atw - Areva

>>> atw © | 2015 | Author's Copy <<<
nucmag.com
2015
6
ISSN · 1431-5254
16.– €
371
Creating Symbiosis in
Research and Education
374 ı Research and Innovation
Professional Education in the Framework
of EURATOM FP7
381 ı Environment and Safety
47
2016
Call for
Papers
inside
Environmental Monitoring
388 ı Operation and New Build
Accurate Core Integrity Evaluation
394 ı Energy Policy, Economy and Law
CSC – A Cornerstone of Global Nuclear Liability
362
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atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
Issue 6
CONTENTS
June 2015
371
Creating Symbiosis
in Research and
Education
Cover: Model mock-up of the Atucha II nuclear power plant in Argentina. The 745 MW gross pressurised heavy water reactor is operated
by Nucleoelectrica Argentina (NA SA) and located near Lima. In February 2015 the unit has reached full power and is now prepared for
full commercial operation (Courtesy: NA SA)
Editorial
Risk: A contribution to the solution
or a contribution to the problem? . . . . . . . .
Risiko: Beitrag zur Lösung oder Beitrag
zum Problem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
359
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
362
360
Abstracts | English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Abstracts | German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
373
||
||
Students from Saudi-Arabia visiting ISAR 2 during their internship at
AREVA in Paris and Erlangen.
Inside Nuclear with NucNet
Professional Education in the
Japan’s Long Road Back to a
Nuclear Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Framework of the EURATOM FP7
GENTLE Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
NucNet
Jan Leen Kloosterman, Rudy J.M. Konings, Dario Manara,
Victor Hugo Sanchez, Marco Ricotti and Rene Tamboer
Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Imprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Research and Innovation
Creating Symbiosis in Research and
Utilization of a University Reactor for
Education: Preserve Nuclear Competencies
Public Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
for Germany and Provide Highest Safety
Standards to International Markets . . . . . . . . 371 Myung Hyun Kim
Stefan Nießen
DAtF Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
DAtF (Geman Atomic Forum)
Contents
>>> atw © | 2015 | Author's Copy <<<
CONTENTS
363
atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
Environment and Safety
Full Spectrum Analysis in
Environmental Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
388
Sascha Reinhardt, Sören Hartmann, and Richard Pimp
||
Energy Policy, Economy and Law
Engineering Possibilities Versus Practical
Implementation: Nuclear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
381
||
Comparison of Axial Power Distribution
Left original time series of gamma spectrum used for the NASVD;
Right the reconstructed time series obtained from the first eight
principal components.
KTG Inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
KTG (German Nuclear Society)
Effective Use of Pre-Job Briefing
as Tool for the Prevention of
Human Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Effektive Nutzung der
Arbeitsvorbesprechung als Werkzeug
zur Vermeidung von Fehlhandlungen . . . . . . . 384
Ansgar Schlump
The Convention on Supplementary
Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC)
– A Cornerstone of a Global Nuclear
Liability Regime? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
CANDU Heat Sinks Improvements as a
Follow up to Fukushima Daiichi Accident
“The Regulator Perspective” . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Noreddine Mesmous and Chris Harwood
384
Übersetzung fehlt noch????
Norbert Pelzer
||
Verständnis der Sicherheitskultur im Wandel der Zeit
Operation and New Build
A Proposal for More Accurate Core
Integrity Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
60th year atw
Probability and Consequences of Severe
Reactor Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Wahrscheinlichkeit und Folgen
schwerer Reaktorunfälle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Norman Carl Rasmussen
News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Soon-Kyoo Han and Hyun-Woo Lee
Nuclear Today
Nuclear Industry Powering up to Tackle
Potential Threats from Cyberspace . . . . . . . . 422
John Shepherd
AMNT 2016 Call for Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insert
Contents
ABSTRACTS | ENGLISH
364
>>> atw © | 2015 | Author's Copy <<<
TSO organizations, three different learning programmes have been developed:
1) support for student research experiNucNet
| Page 368 ences, 2) inter-semester courses for undergraduate and graduate students on
Nuclear can still have a key role to play topics outside regular curricula, and 3) a
in Japan’s energy policy, but the restart professional education programme tarprocess for offline reactors is strict and geting at professionals with 5 years of
time-consuming. Japan Atomic Indus- working experience outside the nuclear
trial Forum’s president Takuya Hattori industry. More information can be found
spoke to NucNet about the current devel- at www.gentleproject.eu.
opments related to the restart of nuclear
power plants and further developments
in this field in Japan.
Utilization of a University Reactor
Takuya Hattori is president of the Japan for Public Acceptance
Atomic Industrial Forum (Jaif) and president of the Jaif International Coopera- Myung Hyun Kim
| Page 376
tion Centre.
AGN-201K is a university reactor in Kyung Hee University (KHU) mainly used
for student education as training short
Creating Symbiosis in Research and
course as well as academic course for
Education: Preserve Nuclear
senior-level. After the Fukushima acciCompetencies for Germany and
dent, public concern on radiation hazProvide Highest Safety Standards
ard has been increased beyond rational
to International Markets
level at a neighboring country. It was
Stefan Nießen
| Page 371 found that AGN-201K be the perfect tool
for interaction with general public. It is
AREVA participates actively in networks very safe to operate with general partiof industry and science via university co- cipants because it is adapted to the very
operation and gives new ideas born from low power. However, radiation level is
practical experience for the academic reasonably high to detect and shield for
training of future nuclear engineers. practice. KHU has a Regional Radiation
Thus, the company ensures both the Monitoring Post where environmental
availability of new talents for its export radiation level at Suwon city is continustrategy and relevant expertise for nuc- ously measured. In this facility, radiation level at soil, rain, and local agricullear safety in Germany.
