Pre-Intermediate Study Companion

Transcription

Pre-Intermediate Study Companion
for Swiss learners
Liz and John Soars
3
NEW HEADWAY PRE-INTERMEDIATE STUDY COMPANION
© Oxford University Press www.oup.com/elt
Wordlist
Unit 1
(know) each other v /%i:tS "VD@/
● l’un l’autre ci, vi, si, l’un l’altro
advertising n /"&dv@taIzIN/
● publicité pubblicità Werbung
Sarah works for an advertising company.
alphabet n /"&lf@bet/
● alphabet alfabeto Alphabet
There are 26 letters in the alphabet.
ancient society n /"eInS@nt s@"saI@ti/
● civilisation antique antica cultura antike Gesellschaft
We study ancient society in our history class.
anger n /"&Ng@/
● colère rabbia Ärger
Dick showed his anger when he shouted at the children.
architect n /"A:kItekt/
● architecte architetto Architekt(in)
My brother’s an architect. He’s designing our new house.
art gallery n /"A:t %g&l@ri/
● musée d’art, galerie galleria d’arte, museo Kunstgalerie
There are many beautiful paintings in the art gallery.
as usual /"&z "ju:ZU@l, @z "ju:Z@l/
● comme d’habitude come al solito wie üblich
We’re going to take our holidays in July as usual.
bee n /bi:/
● abeille ape Biene
The bee is a very hard-working insect.
book v /bUk/
● réserver prenotare buchen
Shall I book tickets for the film tonight?
born pp /bO:n/
● né nato geboren
I was born in Italy in 1978.
borrow v /"bQr@U/
● emprunter prendere in prestito ausleihen
Can I borrow this book, please?
builder n /"bIld@/
● ouvrier du bâtiment, maçon muratore, operaio edile
Bauarbeiter(in), Maurer(in)
The builder came to fix the window yesterday.
can v /k&n/, /k@n/
● savoir, être capable de, pouvoir essere capace di, sapere können
Can you drive?
come round (= visit) v /%kVm "raUnd/
● venir venire vorbeikommen
Can you come round to my house on Wednesday?
communicate v /k@"mju:nIkeIt/
● communiquer comunicare kommunizieren
How can I communicate with my teenage daughter?
communication n /k@%mju:nI"keISn/
● communication comunicazione Kommunikation
Email is a new means of communication.
compared to /k@m"pe@d t@/
● par rapport à in confronto a verglichen mit
Flights are very expensive compared to last year.
course n /kO:s/
● cours corso, lezioni Kurs
Which course are you doing at college?
development n /dI"vel@pm@nt/
● développement sviluppo Entwicklung
Healthy food is important for the development of your children.
drama n /"drA:m@/
● théâtre opera teatrale Drama
I’m studying drama and English. We’re looking at Hamlet next week.
einander
We know each other very well. We went to the same school.
email n /"i:meIl/
● courrier électronique, e-mail e-mail E-Mail
Send me an email when you get home.
elephant n /"elIf@nt/
● éléphant elefante Elefant
People say that an elephant never forgets.
enjoy v /In"dZOI/
● apprécier, aimer piacere geniessen
Do you enjoy watching films?
essay n /"eseI/
● dissertation tema, saggio Aufsatz
I have to write an essay for Monday’s class.
exchange v /Iks"tSeIndZ/
● échanger scambiare, cambiare umtauschen
I’d like to exchange this sweater for one in a different colour, please.
explain v /Ik"spleIn/
● expliquer spiegare erklären
Could you explain what this means?
face n /feIs/
● visage, figure faccia, viso Gesicht
Your face is red. Are you hot?
fax v /f&ks/
● envoyer par télécopie, faxer spedire via fax faxen
Please fax me the letter today.
flat n /fl&t/
● appartement appartamento Wohnung
James lives in a flat in London.
flat adj /fl&t/
● plat piatto flach, eben
The building had a flat roof.
future n /"fju:tS@/
● avenir futuro Zukunft
Computers have changed the future of our world.
generation gap n /%dZen@"reISn %g&p/
● conflit des générations gap generazionale
Generationsunterschied
The generation gap between parents and children can make
life difficult.
government n /"gVv@nm@nt/
● gouvernement governo Regierung
Maurizio works for the government in Italy.
graduate v /"gr&dZUeIt/
● obtenir son diplôme laurearsi einen Universitätsabschluss
machen
When is Sue going to graduate from university?
hard (work) adj /hA:d/
● difficile, dur difficile, duro hart, schwer
Carly likes her job, but it’s very hard work.
hieroglyphics n pl /%haIr@"glIfIks/
● hiéroglyphes geroglifici Hieroglyphen
The Egyptians didn’t write words, they used hieroglyphics.
history n /"hIstri/
● histoire storia Geschichte
Peter’s very interested in the history of Ancient Rome.
How many …? /%haU "meni/
● Combien …? Quanti …? Quante …? Wie viele …?
How many books has he written?
How much …? /%haU "mVtS/
● Combien …? Quanto …? Quanta …? Wie viel …?
How much sugar is there?
huge adj /hju:dZ/
● énorme enorme riesig
Canada is a huge country.
Pre-Intermediate wordlist
2
neighbour n /"neIb@/
human n /"hju:m@n/
● humain umano
Mensch
A human can’t hear the sound that a bat makes.
idea n /aI"dI@/
● idée idea Idee
I had an idea about your essay.
ideal adj /aI"di:@l/
● idéal ideale ideal
Tell me about your ideal home. What would you like?
infinite adj /"InfIn@t/
● infini infinito unendlich
The possibilities are infinite.
influence n /"InflU@ns/
● influence influenza, influsso Einfluss
Books had a great influence on me when I was a child.
Internet n /"Int@net/
● Internet Internet Internet
Do you use Google™ to search the Internet?
introduce v /%Intr@"dju:s/
● présenter presentare vorstellen
Will you introduce me to your family?
invite v /In"vaIt/
● inviter invitare einladen
I want to invite Alison to my party.
kind n /kaInd/
● sorte genere Art, Sorte
What kind of cheese is this? It’s delicious!
kind adj /kaInd/
● gentil gentile nett
Thank you for the flowers. You are very kind.
last adj /lA:st/
● dernier ultimo letzte(r,s)
Helen was the last person to arrive.
make a promise v /%meIk @ "prQmIs/
● faire une promesse promettere, fare una promessa versprechen
When you make a promise, you have to keep it.
make yourself at home v /%meIk jO:%self @t "h@Um/
● faire comme chez soi fare come a casa propria
es sich bequem machen
Please make yourself at home. There’s some coffee in the cupboard.
married pp /"m&rid/
● marié sposato geheiratet
Sarah and Mike got married in June.
meal n /mi:l/
● repas pasto, Mahlzeit, Essen
Ela is cooking the meal this evening.
mean v /mi:n/
● vouloir dire voler dire bedeuten
What does this word mean?
mean adj /mi:n/
● avare avaro geizig
Alex is very mean. He never buys a drink in the pub.
media n /"mi:dI@/
● médias media Medien
I’d like a job in the media – perhaps radio or TV.
message n /"mesIdZ/
● message messaggio Nachricht
Leave me a message if you are going to be late this evening.
mobile phone n /%m@UbaIl "f@Un/
● téléphone portable cellulare Handy
How often do you talk on your mobile phone?
modern adj /"mQd@n/
● moderne moderno modern
Sally lives in a modern flat.
monkey n /"mVNki/
● singe scimmia Affe
That monkey looks almost human!
museum n /mju:"zI@m/
● musée museo Museum
You can see ancient objects in the museum.
● voisin vicino/a di casa
Nachbar
That’s my neighbour – she lives next door.
nobody pron /"n@Ub@di/
● personne nessuno niemand
Nobody loves me.
noise n /nOIz/
● bruit rumore Lärm
My computer is making a loud noise.
north n /nO:T/
● nord nord Norden
It’s very cold in the north of Canada.
painting n /"peIntIN/
● tableau quadro Gemälde
We saw a famous painting by Monet at the museum.
paper n /"peIp@/
● papier carta Papier
Can I have a piece of paper to draw on?
part-time (job) adj /%pA:t "taIm/
● à temps partiel part-time TeilzeitSteve works part-time at the deli.
party n /"pA:ti/
● fête festa Party
We’re having a party on Friday.
past n /pA:st/
● passé passato Vergangenheit
We’ve visited this museum many times in the past.
persuade v /p@"sweId/
● persuader persuadere überzeugen
Glen tried to persuade Alex to come to the film.
philosophy n /fI"lQs@fi/
● philosophie filosofia Philosophie
You can’t study philosophy at our school.
photography n /f@"tQgr@fi/
● photo, photographie fotografia Fotografie, Fotografieren
Photography is an expensive hobby.
play n /pleI/
● pièce (de théâtre) commedia, opera teatrale Theaterstück
There is a good play on at the theatre.
play v /pleI/
● jouer giocare spielen
The children often play in the garden when the weather is nice.
Pleased to meet you. /"pli:zd t@ "mi:t ju:/
● Enchanté. Piacere di conoscerla. Es freut mich dich/Sie
kennenzulernen.
‘Philippe, this is Mark’. ‘Pleased to meet you, Mark.’
poetry n /"p@U@tri/
● poésie poesia Gedichte, Lyrik
Do you write poetry in your free time?
postlady n /"p@UstleIdi/
● factrice postina Postbotin
The postlady delivers our mail each day at 9.00 a.m.
present n /"prez@nt/
● cadeau regalo Geschenk
Thank you for my birthday present.
probably adv /"prQb@bli/
● probablement probabilmente wahrscheinlich
I’ll probably be late tonight.
public speaking n /"pVblIk "spi:kIN/
● art oratoire arte oratoria Redekunst
A politician has to be good at public speaking.
quiet adj /"kwaI@t/
● silencieux, tranquille, doux calmo, tranquillo leise
What a quiet baby!
ring n /rIN/
● bague anello Ring
He gave her a ring on her wedding day.
ring v /rIN/
● téléphoner à telefonare a, chiamare anrufen
I’ll ring you when I arrive.
3
Russian adj /"rVSn/
● russe russo
unusual adj /Vn"ju:ZU@l/
russisch
Tolstoy was a Russian writer.
send v /send/
● envoyer mandare schicken
Will you send me a copy of that photo?
sense n /sens/
● sens senso Sinn
The dog had a good sense of smell.
show v /S@U/
● montrer far vedere, mostrare zeigen
Please show me your homework.
single adj /"sINgl/
● célibataire single ledig
Molly’s single, but her sister is married.
sound n /saUnd/
● bruit, son suono, rumore Ton, Geräusch
I love listening to the sound of the sea.
speak (a language) v /spi:k/
● parler parlare sprechen
I can speak French and Italian.
special adj /"speSl/
● particulier, spécial speciale, particolare besondere(r,s)
Do you have any special interests?
spoken word n /"sp@Uk@n "w3:d/
● parole, langue parlée parola, espressione orale
gesprochene wort
Linguists study the spoken word.
strange adj /streIndZ/
● étrange strano eigenartig, komisch
That was a strange film. I didn’t understand it.
system n /"sIst@m/
● système sistema System
All animals have a system of communication.
