The Role of Biological Soil Crusts on Desert Sand Dunes in the

Transcription

The Role of Biological Soil Crusts on Desert Sand Dunes in the
!
"
#
$ % &'
!
!
"
!
! "
#
!
"
%
"
"
!
"
!
"
& $
#
#
"
"
!
$
*
"
/0"
$
!
"
4
$
$
!
'
!
&
" +,122,3
!
!
5
12283 +1#
/
122:
"
.
"
$ "
" $
"
%
12263
#
#
# "
$
7
( $
"
%
/
#
)
"
"
!
$
!! ()* (+*
"
"!
$
"
&
$
!
$
# "
5 "!
$ 1619& $ /7
)
+,,,3
! )
!
"
!
#
#
#
"
9:;
(
/
<
5 "!
$
12;63
$
"/
$
$
7
12263
#
"
#
$
!
/
12;+
#
$
"
!
!
$
$
$
1+,
%
12;+
128=
#
#
%
122:3
$
$ "
#
&
$
122:3 #
12=;
1268
/>
!
" % 1268
$
$
/'
&
&
13
$
@
&
$
&
$
#
?
2,
$
$
"
A
B
7
7
&
#
"!
"
4
!
/
D
%
"
122=3 &
& $
$ #
" "
$
$
!
/5
12293
!
$3
#
$
&
! "
!@
B
! "
122+3
& $
!
"
/
! "
$
%
"!
#
! "
#
(
&
#
!
?
$
/
"
/'
(
/' 13
!!
$
!
/'
1 9
#
! "
!
(
" $
!! 3
+3
#
2,-
!
(
!
B"
(
!
?
#
"
*
)
.
)
(
3
/ ' '! 0
1," , 2
$
(
1,,2
$
B
!
$
"
"
+3
9:2
$
)
122,@ C
/
&
!
&
'!
$ '!
,'
-
'!
! "
&
96,
(
!
$
!
" #
$
E /13
"
!
"
! "
" !! ) , 1 , 1+
( )!
"
/' 93
#
#
"
A
$
!
"
/
+,,,3 7 #
$ "
#
$
!
"
1 1F
" #
)
!!
$
#
!
!
#
!
#
122:3
/
7 !
G
"
)
$
!
#
#!
!
#
#
#
G
#
"
"
"
% #
!
#
#
(
!
!
"
(
!
#
#
!
"
B>+
B>+
(
!
#
=3
"
$ "
"
!
!
1 +
/'
/+3
(
"
!
!
$
/
D
!
(
? # $
G
"
122;3
#
#
#
"
!
"
+,,,3
9@
$ "
"
!
2
/'
1
+
.
/ ' '! 0 5 '
%5
+
4
.
'
!
#
/3
"
/3
, 1 2
$ "
$ " #
#
! "
B
7
7
&
#
&
$
961
162
A
55
5%
,,
7
%
4
+
.
4
' 1
,!
+
.
4
+
.
'
7 #!
(
#
(/
" 12;9 5$
/'
0
+
(
(
!
/
!
5
"!
!
#
#
$
!
"
$
&
+6
#
$ '"
1,"
.
+
"
! /3
3
"
! /3
&
3
12293 H
12;+3 %
.
2
! /3
3
#
/
4
, 1 '
2
%!'
.
(1
=:
/'
:3
' 2
4
.
!
1 ,2
)
'
)
"!
?
/
/∆3
(
!
$
&
E
#
"
/ !
(
"
3
! /3
/3
96+
(
0
19+
"
"
!
(1
!
!
"
)
"
$
3 H
#
!
#
&
1228
/
)
!
#
$
"
!
$
"
#
!
!
( )
,:
(1
+
!
!
&
12293 5$
5
(1
/122,3
+
!
/5$
"
( $
#
=1
# 1,-
(1
(1
)
"
$
)
122,3
"
$ !
!
/
$
$
"!
!
!
B
"
%
"
#
(
)
? # $
/' 6@
122,3
'55 1 , 2
$
!
"
"
&
#
$
"
%
4
9
+
'! '
,'9
/ ,
.
(
.
)
+
*
4
8
(
',$ ,
A
"
/3
' #
G
(
$
A
!
/3
!
#
!
$
&
"
#
!
&
$
! "
!
(
"
)!
!
#
$
"
!
"
!
A
B
7
7
#
/
( !
! !
126=@ 7 0 " 12883 %
#
#
"
! !
G
#
!
#
#
!
!
122:3 H! #
#
!
#
"
!
"
"#
+: =I
$
&
#
&
#
#
! "
"
" " !
$
+, :, I
(
!
# =, I /
!
/13 #
/+3 #
"
#
!
!
!
$
#
!
!
#
? # $
!
)!
A
&
!
# "
969
"
"
!