When it comes to education and science tural products were measured and reafter the German nuclear phase-out de- ported to the national monitoring
cision, the efforts must focus on interna- headquarter.
tionalization. Greater integration in in- A new mission of reactor research and
ternational networks can contribute to education center of KHU has been tried
keeping the nuclear know-how in Ger- from last summer. Facilities were opened
many alive. This concerns both industry for high school students and teachers for
and science. By having foreign experts their science camps during summer &
use German training facilities, particip- winter. A special public acceptance proate in research projects and gather pro- gram named as experience camp for unfessional practice, they contribute to the derstanding the nuclear power and radisafe operation here and experience first- ation was held 6 times for the last onehand our safety culture grown over dec- year period. Even though number of atades. In this context, AREVA outlines its tendee was limited and small, feedback
university cooperation in Germany and from participants was hot and positive
enough to make professors be ready to
abroad.
sacrifice their personal time.
Japan’s Long Road Back to a
Nuclear Future
Professional Education in the
Framework of the EURATOM FP7
GENTLE Project
Jan Leen Kloosterman, Rudy J.M. Konings,
Dario Manara, Victor Hugo Sanchez,
Marco Ricotti and Rene Tamboer | Page 374
The pan-European GENTLE project is
initiated by leading institutions in the
field of nuclear engineering and education to create a sustainable life-long
learning programme in nuclear fission
technology. Directly targeting the needs
of industry, research, regulatory and
Abstracts | English
Full Spectrum Analysis in
Environmental Monitoring
Sascha Reinhardt, Sören Hartmann,
and Richard Pimpl
| Page 381
In the environmental monitoring spectroscopic gamma detectors are frequently used. The motivation to use
spectroscopic gamma detectors is the
higher sensitivity and specific spectral
information. For the analysis often the
photo peaks of the gamma spectrum are
used to identify the nuclide. These
atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
methods are very reliable, robust and
well developed but using only the photo
peak means also to use only a fraction of
the available information. Doing a full
spectrum analysis based on principle
components obtained from NASVD for
description of the radiation background
and adjustment calculations are a possible analysis method which may
provide advantages compared to a peak
based analysis when used for a continuous environmental monitoring. An analysis example is shown and discussed
with a measured time series of gamma
spectra obtained from a spectroscopic
gamma detector SARA IGS710 with a
NaI(Tl) scintillator as it is used in the environmental monitoring.
Effective Use of Pre-Job Briefing
as Tool for the Prevention of
Human Error
Ansgar Schlump
| Page 384
There is a fundamental demand to minimise the risks for workers and facilities
while executing maintenance work. To
ensure that facilities are secure and reliable, any deviation from normal operation behaviour has to be avoided.
Accurate planning is the basis for minimising mistakes and making work more
secure. All workers involved should understand how the work should be done
and what is expected to avoid human
errors. Especially in nuclear power
plants, the human performance tools
(HPT) have proved to be an effective instrument to minimise human errors.
These human performance tools consist
of numerous different tools that complement each other (e.g. pre-job briefing).
The safety culture of the plants is also
characterised by these tools.
The choice of using the right HP-Tool is
often a difficult task for the work planer.
On the one hand, he wants to avoid mistakes during the execution of work but
on the other hand he does not want to
irritate the workers with unnecessary
requirements.
The proposed concept uses a simple risk
analysis to take into account the complexity of the task, the experience of the
past and the consequences of failure in
to account. One main result of this risk
analysis is a recommendation of the detailing of the pre-job briefing, to reduce
the risks for the involved staff to a minimum.
Soon-Kyoo Han and
Hyun-Woo Lee
| Page 388
In general, the periodic core surveillance is performed by using movable incore detectors, which measure neutron
fluxes of fuel assemblies to evaluate
primary variables of core integrity by a
core analysis code. In the calculation,
the measured raw neutron fluxes should
be reconstructed since the code has a
limitation that only the fixed number of
data from measured one can be used.
Therefore, validation of reconstruction
method is needed to be examined in order to perform more accurate core surveillance and ensure core integrity because some amount of deviation from the
raw data are inevitable. In this study, we
compared axial power distribution shape
and RMS errors between the conventional method and newly proposed
method. As a result, comparisons and
RMS deviation analyses revealed that the
proposed method is more suitable for reconstructing power distribution from the
raw data.
worldwide implications, and a globally
unified legal framework appears to be
desirable or is even necessitated. But
until today we have not yet achieved a
global regime. There are international
nuclear liability conventions some of
which may be qualified to form such
regime. But which of them is best qualified and which one could be accepted
by all States? Mainly the USA opt for,
and strongly support, the 1997 “Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage” (CSC) to be
the only international instrument
which is apt to form a global regime.
This paper will deal with the question
whether this assertion is convincing. It
will also be asked whether we need a
global regime.
CANDU Heat Sinks Improvements
as a Follow up to Fukushima Daiichi
Accident “The Regulator Perspective”
Noreddine Mesmous and
Chris Harwood
| Page 398
The purpose of this paper is to provide a
summary of the Canadian Nuclear Safety
Commission (CNSC) recommendations
related to improving the heat sink
strategy as a follow up to the Fukushima
Engineering Possibilities Versus
Daiichi Accident (FDA). As a follow up to
Practical Implementation: Nuclear
FDA, CNSC staff tasked the Nuclear
| Page 390 Power Plant (NPP) licensees to review
the lessons learned from the FDA and
Europe’s energy transition has placed re-examine the NPP safety cases. The rethe nuclear sector at a crossroads, and views have examined the CANDU demembers of POWER-GEN Europe’s Ad- fence-in-depth strategy and considered
visory Board have considered the role of events more severe than those that have
nuclear in Europe’s drive towards en- historically been regarded as credible,
ergy decarbonisation, ahead of the con- and evaluated their impact on the NPPs
safety. Availability of emergency equipference.
