Cultural Gerontology in the Arts and Music

Cultural Gerontology in the Arts and Music

Den Haag
22nd May 2015
15.30 – 16.15
Cultural Gerontology in the Arts and Music:
Challenges for Research and Training
Prof. Dr. Theo Hartogh
Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
Meaning of playing in a seniors´ orchestra
• Study with amateur musicians of seniors´ orchestras from
Germany, Austria and Switzerland (2007)
• 308 probands, average age = 71 years
Gembris, H. (2008). Musical Activities in the Third Age. In: A. Daubney
et al. (Eds.), Musical Development and Learning. Conference
Proceedings, 2nd European Conference on Developmental Psychology
of Music (S. 103-108): Hull: GK Publishing
Making music …
agrees
guarantees well-being to me
98 %
increases my quality of life
95 %
offers me contacts to other people
95 %
is a challenge for me
90 %
keeps me fit
87
is relaxing
84
keeps me healthy
72
The sphere of the individuum:
Five dimensions of quality of life
•
•
•
•
•
physical wellbeing
social wellbeing
emotional wellbeing
development and activity
material wellbeing
positive effects
of music
Felce, D. & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: its definition
and measurement.
What is the meaning of music in your life?
Quality of life
Well-being
Challenge
Experience of sense
Active music-making
social contacts
Life-coping
•
82 probands, Research method: Content analysis of guideline interviews
and autobiographical texts about the meaning of music in the life of elderly
people
•
Hartogh, Th. (2005). Musikgeragogik – ein bildungstheoretischer Entwurf.
Augsburg: Wissner, S. 167f.
•
.
3 spheres of music activities (not
only for older people)
Individuum
Singing in a choir,
playing an instrument in an
ensemble, band or
orchestra …
Singing, playing an
instrument, listening
to music, visiting
concerts
social environment
society
Ensuring cultural
participation and
inclusion for ALL
Institutions: music
schools, academies,
nursing houses …
The sphere of society:
Institutions for music activities
• Music Schools
• Music clubs, amateur choirs and
orchestras
• Community Colleges
• Academies for the elderly
• Universities
• Nursing homes
• Parishes
• …
Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
Results of a representative population
survey:
Das Kulturbarometer 50+
„Zwischen Bach und
Blues…“
Susanne Keuchel und Andreas Johannes Wiesand
(Zentrum für Kulturforschung) Centre for Cultural
Research (2008). Bonn: ARCult Media
Summary: www.kulturforschung.de
Assessment of the artistic skills at
the age
80
60
40
20
0
You
canlearn
learnartistic
You can
skills onlyskills
in young
artistic
justage
(e.g. playing
as younger
people
an instrument)
(e.g. playing an
50 to 59 60 to 69 70 to 79
80
years years years years
and
more
Even
ananelderly
Even
elderly
personcan
can learn
learn to
person
to develop
develop
artistic
artistic skills
skills
Forecasts of demand for education
• In older people there is an increasing
interest in artistic and creative self-activity.
• Cultural institutions will be optimally
occupied despite the demographic
changes, if they react to the interest of the
50 + generation of artistic activities in the
medium term.
The number of adult students at
music schools of the Association of
German music schools (VdM)
120000
100000
4200
5298
6473
7487
8689
9132
11160
13002
15784
80000
60000
40000
20000
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
0
19-25
Quelle: Deutscher Musikrat 2014
26-60
60+
Services of the VdM-Music Schools
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
instrumental lessons
Examples for best
vocal lessons
practice in:
music theatre projects
Verband deutscher
multi-generation orchestras Musikschulen (Hrsg.)
