4202868 BH Christmas Images
Transcription
4202868 BH Christmas Images
FWU – Schule und Unterricht VHS 42 02868 29 min, Farbe Holidays in GB and the USA Christmas Images FWU – das Medieninstitut der Länder ® Lernziele Erarbeiten der weihnachtlichen Ikonographie im anglo-amerikanischen Raum; Beschreiben deutscher Einflüsse auf Weihnachten in England und den USA; Beschreiben und Erklären anglo-amerikanischer Einflüsse auf Weihnachten in Deutschland; Erarbeiten des Christmas Spirit in einer kommerzialisierten Weihnachtswelt; Recherchieren zum Thema Sozialleistungen TANF in den USA; Recherchieren von Hilfsprojekten für bedürftige Menschen zu Weihnachten im eigenen Umfeld in Anlehnung an das im Film gezeigte Beispiel in Chicago und evtl. Initiierung eines eigenen Projektes; Erarbeitung und sprachlich-musikalische Darstellung des Santa Rap. Weihnachtsbaum von Deutschland nach England kam, besuchen Ebenezer Scrooge im Charles Dickens Museum und überqueren Trafalgar Square, wo der größte Weinachtsbaum, eine jährliche Erinnerung Norwegens an den 2. Weltkrieg, steht und besuchen zum Schluss das größte Spielzeugkaufhaus, Hamleys in der Regent Street, wo uns endlich Father Christmas den Unterschied zwischen „Happy Christmas“ und „Merry Christmas“ erklärt und eine Strassenkapelle draußen „Oh Tannenbaum“ spielt. Film 2: Santa Claus in Chicago (11:05 min) Wir sind in Chicago. In den Strassen spielen coole brassbands und die Stadt ist reich dekoriert mit den bekannten Weihnachtsfiguren. Kinder besuchen mit ihren Eltern Santa Claus in speziellen Santa Häuschen, um ihm ihre Wünsche mitzuteilen. Der Wechsel von -30°C in der lärmenden windy city Chicago in das +30°C heiße Florida gelingt mühelos. Hier sitzt man gemütlich am Strand, während die Kinder Weihnachtsbriefe schreiben und sie, adressiert an Santa Claus, Northpole, in den eigenen Landbriefkasten werfen. Auf dem Rückweg nach Chicago besuchen wir den berühmtesten Santa Brady White, der gerade auf Tournee ist. Schon Madonna saß auf seinem Schoß und nun spricht er mit den Kindern über Weihnachtswünsche und Träume. Aber nicht allen Kindern werden die Weihnachtswünsche erfüllt. Es gibt viele arme Kinder, Alte und bedürftige Familien in den USA. Ihre Briefe an Santa Claus, Northpole werden in der Hauptpost von Chicago im Rahmen einer alljährlichen Sonderhilfsaktion der amerikanischen Bundespost gesammelt. Bürger der Stadt wählen einen oder mehrere dieser anrührenden Briefe aus und schicken die Geschenke anonym an bedürftige Menschen mit dem Absender From Santa Vorkenntnisse Wissen über Bräuche allgemein und über Weihnachten im Besonderen; Weltwissen Zum Inhalt Drei Filmbeiträge zeigen eine fortschreitend sekulare Weihnachtswelt in England und den USA. Die Filme sind unabhängig voneinander einsetzbar und durch Recherche und Quellenstudium zu ergänzen. Film 1: A Christmas Journey in England (14:15 min) Wir reisen über Tetbury nach London, beobachten ziemlich witzige Familien beim Weihnachtsbaumkauf, treffen einen gut gelaunten Father Christmas, erfahren von ihm etwas über holly und missletoe, besuchen die Damen im Arboretum und erleben Prince Charles beim Anknipsen der Weihnachtbeleuchtung in Tetbury. In London erreichen wir mit dem Doppeldeckerbus den Buckingham Palace, lassen uns erzählen, wie der 2 Claus, Northpole. Viele der abertausend Briefe an Santa Claus jedoch, die in der Vorweihnachtszeit hier eingehen, bleiben ohne Antwort liegen. In einem Epilog spricht die Leiterin der Sonderaktion über die Hintergründe und die große Armut in den USA und eine anonyme „Santa Claus“ erzählt, warum sie hier ist. Henry Livingston‘s famous poem, ”Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas” (see below), is in this regard a time-capsule well worth unpacking. It would be erroneous, however, to suggest that the late arrival of Christmas in America is responsible for its modern commercial gloss – for the role of St. Nicholas in commerce and as a bringer of gifts was fixed long before the famous words ”ho, ho, ho” ever resounded in Coca-Cola® road shows. St. Nicholas is the patron saint of merchants; chapels dedicated to him were built on medieval market squares and the saint‘s legacy permeates the history of the Hanseatic League. When Santa Claus and his English twin, Father Christmas, today hold court in department stores and shopping malls, they continue an ancient tradition. Film 3: Santa Rap (2:30) Brady White und