloister study) by Marc Luy (see www.klosterstudie.de), it was shown that the
biological factors are the cause of a marginal survival advantage for women of about a year’s
more life expectancy in young adult age. Life expectancy is thus largely driven by factors that
can be influenced, such as the social and economic situation, educational level and personal
lifestyle.
43
4.1 Percentage of men aged over 65 in society
Definition: Percentage of men of pensionable age in society (age 65 and over)
Methodological notes: The figures reflect men aged 65 and over on 31 December 2008. Women have
around five years’ higher life expectancy than men. This is evident, among other things, in that the
percentage of women over 65 in society nearly always exceeds 50 percent.
Source: Statistics on population growth.
The indicator points to regional gender-specific differences:
 The influence of behavioural and environmental factors
 Quality of life and health in old age
These are influenced by social and financial circumstances, healthcare provision and environmental
factors. The indicator thus highlights these influencing factors.
Of the 1,637,817 individuals in Lower Saxony over the age of 65, 42.9 percent were male.
Percentage of men aged 65 and over on 31 December 2008
Men aged 65 and over on 31 December 2008 (%)
less than 41.0 (3)
42.0 and less than 43.0 (16)
43.0 and less than 44.0 (14)
44.0 and above
(11)
44
Hanover region 42.2
Minimum 39.8 (Osnabrück)
Maximum 45.0 (Harburg)
Lower Saxony: 42.9
Männeranteil an der Bevölkerung über 65 Jahre am 31.12.2008
Männeranteil an der Bevölkerung über 65 Jahre am 31.12.2008
Osnab rück,St adt
B raunschweig ,St adt
Old enb urg (Old b ),St adt
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Go slar
Hild esheim
Emd en,St adt
W ilhelmshaven,St adt
Schaumb urg
Ost ero d e am Harz
Gö t t ing en
Nort heim
Uelzen
V echt a
Helmst edt
Peine
Lüneb urg
Salzg it t er,St ad t
Celle
Clo p p enb urg
Nienb urg (W eser)
Holzmind en
A urich
Leer
W o lf sb urg ,St adt
W o lf enb üt t el
Emsland
Hanno ver, Umland
Osnab rück
Delmenho rst ,St adt
W it t mund
W esermarsch
St ad e
Cuxhaven
V erden
Friesland
Diep ho lz
Ost erho lz
A mmerland
Gif ho rn
Old enb urg
Harb urg
0 ,0
5,0
10 ,0
15,0
2 0 ,0
2 5,0
in %
3 0 ,0
3 5,0
4 0 ,0
45,0
50 ,0
NDS
45
4.2 Mortality
Definition: Indirect standardised mortality index 2003 – 2007 (up to age 80)
Methodological notes: Women’s average life expectancy is a good five years more than that of men.
Calculating the average life expectancy for districts and municipalities is extremely difficult. As a result, an
age-standardised mortality index is used. The mortality index based on indirect age standardisation
provides the percentage deviation between mortality risks within a specific population group and a
comparison population. Normally, mortality indices are standardised according to age and gender, with
regional deviations calculated against the regional average. This enables illustration of regional differences
in mortality risks. (For a detailed methodology description: Statistische Monatshefte Niedersachsen
7/2009, pp. 322-334: If the value for Lower Saxony is 1, the regional values differ between a maximum of
1.154 (Lüchow-Dannenberg district) and a minimum of 0.856 (Harburg district). Mortality risk tends to be
lower in relatively well-off regions with lower unemployment than in less well-off regions with high
unemployment. In this particular case, mortality risks of women and men are compared on the
assumption that there are no gender-specific differences in mortality expectations in a given region. The
map and diagram show the percentage by which the mortality risk among the under 80s differs between
the genders from region to region. In general, men have a higher risk of mortality than women.
Data sources: Population growth
 Gender-specific differences in quality of life
 Gender-specific differences in health status
These are influenced by social and financial circumstances, healthcare provision, environmental factors,
and individual behaviour.
Mortality risks among the under 80s 2003 – 2007
Percentage by which mortality risk for men up to
age 80 is higher than that for women
less than 82.0 (8)
82.0 and less than 87.0 (11)
Hanover region 84.8
87.0 and less than 92.0 (14)
Minimum 71.4 (Wilhelmshaven)
Maximum 110.7 (Schaumburg)
97.0 and above
(11)
Lower Saxony: 89.1
46
Mortalitätsrisiken der unter 80jährigen 2003 bis 2007 - regionale Unterschiede
St erb ewahr
zwischen Frauen und Männern
Friesland
Harb urg
Gö t t ing en, St adt
W esermarsch
Lüneb urg
Cuxhaven
A mmerland
St ad e
Reg io n Hanno ver
Göt t ing en LK
Ost erho lz
V erden
Osnab rück
Nort heim
W o lf enb üt t el
Hild esheim, Umland
Go slar
Hild esheim, St ad t
A urich
Old enb urg
Uelzen
Gö t t ing en, Umland
W it t mund
Hanno ver, Umland
Emd en, St adt
Celle
Hild esheim LK
Holzmind en
Peine
V echt a
Diep ho lz
Gif ho rn
Hameln-Pyrmo nt
Leer
Nienb urg (W eser)
Helmst edt
Emsland
Ost ero d e am Harz
Clo p p enb urg
Schaumb urg
0 ,0
2 0 ,0
4 0 ,0
6 0 ,0
8 0 ,0
10 0 ,0
12 0 ,0
in %
47
48

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