(2008). Musik – ein Leben
seniors‘ orchestra
lang. Grundlagen und
historical dance music
Praxisbeispiele. Bonn: VdM
elementary music-making
music theory
academy for adults
(e.g. „Rheinische Musikschule“ at Cologne)
• ……
Marc Brand (2014). Musically active into old age. A
study of music lessons with older people. Research
Report of Hochschule Luzern
• Interviews with 55 + students and music teachers in
Central Switzerland
• Results:
– increasing demand of musical education offers
– Teachers feel teaching with elders as enrichment
• Recommendations:
– Expansion of instrumental and vocal teaching
– Supplementary development of music theory courses
– Low-threshold group activities, such as music school Obwalden:
Yodel group, pop and musical choir
– Small further education for music teachers on the topic "Making
music 55 +“
– Cooperations with retirement facilities and Pro Senectute
Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
Examples for playing music/dancing
alone or in a group
Individuum and social environment
listening to songs and
classical music pieces
and accompanying them
with Orff instruments
playing in a Rock
band
learning new instruments
with or without dementia:
Veeh-harp, piano
dancing while seated
continuing developing
musical skills together
Projects in Switzerland
• „Senior-Sax-Ensembles“ in Sissach,
conducted by Thomas Heid
• „Music Academy for Seniors“ at Hamburg:
founded and run by Professor Ernst-Ulrich
von Kameke
• Services:
–
–
–
–
–
–
chamber music and orchestra
piano and art song
music theory
choral singing
ensemble
journeys (e.g. visits to operas …)
• www.musik-akademie.de
Intergenerational projects
(Awarded by the German Music Council)
• Angelika Jekic
(Neusäß):
Elementary music
education in the
senior work
• Christian Werner
(Braunschweig):
Musical Workshop:
School and nursing
home together
Sing from seventy: Experimental choir
for older voices
• Initiated and directed by Bernhard König
• All singers are 70+!
• First performance on stage at the 33rd Protestant Church
Congress in Dresden in 2011
www.schraege-musik.de
Veeh-Harp-Ensembles
St. MariaMartha Stift in
Lindau
•
•
•
•
•
Activities in the
nursing home:
Public concerts in the
prayer room
Singing group
Singing together with
kindergarten children
Serenade for
anniversaries
Integration of music in
nursing ...
Singing bowls therapy and
massage
Guitar lessons for employees
www.maria-marthastift.de
Music Workshop
Musikmobil der AWO Ostwestfalen Lippe
Evaluation: University of Vechta
• Musical visiting service by
senior volunteers for people • guideline
interviews with 81
with dementia (2012-2014)
senior volunteers
• three-day training course +
who were trained
monthly side events
to make music in
nursing homes
with people with
dementia
• Result: high wellbeing in the new
activity
Henning Meier
www.awo-musikmobil.de
Mentorship for singing
„Canto elementar“
• intergenerational singproject
• trained seniors go once a week in kindergartens
and sing with children.
• In Hamburg ca. 400 singing volunteers are
actively in more than 60 nursery schools.
Key Task and benefits of music
education
• Key task of music education
– Individuum: impart musical knowledge, competencies
and experience
– Social environment: enable to make music with others
– Society: provide the framework for formal and
informal music acitivities and education
• Benefits (if the musical offers have a good
quality)
–
–
–
–
–
Enhancement of well-being
Comfort in crises
Enhancement of social contacts
Experience of sense
Feeling healthy
QUALITY
OF LIFE
making music and listening to music
In: Aging and Mental Health
2007
Methode:
31 „non-musicians“ (60-85 years) participated in the
study
16 took piano lessons about 6 months
15 didn´t get piano lessons
measurements:
Before the lessons started (pre-test)
Directly after the 6 months (post-test)
3 months after the lessons (delay)
Digit-Symbol-test
Trail-making test
Result:
The "Piano seniors" had compared to the control group
improved memory function, improved strategy development.
Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
People with dementia in Europe
Are people with
dementia only recipients of
• Medical treatment
• Nursing care
• (Music) therapy
Or are they also
• participants in educational
and cultural activities
• Potential students
at a music school …?
Symptoms of dementia
•
•
•
•
•
•
Decrease of the mind
memory loss
Impoverishment of expressive behavior
personality changes
Impairment of independent living
Restlessness, agitated behavior
Making music and
listening to music
Study Results: Less agitated behaviour
• … while listening to music
– Cohen-Mansfield et Werner, P. (1995). Environmental
influences on agitation. An integrative summary of an
observational study. In: The American Journal of
Alzheimer´s Care and related Disorders and Research,
10, 1, 32-39
• while listening to your favorite music (significant)
– Park, Heeok; Pringle Specht, Janet, K. (2009). Effect of
Individualized Music on Agitation in Individuals with
Dementia Who Live at Home. In: Journal for Gerontical
Nursing – For Nursing Care of Older Adults, 8 (35), S.