T-shirt n /"ti:%S3:t/
● tee-shirt maglietta, T-shirt T-Shirt
Bring a T-shirt, it’s going to be hot.
technology n /tek"nQl@dZi/
● technologie tecnologia Technologie
New technology is a wonderful thing.
tell a joke v /%tel @ "dZ@Uk/
● raconter une blague raccontare una barzelletta
einen Witz erzählen
Everyone was bored so Marco decided to tell a joke.
tell lies v /%tel "laIz/
● raconter des mensonges dire bugie Lügen erzählen
It is never a good idea to tell lies.
tell the truth v /%tel D@ "tru:T/
● dire la vérité dire la verità die Wahrheit sagen
You must tell the truth if the police ask you any questions.
together adv /t@"geD@/
● ensemble insieme zusammen, miteinander
They’ve lived together for three years now.
train n /treIn/
● train treno Zug
I got the train to work this morning.
train v /treIn/
● entraîner allenarsi trainieren
Footballers have to train hard.
transform v /tr&ns"fO:m/
● transformer trasformare verwandeln, verändern
Learning to drive has transformed my life.
translator n /tr&nz"leIt@/
● traducteur traduttore, traduttrice Übersetzer(in)
Carlos works as a Spanish translator in the United States.
unique adj /ju:"ni:k/
● unique, particulier unico einmalig, einzigartig
Ben’s house is unique. It’s so unusual!
until conj /Vn"tIl/
● jusqu’à fino a bis
Let’s wait until Lisa arrives.
● rare, inhabituel insolito, raro ungewöhnlich, unüblich
What an unusual name.
van n /v&n/
● camionnette furgoncino Lieferwagen
We need a van to move the piano to our new house.
wall n /wO:l/
● mur muro Mauer, Wand
Jo put the poster on the wall.
wear v /we@/
● porter indossare, portare tragen
What are you going to wear to the party tonight?
well-paid adj /%wel"peId/
● bien payé ben pagato gut bezahlt
Maria has a well-paid job in the city.
whale n /weIl/
● baleine balena Wal
Have you ever heard the song of a whale?
Which …? /wItS/
● Quel …?, Lequel …? Quale …? Welche(r,s) …?
Which film did you watch last night?
Whose …? /hu:z/
● À qui …? Di chi …? Wessen …?
Whose mobile phone is ringing?
Unit 2
aborigine n /%&b@"rIdZIni:/
● aborigène aborigeno/a
Aborigine, Ureinwohner
The original inhabitants of Australia were aborigines.
annoy v /@"nOI/
● agacer, énerver dare fastidio a ärgern
Roberto! Please don’t annoy your sister any more!
annoying adj /@%nOIN/
● énervant irritante ärgerlich
How annoying. It’s raining and I’ve left my umbrella in the car.
barbecue n /"bA:bIkju:/
● barbecue barbecue, grigliata Grillparty
We’re having a barbecue at the weekend.
baseball n /"beIsbO:l/
● base-ball baseball Baseball
I played baseball when I was in the US.
bungalow n /"bVNg@l@U/
● pavillon, bungalow bungalow Bungalow
They live in a small bungalow near the river.
certainly adv /"s3:t@nli/
● certainement sicuramente mit Sicherheit, sicherlich
I certainly didn’t expect to see you today!
change gears v /"tSeIndz "gI@z/
● passer les vitesses cambiare marcia in einen anderen
Gang schalten
My car is automatic, so I don’t change gears. It’s great!
clear up v /%klI@(r) "Vp/
● ranger mettere in ordine aufräumen
Please clear up this mess.
climate n /"klaIm@t/
● climat clima Klima
Africa has a hot climate.
coast n /k@Ust/
● côte costa Küste
Sally lives by the sea, on the south coast.
complain v /k@m"pleIn/
● se plaindre lamentarsi sich beschweren, sich beklagen
The students often complain about the food at school.
computer n /k@m"pju:t@/
● ordinateur computer Computer
Do you have a computer in your room?
cosmopolitan adj /%kQzm@"pQlIt@n/
● cosmopolite cosmopolita kosmopolitisch
New York is a very cosmopolitan city.
4
grapes n pl /greIps/
couple n /"kVpl/
● couple coppia
Paar
The couple want to buy a big house with a room for the new baby.
credit card n /"kredIt %kA:d/
● carte de crédit carta di credito Kreditkarte
Would you like to pay with cash or by credit card?
cricket n /"krIkIt/
● cricket cricket Kricket
Simon plays cricket for England.
crowded adj /"kraUdId/
● bondé, plein de monde affollato überfüllt, voll
The streets were crowded with people celebrating New Year.
culture n /"kVltS@/
● culture cultura Kultur
Paris is a city with a lot of culture.
descent n /dI"sent/
● origine origine Abstammung, Herkunft
Our family is of French descent. They came from Calais in the north
of France.
diamonds n pl /"daI@m@ndz/
● diamants diamanti Diamant
Diamonds are a girl’s best friend.
drive (sb) mad v /%draIv "m&d/
● rendre fou far impazzire (jdn) verrückt machen
Ed! Stop singing, you’re driving me mad!
electrician n /elek"trISn/
● électricien elettricista Elektriker(in)
They called an electrician to fix the heating system.
exciting adj /Ik"saItIN/
● formidable, passionnant eccitante, emozionante aufregend,
spannend
What an exciting weekend you have planned!
export v /ek"spO:t/
● exporter esportare exportieren
Columbia exports a lot of coffee to Britain.
fast adj /fA:st/
● vite, rapide veloce schnell
My car isn’t very fast, but it’s reliable.
fine art n /%faIn "A:t/
● beaux-arts belle arti Kunst, schöne Künste
It’s a small gallery, but it has a good collection of fine art.
fish v /fIS/
● pêcher pescare angeln, fischen
We’re going to fish for salmon at the weekend.
flag n /fl&g/
● drapeau bandiera Flagge, Fahne
The British flag is called the Union Jack.
free time n /%fri: "taIm/
● temps libre tempo libero Freizeit
What do you do in your free time?
fries (French fries) n pl /fraIz/
● frites patate fritte Pommes frites
I’d like a hamburger and fries, please.
game reserve n /"geIm rI%z3:v/
● réserve naturelle riserva di caccia Wildhegegebiet
We visited a game reserve in Kenya. I loved the elephants!
get used to (sth) v /get "ju:st tu:/
● s’habituer à abituarsi a sich gewöhnen an
I can’t get used to having my hair short.
giraffe n /dZI"rA:f/
● girafe giraffa Giraffe
The giraffe’s long neck helps it to find leaves at the top of trees.
go jogging v /%geU "dZQgIN/
● faire du jogging andare a fare jogging joggen gehen
We often go jogging after work.
gold n /g@Uld/
● or oro Gold
The US government keeps its gold at Fort Knox.
gold adj /g@Uld/
● en or, d’or d’oro golden
What a lovely gold bracelet you’re wearing!
● raisin uva
Weintrauben
They make the wine from grapes picked in the autumn.
habit n /"h&bIt/
● habitude abitudine (An)gewohnheit
My dad has a habit of leaving the television on.
have in common v /%h&v In "kQm@n/
● avoir en commun avere in comune gemeinsam haben
Jerry and Sue have a lot in common. They get on very well.
hesitation n /hezI"teISn/
● hésitation esitazione Zögern
The student answered the question without hesitation.
ice hockey n /"aIs %hQki/
● hockey sur glace hockey su ghiaccio Eishockey
Ice hockey is very popular in North America.
immigrant n /"ImIgr@nt/
● immigré immigrato/a Einwanderer/Einwanderin
There are many immigrants living in the UK.
in control (to be) adj /%In k@n"tr@Ul/
● maîtriser, avoir le contrôle de avere (la situazione) sotto controllo
Kontrolle haben über
Who’s in control of sales in your company?
inhabitants n pl /In"h&bIt@nts/
● habitants abitanti Einwohner
There aren’t many inhabitants on the island.
inland adj, adv /In"l&nd/
● à l’intérieur des terres nell’entroterra, nell’interno
landeinwärts
There are lots of inland lakes in the USA.
We want to move further inland, away from the coast.
island n /"aIl@nd/
● île isola Insel
The island of Tobago is a popular tourist destination.
join v /dZOIn/
● rejoindre, se joindre à unirsi a sich dazugesellen,
mitmachen bei
Come and join in the fun, Clare!
lake n /leIk/
● lac lago See
We own a cottage by the lake.
light n /laIt/
● lumière luce Licht, Lampe
I can’t see you, can you put the light on?
lion n /"laI@n/
● lion leone Löwe
Lions live in groups on the plains of Africa.
mainly adv /"meInli/
● surtout, pour la plupart principalmente, soprattutto
hauptsächlich
Sometimes I study in my room, but I mainly use the library.
make a decision v /%meIk @ dI"sIZn/
● prendre une décision prendere una decisione eine
Entscheidung treffen
What are you going to do? You need to make a decision.
make-up n /"meIkVp/
● maquillage trucco Make-up
Do you wear make-up to work?
marriage n /"m&rIdZ/
● mariage matrimonio Ehe
How long do you think their marriage will last?
mathematician n /m&T@m@"tISn/
● mathématicien matematico Mathematiker(in)
Our neighbour’s son is a mathematician.
mess n /mes/
● désordre, fouillis disordine, sporcizia Unordnung,
Durcheinander
John! Your room is a mess!
miserable adj /"mIzr@bl/
● malheureux, triste triste, giù, avvilito unglücklich, trostlos
Jill felt miserable when her son went to live in Canada.
