Lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from the Sutjeska National Park

Transcription

Diversity and Ecology of Lichens in Polar and Mountain Ecosystems.
J. Hafellner, I. Kärnefelt & V. Wirth (eds.), Bibliotheca Lichenologica 104: 65–76.
J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 2010.
Lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from
the Sutjeska National Park (Bosnia and
Herzegovina), with special emphasis on
the virgin forest reserve Peruica
PETER O. BILOVITZ & HELMUT MAYRHOFER
Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
([email protected])
Abstract: A list of 149 taxa of lichens (147 species), 7 taxa of lichenicolous
fungi and 1 non-lichenized fungus traditionally included in lichenological
literature from the Sutjeska National Park in the south-eastern part of Bosnia
and Herzegovina is presented. The lichenized fungi Buellia schaereri,
Collema furfuraceum, C. occultatum, C. subflaccidum, Lecanora horiza,
Lepraria lobificans, Leptogium teretiusculum, Ochrolechia microstictoides,
Parmelina carporrhizans, Parmeliopsis hyperopta, Peltigera membranacea,
Phaeophyscia nigricans, Rinodina capensis, the lichenicolous fungi
Dactylospora lobariella, D. parasitica, Lichenodiplis lecanorae, Monodictys
epilepraria, Toninia plumbina, Vouauxiella lichenicola, and the nonlichenized fungus Chaenothecopsis pusilla are new for Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The virgin forest Peruica harbours several lichens which are
rare and threatened throughout central Europe, e.g. Cliostomum corrugatum,
Degelia plumbea, Gyalecta ulmi, Heterodermia speciosa, Lobaria
amplissima, Lobarina scrobiculata, Ramonia luteola, and Thelopsis rubella.
Zusammenfassung: Für den Sutjeska National Park, im Südosten von
Bosnien und Herzegowina gelegen, wird eine Liste von 149 Taxa von
Flechten (147 Arten), von 7 Taxa lichenicoler Pilze und 1 nicht-lichenisierten
Schlauchpilz aus einer traditionell in der Flechtenliteratur berücksichtigten
Gattung vorgelegt. Die lichenisierten Pilze Buellia schaereri, Collema
furfuraceum, C. occultatum, C. subflaccidum, Lecanora horiza, Lepraria
lobificans, Leptogium teretiusculum, Ochrolechia microstictoides, Parmelina
carporrhizans, Parmeliopsis hyperopta, Peltigera membranacea,
Phaeophyscia nigricans, Rinodina capensis, die lichenicolen Pilze
Dactylospora lobariella, D. parasitica, Lichenodiplis lecanorae, Monodictys
epilepraria, Toninia plumbina, Vouauxiella lichenicola, und der nichtlichenisierte Pilz Chaenothecopsis pusilla werden erstmals in Bosnien und
Herzegowina nachgewiesen. Der Urwald Peruica beherbergt einige Arten,
die sonst in Zentraleuropa als sehr selten oder stark gefährdet gelten, z.B.
Cliostomum corrugatum, Degelia plumbea, Gyalecta ulmi, Heterodermia
speciosa, Lobaria amplissima, Lobarina scrobiculata, Ramonia luteola und
Thelopsis rubella.
eschweizerbartxxx_author
Key words: Biodiversity, Lobarion communities, old growth forest, Balkan
Peninsula
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Introduction
Of the three National Parks in Bosnia and Herzegovina (i.e. Sutjeska, Kozara,
Una) the Sutjeska National Park, founded in 1965, is the oldest one. The park is
home to one of the last remaining primeval forests in Europe, called Peruica.
Our fieldwork was mainly focused on the epiphytes in this virgin forest. Up to
now only 23 lichen species have been mentioned from Peruica and 43 from the
whole Sutjeska National Park area (ZAHLBRUCKNER 1886, 1889, 1890, KUŠAN
1931, PIŠÚT 1971, VZDA 1968a, 1968b, 1969, 1973,VITIKAINEN 1994, BILOVITZ
& MAYRHOFER 2009).
Material and methods
The list of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi presented in this paper is mainly
based on a collection made by the first author, who visited the Sutjeska National
Park in 2008, in the course of a project on the population genetics of Lobaria
pulmonaria.