47-55
• when music is played while eating
– Ragneskog, H. et al. (1996). Dinner Music for Demented
Patients. Analysis of Video-Recorded Observations. In:
Clin Nurs Res, 5 (3), S. 262-277
Comparison of Cognitive stimulation und
music intervention
Liesk, J., Hartogh, Th. & Kalbe, E. (2011)
• Randomized trial
– target group: people with early-stage
dementia
• Methods
– Pre-post comparison with tests (a. o.:
Barthel index, Demtect)
– Survey of the nursing staff
• Areas surveyed
– Cognition
– quality of life
– everyday functions
• no significant results, but significant
developments in individual cases
6 weeks with 12 meetings à 1,5 h
each with 4 groups of 6 participants
Case study from „Cognitive stimulation
und music intervention“
• significant diversity of the participants
– a participant at the age of 88: Significant
improvements in the peer-estimated Quality of
life (DQoL-P; Prä: 57, Post: 88 points).
• Liesk, J., Hartogh, Th. & Kalbe, E. (2014). Kognitive Stimulation und
Musikintervention bei stationär versorgten Menschen mit Demenz.
Eine Pilotstudie, Probleme und Perspektiven. In: Zeitschrift für
Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 47 (6)
Sound bridges. Music therapy in the domestic
caretaking of seniors with dementia
• Two-year pilot study of the Geriatric Psychiatry at the Goethe University
Frankfurt in collaboration with music therapists of the University of Applied
Studies Frankfurt
• target group
– People with advanced dementia who were cared for in their home
environment
• musical activities
– Singing, listening to music and playing an instrument
• research method
– Time series analysis of video recordings
• Result: Significant intervention effects
– non-verbal communication skills
– well-being
– emotional expression
But: "The benefits for the participants have more of a situational as a term lasting
cumulative nature." (Abstract)
Schall, A. (2012). Zeitreihenanalyse musiktherapeutischer Effekte bei
fortgeschrittener Demenz. Berlin: Logos
The most important aims in practice
and research
• Care related:
Music in care
– facilitate the care
– Impact on dementia symptoms
• Decrease agitated behavior
• Promoting cognition
• Increase every day function …
• enhancement of the quality of life
Lessons
and
concerts
• Music related:
– Maintaining and developement of
musical skills
– Conception of musical offers which are
optimally adapted to people with
dementia
Dementia and Instrumental lessons
• reports about people who learn
violin despite of dementia or
singing in a choir
• „I was particularly touched by
the fact that the musical skill
and empathy - while the
other abilities wane - not only
remains, but apparently still
increase." (S. 368)
Musical activities
•
•
•
•
•
to listen to music
to move to music
to sing
to visit concerts
to play an instrument
Learning an
instrument despite of
dementia?
Music lessons for people with dementia
Eva-Maria
Kehrer
Anke
Feierabend
Sybille Hoedt-Schmidt
Susanne Dauer
Instrumental
lesson
• Aims
– Enhancement of the quality of life
– Learning an instrument
• results (trends)
– People with dementia can learn to
play Veeh-harp
– Improvement of fine and gross
motor controll
– Improvement of cognition
• Research methods
–
–
–
–
Barthel-Index
DemTect
Box and Block Test
Nine-Hole-Peg-Test
Instrumental lesson • Research of contextual
factors for instrumental
lessons
• Research method:
– Design-based
Research
– impaired memory functions
– perseveration tendency (=
pattern formation)
– unstable attention control
– communication problems
– negative attitudes
(unmusical, too old...)
– great sense for
atmosphere and ability to
really listen to music
– procedural skills
http://ibkkubia.de
• Auf Flügeln der Musik –
Konzertprogramme für
Menschen mit Demenz
BKM-Preis Kulturelle Bildung 2014
(Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Kultur
und Medien)
Strunk-Richter, G. (2013). Auf Flügeln
der Musik. Konzertprogramme für
Menschen mit Demenz.
Beobachtungsbericht. Internet:
http://ibk-kubia.de
Evaluation with Dementia Care
Mapping (DCM)
Observation of 20 persons in 3 different concert situations
DCM normally foresees:
• 6-8 hours observation
• 23 behaviour categories
• 6 levels of well-being
Modification to concert situation
• 1 hour
• Observation of a group of 6-8 persons
• Elaboration of list of 26 activities (clapping, humming,
moving, waving to musicians, etc.)
Dr. Almuth Fricke
Evaluation with – Dementia Care
Mapping (DCM)
Conclusions:
• Above-average level of well-being of
observed PWDs
• A concert visit seems to be a pleasant and
valuable activity for PWD and contributes
to their well-being
• A good, secure and well-prepared setting
has a positive impact on PWD
Dr. Almuth Fricke
PWD and carers
Impact
• enriched their daily lives and routines,
• preserved and restored enjoyable active life and interest in
the community,
• reconnected with cultural activities they used to follow
before the diagnosis.