5
miss (home) v /mIs/
● manquer à qn/qch sentire la mancanza di
relax v /rI"l&ks/
vermissen
I miss home a lot when I’m at university.
miss (the match) v /mIs/
● rater perdere verpassen
My car broke down, so I missed the match
motorbike n /"m@Ut@%baIk/
● moto moto Motorrad
Sid rides his motorbike to work each day.
nearly adv /"nI@li/
● presque quasi fast, beinahe
I nearly fell off my bicycle this morning.
northern adj /"nO:D@n/
● du nord del nord nördlich
They live in the northern part of Canada.
old-fashioned adj /%@Uld "f&Snd/
● démodé all’antica altmodisch
I know you think I’m old-fashioned, but I don’t like modern clothes.
on time adv /%Qn "taIm/
● à l’heure in orario pünktlich
It’s important to be on time.
only adj /"@Unli/
● seul, unique unico einzige(r,s), EinzelAndré is an only child.
opportunity n /Qp@"tju:nIti/
● occasion occasione Gelegenheit
It’s a wonderful opportunity for you to meet some new people.
organized adj /"O:g@naIzd/
● organisé (bene) organizzato (gut) organisiert
I’m not very organized. I can never find anything.
original adj /@"rIdZInl/
● originel, d’origine originale Original-, originell
Jeff has an original Beatles record.
outdoors adv /%aUt"dO:z/
● dehors fuori, all’aperto draussen
The children enjoy playing outdoors in the summer.
parliament n /"pA:l@m@nt/
● parlement parlamento Parlament
My husband is a member of parliament.
partner n /"pA:tn@/
● partenaire compagno/a Partner(in)
This is my partner, Alex.
pear n /pe@/
● poire pera Birne
Liz took a pear from the basket of fruit.
pet (= animal) n /pet/
● animal de compagnie animale domestico Haustier
Did you have a pet when you were young?
population n /%pQpjU"leISn/
● population popolazione Bevölkerung, Bevölkerungszahl
What is the population of this town?
poster n /"p@Ust@/
● poster, affiche cartellone, poster Poster
I think you should put the poster above your bed.
professional adj /pr@"feS@nl/
● professionnel professionale fachmännisch, professionell
Sam was a professional footballer.
pub lunch n /%pVb "lVntS/
● déjeuner dans un pub pranzo al pub Mittagessen im Pub
Every Friday we go for a pub lunch.
publisher n /"pVblIS@/
● maison d’édition casa editrice Verlag, Verleger
Bella’s found a publisher for her book.
put up with v /pUt "Vp wID/
● supporter sopportare sich abfinden mit, leben können mit
I won’t put up with your behaviour any longer!
relative n /"rel@tIv/
● parent parente Verwandte(r)
I only have one relative who lives in this country.
● se détendre rilassarsi sich entspannen
We like to relax at the weekend.
remote control n /rI"m@Ut k@n"tr@Ul/
● télécommande telecomando Fernbedienung
Where’s the remote control? I hate this programme.
romantic adj /r@U"m&ntIk/
● romantique romantico romantisch
Allan and Liz went out for a romantic dinner on their anniversary.
rugby n /"rVgbi/
● rugby rugby Rugby
We play rugby every Sunday afternoon.
salmon n /"s&m@n/
● saumon salmone Lachs
The salmon swim up the river in the autumn.
scruffy (= untidy) adj, coll /"skrVfi/
● négligé trasandato, sciatto gammelig, schlampig, verwahrlost
Are you really going to wear those scruffy jeans to the party?
sheep n /Si:p/
● mouton pecora Schaf
Our farm has mostly sheep, but we have a few cows too.
shout v /SaUt/
● crier gridare schreien, rufen
Please don’t shout. I can hear you.
similar to adj /"sIm@l@ tu:/
● semblable à, qui ressemble à simile a ähnlich wie
That blouse is similar to Anna’s. Try a different one.
soap (opera) n /"s@Up/
● soap opera, feuilleton telenovela Seifenoper, Soap-Opera
When you start watching a soap, it’s difficult to stop!
soccer store n US /"sQk@ %stO:(r)/
● magasin spécialisé dans les articles de football negozio
specializzato per il calcio Sportfachgeschäft für Fussball
The boys bought their trainers in the new soccer store.
sofa n /"s@Uf@/
● canapé sofà Sofa
We’ve got a sofa and two armchairs in our living room.
space (in your home) n /speIs/
● place posto Platz
We don’t have enough space for a piano.
successful adj /s@k"sesfl/
● qui a du succès di successo erfolgreich
Kerry is a successful lawyer in the city.
sunshine n /"sVnSaIn/
● soleil sole Sonne(nschein)
I’m going to sit in the sunshine and read my book.
talk loudly v /%tO:k "laUdli/
● parler fort parlare forte laut sprechen
You need to talk loudly, Grandma’s very deaf.
tidy v /"taIdi/
● ranger mettere in ordine aufräumen
Could you tidy the living room before the guests arrive?
train (a dog) v /treIn/
● dresser addestrare dressieren
The police train dogs to look for criminals.
transportation n /%tr&nspO:"teISn/
● transport trasporto Transport , Beförderung
Cycling is a cheap method of transportation.
uniform n /"ju:nIfO:m/
● uniforme divisa Uniform
Our school has a red and grey uniform.
untidy adj /Vn"taIdi/
● désordonné disordinato unordentlich
My desk is untidy, but Sue’s is very organized.
variety n /v@"raI@ti/
● variété, choix varietà, tipo Auswahl, Vielfalt
We have a variety of nationalities in our class.
Walkman n /wO:km@n/
● baladeur, walkman walkman Walkman
Do you often listen to your Walkman?
6
brandy n /"br&ndi/
way of life n /%weI @v "laIf/
● mode de vie stile di vita
Lebensart
People who live in the city have a different way of life to those who
live in the country.
whisky n /"wIski/
● whisky whisky Whisky
Whisky is a popular drink that comes from Scotland.
wildlife n /"waIldlaIf/
● la faune et la flore flora e fauna, natura Tier- u. Pflanzenwelt
There are many different kinds of wildlife in the game reserve.
wool n /wUl/
● laine lana Wolle
I bought some wool, and I’m making a jumper.
yard (Brit. = garden) n /jA:d/
● jardin cortile Garten
The kids are playing in the yard.
zebra n /"zebr@/, /"zi:br@/
● zèbre zebra Zebra
The stripes on every zebra are different.
Unit 3
adore v /@"dO:/
● adorer adorare
lieben
I adore you, Sarah! Marry me!
advice n /@d"vaIs/
● conseil consigli Rat
Ask Allen for advice about buying a car.
agree v /@"gri:/
● être d’accord essere d’accordo zustimmen
You can ask your mother if you want, but I know she agrees with me.
alone adj /@"l@Un/
● seul solo allein
I’m not going to get married. I like being alone.
ambition n /&m"bISN/
● ambition ambizione Ziel, Ehrgeiz
Tom’s ambition is to be a doctor.
angry adj /"&Ngri/
● en colère arrabbiato wütend
My boss was very angry when I broke the photocopier.
appear v /@"pI@/
● apparaître apparire erscheinen, auftauchen
I was watching TV when a face suddenly appeared at the window.
arm n /A:m/
● bras braccio Arm
The old woman held the nurse’s arm as she walked.
armed (with a gun) pp /A:md/
● armé armato bewaffnet
The burglar was armed when he entered the house.
awful adj /"O:fl/
● affreux, épouvantable terribile schrecklich
This juice tastes awful!
back door n /%b&k "dO:/
● porte de derrière porta sul retro della casa Hintertür
Your shoes are dirty, come in through the back door.
be in love v /%bi: In "lVv/
● être amoureux essere innamorato verliebt sein
Chris and I are in love, so we’re getting married.
believe v /bI"li:v/
● croire credere glauben
I believe you. I know you don’t tell lies.
birthday n /"b3:TdeI/
● anniversaire compleanno Geburtstag
It’s my birthday tomorrow. I’ll be 21!
bit (= small piece) n /bIt/
● morceau, bout pezzo, pezzetto Stück
Can I have a bit of cheese?
bomb n /bQm/
● bombe bomba Bombe
The bomb exploded outside the station.
● cognac brandy
Weinbrand, Brandy
Would you like a glass of brandy?
break v /breIk/
● (se) casser rompere, rompersi zerbrechen
Oh Ruth, did you break that lovely vase?
broken pp /"br@Uk@n/
● cassé rotto, guasto kaputt
Susan returned home and found that the window was broken.
burglar n /"b3:gl@/
● cambrioleur ladro, scassinatore Einbrecher(in)
The burglar stole all my CDs.
burglary n /"b3:gl@ri/
● cambriolage furto con scasso Einbruch
They reported the burglary to the police.
business n /"bIzn@s/
● affaires, entreprise affari, impresa Geschäft(sleben)
Tom and Louise have their own business.
call (the police) v /kO:l/
● appeler chiamare rufen
Where’s my phone? We need to call the police.
care v /ke@/
● s’occuper de, aimer preoccuparsi di Wert legen auf, sorgen für
You know I care about you very much. That’s why I worry about you.
carry v /"k&ri/
● porter portare tragen
Could you carry my suitcase?
catch (a criminal) v /k&tS/
● attraper prendere fangen
They used a police dog to catch the criminal.
catch a plane v /%k&tS @ "pleIn/
● prendre l’avion prendere l’aereo ein Flugzeug nehmen
We’re catching a plane to Madrid tomorrow.
CD player n /"si: "di: %pleI@/
● lecteur de CD lettore di CD CD-Spieler
Tom bought a new CD player yesterday.
central heating n /%sentr@l "hi:tIN/
● chauffage central riscaldamento centrale Zentralheizung
The flat has central heating, it’s very warm.
clean your teeth v /%kli:n jO: "ti:T/
● se laver les dents lavarsi i denti die Zähne putzen
I always clean my teeth before I go to bed.
clearly adv /"klI@li/
● clairement chiaramente klar, deutlich
Write your name clearly on the exam paper.
comfort v /"kVmf@t/
● consoler consolare trösten
The mother tried to comfort her frightened child.
cook v /kUk/
● faire la cuisine, cuisiner cucinare kochen
I’m going to cook fish for dinner this evening.
crime n /kraIm/
● délit, criminalité crimine, delitto Verbrechen
Robbery is a serious crime.
cry (= with tears) v /kraI/
● pleurer piangere weinen
Please don’t cry, Sara. It will be OK.
cut v /kVt/
● couper tagliare schneiden
Paul cut his hand on the bread knife.
danger n /"deIndZ@/
● danger pericolo Gefahr
The danger of motor racing is what makes it exciting.
dead pp /ded/
● mort morto tot
When the doctor arrived, he told me Andy was dead.
decide v /dI"saId/
● décider decidere entscheiden, beschliessen
Zoë could not decide what dress to wear.