Simon Hobday, Jacob Klimstra, David ment was shown to be crucial during the
Porter and Ulla Pettersson talked about FDA and its availability could have arresthe role of nuclear in Europe’s energy ted the accident progression early
decarbonisation, nations in Europe enough to minimize any radioactive rewhere new nuclear generation appears lease to the environment. As a result, lilikely, and the future role of the European censees presented appropriate evaluations of the means to provide coolant
Commission.
make-up to the primary Heat Transport
System (HTS), boilers, moderator,
calandria vault, and irradiated fuel
The Convention on Supplementary
pools.
Compensation for Nuclear Damage
risks that can be deducted from severe
accidents in nuclear power plants. The
results, often quoted and criticised, were
so far the most conclusive statements to
this question.
In his lecture at the reactor meeting in
1976, Prof. Rasmussen tried to trace back
the conclusion of the results to the question: Is the use of larger nuclear power
plants, in accordance to experiences and
calculations so far, acceptable? His risk
assessment, related to American power
plants and cites, on behalf of the BMI is
currently evaluated by the IRS together
with the LRA on specific occurrences
within the Federal Republic of Germany.
Nuclear Industry Powering up to
Tackle Potential Threats from
Cyberspace
John Shepherd
| Page 422
In June 2015, the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA), in cooperation
with international agencies including the
crime- fighting organisation Interpol,
will host a major conference on the protection of computer systems and networks that support operations at the
world’s nuclear facilities.
According to the IAEA, the use of computers and other digital electronic
equipment in physical protection systems at nuclear facilities, as well as in
facility safety systems, instrumentation,
information processing and communication, “continues to grow and presents
an ever more likely target for cyber-attack”.
The international nuclear industry is
right to take heed of ever-evolving security threats, deal with them accordingly,
and be as open and transparent as security allows about what is being done,
which will reassure the general public.
However, the potential menace of cyberspace should not be allowed to become
such a distraction that it gives those who
are ideologically opposed to nuclear another stick with which to beat the industry.
(CSC) – A Cornerstone of a Global
Nuclear Liability Regime?
Norbert Pelzer
| Page 394
International discussions on compensation of nuclear damage seem to be governed by the magic word “global nuclear
liability regime”. It is said that only such
regime promises to guarantee full and
timely compensation at conditions acceptable and favourable for both the victims and the operator liable and at the
same time promotes nuclear industry.
Surely, nuclear incidents may have
60th year atw:
Probability and Consequences of
Severe Reactor Accidents
Norman Carl Rasmussen
| Page 402
The study carried out on behalf of
former USAEC (United States Atomic Energy Commission) led by Prof. Rasmussen
and published in reworked form as
WASH 1400 by the USNRC (United
States Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
in 1975, assessed in 3,300 pages the
Abstracts | English
365
A Proposal for More Accurate Core
Integrity Evaluation
>>> atw © | 2015 | Author's Copy <<<
ABSTRACTS | ENGLISH
atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
ABSTRACTS | GERMAN
366
>>> atw © | 2015 | Author's Copy <<<
gulierungsbehörden und Technischen
Institutionen abgestimmt wurden drei
Ausbildungsprogramme entwickelt:
NucNet
| Seite 368 ƒƒ Unterstützung im Bereich Forschung
für Studenten
Die Kernenergie kann weiterhin eine ƒƒ Zwischensemesterkurse für StudierenSchlüsselrolle in der Energiepolitik Jade und Absolventen zu Themen über
pans besitzen. Allerdings ist dieser Prodie bestehenden Curricula hinaus
zess, der im ersten Schritt die Wiederin- ƒƒ Ein gezieltes Berufsausbildungsprogramm für Fachkräfte mit 5 Jahren
betriebnahme von vorläufig abgeschalBerufserfahrung außerhalb des kernteten Kernkraftwerken umfasst, sehr
technischen Sektors.
langwierig. Der Präsident des Japan
Atomic Industrial Forum, Takuya Hattori, Weitere Informationen sind auf der
sprach mit NucNet über die aktuellen Webseite des Projektes unter www.gentEntwicklungen im Zusammenhang mit leproject.eu zu finden.
der Wiederinbetriebnahme von Kernkraftwerken in Japan sowie weiteren ZuEin Ausbildungsreaktor zur
kunftsentwicklungen im Land.
Japans langer Weg zurück zur
Kernenergie
Eine Symbiose für Forschung und
Ausbildung: Nukleare Kompetenzen
in Deutschland und höchste
Sicherheitsstandards für
internationale Märkte
Stefan Nießen
| Seite 371
Durch Hochschulkooperationen beteiligt
sich AREVA an Netzwerken zwischen Industrie und Wissenschaft und gibt Impulse aus der Praxis für die akademische
Ausbildung zukünftiger Kerntechniker.
Damit sichert sich das Unternehmen
Nachwuchs für seine Exportstrategie und
sichert gleichzeitig Fachkompetenz für
nukleare Sicherheit in Deutschland.
Im Bereich Ausbildung und Wissenschaft
gilt es vor dem Hintergrund des deutschen Ausstiegs die Internationalisierung
voranzutreiben. Eine stärkere Einbindung in internationale Netzwerke kann in
Deutschland zum Erhalt von kerntechnischem Know-how beitragen. Das betrifft
Unternehmen genauso wie die Forschungslandschaft. Wenn ausländische
Fachkräfte die deutschen Ausbildungseinrichtungen nutzen, sich an Forschungsprojekten beteiligen und sogar
Berufspraxis in Deutschland sammeln,
leisten sie einen Beitrag zum sicheren Betrieb hierzulande und lernen gleichzeitig
die hierzulande seit Jahrzehnten gewachsene Sicherheitskultur kennen. Vor diesem Hintergrund erfolgt eine Darstellung
der Hochschulkooperationen von AREVA
in Deutschland und darüber hinaus.