Arts organisations (and their staffs):
• gained a better understanding of the needs and abilities of
PWD,
• learned how to welcome PWD as integral part of their
audiences,
• developed and implemented an innovative educational
activity or programme as part of the regular programme,
• built new networks,
• enhanced reputation as inclusive arts organisations.
Dr. Almuth Fricke
Impact
Facilitators
• enhanced their skills in dealing with new „old“ audiences,
• gained basic knowledge about dementia and the
communication with PWD,
• lost fears and gain practical experience,
• advanced their CVs.
For wider society the project contributed to
• disseminate a better understanding of the continuing
abilities and social needs of PWD,
• transform arts venues into spaces of encounter between
PWD, their families, carers and the community,
• overcome the stigma of dementia and enhance inclusion of
PWD and their carers.
Dr. Almuth Fricke
An affected person reports …
"I am going to sing more
often in the future. When I
sing, I feel safe,
intact, healthy and alive! ...
Singing, something to sing
children's songs
or hymns, of Hallelujah from
Handel's Messiah (on the
first note of the tenor voice I
still remember today), up to
some, indeed every Beatles
song, gives me the feeling
that I normally am, even
feel good. "
What kind of research do we need in Cultural
Gerontology in the Arts and Music?
• Research in the spheres of individuum, social environment
and society/institutions
– the meaning of culture and music for older people
– cultural needs of older people
– the impacts of cultural activities
• educational and didactical research
– How to teach cultural contents to older people?
• Evaluation of projects (best practice)
– What are the context factors of successful practice?
• Action research of the practitioners
– reflecting practice
– optimizing cultural offerings
inter- and transdisciplinarity
• Research about
Structure
• Enhancement of the quality of life as the main
aim in cultural gerontology
• The increasing demand for cultural activities
• Examples for musical activities in several
institutions
• People with dementia as musicians
• Further education in cultural gerontology
– Kulturgeragogik
– Musikgeragogik
Wiesbadener
Declaration 2007
The image of a human-oriented society is bound up with
the conviction that the experience with music for its own
sake must be allowed as a fundamental component in
any age. …
Demands (selection from a total of 12):
– The music must be used more extensively in care and social
work with the elderly, rehabilitation and therapy. This requires a
qualified training in the Musikgeragogik (music with the elderly).
– The colleges and universities must qualify students for the
specialized demands of cultural work with older people.
– Educational research must be intensified.
• Internet: http://www.musikrat.de/index.php?id=4657
• 2012: Presidium Meeting EMU in Bonn:
Music geragogics. Musical learning in old
age
• 2013, 2014, 2015: Capacity Building
Seminar in Vaasa, Nyon und Prag:
“Many Students, Many Pedagogies!”
– i. a. seminar and presentation about the topic
“music with older people”
Further Education Kulturgeragogik
(cultural work with the elderly)
• Aim: Professionalization of
social workers, carers, culture
educators and artists
• duration: 7 weekends
• topics inter alia:
– visual arts/art education
– performing arts (dance,
theatre, buffoonery)
– Music
– writing workshops and
storytelling
– media education in the
dialogue between
generations
– project management and
public relations
– cultural activities with
people with dementia …
• University certificate: an own
project with a written
documentation and an oral
exam
www.kulturgeragogik.de
Further Education
Musikgeragogik
music with the elderly
• Aim: Professionalization of music
teachers, music therapists,
musicians, social workers and
carers, volunteers …
• duration: 7 weekends
• topics inter alia: gerontology,
biographical work, dementia and
music, musical practice,
instrument making, hearing
acoustics …
• University certificate: an own
project with a written
documentation and an oral exam
www.musikgeragogik.de/cms/welcome-tomusic-geragogics.php?lang=EN
Further education in Germany:
„Dementia and music“
• Instrumental lessons with people with dementia
– Evangelical aid for seniors Duisburg in cooperation with the music
and art school and the Alzheimer Society of Duisburg
– Target group: instrumental teachers
• "On the Wings of Music": people with dementia and their
families in the concert hall
– Institute for Education and Culture Remscheid
– Two-day training in Berlin, Northern and Southern Germany
– Target group: concert promoters, managers and Orchestra musicians
–
• "Music creates relationship“
– National Centre for Health Promotion in Mainz, in cooperation with
the University of Applied Sciences Münster
– 7 week ends
– Target group: nurses and social workers
Further Education
Literature
Symposia
Information
News
www.kulturgeragogik.de
www.musikgeragogik.de