7
detective n /dI"tektIv/
● inspecteur de police, détective detective, investigatore
Detektiv(in)
The detective asked me a lot of questions.
develop v /dI"vel@p/
● mettre au point, développer sviluppare entwickeln
Can you develop these photos by Friday?
discuss v /dIs"kVs/
● discuter de, parler de discutere besprechen
Discuss the choices with your parents before you decide.
distinct adj /dIs"tINkt/
● net netto deutlich
I had the distinct feeling that someone was watching me.
downstairs adv /%daUn"ste@z/
● en bas giù, al piano di sotto die Treppe hinunter
Go downstairs into the kitchen.
drawer n /drO:/
● tiroir cassetto Schublade
You’ll find the spoons in the second drawer.
dream n /dri:m/
● rêve sogno Traum
I had a bad dream last night.
drive v /draIv/
● aller en voiture, conduire andare in macchina, guidare fahren
Can you drive me to the bus station?
drop v /drQp/
● laisser tomber lasciar cadere fallen lassen
Careful! You’re going to drop those books.
education n /%edZU"keISn/
● formation istruzione, formazione scolastica (Schul)bildung
It’s important to get a good education.
employ v /Im"plOI/
● employer assumere beschäftigen, anstellen
How many people does your company employ?
employed pp /Im"plOId/
● qui a un emploi, employé che lavora come, che è alle
dipendenze di angestellt
Tim is employed by the University.
enjoy v /In"dZOI/
● aimer, apprécier piacere geniessen
I enjoy cooking, but I hate cleaning.
enter v /"ent@/
● entrer entrare eintreten
Please enter the building through this door.
escape v /Is"keIp/
● s’échapper fuggire entkommen
How did the prisoners escape?
even so /%i:vn "s@U/
● quand même ciononostante (aber) trotzdem
The car is quite old; even so, it’s in good condition.
explanation n /%ekspl@"neISn/
● explication spiegazione Erklärung
Jim didn’t have an explanation for being late.
factory n /"f&ktri/
● usine fabbrica Fabrik
That factory makes shoes.
fair adj /fe@/
● juste, équitable giusto fair, gerecht
It was a good match. The referee was very fair.
fall v /fO:l/
● tomber cadere fallen
The leaves fall in autumn.
famous adj /"feIm@s/
● réputé, célèbre famoso berühmt
Tom Cruise is a famous actor.
fast asleep adj /%fA:st @"sli:p/
● profondément endormi profondamente addormentato
fest schlafend
They returned home to find the children fast asleep on the sofa.
feel ill v /%fi:l "Il/
● se sentir mal, être malade sentirsi male, star male
sich nicht
wohl fühlen
I often feel ill after drinking coffee.
finally adv /"faIn@li/
● enfin, finalement finalmente schliesslich, endlich
After two hours the road was finally cleared and the traffic started
to move.
find v /faInd/
● trouver, retrouver trovare finden
Where did you find that unusual necklace?
floor n /flO:/
● sol pavimento Fussboden
The glass fell to the floor and broke.
forget v /f@"get/
● oublier dimenticare vergessen
Don’t forget to phone me when you arrive.
fortunately adv /"fO:tS@n@tli/
● heureusement per fortuna zum Glück, glücklicherweise
Fortunately the burglars didn’t find my jewellery.
friend n /"frend/
● ami amico/a Freund(in)
Sam is Alex’s friend from school.
furniture n /"f3:nItS@/
● meubles mobili Möbel
They have no furniture in their living room yet.
get hot v /%get "hQt/
● se réchauffer riscaldarsi, fare caldo warm/heiss werden
It’s getting hot, can you open the window?
get ready v /%get "redi/
● se préparer prepararsi sich fertig/bereit machen
Get ready to go, Vicky. We’re leaving in half an hour.
go away (on holiday) v /%g@U @"weI/
● partir andare via wegfahren
We go away to Rome each June.
go wrong v /%g@U "rQN/
● mal tourner, mal se passer andare male schief gehen
Something has gone wrong with the TV, there’s no picture.
govern v /"gVv@n/
● gouverner governare regieren
It is the moon which governs the movement of the sea.
guest n /gest/
● invité ospite Gast
Ellen was the only guest who arrived late.
hand over v /h&nd/
● remettre, donner consegnare übergeben, hergeben
The robber had a knife, so I handed over my mobile phone.
happy adj /"h&pi/
● content, heureux felice, contento froh, glücklich
We love Spain. We’re very happy here.
have a shower v /%h&v @ "SaU@/
● prendre une douche fare la doccia (sich) duschen
I want to have a shower before we go out tonight.
hear v /hI@/
● entendre sentire hören
Did you hear the news on the radio?
help v /help/
● aider aiutare helfen
Can you help me? I can’t find my keys.
help yourselves v /%help jO:"selvz/
● se servir servirsi, prendere sich bedienen
Help yourselves to tea and coffee.
hit v /hIt/
● atteindre, toucher, frapper, heurter colpire schlagen, treffen
The car hit the bridge and fell into the river.
hold v /h@Uld/
● tenir tenere halten
Could you hold my bag for a moment?
however adv /haU"ev@/
● cependant, toutefois tuttavia, comunque jedoch
I don’t like vegetables. However, I know they are good for me.
8
pack v /p&k/
ice n /aIs/
● glace, glaçon ghiaccio
Eis
Be careful not to slip on the ice.
immediately adv /I"mi:dI@tli/
● tout de suite, immédiatement immediatamente sofort
I need an answer immediately.
improvement n /Im"pru:vm@nt/
● amélioration miglioramento Verbesserung
We’re hoping for an improvement in the weather.
industry n /"IndVstri/
● industrie industria Industrie
My father works in the steel industry.
invitation n /InvI"teISn/
● invitation invito Einladung
Did you receive an invitation to Ada’s party?
jewellery n /"dZu:@lri/
● bijoux gioielli Schmuck
My aunt has some valuable jewellery.
kill v /kIl/
● tuer uccidere töten
I don’t know what they used to kill the rats, but they’ve all gone.
knife n /naIf/
● couteau coltello Messer
Jess, bring me a knife from the kitchen. I need to cut this bread.
laugh v /lA:f/
● rire ridere lachen
Don’t laugh, it isn’t funny!
leave (sb/sth somewhere) v /li:v/
● laisser lasciare (liegen) lassen
Leave your coat in the car, it isn’t cold.
legal adj /"li:gl/
● légal legale legal
If the police arrest you, get some legal advice.
listen (to the radio) v /"lIsn/
● écouter ascoltare zuhören
Do you often listen to the radio in the afternoon?
look forward to v /%lUk "fO:w@d tu:/
● attendre avec impatience aspettare con impazienza, non veder
l’ora di sich freuen auf
I always look forward to spring after the grey days of winter.
lose v /lu:z/
● perdre perdere verlieren
Hold my hand, I don’t want to lose you in the crowd.
mask n /mA:sk/
● masque maschera Maske
Michael bought a horrible mask to wear at Hallowe’en.
meet v /mi:t/
● rencontrer incontrare treffen
Meet me outside the cinema at 3.00 p.m.
melt v /melt/
● fondre sciogliere, sciogliersi schmelzen
Eat your ice-cream before it melts.
mend v /mend/
● raccommoder, réparer riparare reparieren
Dad, can you mend my bike? It’s broken.
motor racing n /"m@Ut@ %reIsIN/
● courses automobiles corse automobilistiche Rennsport
My dad enjoys watching motor racing on television.
murder weapon n /"m3:d@ %wep@n/
● arme du crime arma del delitto Mordwaffe
The police didn’t find the murder weapon at the scene of the crime.
note n /n@Ut/
● mot messaggio Zettel
Henry left Janice a note before he went out.
odour n /"@Ud@/
● odeur odore Geruch
She smelled a distinct odour of perfume on her husband’s shirt.
organize v /"O:g@naIz/
● organiser organizzare organisieren
We need to organize the food for our picnic this afternoon.
● faire (sa valise) fare (la valigia) packen
Did you pack the camera, dear?
pay day n /"peI deI/
● jour de paie giorno di paga Zahltag
The last Thursday of each month is pay day.
perfect adj /"p3:fekt/
● parfait perfetto perfekt
Nobody’s perfect. We all do things that annoy people.
petrol n /"petr@l/
● essence benzina Benzin
I hope you put petrol in the car, it’s a long way to Scotland.
pick up (the phone) v /%pIk "Vp/
● décrocher sollevare abnehmen
Why didn’t he pick up the phone? I know he was at home.
pocket money n /"pQkIt %mVni/
● argent de poche paghetta Taschengeld
How much pocket money do you give your son?
polite adj /p@"laIt/
● poli, aimable cortese höflich
Tom’s very polite, he always says ‘please’ and ‘thank you’.
pool n /pu:l/
● flaque pozza Lache, Pfütze
The body was lying in a pool of blood.
present n /"prez@nt/
● cadeau regalo Geschenk
Did you buy a birthday present for Carol?
purse n /p3:s/
● porte-monnaie portamonete Portmonee
I can’t find my purse – have you got any money?
put on make-up v /%pUt Qn "meIk Vp/
● se maquiller truccarsi Make-up auflegen
Do you always put on make-up to go to the office?
revise (for an exam) v /rI"vaIz/
● réviser ripassare lernen
We need to revise for the exam if we want to pass.
robber n /"rQb@/
● voleur ladro, rapinatore Räuber(in)
The police said the robber was armed and dangerous.
routine n /ru:"ti:n/
● habitude, routine routine Routine
Taking the children to school is part of my morning routine.
run out of (coffee) v /rVn "aUt @v/
● manquer de rimanere senza nicht mehr genug
(von etw) haben
I’m afraid we’ve run out of coffee, sir. Would you like a cup of tea?
say sorry v /%seI "sQri/
● demander pardon, s’excuser chiedere scusa sich entschuldigen
James! Say sorry to your sister!
science n /"saI@ns/
● science scienza (Natur)wissenschaft
We’re going to the science museum to see the new dinosaur display.
scream v /skri:m/
● crier, hurler strillare schreien
I always scream when the rollercoaster goes upside down.
search v /s3:tS/
● chercher cercare suchen
They searched all night, but they didn’t find the missing girl.
shock n /SQk/
● choc shock Schock
My mum had a shock when she saw my tattoo!
smash n /sm&S/
● fracas fracasso Krachen, Klirren
They heard a smash as the glass in the window broke.
smile v /smaIl/
● sourire sorridere lächeln
Smile at the camera, everyone!
snow n /sn@U/
● neige neve Schnee
There is always plenty of snow in the mountains.
