Solar cell technologies - The Australian Industry Group

Transcription

Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Printed Power:
The development of printed organic
solar cells in Victoria
Author’s name goes here
Australia Industry group
28 March 2014
Dr David Jones
Project Coordinator VICOSC
Victorian Organic
Talk Outline
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
BlueScope Steel test bed for BIPV thin film technologies
1. Organic Electronics
2. The VICOSC program
3. Technologies
4. Printing
5. Research Directions:
the next steps
Ai Group: Printed Power ‐ The development of printed organic solar cells in Victoria
2
Victorian Organic
Organic Electronics
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Applications of Organic Electronic Materials
Transistors
Photovoltaics
Sensors
LEDs
Optical Storage
Solid State
Photoconducting
Photocopiers
Non‐linear
Optics
Organic Electronic
Materials
Biological Interfaces
Implants
Metals
Batteries
Muscle
3
Slide 3
Victorian Organic
Organic Electronics
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Flexible OLED or PLED displays
4
Slide 4
Victorian Organic
Organic Electronics
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Samsung galaxy G5 & Note 3 Neo
Blu Vivo 4.8 HD
Samsung galaxy Round
LG G Flex
Flexible plastic OLED
http://provideocoalition.com/aadams/story/sony_the_non‐
technical_technical_guide_to_oled_technology/P2
Nokia Lumina Icon
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Slide 5
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
Organic Electronics
*
Australia
Flexible OLED or PLED lighting and printed electronics
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Victorian Organic
Organic Electronics
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Flexible organic solar cells
Encapsulant
Transparent
Electrode
Printed
Ac ve
Layer
Primary
Electrode
Substrate
S
O
S
S
n
S
O
Poly‐(3‐hexylthiophene), P3HT
Phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM
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Victorian Organic
Organic Electronics
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Flexible biological implants or interfaces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_(Star_Trek)
http://curiosity.discovery.com
/question/how‐artificial‐
retina‐work
We are not here yet. But!
Poly(3-hexylthiophene)
A polymer created from organic electronics and biological substrates.
This layer of polymer placed on a damaged retina mixed with nerve
cells produces an active retina.
The recreated retina responds to the feeling of light.
Extended research in organic polymers to restore blindness in
humans.
Could lead to advanced prosthetic implants.
Ghezzi, Diego. "A Polymer Optoelectronic Interface Restores Light Sensitivity in Blind Rat Retinas." NATURE PHOTONICS (2013): n. pag. Nature.com. 17 Mar. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full
/nphoton.2013.34.html
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
The Problem and
Why Organic Solar Cells?
*
Australia
The major challenge facing the global community in the 21st century will be the development of sustainable energy technologies that will meet the growing energy demand but will be carbon‐neutral and minimize the impact on climate change.
Installation of six solar energy plants, each of area 10,000 square kilometers and operating at 10% efficiency would provide the present world energy demands in full, but new low‐cost alternatives to inorganic silicon are needed to realize this.
Nate Lewis Caltech http://online.kitp.ucsb.edu/online/colloq/lewis1/oh/34.html
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Victorian Organic
Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Solar thermal
Photovoltaics
Solar chemical
Solar concentrators
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
Australia’s Natural Advantage
*
Australia
Solar Insolation levels
http://www.zdnet.com/blog/green/nasa-maps-worlds-hot-spots-a-road-map-for-solar/538
Average solar exposure in Victoria (MJ/m2/day)
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Printed
Power -Organic
Victorian
The
Solar
Cell
develop
Consortium
ment of
printed
Australia
organic
solar
cells in
Victoria
Victorian Organic Solar Cell Consortium
*
VICOSC 1 2007-2010
Funding $6M Victorian DPI
$6M Partners
Type
Proof-of-concept
BlueScope Steel
Melbourne
University
Monash
University
VICOSC 2 2010-2013
Funding $5M Victorian DBI
$5M Partners cash
Type
Investment-ready technology
(Manufacturing)
BP Solar
CSIRO
Robert Bosch (SEA)
VICOSC 3 2011-2014
Funding $3.6M ASI/DPI
$3.8M Partners in-kind
Innovia Security
Innovia Films (UK)
Type
Proof-of-concept
Investment-ready technology
(Materials Discovery)
Large-scale Print trials
Materials Discovery
2007
2010
2013
1. Parallel materials and device architecture program
2. High efficiency materials and devices development
3. Maintain interaction between VSA program and the ASI/DPI program
4. Selection of the best materials to scale-up and transfer to DBI program
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Printed
Power -Organic
Victorian
The
Solar
Cell
develop
Consortium
ment of
printed
Australia
organic
solar
cells in
Victoria
Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics
*
ACAP
UNSW
ANU
Georgia Tech
UCSB
Berkley
Stanford
NREL
QESST
UoM, CSIRO,
Monash, UQ
VICOSC 1 2007-2010
VICOSC 2 2010-2013
VICOSC 3 2011-2014
*US-Australia - Solar Energy Collaboration (2013-2021)
PV (UNSW, ANU) and OPV (CSIRO, UoM, Monash, UQ) form
the Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP)
Funding $33M ARENA
$55M Partner cash and in-kind
Type
Research training, international collaboration
(USA) and development of over the horizon materials and
technologies to provide step changes in PV and OPV
performance
Proof-of-concept
Large-scale Print trials
Materials Discovery
Training & International Engagement
2007
2010
2013
2016
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Solar cell technologies
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
•
Drive to develop new technologies
Advantages
– Potentially low cost
– Product can be conformable
– Alternative deposition / coating techniques
• Printing vs vapour deposition
– Tailor the properties by design
– Lower embedded energy in materials and processes
•
Disadvantages
– Lower performance
• Shorter lifetimes
• Lower efficiencies
– Still high production costs
– Not yet a commercial operation.