#
$
#
!
(
"
$
"
"
$ "
#
)!
!
! !
!
!
#
#
"
"
/'
G
#
#
$ "
"
#
$
" "
"
#
&
$
83
# %
" :,- /A
12883 %
$ "
# "
$ "
"
#
!
!
) ! "
"
12263
/
! $
! $
#
#
!
)
"!
!
"
12=1@
/
"
"
122:3
$
#
/D
122:3
"
(
!
$
! !
"
(#
"
$ $
"
G
"
"
$
$
"
"
!
!
#
"
#
G
#
5 "!
!
!
&
$
#
!
96=
(
"
"
(
$
"
$
$#
)
*
$
)!
#
0
#
" !
? # $
"
$
!
#
5
)
B
"
# $
G
#
! "
$
#
#
!
$
12223 '
)
'
! "
!
"!
!
" !
#
"
"
$
4
+,,,3 0
$
#
#
#
"
# "
$
!
&
"9"
/'
;3
.
(
- 5
'
1,,2
)
'
.
+
4
.
+
4
3 , 1, 2
%
?
!
#
"
/
!
$ #!
"
#
!
#
/
<
12;6
! +, 9,( (
!
#
#
"#
#
B
!
#
$
&
#
"
!
#
!
B
"$
$
(
!
#
)!
B
7
7
&
#
&
$
96:
.
(
/ ' '! 0
'
1," , 2
A
(
0
.
)
A
!
!
4
"
!"
! $
$
! "
(
"
122=3 4 #
#
"
*
#
"
/5
+
5
"
> "
!
!
"
$
!
#
!
! $
$
! "
$
#
#
!
0
7
'
"
5
A
,99262+C /? 3 7% H +9 /C
5 "
A
B
A7 /126=3
#
!
&
' ! *
&
'
J
3K
C
! "
A
$
"
,992=2: /
4
! !
+E111 1++
5
"
4
3
%
5
966
(
5 /12=13
!
5
" ++E9; =6
" A /12;93
!
G
!
!
!
!
1:E88
8;
7
7 0
5
5
/12263 0
" C /12883
L
"
7C /122;3
7
)!
!
7
!
?
! #
5
0
!
! "
( !
# B
99E++1 +92
A
/122=3
E
& #
#
#
+E1,1 11:
!
7C 4
$ #
!
C
A 9+E9;2 =1:
5$
A7 5
CA /12293
"
M 5$
N1:&
>
2=E91= 918
'
B 0
A /12;+3
!
" !
#
!! C
5 $
:E88 2,
C
CA /12293 B "!
&
C
0 " +2E1=, 1=8
D
A
? /122:3 5
"
E
"
!
$4 5
+;E1+: 1=9
> D
4C O
"
D
5
$
/122+3
)
!
!
"
$
#
& $ '
5 6E:12 :+8
>
A
?
"
/122:3 ?
#
!
"
B>+ )
% E7
'C
0
/ 3
'
O 4
'
4
! "
)
"
!
H $
" B
4
" !! 192 1:9
/12283
!
!
&
"
(#
& $ %
C
5 $
96E=99 =:8
4
/+,,,3 5
!
!
!
" $
P4
!
!! 1+1E88 2,
D
C /122;3
"
!
/
#
& $ %
3 ?
C
4 # +,E88
2+ / 4
3
4 D
4C
$
/12263
"
) ! "
'5
5
+1E1+1 19,
A' 7
/12283
5 "! E
C
5 $
9:E18 +;
>
C
/128=3 >
$
%
5A (1 !
Q% B $
%
(
!
A
128= !! 122 +,:
0" D
? /122,3
H # R ?"
A
A /12883
(
% E
#
A7 / 3
"
0
!! +11 +:+
? <
C /12;63
$
% E
&
4/ 3
!
"
RH #
!! 8: 2:
? 4
B
D D
/122:3 A $
S& $
% E
0 / 3
7
!
B !
R?
A
$
?
"!
(#
B
D B
$ 4 / 3 7
& #
5
D
7
0 $
!
!! 1=9 1:9
4
$ %0 /12223
G
& $ %
/122:3
!
C
5 $
"
7
D /122:3 0 "
#
+2E=+8 =98
!
&
S&
&
#
&
)
B
$
968
% E
!
! !
!
"
!
"
$
T
;E;:
26
/+,,,3 & $ !
U
U "
2E+= +2
'
?
/+,,,3
$ "
"
"
& $ /%
3/
3
&5 /122,3
! "
#
(
$ A +,E182 ++9
C7 7
#
C0
&5 4
7 /122:3
! "
#
5
9;/13E191 198
/122,3 A
"
!
&
& $ %
5
1:E:28 6,2
4
"
A
"

Similar documents