Berufliche Ausbildung im Rahmen
des EURATOM FP7 GENTLE Projekts
Jan Leen Kloosterman, Rudy J.M. Konings,
Dario Manara, Victor Hugo Sanchez,
Marco Ricotti und Rene Tamboer | Seite 374
Das gesamteuropäische Projekt GENTLE
wurde von führenden Institutionen auf
dem Gebiet der Kerntechnik und Ausbildung initiiert, um ein nachhaltiges, das
gesamte Berufsleben begleitendes Ausbildungsprogramm zu etablieren. Auf
den Bedarf von Industrie, Forschung, Re-
Abstracts | German
atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
häufig eingesetzt. Diese eignen sich besonders aufgrund ihrer hohen Messempfindlichkeit und der spezifischen spektralen Messinformationen. Für eine weitere Analyse werden häufig die Peaks im
Gammaspektrum zur Bestimmung von
Nukliden verwendet. Diese Methode ist
sehr zuverlässig, wenig anfällig und weit
entwickelt. Allerdings schränkt die ausschließliche Nutzung der Peaks die Verarbeitung der vorhandenen Informationen auch ein. Eine komplette Analyse
des Spektrums hingegen ermöglicht
eine vollständige Beschreibung des
Strahlungshintergrundes und angepasste Berechnungen und ist damit eine Alternative mit Vorteilen insbesondere bei
der kontinuierlichen UmgebungsüberFörderung der Akzeptanz der
wachung. Ein Analysebeispiel für eine
Kernenergie
Zeitreihe einer Messung des Gammaspektrums mit dem Spektroskop SARA
Myung Hyun Kim
| Seite 376 IGS710 mit NaI(Tl)-Szintillator in der
Umweltüberwachung wird vorgestellt
AGN-201K ist ein Ausbildungsreaktor der und diskutiert.
Kyung Hee University (KHU). Er wird im
Wesentlichen für die Ausbildung von Studenten im Rahmen von Kurzlehrgängen Effektive Nutzung der
als auch für Intensivkurse höherer Se- Arbeitsvorbesprechung als
mester eingesetzt. Nach den Ereignissen Werkzeug zur Vermeidung
von Fukushima sind die Sorgen über von Fehlhandlungen
mögliche Gefahren ionisierender Strah| Seite 384
lung in der Öffentlichkeit vielfach von ir- Ansgar Schlump
rationalen Vorstellungen geprägt worden. In diesem Umfeld wurde festgestellt, Die Vermeidung von Risiken für die bedass der AGN-201K ausgezeichnete Mög- teiligten Personen und die Anlage sind
lichkeiten bietet, um die Öffentlichkeit grundsätzliche Forderungen bei der
sachlich zu informieren. Der AGN-201K Durchführung von Instandhaltungsist aufgrund seiner geringen Leistung arbeiten. Abweichungen müssen sicher
eine einerseits sehr sichere Anlage, die vermieden werden um einen sicheren
aber auch ausreichende Möglichkeiten und zuverlässigen Anlagenbetrieb zu geliefert, die physikalischen Wirkungen io- währleisten.
nisierender Strahlung zu demonstrieren. Eine sorgfältige Planung ist die GrundlaZudem verfügt die KHU über eine Strah- ge dafür, dass die Arbeiten sicher durchlenschutzstation zur kontinuierlichen geführt und Fehlhandlungen vermieden
Umgebungsüberwachung. In dieser Ein- werden können. Hierfür ist jedoch erforrichtung erfolgen Messungen zur Radio- derlich, dass alle an der Arbeit beteiligten
logie von Bodenproben, Regen und Le- Mitarbeiter verstehen, was von ihnen erbensmitteln. Die Ergebnisse werden an wartet wird und wie die Umsetzung vor
die nationale, koreanische Überwa- Ort konkret erfolgen soll.
Als effektives Instrument zur Minimiechungsbehörde übermittelt.
Eine neue Aufgabe für den Ausbildungs- rung dieser Fehlhandlungen, haben sich
reaktor und das Ausbildungszentrum in den Kernkraftwerken seit vielen Jahder KHU eröffnete sich im letzten Som- ren die Werkzeuge professionellen Hanmer. Die Einrichtungen wurden für im delns (engl. Human Performance Tools)
Rahmen von Sommer- und Wintercamps etabliert. Diese bestehen aus einer Vielfür Schüler und Lehrer höherer Schulen zahl unterschiedlicher Einzelwerkzeuge
geöffnet. Ein spezielles Programm zum (z.B. Arbeitsvorbesprechung), welche
Verständnis von Kernenergie und Strah- sich gegenseitig ergänzen und verstärlung wurde angeboten und im Rahmen ken. Die Sicherheitskultur der Kernkraftder Camps sechs mal durchgeführt. Die werke wird von der Verwendung dieser
positiven Rückmeldungen der Teilneh- Werkzeuge maßgeblich geprägt.
mer zeigen, dass der Einsatz aller Betei- Die Auswahl der anzuwendenden HPWerkzeuge stellt den Arbeitsplaner jeligten erfolgreich war.
doch vielfach vor praktische Probleme.