9
sob v /sQb/
● sangloter singhiozzare schluchzen
The child began to sob when his mother went out.
statue n /"st&tju:/
● statue statua Statue
The Statue of Liberty stands in New York harbour.
steal v /sti:l/
● voler rubare stehlen
That man tried to steal my purse!
stereo n /"sterI@U/
● stéréo stereo Stereo
I enjoy listening to music on my stereo.
tears (= cry) n /tI@z/
● larmes lacrime Tränen
Pat’s eyes were full of tears at the end of the film.
teenage daughter n /"ti:neIdZ "dO:t@/
● fille adolescente figlia adolescente Tochter im Teenageralter
I have one teenage daughter and a three-year-old son.
teller (in a bank) n /"tel@/
● caissier cassiere/a Kassierer(in)
The teller asked Robert to sign his cheque.
thief n /Ti:f/
● voleur ladro/a Dieb(in)
The thief ran away with the old lady’s handbag.
thirsty adj /"T3:sti/
● qui a soif assetato durstig
I always feel thirsty after gym class.
tidy adj /"taIdi/
● rangé ordinato ordentlich, aufgeräumt
I like a tidy house – I don’t like mess.
toilet n /"tOIl@t/
● toilettes gabinetto Toilette
I want to go to the toilet before we leave.
turn up (the heating) v /%t3:n "Vp/
● mettre plus fort alzare aufdrehen, höher drehen
Could you turn up the heating? It’s quite cold.
umbrella n /Vm"brel@/
● parapluie ombrello Schirm
Take your umbrella, it’s going to rain.
unfortunately adv /Vn"fO:tS@n@tli/
● malheureusement purtroppo leider
I can’t come to the concert tonight, unfortunately.
uninvited adj /%VnIn"vaItId/
● qu’on n’a pas invité non invitato uneingeladen
There were some uninvited guests that nobody knew.
use v /ju:z/
● utiliser usare benutzen
How do you use this computer program?
video recorder n /"vIdI@U rI%kO:d@/
● magnétoscope videoregistratore Videorekorder
Shall we watch a film on my new video recorder?
wait v /weIt/
● attendre aspettare warten
Can you wait for me? I won’t be long.
wake up v /%weIk "Vp/
● se réveiller svegliarsi aufwachen
Wake up, Sue; it’s time to get ready for school.
wedding anniversary n /"wedIN &nI%v3:s@ri/
● anniversaire de mariage anniversario di matrimonio
Hochzeitstag
My parents’ wedding anniversary is on Saturday.
whole adj /h@Ul/
● entier, tout intero ganze(r,s)
The children drank the whole bottle of Coca-Cola.
wonder v /"wVnd@/
● se demander domandarsi sich fragen, gespannt sein
I wonder what the weather will be like tomorrow?
Unit 4
a dozen eggs n /@ %dVzn "egz/
● une douzaine d’œufs una dozzina di uova
ein Dutzend Eier
Can you buy a dozen eggs from the supermarket, please?
a loaf of bread n /@ %l@Uf @v "bred/
● un pain una pagnotta ein Laib Brot
Do we need a loaf of bread from the baker’s?
a pint of milk n /@ %paInt @v "mIlk/
● un demi-litre de lait una pinta di latte ein Pint (halber
Liter) Milch
There’s a pint of milk in the fridge.
a pound of cheese n /@ %paUnd @v "tSi:z/
● une livre de fromage una libbra di formaggio ein Pfund Käse
I’d like a pound of cheese, please.
accountant n /@"kaUnt@nt/
● comptable commercialista, contabile Buchhalter(in)
I have an accountant who looks after my money.
assistant n /@"sIst@nt/
● vendeur commesso/a Assistent(in), Verkäufer(in)
The sales assistant will help you find what you want.
atmosphere n /"&tm@sfI@/
● ambiance atmosfera Stimmung, Atmosphäre
The city has a lively atmosphere at night.
attractive adj /@"tr&ktIv/
● attrayant grazioso, bello attraktiv, reizvoll
She’s a very attractive girl. You’re a lucky man!
belt n /belt/
● ceinture cintura Gürtel
I need a belt for these trousers.
billboard n US /"bIlbO:d/
● panneau d’affichage tabellone pubblicitario Reklametafel
I saw that shampoo advertised on a billboard in town.
boutique n /bu:"ti:k/
● boutique boutique Boutique
There is a boutique in Bath that sells lovely clothes.
brand n /br&nd/
● marque marca Marke
What brand of trainers do you like?
busiest adj /"bIzI@st/
● le plus animé pieno di attività, intenso belebteste
Saturday is the busiest day in the shopping centre.
butter n /"bVt@/
● beurre burro Butter
Would you like butter on your bread?
by the way /%baI D@ "weI/
● à propos a proposito übrigens
I really like your new haircut, by the way.
carrot n /"k&r@t/
● carotte carota Möhre, Karotte
My rabbit loves carrots and apples.
cashier n /k&"SI@/
● caissier cassiere/a Kassierer(in)
Anne gave the cashier her money.
changing rooms n pl /"tSeIndZIN %rUmz/
● cabine d’essayage camerino, cabina di prova Umkleidekabinen
I think Marco is trying on a jumper in the changing rooms.
chic adj /Si:k/
● chic chic schick, elegant
That new boutique is very chic and fashionable.
coat n /k@Ut/
● manteau cappotto Jacke, Mantel
Wear your coat, it’s going to be cold.
cold (I’ve got a cold) n /k@Uld/
● rhume raffreddore Erkältung
I caught a cold last week from someone at work.
conditioner n /k@n"dIS@n@/
● après-shampooing balsamo (Pflege)spülung
What conditioner do you use? Your hair is lovely!
10
leather goods n pl /"leD@ %gUdz/
consumption n /k@n"sVmpSn/
● consommation consumo
Verbrauch
Food consumption has increased over the last few years.
crisps n pl /krIsps/
● chips patatine Chips
The café sells crisps and sandwiches.
delicious adj /dI"lIS@s/
● délicieux squisito köstlich, lecker
That was a delicious meal.
deodorant n /di"@Ud@r@nt/
● déodorant deodorante Deo(dorant)
I need to buy some deodorant from the chemist’s.
department store n /dI"pA:tm@nt %stO:/
● grand magasin grande magazzino Kaufhaus
They sell lots of different things in a department store.
desk n /desk/
● bureau banco, scrivania Schreibtisch
Can you leave the report on my desk?
doughnut n /"d@UnVt/
● beignet bombolone Krapfen, Berliner
‘I’d like coffee and a doughnut, please.’
edition n /I"dISn/
● édition edizione Ausgabe
The book is now in its seventh edition.
exclusive adj /Ik"sklu:sIv/
● huppé esclusivo, distinto, snob exklusiv
My rich uncle belongs to an exclusive club.
exquisite adj /Ik"skwIzIt/
● exquis squisito, molto raffinato exquisit, erlesen
Nancy bought an exquisite dress for the ball.
fantastic adj /f&n"t&stIk/
● fantastique fantastico fantastisch
What a fantastic outfit she’s wearing!
fashionable adj /"f&Sn@bl/
● à la mode alla moda modisch
It’s becoming fashionable to wear hats again.
folk art n /"f@Uk %A:t/
● art folklorique arte folk Volkskunst
You can buy folk art at the local market.
for sale /f@"seIl/
● en vente in vendita zum Verkauf
Our house is for sale. We want to move.
frozen yoghurt n /%fr@Uz@n "jQg@t/
● glace au yaourt gelato allo yogurt gefrorener Jogurt
You could get frozen yoghurt if you don’t like ice-cream.
glasses (to see) n pl /"glA:sIz/
● lunettes occhiali Brille
I think I need glasses. I can’t read the newspaper.
hairbrush n /"he@brVS/
● brosse à cheveux spazzola per capelli (Haar)bürste
Where’s my hairbrush? My hair looks awful.
hand-made suit n /%h&nd meId "su:t/
● costume/tailleur fait main abito fatto a mano
massgeschneiderter Anzug
James bought a hand-made suit in London. It was very expensive.
handbag n /"h&ndb&g/
● sac à main borsa, borsetta Handtasche
Have you seen my handbag? I need my keys.
high-class adj /%haI "klA:s/
● de premier ordre di prim’ordine erstklassig
They stayed at an expensive high-class hotel in Rome.
icon n /"aIkQn/
● icône icona Icon
St Basil’s cathedral in Moscow has some wonderful icons.
incredible adj /In"kred@bl/
● incroyable incredibile unglaublich
An incredible number of people use the London Underground.
jumper n /"dZVmp@/
● pull, pull-over maglione Pullover
I want to buy a new jumper to wear to work.
● articles en cuir articoli in cuoio/pelle
Lederwaren
There’s a shop on the corner that sells leather goods.
lively adj /"laIvli/
● animé movimentato belebt
Rio de Janeiro is a very lively city.
manufacturer n /%m&njU"f&ktS@r@/
● fabricant fabbricante Hersteller
It’s best to speak to the manufacturer if you have a problem with
your computer.
mass produced adj /%m&s pr@"dju:st/
● fabriqué en série prodotto in serie serienmässig hergestellt
Many things that we buy today are mass produced.
medium (size) adj /"mi:di@m/
● moyen medio mittelgross, mittlere(r,s)
Would you like a medium or large coffee, sir?
middle shelf n /%mIdl "Self/
● étagère du milieu ripiano di mezzo mittleres (Regal)brett
The glasses are on the middle shelf, under the cups.
millionaire n /%mIlj@"ne@/
● millionnaire miliardario/a Millionär(in)
If you win the lottery, you could be a millionaire!
mineral water n /"mIn@r@l %wO:t@/
● eau minérale acqua minerale Mineralwasser
I don’t drink alcohol, I only drink mineral water.
need v /ni:d/
● avoir besoin de aver bisogno di brauchen
I need a new pair of shoes.
neon lights n pl /%ni:Qn "laIts/
● néons luci al neon Neonlampe(n)
Tokyo’s neon lights are incredible. They are so colourful!
nephew n /"nefju:/
● neveu nipote (m) Neffe
My nephew works in the city.
olive oil n /%QlIv "OIl/
● huile d’olive olio d’oliva Olivenöl
We need some olive oil for the salad.
onion n /"Vnj@n/
● oignon cipolla Zwiebel
There’s a strong smell of onions in the kitchen.
owe (money) v /@U/
● devoir dovere schulden
I owe you five pounds for the ticket you bought.
packet n /"p&kIt/
● paquet pacchetto Packung
Ed smokes a packet of cigarettes a day.
palace n /"p&lIs/
● palais palazzo Palast, Schloss
The king lives in a huge palace.
paradise n /"p&r@daIs/
● paradis paradiso Paradies
Disneyland© is a paradise for children!
pavement n /"peIvm@nt/
● trottoir marciapiede Bürgersteig
Walk on the pavement, not on the road.
perfume n /"p3:fju:m/
● parfum profumo Parfum
Your perfume smells lovely!
picnic n /"pIknIk/
● pique-nique picnic Picknick
We had a picnic on the beach on Sunday.
pleasant adj /"plez@nt/
● agréable piacevole, gradevole angenehm
We live in a very pleasant area of the city.
post office n /"p@Ust %QfIs/
● (bureau de) poste ufficio postale Post(amt)
Can you get some stamps from the post office?
postman n /"p@Usm@n/
● facteur postino Postbote/Briefträger
The postman delivers our mail before breakfast.