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
The Technologies
Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Translational Research
New materials and device architectures to
• Improve solar absorption.
• Improve printed film quality (nanoscale self assembly).
• Better ink fromulations
• Better dyes and electrolytes
• Simple, low cost synthesis
• Adaptable to high speed processing.
• High durability.
• Integration into current manufacturing processes.
Estimates indicate that we could print 1GW of power generating capacity in 2‐3 month for a device with a 10% power conversion efficiency.
Spray painting solar cells.
University of Melbourne.
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
Materials Design and
Synthesis
*
Australia
R
S
S
S
S
R
R
N
R
S
n
R
O
Continuous Flow Synthesis
O
S
N
R
Materials Characterisation
Device Fabrication and Printing
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Flexible Electronics: Integrated Capability
Device testing
Discovery Scale‐up
Testing Large‐scale trials
Small‐scale trials
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Victorian Organic
Bulk Hetero-Junction Solar Cell (BHJ)
C6H13
S
S
S
C6H13
C6H13
rr-P3HT
exciton
LUMO
TCO
LUMO
energy
*
Australia
Organic Solar Cells
Cathode Solar Cell
Consortium
HOMO
HOMO
Donor
Acceptor
Polymer Solar Cells, Heeger et al, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1617 ≈5% PCE
PCBM: $85,000 per Kg (tech grade)
P3HT: $90,000 per Kg
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
VICOSC-BHJ
*
Australia
Encapsulant
Transparent
Electrode
Ac ve Layers
Printed
Ac ve
Layer
Primary
Electrode
Substrate
Encapsulant
Printed Substrate
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Printed OPV challenges
– Application of special inks to polymers, metals or other unusual substrates
– High substrate uniformity and smoothness required to maintain printed structure
and electronic functionality
– Reproduction of fine structures on the printing form and in the printing process
– Stringent requirements on thickness and homogeneity of the printed layer
– High edge sharpness and no interruption of the printed structure
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Reverse gravure: results
Laboratory R2R printing of inverted cells
– ITO-PET/ZnO/P3HT-PCBM/IL/Agevap
– 10 x 10 cm modules, 9 cm2 x 5 cells in series
– Best performance: Voc = 2.5 V, Jsc = -9.4 mA/cm2, FF = 45.9%, PCE = 2.2%
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Development of protocols
A lot has happened in the background to ensure we have developed
protocols for efficient translation of laboratory results to large scale,
• Materials availability and purity – polymers, small molecules, dyes and
electrolytes.
• Understand printing or deposition parameters, ie ink formulations,
printing methods, drying and curing times, etc.
• Materials preconditioning protocols, for example pretreatment of barrier
materials for encapsulation.
• Device architecture and external connections, for example the best ways
to connect the devices to
In VICOSC (I) we showed that we could print solar cells. In VICOSC (II)
have shown that we can print solar cells reproducibly, reliably and with
improved efficiency.
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
Advances in BHJ performance
*
Australia
1.
4
Series1
1.
2
Series2
1
Series3
Series4
0.
8
Series5
0.
6
Series6
Series7
Series8
0.
4
Ef iciency/%
1.
6
1.