So möchte er zwar zum einen FehlhandKomplette gammaspektroskopische
lungen minimieren, auf der anderen SeiMessung in der Umweltüberwachung te jedoch die Arbeitsdurchführenden
nicht durch unnötige administrative ForSascha Reinhardt, Sören Hartmann,
derungen irritieren.
| Seite 381 Das vorgestellte Konzept nutzt eine einund Richard Pimpl
fache Risikoanalyse um die KomplexiIn der Umweltüberwachung werden tät der anstehenden Aufgabe, die Erfahgammaspektroskopische Messsysteme rungen aus der Vergangenheit und die
Vorschlag für eine genauere
Ermittlung des Reaktorkernzustands
Soon-Kyoo Han und
Hyun-Woo Lee
| Seite 388
Im Allgemeinen wird ein Reaktorkern
mit beweglicher In-Kern-Instrumentierung überwacht. Diese erfasst den Neutronenfluss zur Ermittlung primärer
Daten für die weitere Bestimmung des
Reaktorkernustands mittels Rechencodes. Bei der Berechnung können
Codes dahingehend Beschränkungen
unterworfen sein, dass nur eine begrenzte Anzahl von Datensätzen aus der
Neutronenflussmessung genutzt werden
kann. Daher ist eine Validierung der Methoden erforderlich, um genauere Kerndaten ermitteln zu können.
Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurden Daten
der axialen Leistungsdichteverteilung
und mittlere quadratische Fehler für die
bisherige Methode und ein neues, vorgeschlagenes Verfahren verglichen. Im Ergebnis kann anhand der mittleren quadratischen Fehler gezeigt werden, dass das
vorgeschlagene Verfahren besser geeignet ist, um die Leistungsdichteverteilung
anhand von Messerten zu berechnen.
energie werden durch den magischen
Begriff „globales Atomhaftungs-Regime“
bestimmt. Angeführt wird, dass ein solches Regime die volle und rechtzeitige
Entschädigung zu akzeptablen und ausgewogenen Bedingungen sowohl für Geschädigte als auch haftbare Betreiber sichere und gleichzeitig die kerntechnische Industrie in ihren Aktivitäten unterstütze. Sicherlich können Nuklearunfälle
weltweite Auswirkungen besitzen und
ein weltweiter einheitlicher Haftungsrahmen erscheint daher wünschenswert
bzw. sogar notwendig. Aber bis heute ist
eine weltweite Regelung nicht erreicht.
Es existieren internationale Atomhaftungskonventionen, die für ein globales
Regime als Vorlage geeignet sein können. Aber welche ist „die beste“ und welche kann von allen Staaten akzeptiert
werden? Insbesondere die USA sprechen
sich für die Übernahme der 1997 „Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage“ (CSC) aus, die
einzig für ein globales Regime geeignet
sei. In diesem Beitrag wird auf diese These eingegangen und es wird auch die Frage gestellt, ob ein globales Haftungsregime erforderlich ist.
Optimierung der Wärmeabfuhr bei
CANDU-Reaktoren als Reaktion auf
den Unfall von Fukushima aus Sicht
der Genehmigungsbehörde
Noreddine Mesmous und
Chris Harwood
60th year atw:
Wahrscheinlichkeit und
Folgen schwerer Reaktorunfälle
Norman Carl Rasmussen
| Seite 407
Die im Auftrag der damaligen USAEC
(United States Atomic Energy Commission) unter Leitung von Prof. Rasmussen
erstellte Studie, als WASH 1400 in überarbeiteter Form 1975 von der USNRC
(United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission) veröffentlicht, begutachtet auf
3.300 Seiten die Risiken, die sich aus
schweren Unfällen mit großen Kernkraftwerken herleiten lassen. Die Ergebnisse, viel zitiert und kritisiert, sind die
bisher schlüssigsten Aussagen zu dieser
Fragestellung. In seinem Vortrag auf der
Reaktortagung 1976, versuchte Prof.
Rasmussen die Folgerungen dieser Ergebnisse auf die Frage zurückzuführen:
Ist der Einsatz großer Kernkraftwerke nach den bisherigen Erfahrungen
und Berechnungen vertretbar? Seine
Risikoabschätzung, die sich auf amerikanische Kernkraftwerke und Standorte
bezieht, wird gegenwärtig im Auftrag
des BMI gemeinsam von IRS und LRA
auf die spezifischen Gegebenheiten in
der Bundesrepublik Deutschland hin begutachtet.
Die kerntechnische Industrie greift
die Abwehr möglicher Gefahren des
Cyberspace auf
| Seite 397
Vorgestellt werden die zusammengefassten Empfehlungen der Canadian
Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) zur
Technische Möglichkeiten gegenüber Optimierung der Strategien zur Wärmeder praktischen Umsetzung:
abfuhr bei Störfällen in CANDU-ReaktoKernenergie
ren im Nachgang zu den Maßnahmen
nach dem Unfall im japanischen Kern| Seite 390 kraftwerk Fukushima Daiichi.
Die CNSC wies die KernkraftwerksbetreiEuropas Energiewende hat den Nuk- ber nach Fukushima an, diesen Unfall,
learsektor an einen Scheideweg ge- seine Ursachen, den Ablauf und die Folbracht. Mitglieder des POWER-GEN Eu- gen zu analysieren, und die Störfallszerope Beirats haben in einem Roundtable narien für die eigenen Anlagen vor diedie Rolle der Kernenergie in Europa vor sem Hintergrund und mit den gewonnedem Hintergrund der Dekarbonisierung nen Erkenntnissen neu zu bewerten.
diskutiert.
Im Rahmen der Überprüfung wurden
Simon Hobday, Jacob Klimstra, David für die CANDU-Reaktoren Ereignisse
Porter und Ulla Pettersson sprachen im über bislang betrachtete hinaus angeDetail über die Rolle der Kernenergie in nommen und ihre Bedeutung für die SiEuropas Dekarbonisierung, europäi- cherheit der Kernkraftwerke analysiert.
schen Ländern mit möglichen Kernkraft- Die (Nicht)Verfügbarkeit von Notfalleinwerksneubauten sowie der künftigen richtungen und -ausrüstung war für die
Rolle der Europäischen Kommission.