11
product n /"prQdVkt/
● produit prodotto
toothpaste n /"tu:TpeIst/
Produkt
Japan exports quality electrical products.
rebuild v /%ri:"bIld/
● reconstruire ricostruire wieder aufbauen
I hope we can rebuild this wall that you hit with the car.
record shop n /"rekO:d %SQp/
● magasin de disques negozio di dischi Schallplattengeschäft
I buy my CDs at the record shop in the village.
roll (= bread) n /r@Ul/
● petit pain panino Brötchen
I’d like soup and a roll, please.
sausages n pl /"sQsIdZIz/
● saucisses salsicce Würste
My dad likes to eat sausages for breakfast.
shampoo n /S&m"pu:/
● shampooing shampoo Shampoo
Which shampoo do you use to wash your hair?
share v /Se@/
● partager condividere teilen
Would you like to share this chocolate cake with me?
shaving foam n /"SeIvIN %f@Um/
● mousse à raser schiuma/crema da barba Rasierschaum
Dad needs some more shaving foam.
shopkeeper n /"SQpki:p@/
● commerçant negoziante Ladeninhaber(in)
Ask the shopkeeper if he’s got any rice.
shopping list n /"SQpIN %lIst/
● liste des courses lista della spesa Einkaufszettel
There isn’t any milk, have you got it on the shopping list?
shorts n pl /SO:ts/
● short shorts, calzoncini kurze Hose
I like wearing shorts in the summer.
soap n /s@Up/
● savon sapone Seife
I don’t like washing my face with soap.
sore throat n /%sO: "Tr@Ut/
● mal de gorge mal di gola Halsschmerzen
Allen has got a headache and a sore throat.
sparkling (water) adj /"spA:klIN/
● gazeux frizzante/gasata mit Kohlensäure
Would you like sparkling or still water?
spoonful n /"spu:nfUl/
● cuillerée cucchiaiata Löffel (voll)
Just one spoonful of sugar in my coffee, please.
still (water) adj /stIl/
● plat, non gazeux naturale ohne Kohlensäure
Jane usually drinks still water.
stomach ache n /"stVm@k %eIk/
● mal de ventre mal di stomaco Bauchschmerzen
Tim’s got stomach ache because he ate too much chocolate.
survey n /"s3:veI/
● enquête, sondage sondaggio, indagine Untersuchung, Umfrage
Could you answer some questions for our class survey?
sweets n pl /swi:ts/
● bonbons caramelle Süssigkeiten
Our children buy sweets with their pocket money.
tie (to wear) n /taI/
● cravate cravatta Krawatte
I have to wear a jacket and tie to work.
tissues n pl /"tISu:z/
● mouchoirs en papier fazzolettini di carta
Papier(taschen)tücher
I’ve got a cold, I need some tissues!
toilet paper n /"tOIl@t %peIp@/
● papier toilette carta igienica Toilettenpapier
Can you put some toilet paper in the bathroom, please?
toothbrush n /"tu:TbrVS/
● brosse à dents spazzolino da denti Zahnbürste
John’s toothbrush is very old. I’ll buy a new one from the chemist’s.
● dentifrice dentifricio Zahnpasta
You’ve got a lot of toothpaste on your toothbrush!
towel n /"taU@l/
● serviette asciugamano Handtuch
Can I have an extra towel, please?
traffic n /"tr&fIk/
● circulation traffico Verkehr
There’s always a lot of traffic in the city.
trainers n pl /"treIn@z/
● tennis, chaussures de sport scarpe da ginnastica Turnschuhe
Andy bought his trainers in the sports shop.
underwear n /"Vnd@we@/
● sous-vêtements biancheria Unterwäsche
I don’t buy expensive underwear. Nobody sees it!
unique adj /ju:"ni:k/
● unique unico einzigartig, einmalig
Heidi’s ring is unique. I’ve never seen anything like it before.
village n /"vIlIdZ/
● village paese Dorf
I’m from a tiny village in the south of France.
well-known adj /%wel "n@Un/
● connu, célèbre noto, famoso bekannt
Bugs Bunny is a well-known cartoon character.
wide adj /waId/
● large largo breit
The streets in Paris are very wide.
Unit 5
A levels n pl /"eI %lev@lz/
● examens de fin d’études scolaires equivalent à la Maturité
esami per il diploma di studi superiori equivalenti agli esami di maturità
Prüfungen zum Nachweis der Hochschulreife, die in etwa dem Matura
entsprechen
Amy’s thinking of having a year off after she’s finished her A levels.
abroad adv /@"brO:d/
● à l’étranger all’estero
im/ins Ausland
Melanie studied abroad last year, in the US.
adult n /"&dVlt/
● adulte adulto Erwachsene(r)
In the UK, you are an adult when you are 18.
ambition n /&m"bISn/
● ambition ambizione Ziel, Ehrgeiz
Vicky’s ambition is to travel round the world.
astronaut n /"&str@nO:t/
● astronaute astronauta Astronaut(in)
I want to be an astronaut and travel to the moon.
attention n /@"tenSn/
● attention attenzione Aufmerksamkeit
Children need attention from their parents, not money.
beautician n /bju:"tISn/
● esthéticienne estetista Kosmetiker(in)
Paula is studying to be a beautician.
boast v /b@Ust/
● se vanter vantarsi prahlen
I know you’re good at football, but don’t boast about it.
bodyguard n /"bQdigA:d/
● garde du corps guardia del corpo Leibwächter(in)
The president has a bodyguard to protect him from danger.
boot n /bu:t/
● botte, bottine stivale, stivaletto Stiefel
You’ll need your football boots for the match today.
brighten v /"braIt@n/
● (s’)illuminer illuminare, illuminarsi (sich) aufhellen
I love the way the stars brighten up the night sky.
call n /kO:l/
● coup de téléphone, appel telefonata Anruf
I’ll give you a call when I arrive.
12
fall (= autumn) n US /fO:l/
cash n /k&S/
● espèces, liquide contanti
Bargeld
Have you got any cash? Can you lend me some?
chauffeur n /"S@Uf@/
● chauffeur autista Chauffeur(in)
They hired a chauffeur to drive them to the airport.
Cheer up! /"tSI@(r) "Vp/
● Courage! Coraggio! Su con la vita! Kopf hoch!
Cheer up! Tomorrow is a new day.
childhood n /"tSaIldhUd/
● enfance infanzia Kindheit
My grandmother told us stories about her childhood.
close v /kl@Uz/
● fermer chiudere schliessen
Close the door when you go out.
cloud n /klaUd/
● nuage nuvola Wolke
It’s a lovely day, there aren’t any clouds in the sky.
club n /klVb/
● boîte (de nuit) night-club, locale notturno Nachtklub,
Diskothek
We’re going dancing at the club this evening.
coach (= trainer) n /k@UtS/
● entraîneur allenatore, allenatrice Trainer(in)
Our team’s got a new coach this season.
complain v /k@m"pleIn/
● se plaindre lamentarsi sich beschweren
The food is often cold but we never complain.
cool adj /ku:l/
● super, génial cosa bella, ficata cool
Cool trainers! Where did you get them?
cost v /kQst/
● coûter costare kosten
Those tickets cost £50. They’re not worth it.
counsellor n /"kaUns@l@/
● conseiller consigliere Berater(in)
Have you spoken to your counsellor about this problem?
crazy adj /"kreIzi/
● fou pazzo, folle verrückt
What a crazy idea! It will never work.
day off n /@ %deI "Qf/
● jour de congé giorno libero arbeitsfreier Tag
I’m looking forward to having a day off on Sunday.
dentist n /"dentIst/
● dentiste dentista Zahnart/-ärztin
I visit the dentist every six months to keep my teeth healthy.
depressed adj /dI"prest/
● déprimé depresso niedergeschlagen, depressiv
Alison was depressed after she broke up with Paul.
desert v /dI"z3:t/
● abandonner abbandonare verlassen
Alan deserted his wife and children after ten years of marriage.
designer clothes n pl /dI"zaIn@ %kl@UDz/
● vêtements de marque abiti firmati Designermode
Fran is going to buy some designer clothes in Milan.
down (= upset) adj /daUn/
● déprimé, qui a le cafard giù niedergeschlagen, down
Justin’s feeling a bit down. He didn’t pass his A levels.
drug n /drVg/
● drogue droga Droge
The police dog is searching for drugs.
easily adv /"i:z@li/
● facilement, très bien facilmente, benissimo leicht, mühelos
Don’t worry. You’ll easily pass your exams.
ex-girlfriend n /%eks "g3:lfrend/
● ancienne petite amie ex-ragazza Ex-Freundin
Sally is my ex-girlfriend, but I still like her.
extravagant adj /Ik"str&v@g@nt/
● dépensier prodigo, esagerato verschwenderisch
Many people have extravagant lifestyles in Hollywood.
● automne autunno
Herbst
I love it when the leaves change colour in the fall.
fantastic adj /f&n"t&stIk/
● excellent, formidable fantastico hervorragend
What a fantastic car! Is it the new Porsche?
fed up adj /%fed "Vp/
● qui en a marre stufo (es) satt (haben)
I’m fed up with your behaviour.
fish v /fIS/
● pêcher pescare angeln, fischen
Chris goes fishing every weekend.
fit (= healthy) adj /fIt/
● en forme in forma fit
Janice is very fit. She runs every day.
flu n /flu:/
● grippe influenza Grippe
Don’t go to work if you have flu.
flying school n /"flaIIN %sku:l/
● école d’aviation scuola di pilotaggio Flugschule
I’m going to flying school because I want to be a pilot.
forever adv /f@"rev@/
● (pour) toujours per sempre ewig
I’ll love you forever, darling!
freshman n US /"freSm@n/
● bizut, étudiant de première année studente del primo anno
di università Student(in) im ersten Jahr
Debra is a freshman at college. She’s in her first year.
get my nose done v /%get maI "n@Uz %dVn/
● se faire refaire le nez farsi rifare il naso sich die Nase
korrigieren lassen
I’m going to hospital to get my nose done next week.
glamorous adj /"gl&m@r@s/
● éblouissant, splendide affascinante glamourös
Film stars have a glamorous lifestyle, but they aren’t always happy.
go far (in life) v /%g@U "fA:/
● aller loin farsi strada (nella vita) weit kommen
You’ll go far if you continue to work hard.
Good luck! /%gUd "lVk/
● Bonne chance! Buona fortuna! Viel Glück!