8
2
FIGURE 1. VICOSC BHJ Print Trial Module Performance and Durability
•
•
•
1
A
pr
il
20
11
1
Ju
ly
20
11
1
O
ct
ob
er
20
11
1
Ja
nu
ar
y
20
12
1
A
pr
il
20
12
1
Ju
ly
20
12
1
O
ct
ob
er
20
12
1
Ja
nu
ar
y
20
13
1
A
pr
il
20
13
1
Ju
ly
20
13
1
O
ct
ob
er
20
13
1
Ja
nu
ar
y
20
14
1
Ja
nu
ar
y
20 0
11
0.
2
Series9
Understanding the printing or deposition process and access to
better commercial materials has allowed rapid improvement in
printed module performance
The same pattern can be seen for deposited DSC modules and
improvements in module performance after encapsulation
Confidence in decision to access larger, faster printers.
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
•
New Printers
Easy scale-up – buy new printers
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
New Printers
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
•
Challenges in Organic Solar Cell Development
How well are we translating from laboratory to large-scale?
• Translation efficiency ?
Reproducibility?
Efficiency
Laboratory
Printed Module
3.5%
<0.5 %
2010
3.5%
1.2
2011
10cm x 10cm
3.5%
2.2%
2012
30cm x 30cm
3.5%
0.7
2013
New Materials
5.0%
?
2013
New Materials
8.0%
?
2013
P3HT:PCBM
Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
(BHJ)
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
nm
Designing high performance materials
•
•
•
•
•
CP3
•
•
Theoretical design of target
molecules
Theoretical understanding of
processes at interfaces
New building blocks
New polymer of small molecule
architectures
Understanding secondary
structures and morphology
development
Block copolymers
New spectroscopic screening
methods
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Outlook
Low Cost printed solar cells will enable:
•
•
•
•
•
Penetration into the solar cell market.
Integrated into building materials,
– Roofing materials, sheet or tiles.
– Shading material etc.
Incorporation into consumer goods.
Alternate business models.
Target niche applications, ie water purification.
Konarka
Pragmantic Printing
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Capabilities:
Networks, Collaborators & Partners
NREL
UC Santa Barbara
Cornell University
Stanford University
Johns Hopkins University
Molecular Foundry (Berkeley)
Georgia Institute of Technology
Imperial College London (UK)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Max Planck Inst. Polymers
University of Ulm
OE-A (Germany)
CAS
University of Bayreuth
IIT
Newcastle
Kyushu University
OPERA
IMRE A-Star
Queensland
Newcastle
UTS
Melbourne
Monash
Deakin
Flinders
2013 MUCS Feutrill Lecture: Printed Power ‐ The development of printed organic solar cells in Victoria
Victorian Organic
Building the
VICOSC Value Chain
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
ARENA
Boron Molecular (VIC)
Vic Gov DPI
RBA
OPERA
Canon
Boeing
SMR
Idemitsu Kosan
Precision Mechatronics (NSW) Conway Engineering (VIC)
TradeFaire Intl (Vic)
Focus Press (NSW)
World Vision (Vic)
SolarGem (NSW)
Innovia Security (VIC) Plastic Solar Cell
Vic Gov DSDBI
Boeing
GMH
Materials Discovery
Materials Device Device Prototype and Scale‐up
Characterization
Fabrication
Testing
Development
We iterate this cycle as fast as we can…
Efficiency (η %)
OLED
Cost ($)
Raw materials that are low‐cost, readily available and non‐toxic
‘Simple’, robust and scalable chemistry
Well‐understood and simple manufacturing processes
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Australian Roadmap / Rollout
Pilot-scale : Small/Large Demonstrator : Small/Large
Deployment
Solar‐powered awning
Remote Solar‐power
for mining industry
Silo covers providing power
For agricultural applications
BlueScope Steel
50% Residential
Low‐cost Power& Light
for developing countries
Square Kilometer Array
Low electrical nose power
Remote Solar‐powered lighting
for mining industry
Poolside Power and Shade
BlueScope Steel
90% Commercial
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
Acknowledgements
*
Australia
University of Melbourne
Prof Andrew Holmes
Prof. Ken Ghiggino
Prof Rob Lamb
A/Prof Rachel Caruso
Dr Wallace Wong
Dr Doojin Vak
Dr Chao Yan Dr Shijie Ren
Dr Tae Hyuk Kwon Dr Junliang Yang
Dr Jitte Flapper Dr Helga Seyler
Dr Leon Wong
Dr Irving Liaw
Dr John Kumar
Dr Zeyun Xiao
Dr Henk Dam
Dr Ben Robotham
Dr Michael Klein
Dr Shaomin Ji