Unfallabläufe in Fukushima entscheidend. Verfügbare Einrichtungen und
Systeme hätte den schweren Unfall frühConvention on Supplementary
zeitig stoppen und damit die Freisetzung
Compensation for Nuclear Damage
von radioaktiven Stoffen in die Umwelt
(CSC) – Ein Eckpfeiler eines globalen
minimieren können.
Als Ergebnis haben die CANDU-KernAtomhaftungs-Regime?
kraftwerksbetreiber geeignete Maßnah| Seite 394 men präsentiert, um die WärmeabNorbert Pelzer
fuhr aus dem Primärsystem sowie dem
Internationale Gespräche über die Ent- Brennelementlagerbecken sicher zu
schädigung von Schäden durch Kern- stellen.
John Shepherd
367
Konsequenzen eines Fehlers im Vorfeld
zu bewerten und zu berücksichtigen. Ein
wesentliches Ergebnis dieser Risikoanalyse ist letztlich eine Empfehlung zum anzuwendenden Detaillierungsgrad der
Arbeitsvorbesprechung, um die Gefährdung der beteiligten Mitarbeiter so gering wie möglich zu halten.
>>> atw © | 2015 | Author's Copy <<<
| Seite 422
Im Juni 2015 wird die Internationale
Atomenergie-Organisation (IAEO) in Zusammenarbeit mit weiteren internationalen Organisationen, einschließlich
der internationalen Polizeiorganisation
Interpol, Gastgeber einer großen Konferenz zum Schutz von Computersystemen und Netzwerken in kerntechnischen Anlagen weltweit sein.
Nach Angaben der IAEO nimmt die Anwendung von Computern und anderen
digitalen elektronischen Systemen sowohl in physischen Schutzsystemen
kerntechnischer Anlagen als auch in
den Bereichen Sicherheitstechnik, Informations- und Datenverarbeitung sowie Kommunikation stetig zu und bildet
damit ein Ziel für mögliche Cyberangriffe.
Die Nuklearindustrie weltweit sollte daher Aktivitäten aufnehmen und forcieren, solchen möglichen Bedrohungen
im Vorfeld zu begegnen, ihnen wirksame Maßnahmen entgegen zu stellen
und, soweit möglich, transparent gegenüber der Öffentlichkeit diese Sicherheitsvorsorge darzustellen. Mögliche
Bedrohungen aus dem Cyberspace,
denen mit geeigneten Maßnahmen begegnet werden kann, dürfen aber als gefälliger Hebel keinen Raum bieten für
die ideologisch verankerte grundsätzliche Ablehnung der Kernenergie.
Abstracts | German
ABSTRACTS | GERMAN
atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
Creating Symbiosis in Research and
Education: Preserve Nuclear Competencies
for Germany and Provide Highest Safety
Standards to International Markets
Stefan Nießen
There is a clear goal for German energy policy: the safe operation of the nuclear power plants until the phase-out, the
decommissioning of the plants and the implementation of the final repository. All these tasks shall be mainly performed
with domestic resources. Moreover, there is no phase-out decision beyond nuclear electricity production. The use of
nuclear technology for medical treatments is set to continue; also the activities for research and science are set to persist
after 2022.
Today Germany can rely on a nuclear industry and re- many has the potential to offer great opportunities to
search landscape that belongs to the most comprehensive learn, do research and work. If a foreign expert spends
in Europe. This landscape comprises internationally ac- some time in a German organization or company, he or she
knowledged research institutions, embraces an industry can learn cutting-edge know-how and experience a unique
fully able to support new build, maintenance, moderniza- safety culture in practice. At the same time the German
tion but also decommissioning of nuclear plants. The in- host will benefit from a highly motivated colleague who
dustry also pursues fuel cycle activities including enrich- sees a personal future in the nuclear industry. These exment and fuel manufacturing. Manifold public institu- perts then have the potential to be bridge-builders for the
tions, technical safety organisations, consultants and certi- internationalisation of the industry. From a political point
fication companies round up this landscape. A number of of view such an exchange program will allow Germany to
countries are currently striving to create such a cluster of contribute actively to nuclear safety beyond our borders.
In addition to such very valuable hands-on experience,
capabilities. One example is our neighbor Poland who
heads to start nuclear power generation within the next the German nuclear industry today offers a broad range of
training and exchange programs. These training and codecade.
The situation in Germany is complementary to these operation activities with research institutions are illusevolutions. The phase-out decision puts the entire nuclear trated by concrete examples in the following chapters.
infrastructure under pressure. The interest of young
people to study subjects related to nuclear declines, the op- Going international: The Nuclear Professional
erators are lacking profitability and reduce investments, School at the Karlsruhe Institute for
the industry has to adapt to a shrinking domestic market Technology (KIT)
and decreasing political support. Without active counter The AREVA Nuclear Professional School was established in
measures it would only be a matter of time until also public 2009 in order to provide bridge courses to experienced eninstitutions and certifiers will be concerned and cannot gineers and physicists who are new to the nuclear industry
longer effort their duties. This development also risks dry- (Figure 1). These courses provide in-depth nuclear knowing out the scientific landscape.
ledge through a range of topics covering thermo-hydraulic
More than four years after the decision to phase-out nuc- modelling, seismic analysis, material studies and neutronlear power, more and more responsible decision makers in ics in the format of one-week seminars. The morning
politics and industry realize that it is a tremendous chal- classes focus on the theoretical background, while the aflenge to preserve the know-how and the resources of nuc- ternoon sessions offer the opportunity to practice the
lear infrastructure while the domestic market is declining. learnings using state-of-the art professional simulations
The industry has found one answer and joins all its codes and laboratories. Industrial experience combined
forces on that: internationalisation.