‘It’s my driving test today.’ ‘Good luck!’
grandfather n /"gr&n(d)fA:D@/
● grand-père nonno Grossvater
My grandfather is 87 years old.
grow up v /%gr@U "Vp/
● grandir, devenir adulte diventare grande gross/erwachsen
werden, aufwachsen
Children grow up too fast these days.
guilty adj /"gIlti/
● coupable colpevole schuldig
I’m sure James isn’t guilty of stealing the money.
gun n /gVn/
● fusil pistola Waffe
You can’t carry a gun in the UK.
headache n /"hedeIk/
● mal de tête mal di testa Kopfschmerzen
I often get a headache if I sit in the sun.
health club n /"helT %klVb/
● centre de remise en forme palestra Fitnesscenter
I joined the local health club last week.
heavy adj /"hevi/
● lourd pesante schwer
My suitcase is very heavy. Can you help me?
hobby n /"hQbi/
● passe-temps, hobby hobby, passatempo Hobby
Susan’s hobby is photography.
hope n /h@Up/
● espoir speranza Hoffnung
My hope is that Dan will pass his exams and go to university.
13
hope v /h@Up/
● espérer sperare
play (in the theatre) n /pleI/
hoffen
We hope to see you again next year.
in a rush n /%In @ "rVS/
● à la hâte, vite in gran fretta in eile
Are you in a rush or would you like a coffee?
It was worth it. /%It w@z "w3:T %It/
● Cela en valait la peine. Ne valeva la pena. Es hat sich gelohnt.
I paid a lot for my stereo but it was worth it.
kid n /kId/
● enfant, gosse bambino/a Kind
What are those kids doing?
knock v /nQk/
● frapper bussare klopfen
Knock loudly on the door when you arrive.
lads n pl /l&dz/
● garçons, copains ragazzi, amici Jungs
I often play football with the lads at the weekend.
lend v /lend/
● prêter imprestare leihen
Can you lend me some money?
liposuction n /"lIp@U%sVkSn/
● liposuccion liposuzione Fettabsaugung
Jo’s had her nose done, and now she wants to have liposuction.
lonely adj /"l@Unli/
● qui se sent seul solo einsam
I hope you won’t be lonely when I go away.
lucky adj /"lVki/
● qui a de la chance fortunato glücksSeven is my lucky number.
mad about (sth) adj /"m&d @%baUt/
● fou de, passionné de (andare) matto per verrückt auf/nach
Jenny’s mad about ballet. She wants to be a dancer.
mirror n /"mIr@/
● miroir, glace specchio Spiegel
Teenagers spend hours looking at themselves in the mirror.
model n /"mQd@l/
● mannequin modello/a Model, Fotomodell
Fay works as a model for Calvin Klein.
move (house) v /mu:v/
● déménager traslocare umziehen
We’re moving to Bristol next month.
movies n pl US /"mu:viz/
● cinéma film Filme, Kino
Shall we go to the movies or go for a pizza?
nervous adj /"n3:v@s/
● anxieux, tendu apprensivo nervös, ängstlich
Mel was quite nervous about meeting Brian.
normal adj /"nO:m@l/
● habituel, normal solito, normale üblich, normal
It’s perfectly normal to feel nervous about exams.
nutritionist n /nju:"trIS@nIst/
● nutritionniste nutrizionista Ernährungsberater(in),
-wissenschaftler(in)
Nutritionists say that we need to eat three balanced meals a day.
passion n /"p&Sn/
● passion passione Leidenschaft
I have a passion for chocolate.
perform (a play) v /p@"fO:m/
● jouer mettere in scena spielen, aufführen
We’re performing a play at the theatre tomorrow.
personally adv /"p3:s@n@li/
● personnellement personalmente persönlich
Personally, I don’t mind what you do.
pick (sth) up v /%pIk "Vp/
● ramasser raccogliere aufheben
Can you pick up those books?
plastic surgery n /%pl&stIk "s3:dZ@ri/
● chirurgie plastique chirurgia plastica plastische Chirurgie
Many movie stars have had plastic surgery.
● pièce (de théâtre) commedia, opera teatrale Theaterstück
We’re going to see a play with Martyn at the weekend.
pleasure n /"pleZ@/
● plaisir piacere Vergnügen
It was a pleasure to meet you.
poor adj /pO:/
● pauvre povero arm
I don’t want to be poor. I want to earn a lot of money.
pose v /p@Uz/
● poser posare posieren
Can you pose in front of the statue for the picture?
post v /p@Ust/
● poster imbucare abschicken
I’ll post your letter on my way to work.
project (at work) n /"prQdZekt/
● projet progetto Projekt
They want to complete the project before Tuesday.
relationship n /rI"leISnSIp/
● relations, liens de parenté rapporto, relazione Beziehung
‘What’s your relationship with Jim?’ ‘He’s my uncle.’
remember v /rI"memb@/
● se souvenir ricordare sich erinnern
Do you remember what we did last November?
responsibility n /rI%spQns@"bIl@ti/
● responsabilité responsabilità Verantwortung
It was the children’s responsibility to feed the dog.
retire v /rI"taI@/
● se retirer, prendre sa retraite ritirarsi (dallo sport), andare in
pensione sich zurückziehen
I’ve worked for 40 years and I’m hoping to retire next August.
rocket n /"rQkIt/
● fusée razzo Rakete
The children made a rocket, but it didn’t fly very high.
secret n /"si:kr@t/
● secret segreto Geheimnis
Can you keep a secret?
sky n /skaI/
● ciel cielo Himmel
The sky is getting cloudy – it’s going to rain.
social life n /"s@USl %laIf/
● vie sociale vita sociale Freizeitleben
We have a good social life, and lots of friends.
soul n /s@Ul/
● âme anima Seele, Gemüt
I love my children with all my heart and soul.
spoilt adj /spOIlt/
● gâté viziato verwöhnt
Jenny is very spoilt. She gets everything she wants.
stage (in a theatre) n /steIdZ/
● scène, théâtre palcoscenico, teatro Bühne
The dancers performed on a large stage.
terrible adj /"ter@bl/
● terrible, épouvantable terribile schrecklich, furchtbar
I caught a terrible cold at the weekend.
tests (in hospital) n pl /tests/
● analyses, tests analisi Untersuchung, Test
My mum has to have some tests at the hospital.
trainer (= person) n /"treIn@/
● entraîneur allenatore, allenatrice Trainer(in)
I meet my trainer at the gym every Friday.
troubled adj /"trVbld/
● inquiet, préoccupé preoccupato, agitato bekümmert,
beunruhigt
Ali was a troubled teenager, but he’s fine now.
unknown adj /Vn"n@Un/
● inconnu sconosciuto unbekannt
The actress was unknown before she moved to Hollywood.
unlimited adj /Vn"lImItId/
● illimité illimitato unbegrenzt
My sister has unlimited money! Her husband is very rich.
14
darkness n /"dA:kn@s/
unreal adj /Vn"ri:@l/
● irréel irreale
unwirklich
The glamorous Hollywood lifestyle is a little unreal.
unwell adj /Vn"wel/
● souffrant, malade indisposto unwohl, krank
I felt unwell yesterday and left work early.
value n /"v&lju:/
● valeur valore Wert
Emma doesn’t understand the value of a loving family.
violence n /"vaI@l@ns/
● violence violenza Gewalt
There is too much violence on TV.
wedding n /"wedIN/
● mariage matrimonio, nozze Hochzeit
I’m a bit nervous about my wedding on Saturday.
with a bit of luck /wID @ %bIt @v "lVk/
● avec un peu de chance con un po’ di fortuna mit etwas Glück
With a bit of luck, the sun will shine and we can have a picnic.
worried adj /"wVrid/
● inquiet preoccupato besorgt
Pete’s a bit worried about his job.
worry v /"wVri/
● s’inquiéter preoccuparsi sich Sorgen machen
Please don’t worry. I’ll be fine!
Unit 6
amputate v /"&mpjUteIt/
● amputer amputare
amputieren
They had to amputate the boy’s leg.
arrest v /@"rest/
● arrêter arrestare verhaften
The policeman arrested the man for burglary.
baker(’s) /"beIk@(z)/
● boulangerie panetteria Bäckerei
Could you pick up some bread from the baker’s?
bank account n /"b&Nk @%kaUnt/
● compte en banque conto in banca Bankkonto
How much money do you have in your bank account?
behind prep /bI"haInd/
● derrière dietro hinter
The bank is behind the car park.
between prep /bI"twi:n/
● entre tra zwischen
Jan stood between Allan and Sue.
bone n /b@Un/
● os osso Knochen
He’s broken a bone in his foot.
break up v /%breIk "Vp/
● rompre rompere Schluss machen, sich trennen
When did Alice and Henry break up?
brilliant (very good) adj /"brIlI@nt/
● excellent, de génie magnifico, brillante prima, grossartig
What a brilliant idea!
building n /"bIldIN/
● bâtiment edificio Gebäude
The CN tower is the tallest building in Canada.
championship n /"tS&mpI@nSIp/
● championnat campionato Meisterschaft
Our team is playing in the world championship this year.
chemist(’s) n /"kemIst(s)/
● pharmacie farmacia Apotheke
I need some aspirin from the chemist’s.
cookies n pl US /"kUkiz/
● petit gâteau, biscuit biscotti Kekse
My mum bakes wonderful cookies!
cottage n /"kQtIdZ/
● petite maison, cottage villetta, cottage Cottage, Häuschen
We have a cottage where we stay during the summer.
● obscurité buio, oscurità
Dunkelheit
In Africa, the darkness falls very quickly.
daylight n /"deIlaIt/
● jour, lumière du jour luce (del giorno) Tageslicht
I like the summer, when we have more daylight.
depressing adj /dI"presIN/
● déprimant deprimente deprimierend
What a depressing film! I feel awful now.
disaster n /dI"zA:st@/
● catastrophe, désastre disastro Katastrophe
The meal was a disaster. The soup was cold, and the waiter was rude.
dry adj /draI/
● sec asciutto trocken
Do you have a dry towel?
especially adv /I"speS@li/
● surtout, particulièrement specialmente besonders
I love music, especially jazz.
farm n /fA:m/
● ferme fattoria (Bauern)hof
My parents live on a farm. They’ve got 200 sheep.
financial adj /faI"n&nSl/
● financier finanziario finanziell
My accountant looks after my financial affairs.
flower shop n /"flaU@ %SQp/
● fleuriste fioraio/a Blumengeschäft
They ordered the wedding flowers from the local flower shop.
founded pp /"faUndId/
● fondé fondato gegründet
The building society was founded in 1897.
funeral n /"fju:n@r@l/
● enterrement funerale Beerdigung
My grandmother died on Wednesday and the funeral is Friday.
gate n /geIt/
● portail, grille cancello Tor
Be sure to close the gate when you leave.
generosity n /dZen@"rQsIti/
● générosité generosità Grosszügigkeit
People showed great generosity after the disaster in India.
generous adj /"dZen@r@s/
● généreux generoso grosszügig
My grandmother is very generous. She gave me £100 for my birthday.
greengrocer(’s) n /"gri:ngr@Us@(z)/
● marchand de fruits et légumes fruttivendolo/a (Obst- und)
Gemüsehändler(in)
The greengrocer hasn’t got any onions today.
heating n /"hi:tIN/
● chauffage riscaldamento Heizung
Can we turn up the heating? It’s cold in here.
high adj /haI/
● haut alto hoch
The farmer built a high fence around the field.
hill n /hIl/
● colline collina Hügel
Go up the hill, and our house is opposite the church.
horrible adj /"hQr@bl/
● horrible, infect orribile schrecklich, scheusslich
What a horrible smell! I hate farms.
imagine v /I"m&dZIn/
● imaginer immaginare sich vorstellen
I don’t know how much he earns, but I imagine that it’s a lot.
in front of prep /In "frVnt @v/
● devant davanti a vor
I’ll meet you in front of the post office.
inherit v /In"herIt/
● hériter de ereditare erben
When my parents die I’ll inherit their house.
injure v /"IndZ@/
● blesser ferire verletzen
Jack injured his leg playing tennis.