Schülerinnen der Samuel Morse Middle School proben einen Santa Rap, der für diesen Film erfunden wurde. Background Information Christmas is both a Christian and a modern secular holiday. In the (western) Christian tradition it is celebrated on the 25th of December marking the birth of Jesus Christ, whom Christians believe to be the son of God. The calendrical assignment, however, does not derive easily from the New Testament (Matthew 1, 18-25; Luke 2, 1-10). Today‘s Christmas in The United States and in England is fundamentally a 19th century creation in which German cultural influences have also had a considerable shaping hand. The route of the Christmas tree to England during the reign of King George III and, assisted by the press, its spread throughout England during the reign of Queen Victoria (www.royal.gov.uk) is one case in point. That such influences operate at levels deeper than those of a mere exchange of symbols was recognized in Charles Dickens‘ 1850 Household Words essay, ”A Christmas Tree“ (http//library.educationworld.net) which, inspired by ”a merry company of children assembled round that pretty German toy, a Christmas Tree,“ passes through vivid descriptions of toys and recollections of childhood Christmas memories in England to the banks of the Rhine and a concluding wish that ”(e)ncircled by the social thoughts of Christmas-time, still let the benignant figure of my childhood stand unchanged!“ Yet Christmas was not a holiday celebrated by all Christians. Particularly because of its Catholic and Anglican trappings, Christmas had no place in the Puritan scheme of things in 17th century New England. Christmas arrives ‘late‘ in America because the adherents of the Reformation movements who first ventured to the New World had left it behind in the Old World. This in part accounts for the relatively neutral footing which Christmas achieved in America in the 18th century – in Dutch New York, for example, where the Catholic Saint Nicholas, or Sinterklaas, was already being transformed into an increasingly secular ”Santa Claus” who was down and back up the chimney before the children woke up, no longer on the morning of December 6th, but rather on the morning of December 25th. 3 The role of the exporting German toy industry is another case in point, as the closing scene at Hamleys on Regent Street in our Film 1: Christmas Journey in England wishes to suggest. Moreover, it was German immigrant Thomas Nast, 1840-1902 (www.thomasnast.com and www.machall.org), America‘s acclaimed political cartoonist, who was the first to visualize and extend Henry Livingston‘s Christmas world, bringing to it whatever Nikolaus or Weihnachtsmann imagery a small child could carry from Landau, Pfalz to America in his cultural baggage; and it should not be forgotten that no language other than German, in Theodor Storm‘s neologism ”weihnachten“ as verb, has so empowered Christmas as linguistic magic wand: ”es weihnachtet sehr!“ Perhaps it is because Christmas cannot ‘happen‘ in English so easily, that Americans and English are so determined each year to ‘make it happen‘ – if needs be armed with aerosol snow ”to make you think it‘s winter wonderland.“ But no holiday is completely autarchic. While Germany sent England the Christmas tree, England, so to speak, wrote back on the world‘s first Christmas cards – Victorian inventions. many to be the work of Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863), the well-off, creepily moralizing, light-fingered son of the Episcopal bishop of New York, although it has been demonstrated recently that neither Moore‘s spirit nor opus can assist the claim of authorship. Wherever the name Moore appears in conjunction with this poem, wherever reindeer are misnamed ”Donner and Blitzen“ rather than New-York Dutch ”Dunder and Blixem“, the spirit of Christmas is not at work. But this is not the first time that churchmen have missed the spirit of Christmas. Livingston‘s famous poem was published anonymously in 1823 in New York‘s Troy Sentinel. The story of its reappropriation is the subject of Don Foster‘s Author Unknown: On the Trail of Anonymous. (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000. ISBN: 0-8050-63579.) Author Unknown is a fascinating and wittily written tale of the literary and familyhistorical detective work carried out by Foster and Livingston‘s 5th greatgranddaughter, Mary van Deusen. The poem itself can be