The specimens have been identified (using routine light microscopy
techniques) with the aid of the following literature: POELT (1969), POELT &
VZDA (1977, 1981), CLAUZADE & ROUX (1985) and WIRTH (1995). Some of the
identifications required verification by using standardized thin-layer chromatography (TLC) following the protocols of WHITE & JAMES (1985) and ORANGE
et al. (2001).
The specimens are preserved in the herbarium of the Institute of Plant
Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz (GZU), a smaller number of duplicates
in the park centre of the Sutjeska National Park in Tjentište.
The nomenclature follows SANTESSON et al. (2004) and, for taxa not
represented in this checklist, NIMIS & MARTELLOS (2003) or other modern
treatments. New records for Bosnia and Herzegovina are marked with an asterisk
(*).
Investigated area
The Sutjeska National Park (43°13’–43°23’N/18°32’–18°46’E) covers an area of
17.250 ha and is located in the Republika Srpska, in the south-eastern part of
Bosnia and Herzegovina near the border with Montenegro (Fig. 1). The Sutjeska
river has carved a valley through the middle of the park, separating the mountain
Zelengora (2014 m) from the mountains Magli (the highest mountain in Bosnia
and Herzegovina with 2386 m; Fig. 1) and Volujak (2337 m) (Fig. 1).
The virgin forest reserve Peruica (1.434 ha) is located in this National Park. It
is a spruce-fir-beech forest (Picea abies, Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica) and one of
the largest and best preserved virgin forests in Europe (PARVIANINEN 2005,
GOVEDAR & STANIVUKOVI 2008). According to LEIBUNDGUT (1982), it is
situated in a transitional range between mediterranean and continental climatic
influences, and the average annual precipitation is c. 2000 mm (only 15 % of it in
summer). The soil is snow-covered from October to May. Therefore the
vegetation period is relatively short. The bedrock mainly consists of red
ferruginous sandstone-schists, dolomite, porphyrite and andesite, but the
surrounding slopes and ridges are dominated by limestone (GOVEDAR &
STANIVUKOVI 2008). Due to this broad variety of bedrock and soil conditions,
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more than twenty forest associations developed here, ranging from Carpinetum
orientalis to Pinetum mughi (PINTARI 1999). The main forest associations are firbeech-forests and various beech-forest-associations. The vegetation map of the
Peruica reserve by FUKAREK & STEVANOVI (1958) shows the following plant
communities: Querco-Carpinetum, Fagetum montanum, Abieti-Fagetum, AceriFraxinetum, Fagetum subalpinum, Piceetum excelsae, Pinetum mughi, OstryoOrnetum, Ostryo-Ornetum pinetosum, Atropion, Alnetum glutinoso-incanae, high
mountain grassland, and glades. GOVEDAR & STANIVUKOVI (2008) have studied
the natural regeneration of beech in mixed stands of beech and fir.
Fig. 1. View of the mountain Magli (2386 m) and location of the Sutjeska National Park
(phot. P. Biliovitz, 10. 2008).
The reserve Peruica is exceptionally rich in vascular plant species. RATKNI et
al. (2006) and RATKNI & RAKONJAK (2009) report 449 taxa of higher plants,
including 37 tree and 32 shrub species. Seventy-nine of them are endemic (local
and Balkan endemics as well as regional endemic forms and varieties). Sixty-four
species are listed under IUCN categories. Furthermore, the occurrence of
numerous tertiary and glacial relict taxa indicates that the reserve Peruica
represents an important refuge area.
List of sampling locations
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, Sutjeska National Park,…
01 Virgin forest Peruica, 43°18’24’’–26’’N, 18°41’21’’–39’’E, c. 1190–
1230 m s. m., mixed forest with Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba, 02. X.
2008, leg. P. Bilovitz.
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02 Virgin forest Peruica, 43°18’36’’–57’’N, 18°42’25’’–40’’E, c. 1060–
1190 m s. m., mixed forest with Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba, 05. X.
2008, leg. P. Bilovitz.
03 Virgin forest Peruica, along the stream Peruica, 43°18’33’’–35’’N,
18°42’38’’–48’’E, c. 1030–1070 m s. m., open forest with Acer
pseudoplatanus, 07. X. 2008, leg. P. Bilovitz.
04 Near the hotel Mladost, 43°20’44’’N, 18°41’23’’E, c. 540 m s. m.,
deciduous trees in a meadow, 04. X. 2008, leg. P. Bilovitz.