With 186 operating nuclear power reactors, the European continent still
holds the world record, followed by
118 in North America (source: International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA).
It looks as if most of these will continue to operate beyond their original
design life. With extending operating
life, these plants will increasingly
need safety upgrades, modernization
and maintenance. This evolution
provides a good basis for the necessary international orientation of the
Germany-based nuclear industry.
For future experts from countries
|| Fig. 1.
Extension of the cooperation between KIT and AREVA in 2013.
with an emerging nuclear sector, GerResearch and Innovation
Creating Symbiosis in Research and Education: Preserve Nuclear Competencies for Germany and Provide Highest Safety Standards to International Markets ı Stefan Nießen
371
>>> atw © | 2015 | Author's Copy <<<
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atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
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atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
AREVA participates in the network. In 2011 and 2012 the
initiative “Needs for Further Research Concerning the Preservation of Nuclear Competencies in Germany” was established. Thereby the representatives of eight companies
from German nuclear industry identified important research issues and prioritized them according to their point
of view and discussed the results with the research institutions and universities within the network. In consequence
they jointly defined different competence clusters. Within
each cluster project ideas were collected and initiated. In
2015 the initiative was relaunched in order to assess the
research and development needs related to a possible prolongated intermediary storage.
This approach has several advantages for both nuclear
industry and the research institutions. The efficient use of
research funds is essential for pushing the technological
progress. In times of narrow means for research objectives
in nuclear engineering collaboration helps to focus on the
Endowed Professorship at Technical
most relevant issues. Furthermore the universities get the
University Dresden (TU Dresden) in Germany
possibility to enhance their budget by means from indusIn 2005, the research and training reactor at TU Dresden trial companies whereas the companies can shape the state
was modernized and equipped with Teleperm XS digital of the art in science and technology and profit therefrom.
safety I&C (instrumentation and control). It was the last
nuclear facility to obtain an operating license in Germany. Cooperation with Warsaw University of
The reactor primarily serves for training and teaching pur- Technology (WUT)1
poses. The joint research activities address the integrated In context of the official report “Polish Energy until 2030”
functioning of cooling loops and heat exchangers. The which treats the introduction of nuclear energy and
nearby Helmholtz Research Center in Dresden Rossendorf the education of nuclear technology engineers in Poland,
has been making significant contributions to safety re- AREVA launched a collaboration with Warsaw University
search. The center builds and operates unique high-pres- of Technology (WUT). The collaboration was affirmed
sure testing facilities to test the flow conditions in pressur- and extended in 2012. Today, the educational and sciized cooling circuits of nuclear power plants. Their test fa- entific cooperation comprises a regular exchange betcilities and ultra-fast x-ray and wire-mesh imaging techno- ween researchers from WUT and experts from AREVA as
logies are also used to study the fundamentals of passive well as joint workshops, student visits, Master and PhD
safety systems.
theses at AREVA and lectures by AREVA experts conducted
Since 2012, AREVA funds an endowed chair for imaging at WUT.
measurement methods for energy technology and process
The cooperation addresses the challenge that nuclear
engineering at the faculty of mechanical science and en- education at universities usually focuses on the theoretical
gineering at the TU Dresden. Currently, about 800 students basis. This is necessary but alone not sufficient for the
are enrolled in energy technology and process engineering needs of the nuclear industry and therefore AREVA has an
at the TU Dresden. Interested students can complete intern- extensive training program to bridge this gap for new reships at AREVA or work on their diploma theses and put cruits to complement the basis university education. Parts
their newly acquired knowledge into practice straight of this training program are now transferred to the Warsaw
away.
University of Technology.
These transferred training courses are part of AREVA’s
Cooperative Studies with Integrated Training so called University Knowledge Package. The package offers modules on three different levels of detail ranging
at University Zittau/Görlitz in Germany
AREVA funds cooperative engineering education for 30 from introductory over technology to expert level. It covers
students at the University Zittau/Görlitz. The course pro- scientific subjects and also addresses practical issues like
Niewinski, G.;
gram combines university studies leading to a graduation system design, nuclear operation or instrumentation and
Mazgaj, P.; Swirski,
as Diplom-Ingenieur (FH) or as Bachelor with a vocational control. It provides a deep insight in most modern nuclear
K.; Baltin, G.;
training including a diploma from the Chamber of Com- power plant technologies of the 3rd Generation based on
Glaubrecht,
merce and Industry respectively from the Chamber of AREVA designs meeting the requirements of strict nuclear
S.; Leyer, S.; Schönfelder, C.; Blotas, B.; Crafts. This course of studies is an intensive combination regulatory bodies.
Moussavi, M.;
of theory and practice, forging an early relationship
In total, 265 students have participated in the lectures
Rozwadowski, A.:
between
the
students
and
the
company.
In
2015
five
new
of
over
300 hours given by AREVA’s trainers. The trainees
Polish Experience in
students have joined the program.
are not only from Warsaw University of Technology but also
the Preparation of
from the following institutions: National Atomic Energy
the Nuclear Program
and the Education
Agency, National Center for Nuclear Research, Gdańsk UniResearch and Development Cooperation
of Students in Coversity, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology and
within the German Competence Network
operation with
Wroclaw University of Technology.
for Nuclear Engineering
AREVA, in: NESTet
Already 17 students have written their master thesis at
The German Competence Network for Nuclear Engineering is
2013 (Nuclear Engineering Science
a network of research institutions and universities with the AREVA or in nuclear facilities in France and Germany with
and Technology,
aim to preserve nuclear competencies in Germany by AREVA’s facilitation.