read in its various historical forms under www.henrylivingston.com and is the subject of the FWU production 42 02875 Christmas Arbeitsvideo/ 4 Kurzfilme, Kurzfilm 1: Amerikanische Weihnachten, where it appears in German translation based on the 1823 Urtext (www.fwu.de/fwu-db/prest-image/ material/42/028/4202875/index.html or www.fwu.de/service/unterricht/index.html). Christmas Images Two literary works are central to Christmas in The United States and Christmas in England – both as documentations and as sources of still vital imagery. In chronological order these are the ”Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas“ by Henry Livingston Jr. (1748-1828) and ”A Christmas Carol“ by Charles Dickens (1812-1870). The poem is markedly secular despite its central figure, a Dutch pipe-smoking St. Nicholas who, in early 19th century New York, could just as well have been called Santa Claus. The bouncingly light-hearted poem is written in anapaests from the perspective of a father for his children. He knew the workings of their night-before-Christmas minds ”Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas“ is the key to Christmas in America. The poem, which begins with the famous line ”Twas the night before Christmas“, is still thought by 4 where ”visions of sugar plums danced ...“ and in this regard Livingston‘s simple poem is far headier than one may at first glance think. But it is indeed also a lively piece, so lively that it apparently bounced out the door with a life of its own only to land in the collected works of C.C.Moore (1844) safely after Livingston‘s death, where it is still the only bounce of life to be found. tance. Christmas in America is built upon quotations, extensions and parodies of this poem. Thomas Nast was the first to illustrate it and to extend its contents (although he assumed he was doing so to a poem written by C.C.Moore) by anticipating one of the questions of children unanswered in the poem: ”Where does Santa Claus come from?“ It was Nast who gave Santa Claus his North Pole home and workshop – faithfully extending the workings of the imagination that had shaped the poem. In the ”Account“, St. Nicholas arrives on Christmas Eve in a toy-filled sleigh pulled by eight reindeer whose famous names, according to Livingston family lore, were the names of the horses in Livingston‘s stable (Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem). He lands on the roof, comes down the chimney, fills Christmas stockings hanging at the fireplace with toys, goes back up the chimney and continues onward on his global mission to the children of the world: ”He sprung to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle, And away they all flew, like the down of a thistle: But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight – Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night.“ Reindeer number nine, Rudolph the Red-nosed Reindeer, was hitched to the lead of the sleigh in the 1950s. Originally a cartoon figure in a Montgomery Ward Christmas giveaway booklet created by copy writer Robert L. May, Rudolph rose to stardom in a song written by May‘s brother-in-law, composer/ lyricist Johnny Marks (1909-1985) and sung into eternity by America‘s singing cowboy, Gene Autry (www.autry.com) whose renditions of Christmas hits shaped Christmas for all postwar generations. Livingston, in the words of his devoted 5th greatgranddaughter, ”was a child-adult. He saw life as something that was so warm and so giving and so exciting. He loved to tell stories to children. He loved to make up fairytales – to tell them about flying, about elves...“. Livingston‘s Christmas world is one free of the birchen rod, one free of oppressive doctrine; and the capacity of St. Nicholas (in his more secular guise ”Santa Claus“) to come through chimneys is not at all unviable since in Livingston‘s poetic world he is a ”jolly old elf“, he, his sleigh and reindeer are ”miniature“. Indeed, in a simile, they are compared to leaves flying in a hurricane. In this tradition, we have extended and updated Livingston‘s poem in ourFilm 3: Santa Rap – a challenging rhythmical exercise for students of English as a foreign language, though guided expertly by Samuel Morse Middle School students and in tongue-incheek rehearsal by co-author Brady White, ”Santa to the Stars“ (www.santatothestars.com and www.tvsanta.com). ”A Christmas Carol“ (1843) relocates the seasonal passage from darkness into light which underlies Christmas to the soul of the story‘s central character, Ebenezer Scrooge, whose anti-Christmas words ”Bah! Humbug!