05 Not far from the vantage point to the waterfall, 43°19’26’’N, 18°42’31’’E,
c. 1200 m s. m., open forest with Fagus sylvatica, 07. X. 2008, leg. P.
Bilovitz.
List of substrates and their abbreviations
Abies alba
Acer pseudoplatanus
Alnus glutinosa
Alnus spec.
Betula pendula
Carpinus betulus
Fagus sylvatica
Fraxinus excelsior
Juglans regia
Picea abies
Pinus sylvestris
Prunus avium
Pyrus communis
Pyrus pyraster
Salix fragilis
Sambucus nigra
Ulmus spec.
Abi alb
Ace pse
Aln glu
Aln
Bet pen
Car bet
Fag syl
Fra exc
Jug reg
Pic abi
Pin syl
Pru avi
Pyr com
Pyr pyr
Sal fra
Sam nig
Ulm
on branches
on bark of trunks (corticolous)
on dead wood (lignicolous)
on mossy bark
on mossy rocks
on root
on soil
dead tree
bracorlig
musmus-sax
rooter
†
Lichenized taxa
Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A.Massal.: 04 (cor Jug reg)
Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid.: 04 (cor Bet pen, bra Pyr com)
Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Körb.: 01 (cor Fag syl), 02 (cor Fra exc), 04 (cor Fra exc,
cor Jug reg, bra Pyr com, cor Sal fra); BILOVITZ & MAYRHOFER 2009: 53
Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach.: 01 (cor Ace pse)
68
Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A.Massal.: 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Jug reg, cor Pyr
com, cor Sal fra)
Bacidia subincompta (Nyl.) Arnold: 01 (†), 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Jug reg)
Bacidina phacodes (Körb.) Vzda: VZDA 1973: 423 (as Bacidia p.)
Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold: 01 (mus Fag syl)
Buellia griseovirens (Turner & Borrer ex Sm.) Almb.: 02 (cor Abi alb, cor Pru
avi)
*Buellia schaereri De Not.: 02 (cor Pru avi)
Calicium abietinum Pers.: 03 (lig)
Calicium salicinum Pers.: 03 (lig)
Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedw.) Th.Fr. : 04 (cor Sal fra)
Caloplaca flavorubescens (Huds.) J.R.Laundon: 05 (cor Fag syl)
Caloplaca herbidella (Hue) H.Magn.: 01 (†, cor Ulm), 02 (cor Abi alb)
Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm. ex Ach.) A.E.Wade: 04 (cor Jug reg)
Caloplaca sinapisperma (Lam. & DC.) Maheu & Gillet: 02 (mus-sax)
Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein: 04 (cor Sal fra)
Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau: 01 (†, cor Ace pse, cor Fra exc), 04 (cor Bet
pen, bra Pyr com, cor Sal fra)
Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau: 04 (cor Car bet, cor Pyr com)
Cetrelia cetrarioides (Delise ex Duby) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.: VZDA 1973: 423
Note: Possibly this record belongs to C. monachorum.