Dr Kuan Sun
Dr Dehing Chen
Dr Inam Raja
Dr Weihua Tang
Dr Michael Brown
Internatioanl Collaborations
Prof Peter Bäuerle (Ulm)
Dr Chang‐Qi Ma (Ulm)
Prof Klaus Müllen (MPI‐P)
Dr Xinliang Feng (MPI‐P)
Dr Wojciech Pisula (MPI‐P)
Dr Khai Leok Chan (IMRE)
Dr Alexander Colsmann (KIT)
Prof Uli Lemmer (KIT)
Prof Dagmar Gerthsen (KIT)
Prof Seth Marder (Georgia Tech)
Prof James Durrant (Imperial)
Prof George Malliaris (Cornell)
VICOSC partners
Dr Scott Watkins (CSIRO)
Dr Gerry Wilson (CSIRO) Prof Yi‐Bing Cheng (Monash)
Prof Leone Spiccia (Monash)
A/Prof Udo Bach (Monash)
Dr Birendra Singh (CSIRO)
Dr Evan Evans (Bluescope Steel)
Dr Gary Power (Innovia Security)
Dr Simon Reid (Innovia Films)
Dr Patrick Poa (Robert Bosch)
Univ. Melb., DIIRS (ISL) (Aust Federal Govt),
ETIS (Vic State Govt, DEPI &DSDBI), ARENA, Australian Synchrotron, AAS and DAAD-Go8
35
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
When there is a huge solar energy spill,
it’s just called a nice day.
Thank You
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Storage Solutions
Low Cost printed solar cells will require:
•
•
•
•
Local storage solutions, ie household super capacitors.
Large scale storage systems,
– Limits to pumped hydro.
– Molten salts.
Better chemical conversion systems.
Energy stored as product, ie purified water.
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
•
Storage Solutions
Better chemical conversion systems.
– Direct conversion of electricity to fuels
www.solar‐fuel.com
39
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
Summary
*
Australia
VICOSC :
• Has built a fully integrated R&D team of substantial scale with a common
focus,
• Has built a partnership that is truly collaborative,
• Has put OPV and DSC applied research in Victoria on the global map,
• Globally, it is one of few groups with end-to-end expertise in;
Design – Materials – Prototypes - Pilot Scale Manufacturing of OPVs,
• Has received interest from many industry sectors beyond roofing, including
near-term power applications,
• Has become a national hub for Open Access Large Area Printing based in
Victoria,
• Is building a supply chain to support future Demonstrators and Deployment
activities.
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Electricity
Chemicals
Solar Cells
Photocopiers
Sensors
LEDs
Optical Storage
Solid State
Photoconducting
Conducting
Polymers
Non‐linear
Optics
Metals
Biological Interfaces
Implants
Batteries
Muscle
41
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
•
Energy Generation
Capital Costs
Coal fired power station ≈$1,300 per kW
– (eg Kogan Creek Coal-Fired Power Station, Queensland: $1.1 billion for
a 750 MW, 2007)
•
•
Nuclear $8-9,000 per kW
Solar power station: ≈ $2-3,000 per kW
– (Solar Systems: Mildura $420 million for 154 MW)
•
Printed solar cells (print 1GW of generating capacity in 2-3 months)
– Estimate of $1 per kW
42
Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
*
Australia
Bulk heterojunction
Thin Film Morphology
• Formation of a bi‐continuous interpenetrating networks
• Highly ‐conjugated planar cores to facilitate efficient ‐electron delocalization and to favor good intermolecular  stacking • Alkyl side chains to increase core solubility without disrupting backbone ‐conjugation
• Dimension for phase separation of 15‐20nm
• Channel growth perpendicular to electrodes
Ideal
• Molecular self assembly of ambipolar single molecule materials
• Annealed structure the thermodynamic minimum
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Victorian Organic
Solar Cell
Consortium
Translational Research
*
Australia
New materials to
• Improved solar absorption.
•
•
Improve active layer morphology (nanoscale self assembly).
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
High broad spectral absorption materials to harvest the maximum amount of solar
irradiation
Control of materials properties on the nanoscale to improve charge separation and
transport
Simple, low cost synthesis.
New electrode materials
Integration into current manufacturing processes
Adaptable to high speed processing.
Long lifetime
High durability.
Printing:
• Bulk Heterojunction – Easy to print but low efficiency
44

Solar cell technologies - The Australian Industry Group

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