“ are equally as famous as their opposites: ”Merry Christmas!“ and ”Happy Christmas!“ Santa Claus grows in stature and girth as the Christmas holiday itself grows in impor5 (two versions of the same thing which have their own transatlantic histories). In Carl Kolb‘s and Julius Seybt‘s translation of Dickens‘ famous story of a change of heart, Scrooge says: ”Pah! Possen!“ (Charles Dickens. Weihnachtserzählungen. Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler, 2000. ISBN: 3-53806895-X. Charles Dickens. The Christmas Books, Vol. 1 (A Christmas Carol/The Chimes). London: Penguin Books, 1985. ISBN: 0-14043068-7.) intertwined with the ‘philosophical‘ question of the existence of Santa Claus since at least 1897 when 8-year-old Virginia O‘Hanlon asked her famous question of the editors of the New York Sun: ”Please tell me the truth, is there a Santa Claus?“ – a question which is also the subject of the famous 1947 film ”Miracle on 34th Street“ and its remake. The answer to the question is not the sentimental yes of the Sun‘s reply (”Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus ...“), but rather the yes of action by people who have come to realize Virginia‘s motivations in asking the question in the first place. ”Quite naturally I believed in Santa Claus“, O‘Hanlon observed in the 1930s, ”for he had never disappointed me. But when less fortunate little boys and girls said there wasn‘t any Santa Claus, I was filled with doubts.“ (http://beebo.org/ smackerels/yes-virginia.html) According to actor Jonathan Gillard Daly, who has lived in Scrooge‘s skin on stage for many Christmas seasons and who appears in character in a brief vignette in our film: ”‘Humbug!‘ is a slang word, and it was invented, I think, about 100 years before Dickens wrote ‘A Christmas Carol‘ – nobody quite knows where it comes from – but it means ‘a lie‘, it means ‘a hoax‘, ‘a trick‘ – and so, to Scrooge, Christmas is a trick and a lie because his idea of Christmas comes from when he was a little boy and his father brought him to a boarding school and left him there over the holidays and wouldn‘t let him come home. He made him study there all by himself – in this dark, dreary, lonely, cold place. So for him that became Christmas and anybody saying Christmas was happy was tricking him – was hoaxing him. That‘s the humbug that Christmas is.“ The gap between Christmas image and Christmas essence is bridged each season at such places as the Chicago Post Office on Harrison Street where people from all walks of life have come to realize that ”Santa Claus“, when written on a gift tag or on a package as sender, is the signature of anonymity – the means to bracket off the giver from the act of giving. Such letters-toSanta Claus programs as that of the United States Postal Service featured in our Film 2: Santa Claus in Chicago date back to about Virginia O‘Hanlon‘s time and, rather than visions of sugar plums, provide that sea of sorting room Christmas images with which these background notes conclude. In the end, Scrooge is convinced by the ghost of Christmas yet to come, who leads him to a vision of his own grave at which site Scrooge takes account of his life, that Christmas is real and not a hoax, that it is truth and not lie, that it indeed does hold something essential – that it is something far more than mere image. Pedagogical Suggestions 1.) Investigate Germany‘s (as well as Austria‘s) influences upon Christmas in England and The United States. 2.) Analyze any Christmas song of the postwar era recorded by America‘s singing It is this discourse that is still at the heart of Christmas. In The United States it has been 6 Herausgabe FWU Institut für Film und Bild, 2003 cowboy Gene Autry (www.autry.com). 3.) Trace the ‘green thread‘ of Christmas in Dickens‘ ”A Christmas Tree“ (1850) and ”A Christmas Carol“ (1843). In what contexts do holly, mistletoe and ivy appear? Learn the traditional carol ”Deck the Halls with Boughs of Holly“ (http://www.smart-central.com/ HolidayPages/deck.htm) ... then do so. Hang mistletoe in your classroom. 4.) Learn the Santa Rap. Compare it with Livingston‘s ”Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas“.(www.fwu.de/fwu-db/ presto-image/material/42/028/4202868/ index.html) 5.) Attend a performance of ”A Christmas Carol“. 