Cetrelia monachorum (Zahlbr.) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.: 01 (cor Fag syl), 02 (†),
03 (cor Ace pse)
Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll.Arg.: 03 (lig)
Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R.Laundon: 02 (cor Abi alb)
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng.: 01 (cor/mus Fag syl), 03 (lig)
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. ssp. furcata: 02 (Fag syl)
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.: 02 (mus-sax)
Cliostomum corrugatum (Ach.: Fr.) Fr.: 02 (cor Abi alb)
Collema cristatum (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.: BILOVITZ & MAYRHOFER 2009: 54
Collema fasciculare (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.: PIŠÚT 1971: 167
Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach.: 01 (cor/mus Fag syl), 04 (cor Sal fra), 05 (cor
Fag syl)
*Collema furfuraceum (Arnold) Du Rietz: 04 (cor Jug reg, cor Sal fra)
Collema multipartitum Sm.: PIŠÚT 1971: 166
Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC.: 01 (mus Fag syl), 02 (cor Fra exc), 05 (cor Fag
syl); PIŠÚT 1971: 167 (as C. n. var. nigrescens); VZDA 1973: 423
*Collema occultatum Bagl. var. occultatum: 04 (cor Jug reg, cor Sal fra)
Collema polycarpon Hoffm.: PIŠÚT 1971: 166
*Collema subflaccidum Degel.: 01 (mus Fra exc), 03 (cor Ace pse)
Collema undulatum Laurer ex Flot.: PIŠÚT 1971: 166 (as C. u. var. undulatum)
Degelia plumbea (Lightf.) P.M.Jørg. & P.James: 01 (cor Fag syl), 02 (cor Fag
syl), 05 (cor Fag syl); VZDA 1968a: 5 (as Parmeliella p. var. myriocarpa);
VZDA 1973: 423 (as Parmeliella p.); BILOVITZ & MAYRHOFER 2009: 54
Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach.: 01 (bra), 02 (cor Abi alb)
Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.: 02 (cor Pru avi), 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Car bet,
cor Jug reg, bra Pyr com)
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Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale: 04 (cor Bet pen, cor Car bet, bra Pyr com);
BILOVITZ & MAYRHOFER 2009: 54
Fuscidea stiriaca (A.Massal.) Hafellner: 05 (cor Fag syl); PIŠÚT 1971: 167 (as
Lecidea cyathoides var. corticola)
Gyalecta derivata (Nyl.) H.Olivier: 01 (cor Fag syl); VZDA 1968a: 7 (as
Gyalecta truncigena var. derivata)
Gyalecta ulmi (Sw.) Zahlbr.: 01 (cor/mus Fag syl)
Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) Trevis.: VZDA 1973: 423
Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf: 02 (bra Abi alb); VZDA 1973: 423 (as H.
bitteriana)
Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.: 02 (bra Abi alb), 03 (bra Pic abi, cor Pin syl), 04
(bra Aln glu, cor Bet pen, cor Car bet, bra Pyr com)
Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav.: 04 (bra Pyr com)
Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr.: 01 (lig); ZAHLBRUCKNER 1890: 33 (as I.
aeruginosa)
Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th.Fr.: 04 (cor Sal fra)
Lecania fuscella (Schaer.) A.Massal.: 04 (cor Jug reg)
Lecania hyalina (Fr.) R.Sant.: 01 (cor Ulm)
Lecanora allophana Nyl.: 04 (cor Jug reg, cor Sal fra)
Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vain.: 01 (cor Ace pse), 04 (bra Aln glu, bra Pyr com, cor
Sal fra)
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.: 01 (†), 02 (cor Pru avi), 04 (cor Sal fra)
*Lecanora horiza (Ach.) Linds.: 01 (cor Fag syl, cor Fra exc), 02 (cor Ace pse,
cor Fra exc), 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Car bet, cor Fra exc, cor Sal fra)
Lecanora persimilis (Th.Fr.) Nyl.: 01 (cor Ace pse)
Lecanora reuteri Schaer.: PIŠÚT 1971: 166
Lecanora subcarpinea Szatala: 04 (bra Jug reg, bra Pyr com)
Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach.: 04 (bra Pyr com)
Lecidella achristotera (Nyl.) Hertel & Leuckert: 01 (†, cor Ace pse, cor Fra exc),
02 (cor Abi alb, cor Pru avi), 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (bra Aln glu, cor Bet pen,
cor Car bet, bra/cor Jug reg, bra Pyr com, cor Sal fra)
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M.Choisy: 01 (cor Fag syl)
Lecidella laureri (Hepp) Körb.: ZAHLBRUCKNER 1889: 357 (as Lecidea l.);
ZAHLBRUCKNER 1890: 38 (as Lecidea l.)
*Lepraria lobificans Nyl.: 01 (cor/mus Fag syl), 03 (cor/mus Ace pse, lig, cor Pyr
pyr, mus Sam nig)
Lepraria rigidula (de Lesd.) Tønsberg: 04 (cor Car bet)
Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr.: 01 (mus Fag syl), 02 (mus Fag syl, mus-sax),
03 (mus Ace pse), 04 (cor Jug reg)
Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl.: 02 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Jug reg); VZDA
1973: 423
*Leptogium teretiusculum (Wallr.) Arnold: 02 (cor Ace pse)
Lobaria amplissima (Scop.) Forssell: 01 (†, cor Fag syl), 02 (cor Abi alb, mus Fag
syl, cor Fra exc), 03 (cor Ace pse); PIŠÚT 1971: 167 (as Polychidium
umhausense and L. a.); VZDA 1973: 423; BILOVITZ & MAYRHOFER 2009: 54
Note: Both Lobaria amplissima and Dendriscocaulon umhausense, the
cyanomorph of L. amplissima, could be found at locality 03 on Acer
pseudoplatanus.