Nuclear Education
The very positive feedback from trainees shows that
bundling research projects, especially those concerning
and Training), Madthese
lectures and internships are very fruitful for their
nuclear
safety
and
repository
issues.
Together
with
other
rid, Spain, NovemGerman companies within the field of nuclear industry, education and future work in the nuclear sector.
ber 2013.
R E S E A R C H A N D I N N O VAT I O N
372
with KIT`s expertise in teaching and research offers advanced scientific training with strong practical application. As part of the cooperation, doctoral theses are
sponsored as well as an endowed professorship at the KIT.
The program is based at the university in Karlsruhe, and
the teaching staff also includes professors from the Technical Universities of Stuttgart and Munich. All courses are
taught in English and they are also offered abroad in countries that are committed to nuclear new build programs,
such as Great Britain, Finland, Saudi-Arabia or the USA.
Through the AREVA Nuclear Professional School, an alliance was built which helps to secure Germany’s extensive
nuclear competency on the highest scientific level and
guarantees top-quality education. This program offers experienced engineers and future specialists from all signature countries of the non-proliferation treaty an opportunity to broaden their nuclear competencies.
1
Research and Innovation
Creating Symbiosis in Research and Education: Preserve Nuclear Competencies for Germany and Provide Highest Safety Standards to International Markets ı Stefan Nießen
atw Vol. 60 (2015) | Issue 6 ı June
>>> atw © | 2015 | Author's Copy <<<
The feedback from academic personal of WUT concludes that the cooperation is very important for the university because this allows to have a larger variety of lectures and a closer contact to the nuclear industry.
In this partnership AREVA is committed to sharing the
company’s expertise with the Polish scientific community
to help build a sound and self-reliant nuclear industry in
Poland.
||
R E S E A R C H A N D I N N O VAT I O N
373
Agreements with Universities for the
Saudi Nuclear Program
A series of agreements signed with Saudi universities are
intended to contribute to the development of nuclear expertise in the country.
The agreements include internship offers made to
Saudi students. In summer 2014 AREVA hosted Saudi engineering students in France and Germany. In the scope of
Saudi Arabia’s energy diversification program and as a
contribution to the effort of developing the country’s inCooperation with Slovak University of
dustrial competences, AREVA welcomed 40 Saudi students
Technology (STU) Bratislava2
AREVA has an agreement with the Slovak University of Tech- from three universities (King Saud University, Al Faisal Uninology (STU) to support the development of nuclear tech- versity and King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minernology courses (Figure 2). Under this partnership, AREVA als) for long-term engineering internships, 13 of them in
Germany.
Thanks to the program, the students gained significant experience in
the nuclear facilities and engineering
centers. This professional immersion
will enable them to benefit from
European excellence in nuclear power
Fig. 2.
Signing of the cooperation between STU and AREVA in 2014.
will contribute to a teaching program dedicated to instrumentation and control (I&C) systems. Designed for the operation and control of a nuclear power plant, the I&C system is a key component for reactor operations. STU contacted AREVA NP Controls, s.r.o. in Bratislava, a subsidiary of
AREVA GmbH with focus on engineering for digital safety
I&C und electrical systems for the global nuclear power
plant market, regarding a cooperation covering the preparation and possibly delivery of specialized lectures and
practical exercises for an upcoming new lecture on “Measurement and control in nuclear power plants”. The AREVA
experts will ensure the training program will provide relevant information and offer the operational skills required
to work at nuclear plants. A master course will start in
September 2015 and will be taught in English, thus improving STU graduates’ position on the international job
market.
To date, the safety-related I&C system from AREVA has
been installed in or ordered for 80 nuclear power plant
units in 16 countries for 14 different reactor designs. It is
the most widely deployed digital instrumentation and control system in the world. Therefore the university can rely
on state-of-the-art technologies for its education activities,
expand its lecture offer and establish an international
scope. Students will gain a deeper comprehension of current issues in nuclear I&C and they will be better prepared
for their future job positions and career perspectives.
AREVA will profit from the students’ enhanced specific
knowledge on nuclear technology and access to well-educated and motivated graduates.
notably in terms
of safety, quality
and operational
|| Fig. 3.
Students from Saudi-Arabia visiting Isar 2 during their internship at AREVA
performance.
in Paris and Erlangen.
(Figure 3)
Before beginning their internships, the students had the chance to acquire a basic technical understanding of nuclear energy
during training seminars organized jointly by AREVA and
EDF in Riyadh in late 2013, and in Al Khobar in May.
The initiative followed the signing of memoranda of understanding (MoUs) with the Bahra National Institute of
Technology and four Saudi universities in 2013.
Conclusion
Excellent cooperation with universities and research centers is crucial for any industrial company. In order to bear
fruit for all sides, this cooperation has to be long-term.
Such a long-term university-industry partnership can
bring innovation to the industry and help to focus research
on issues that are most relevant.
Author
Dr. Stefan Nießen
Head of Research and Development, Innovations and
Patent Management
AREVA GmbH
Paul-Gossen-Str. 100
91052 Erlangen, Germany
2
Research and Innovation
Creating Symbiosis in Research and Education: Preserve Nuclear Competencies for Germany and Provide Highest Safety Standards to International Markets ı Stefan Nießen
Support of a University Nuclear Master
Course by a Nuclear
Supplier, Tomáš
Bajer, Vladimír
Slugeň, Stefan
Glaubrecht, Christian
Schönfelder, Compact for Annual
Meeting on Nuclear
Technology 2014,
2013-10-25, p. 1-6.
nucmag.com
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