6.) Download Livingston‘s ”Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas“ from www.henrylivingston.com and analyze it in conjunction with the FWU film 42 02875 Christmas Arbeitsvideo/ 4 Kurzfilme, Kurzfilm 1: Amerikanische Weihnachten. 7.) Find and discuss programs or grassroots efforts similar to the Letters-to Santa Claus program of the United States Post Office in Chicago. Produktion Gregory Hahn Filmproduktion im Auftrag des FWU Institut für Film und Bild Buch, Regie und Kamera Gregory Hahn Mit Dank an: Familie Adkins, Familie Bailey, Randy Bynum, Jonathan Gillard Daly, Mary van Deusen, The Dickens House Museum, David Hahn, Hamleys, Matthew Haynes, Bonnie Johnson, Alida LaCosse, Henry Livingston Jr., Mystic Village, John Nixon, Samuel Morse Middle School, Florian Schweizer, Gina Shaw, The Snooty Fox, United States Postal Service/Chicago, The Westonbirt Arboretum, Brady White, Stefany Whiting, Judy Winiarz H.R.H. Prince Charles footage courtesy of the BBC/Bristol ”Santa Rap“ © 2003 Gregory Hahn & Brady White Begleitkarte Gregory Hahn, Ph.D. Bildnachweis Courtesy of Mary van Deusen Pädagogische Referentin im FWU Karin Beier (For further background information about Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) in the USA use google „TANF+Chicago” or +any other city. See also: Barbara Hahn, Armut in New York. Geographische Rundschau 55 (2003) Heft 10.) Verleih durch Landes-, Kreis- und Stadtbildstellen, Medienzentren und konfessionelle Medienzentren Verkauf durch FWU Institut für Film und Bild, Grünwald On FWU homepage you find Livingston‘s poem in English and German, Santa Rap and film transcriptions (http://www.fwu.de/ fwu-db/presto-image/material/42/028/ 4202868/index.html or http://www.fwu.de/ service/unterricht/index.html). 5 © 2003 FWU Institut für Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unterricht gemeinnützige GmbH Geiselgasteig Bavariafilmplatz 3 D-82031 Grünwald Telefon (0 89) 64 97-1 Telefax (0 89) 64 97-240 E-Mail [email protected] Internet http://www.fwu.de 00 2‘3/11.03 ARS Nur Bildstellen/Medienzentren: öV zulässig FWU – Schule und Unterricht ® VHS 42 02868 29 min, Farbe FWU Institut für Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unterricht gemeinnützige GmbH Geiselgasteig Bavariafilmplatz 3 D-82031 Grünwald Telefon (0 89) 64 97-1 Telefax (0 89) 64 97-240 E-Mail [email protected] Internet http://www.fwu.de Holidays in GB and the USA Christmas Images zentrale Sammelnummern für unseren Vertrieb: Telefon (0 89) 64 97-4 44 Telefax (0 89) 64 97-240 E-Mail [email protected] MATTHIAS-FILM Gemeinnützige GmbH Gänsheidestraße 67 D-70184 Stuttgart Telefon (0711) 24 34 56 Telefax (0711) 2 36 12 54 E-Mail [email protected] Internet http://www.matthias-film.de Weihnachten in Großbritannien und den USA ist zwar ein christliches Fest; dessen Ikonographie mit Santa Claus, dem Rentierschlitten, dem Weihnachtsbaum, ein deutscher Kulturexport, und Ebenezer Srcooge ist dort aber wesentlich eine Erfindung des 19. Jahrhunderts. Heute bestimmen besonders US-amerikanischen Bilder auch unsere Wahrnehmung des Festes. Drei Filme, gedreht an Originalschauplätzen in England und den USA, spüren dem kulturellen Crossover von Weihnachtsbildern nach, vermitteln den besonderen und ganz unterschiedlichen ‚Geschmack‘ des britischen und amerikanischen weihnachtlichen Geschehens und zeigen, dass neben der Kommerzialisierung des Feiertages auch der sekulare Christmas Spirit als tätige Nächstenliebe durchaus lebendig ist. Die Kurzfilme sind 1 A Christmas Journey in England 2 Santa Claus in Chicago 3 Santa Rap. Schlagwörter Feiertage, Weihnachten, Christmas, Nikolaus, Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Weihnachtsmann, Weihnachtsbaum, Queen Victoria, Prince Charles, Tetbury, London, Chicago, Florida, England, USA Geschichte Geschichtliche Überblicke • Formen der Weltauffassung, Religion, Kultur Bilingualer Unterricht Alle Urheber- und Leistungsschutzrechte vorbehalten. Keine unerlaubte Vervielfältigung, Vermietung, Aufführung, Sendung! Fremdsprachen Englisch • Landeskunde; Literatur; Bilingualer Unterricht Allgemeinbildende Schule (6-10) Weitere Medien Freigegeben o. A. gemäß § 7 JÖSchG FSK 00 Holidays in GB and the USA 42 02866 What is Halloween? VHS 20 min, f 42 02867 Thanksgiving Roots and Images. VHS 22 min, f 42 02875 Christmas Arbeitsvideo / 4 Kurzfilme. VHS 31 min, f