70
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.: 01 (†, cor Ace pse, cor Fag syl, mus Fra exc, cor
Ulm), 02 (†, cor Abi alb, mus Ace pse, cor Fag syl, cor Fra exc, cor Pru avi),
03 (cor Ace pse, cor Aln, cor Pyr pyr); ZAHLBRUCKNER 1886: 305 (as Sticta
p.); ZAHLBRUCKNER 1890: 25 (as L. pulmonacea); PIŠÚT 1971: 167; VZDA
1973: 423
Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl. ex Cromb.: 02 (†, cor Abi alb), 03 (cor Ace
pse); VZDA 1973: 423 (as Lobaria s.)
Melanelixia fuliginosa (Fr. ex Duby) O.Blanco & al. ssp. fuliginosa: 04 (cor Car
bet)
Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O.Blanco & al.: 02 (cor Fra exc), 04 (cor Fra exc,
cor Jug reg, cor Sal fra)
Melanelixia subargentifera (Nyl.) O.Blanco & al.: 04 (cor Fra exc, cor Jug reg,
bra Pyr com, cor Sal fra)
Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O.Blanco & al.: 01 (†, cor Ace pse), 02 (cor Abi
alb), 04 (bra Aln glu, cor Bet pen, bra Pyr com, cor Sal fra)
Melanohalea exasperatula (Nyl.) O.Blanco & al.: 04 (bra Pyr com)
Melanohalea laciniatula (H.Olivier) O.Blanco & al.: 04 (bra Pyr com)
Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A.Massal.: VZDA 1973: 423
Micarea prasina Fr.: 03 (lig)
Nephroma laevigatum Ach. non auct.: 03 (cor Aln)
Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach.: 01 (mus Fra exc)
Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.: 01 (mus Fag syl, mus Fra exc), 02 (mus Fag
syl), 03 (cor Ace pse)
Ochrolechia androgyna (Hoffm.) Arnold: 02 (cor Abi alb)
Ochrolechia balcanica Verseghy: VZDA 1968b: 3; VZDA 1973: 423
*Ochrolechia microstictoides Räsänen: 02 (cor Abi alb), 03 (lig, cor Pin syl)
Ochrolechia pallescens (L.) A.Massal.: 01 (cor Fag syl), 04 (cor Car bet)
Ochrolechia szatalaensis Verseghy: 02 (cor Abi alb)
Opegrapha rufescens Pers.: 03 (cor Ace pse)
Opegrapha varia Pers.: 01 (cor Fag syl), 04 (cor Jug reg)
Opegrapha vulgata (Ach.) Ach.: 02 (cor Abi alb)
Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory: 03 (mus Ace pse); VZDA 1973: 423 (as P.
pityrea)
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.: 01 (cor Fag syl), 02 (cor Abi alb); PIŠÚT 1971: 167
Parmelia submontana Nádv. ex Hale: PIŠÚT 1971: 167 (as P. contorta)
Parmelia sulcata Taylor: 01 (cor Fag syl), 02 (cor Abi alb), 04 (bra Aln glu, cor
Bet pen, cor Car bet, cor Fra exc, bra Pyr com, cor Sal fra)
Parmeliella triptophylla (Ach.) Müll.Arg.: 01 (cor Fag syl, mus Fra exc), 03 (cor
Ace pse)
*Parmelina carporrhizans (Taylor) Poelt & Vzda: 02 (†), 04 (cor Sal fra)
Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale: 04 (bra Jug reg, cor Sal fra); VZDA 1969: 4
(as Parmelia scortea var. pastillifera); VZDA 1973: 423 (as Parmelia p.)
Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale: 01 (cor Fra exc)
Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale: 04 (cor Bet pen, cor Fra exc, cor Jug reg, bra
Pyr com)
Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl.: 03 (cor Pin syl)
*Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold: 03 (cor Pin syl)
Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M.Choisy: VZDA 1973: 423 (as Parmelia crinita)
71
Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad.: 01 (mus Fag syl, mus Fra exc), 02 (†, cor Ace
pse, mus Fag syl), 03 (cor/mus Ace pse, mus Pyr pyr), 04 (cor Car bet)
Peltigera degenii Gyeln.: VITIKAINEN 1994: 36
Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg.: 01 (mus Fag syl), 02 (mus Fag syl, ter)
*Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl.: 01 (mus Fra exc), 02 (mus Fag syl, mus Pru
avi)
Peltigera praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf: 03 (cor Ace pse)
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.: 05 (roo Fag syl)
Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M.Choisy & Werner var. albescens: 01 (cor/mus
Fag syl, mus Fra exc, cor Ulm), 02 (cor Fra exc), 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Car
bet, cor Fra exc, cor Jug reg, bra Pyr com, cor Sal fra), 05 (cor Fag syl); VZDA
1969: 4 (as Pertusaria a. var. tuberculata)
Pertusaria albescens (Huds.) M.Choisy & Werner var. corallina auct., non
(Zahlbr.) J.R.Laundon: 05 (cor Fag syl)
Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl.: 01 (cor Fag syl, mus Fra exc), 02 (cor Abi alb, cor
Fra exc, cor Pru avi)
Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl.: 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Car bet)
Pertusaria flavida (DC.) J.R.Laundon: 01 (cor Fag syl, cor Fra exc, cor Ulm), 02
(cor Abi alb), 04 (cor Car bet)
Pertusaria leioplaca DC.: 04 (cor Car bet)
Pertusaria pertusa (Weigel) Tuck.: 01 (cor Fag syl, cor/mus Ulm), 04 (cor Car
bet), 05 (cor Fag syl)
*Phaeophyscia nigricans (Flörke) Moberg: 04 (cor Sal fra)
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg: 01 (†), 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Fra
exc, cor Jug reg, bra Pyr com, cor Sal fra)
Phlyctis argena (Spreng.) Flot.: 01 (†, cor Ace pse, cor Fag syl, cor Fra exc, cor
Ulm), 02 (cor Abi alb), 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Car bet)
Physcia adscendens H.Olivier: 04 (cor Fra exc, cor Jug reg, bra Pyr com, cor Sal
fra)
Physcia leptalea (Ach.) DC.: 04 (bra Pyr com)
Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl.: 04 (bra Aln glu); BILOVITZ & MAYRHOFER 2009: 55
Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC.: 04 (bra Aln glu)
Physconia distorta (With.) J.R.Laundon: 01 (cor Ace pse, cor Fag syl, mus Fra
exc), 02 (cor Abi alb, cor/mus Fra exc), 03 (cor Ace pse), 04 (cor Aln glu, cor
Fra exc, cor Jug reg, cor Sal fra)
Physconia perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg: 04 (cor Jug reg, mus Pyr com, cor Sal
fra)
Physconia venusta (Ach.) Poelt: VZDA 1973: 423
Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb.: 01 (cor Fag syl), 02 (cor Abi alb,
cor Pru avi)
Poeltinula cerebrina (DC.) Hafellner: VZDA 1968b: 4 (as Encephalographa
cerebrina)
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf var. furfuracea: 01 (bra Fag syl), 02 (bra Abi
alb)
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf var. ceratea (Ach.) D.Hawksw.: 04 (cor Fra
exc)
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog: 04 (cor Car bet)
Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach.: 01 (cor Fag syl)
72
Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.: 01 (cor Fag syl), 02 (cor Abi alb), 03 (cor Ace
pse), 04 (cor Car bet, cor Fra exc); BILOVITZ & MAYRHOFER 2009: 55
Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach.: 02 (cor Abi alb), 03 (cor Pyr pyr)
Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach.: 04 (bra Jug reg)
Ramalina pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.: 01 (cor Ace pse)
Ramonia luteola Vzda: VZDA 1973: 422–423
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC.: ZAHLBRUCKNER 1889: 357
*Rinodina capensis Hampe: 02 (cor Abi alb)
Rinodina polysporoides Giralt & H. Mayrhofer: BILOVITZ & MAYRHOFER 2009:
55
Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold var. corticolum (Anzi) Bagl. & Carestia:
04 (bra Pyr com)
Squamarina gypsacea (Sm.) Poelt: KUŠAN 1931: 12 (as Lecanora g.); PIŠÚT 1971:
168 (as S. g. var. subcetrarioides)
Strigula stigmatella (Ach.) R.C.Harris: 01 (cor/mus Fag syl); VZDA 1973: 423
(as Arthopyrenia faginea)
Thelopsis flaveola Arnold: VZDA 1973: 423
Thelopsis rubella Nyl.: VZDA 1968a: 7; VZDA 1973: 423
Tuckermanopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale: 02 (bra Abi alb)
Usnea filipendula s.l.: 02 (cor Abi alb), 03 (cor Ace pse, bra Pic abi), 04 (bra Pyr
com)
Vulpicida tubulosus (Schaer.) J.-E.Mattsson & M.J.Lai: KUŠAN 1931: 14 (as
Cetraria juniperina)
Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr.: 04 (bra Aln glu, cor Fra exc, cor Jug reg, bra Pyr
com, cor Sal fra)
Non-lichenized and lichenicolous taxa
*Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) A.F.W.Schmidt: 03 (lig)
*Dactylospora lobariella (Nyl.) Hafellner: 02 (on Lobaria amplissima)
*Dactylospora parasitica (Flörke) Zopf: 01 (on Pertusaria albescens var.
albescens)
*Lichenodiplis lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko & D.Hawksw.: 02 (on Caloplaca
herbidella)
*Monodictys epilepraria Kukwa & Diederich: 01 (on Lepraria lobificans)
Plectocarpon lichenum (Sommerf.) D.Hawksw.: 01 (on Lobaria pulmonaria), 02
(on Lobaria pulmonaria)
*Toninia plumbina (Anzi) Hafellner & Timdal: 02 (on Degelia plumbea)
*Vouauxiella lichenicola (Linds.) Petr. & Sydow: 01 (on Lecanora persimilis)
Discussion
Our preliminary investigation of the lichen mycota of the Sutjeska National Park
yielded 149 lichen taxa (147 species), 7 lichenicolous fungi and 1 non-lichenized
fungus traditionally included in lichenological literature. Time for collecting was
rather limited on this field trip. Unfortunately it was impossible to investigate the
lichen flora at higher altitudes, and the lichens on ageing trees could not be
studied in more detail. Nevertheless this survey shows the enormous richness of
lichen diversity in the Sutjeska National Park, especially in its virgin forest
Peruica, which is characterized by numerous locally rare species, such as
73
Caloplaca herbidella, Cliostomum corrugatum, Collema nigrescens, Degelia
plumbea, Gyalecta derivata, G. ulmi, Heterodermia speciosa, Lobaria
amplissima, Lobarina scrobiculata, Ochrolechia pallescens, O. szatalaensis,
Pannaria conoplea, Parmeliella triptophylla, Peltigera collina, Ramonia luteola,
and Thelopsis rubella.
In June 1968 Antonín Vzda and István Pišút visited the virgin forest Peruica
and the mountain Magli (see also the table of A. Vzda’s lichenological field
trips in WIRTH 2009), but only some of their records were published (PIŠÚT 1971,
VZDA 1968a, 1968b, 1969, 1973). VZDA (1973) describes the beech stands in
Peruica between 700 and 1650 m as a “lichen paradise”, where old Fagus trees
are thickly covered with lichens and mosses up to the top, especially by the
dominant species Lobaria amplissima, L. pulmonaria, Lobarina scrobiculata, and
Physconia venusta. Indeed this picture is accurate: At sampling location 02 the
first author found a fir mainly covered with Lobaria amplissima, L. pulmonaria,
and Lobarina scrobiculata from the bottom to the top, and at sampling location 03
sycamores with trunks completely covered with Lobaria pulmonaria. But it must
be noted here that no Physconia venusta could be found at the three sampling
locations within the virgin forest.
In Peruica Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus and Abies alba are the most
important phorophytes for lichens with 36, 34 and 29 species, respectively
(literature data not included in these numbers). The spectrum of epiphytic species
in Peruica is very similar to that in the virgin forest Biogradska Gora in
Montenegro (see BILOVITZ et al. 2009).
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the director of the Sutjeska National Park, Zdravko Radovi, and the
National Park guide, Vladimir Lalovi, for their support, Josef Hafellner for the determination of
lichenicolous fungi, Peter Kosnik for TLC analyses of selected specimens, and Christian Scheuer
for critical reading and general remarks. Financial support from the Austrian Science Foundation
(FWF, project P20842-B16) is gratefully acknowledged.
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