15
insulated adj /"InsjUleItId/
● isolé, insonorisé isolato
primitive adj /"prIm@tIv/
isoliert
I’m cold. This house isn’t very well insulated.
invest money in v /In%vest "mVni In/
● investir de l’argent dans investire denaro in Geld investieren in
Jim invests his money in stocks and shares.
kind adj /kaInd/
● gentil gentile nett, freundlich
Natalie’s very kind. She always looks after her little sister.
kind-hearted adj /kaInd"hA:tId/
● qui a bon cœur buono, di buon cuore gutherzig, gütig
Alex is very kind-hearted. He thinks the best of everyone.
knee n /ni:/
● genou ginocchio Knie
I hurt my knee playing football yesterday.
legendary adj /"ledZ@nd@ri/
● légendaire leggendario legendär
In Greek history, Helen of Troy’s beauty was legendary.
library n /"laIbr@ri/, /laIbri/
● bibliothèque biblioteca Bibliothek, Bücherei
Will you return this book to the library for me?
I look forward to meeting you next week.
luxurious adj /lVg"ZU@rI@s/
● de luxe, luxueux di lusso luxuriös
The Rolls-Royce is the most luxurious car in the world.
make a will v /%meIk @ "wIl/
● faire un testament fare testamento sein Testament machen
If you don’t make a will, it will cause problems for your family when
you die.
meanness n /"mi:nn@s/
● avarice avarizia Geiz
I can’t believe George’s meanness. He won’t spend any money on
the house.
mixture n /"mIkstS@/
● mélange misto Mischung
He’s got a good mixture of CDs – jazz, classical, and some rock, too.
nature n /"neItS@/
● nature natura Natur
If you like nature, you’ll love Australia. The wildlife is unique.
next to prep /"nekst tu:/
● à côté de accanto a neben
The café is next to the theatre.
noisy adj /"nOIzi/
● bruyant rumoroso laut
What a noisy group of teenagers!
on the corner /%Qn D@ "kO:n@/
● au coin all’angolo an der Ecke
The couple stood on the corner and waited for a taxi.
opposite prep /"Qp@zIt/
● en face (de) di fronte (a) gegenüber
I sat opposite John at the dinner table.
path n /pA:T/
● chemin, sentier sentiero Pfad, Weg
They followed the path along the river.
penny n /"peni/
● penny penny Penny
When I was young, you could buy sweets for a penny.
polluted adj /p@"lu:tId/
● pollué inquinato verschmutzt, verpestet
Don’t swim in the lake, it’s polluted.
pond n /pQnd/
● bassin, étang stagno, laghetto Teich
They have a lovely pond in their garden.
poverty n /"pQv@ti/
● pauvreté povertà Armut
My parents were shocked by the poverty they saw in India.
● rudimentaire primitivo primitiv
The hotel we stayed in was quite primitive – one bathroom
for 15 guests!
ragged adj /"r&gId/
● en haillons stracciato zerlumpt
Those poor children. Their clothes are so ragged.
railway bridge n /"reIlweI %brIdZ/
● pont ferroviaire ponte ferroviario Eisenbahnbrücke
The train went over a long railway bridge.
river n /"rIv@/
● rivière, fleuve fiume Fluss
They went sailing on the river.
running water n /%rVnIN "wO:t@/
● eau courante acqua corrente fliessendes Wasser
The cottage we bought had no running water or electricity.
sauna n /"sO:n@/
● sauna sauna Sauna
There’s a sauna at the gym I go to.
save v /seIv/
● économiser risparmiare sparen
I’m trying to save some money so that I can travel abroad next year.
second hand adj /%sek@nd "h&nd/
● d’occasion di seconda mano, usato secondhand
Julie often buys second hand clothes from Oxfam.
stocks and shares n pl /%stQks @nd "Se@z/
● valeurs mobilières valori di borsa, titoli Aktien und
Wertpapiere
Pass me the paper – I want to see how my stocks and shares are doing.
successful adj /s@k"sesfl/
● réussi di successo erfolgreich
Jemma is a successful lawyer. She’s very well paid.
supermarket n /"su:p@%mA:kIt/
● supermarché supermercato Supermarkt
Do we need to go to the supermarket this week?
take five minutes v /"teIk "faIv "mInIts/
● il y en a pour cinq minutes ci vogliono cinque minuti
fünf Minuten dauern
It takes five minutes to get to the station from our house.
tall adj /tO:l/
● grand alto gross
I thought I was tall, but Brad is over two metres!
wealthy adj /"welTi/
● riche ricco wohlhabend
My uncle is a very wealthy man. He runs his own business.
wet adj /wet/
● mouillé bagnato nass, feucht
Don’t leave your wet clothes on the bathroom floor.
widow n /"wIdeU/
● veuve vedova Witwe
When Arthur died, his widow sold the house.
windy adj /"wIndi/
● de grand vent ventoso windig
It’s awfully windy today, isn’t it? Look at the trees.
witch n /wItS/
● sorcière strega Hexe
My daughter wants to dress up as a witch for Hallowe’en.
wood n /wUd/
● bois legno/a Wald
Let’s go for a walk through the wood.
wrap up v /%r&p "Vp/
● s’habiller chaudement, s’emmitoufler coprirsi bene
sich warm anziehen
Wrap up warm, it’s cold outside.
16
Unit 7
football match n /"fUtbO:l %m&tS/
a whole load coll /@ %h@Ul "l@Ud/
● un tas de un mucchio eine Unmenge
I can’t come out, I’ve got a whole load of homework to do.
accuse v /@"kju:z/
● accuser accusare
beschuldigen, anklagen
Suzie accused Mary of stealing her pen.
afraid of adj /@"freId @v/
● qui a peur de che ha paura di Angst haben vor
Are you afraid of dogs?
album (= record) n /"&lb@m/
● album album Album
The band released their first album in June.
appear v /@"pI@/
● apparaître apparire erscheinen
The article about Madonna appeared in the paper today.
at last /@t "lA:st/
● enfin, finalement finalmente endlich
Mary’s had her baby at last. We thought it was never going to arrive!
award n /@"wO:d/
● prix premio Preis, Auszeichnung
Coldplay won an award for their last album.
away from (sb) adv /@"weI fr@m/
● loin de lontano da fern von
I hate being away from home for too long.
background n /"b&kgraUnd/
● milieu, origines origini, formazione Hintergrund, Herkunft
Tell me about your background. How did you get into the music
business?
backing group n /"b&kIN %gru:p/
● musiciens qui accompagnent un chanteur band (che accompagna
il solista) Begleitband
Bob Marley’s backing group was called ‘The Wailers’.
band (of musicians) n /b&nd/
● groupe gruppo Band
I started a rock band when I was a teenager.
be prepared v /%bi: prI"pe@d/
● être prêt, être préparé essere preparato bereit sein
You must be prepared to face ups and downs in any relationship.
biography n /baI"Qgr@fi/
● biographie biografia Biographie
Have you read Maggie Thatcher’s biography?
break (= rest) n /breIk/
● pause pausa Pause
Why don’t you have a break? You’ve worked very hard.
by hand adv /%baI "h&nd/
● à la main a mano mit der Hand
Jane wrote all the wedding invitations by hand.
career n /k@"rI@/
● carrière carriera (berufliche) Laufbahn, Karriere
I’m still planning my career. I want to be an actress or a singer.
celebrity n /s@"lebr@ti/
● célébrité celebrità prominente
Nicole Kidman is a well-known celebrity.
copy (of a book) n /"kQpi/
● exemplaire copia, esemplare Exemplar
I’ve just bought a copy of Jeffrey Archer’s latest book.
couple n /"kVpl/
● couple coppia Paar
The couple live in a beautiful house outside the city.
drum n /drVm/
● tambour tamburo Trommel
Dad gave Terry a drum for his 6th birthday. It was awful!
drums n pl /drVmz/
● batterie batteria Schlagzeug
I play the drums in a band.
exactly adv /Ig"z&ktli/
● exactement, parfaitement esattamente genau
You have exactly two hours for this exam.
● match de football partita di calcio Fussballspiel
There’s a football match on TV tonight.
freedom n /"fri:d@m/
● liberté libertà Freiheit
I wanted the freedom to travel.
fussy adj /"fVsi/
● tatillon esigente, difficile wählerisch, pingelig
My parents are very fussy about keeping the house tidy.
gardener n /gA:dn@/
● jardinier giardiniere Gärtner(in)
We have a gardener to help with the vegetable garden.
go camping n /%g@U "k&mpIN/
● faire du camping andare in campeggio zelten (gehen/fahren)
We go camping in the hills every year.
good taste n /%gUd "teIst/
● bon goût buon gusto guter Geschmack
Adrian has good taste in clothes.
Gran n coll /gr&n/
● Mamie nonna Oma
Gran is only 45. She had my mum when she was 17.
guitar n /gI"tA:/
● guitare chitarra Gitarre
No one plays the guitar like Jimi Hendrix!
hard (person) adj /hA:d/
● dur duro hart
Emmanuel is a hard man. He doesn’t know how to be sensitive.
harmonica n /hA:"mQnIk@/
● harmonica armonica a bocca Mundharmonika
Do you know how to play the harmonica?
in her thirties /%In h@ "T3:tiz/
● qui a dépassé la trentaine oltre la trentina in den Dreissigern
Alice is in her thirties now, I think.
ironing n /"aI@nIN/
● repassage stiratura, stirare Bügeln
I don’t like ironing so I send my shirts to the cleaners.
jazz n /dZ&z/
● jazz jazz Jazz
They enjoy listening to jazz music at the club.
keyboards n pl /"ki:bO:dz/
● claviers tastiere Keyboard
Who plays keyboards in your band?
last v /lA:st/
● durer durare dauern
The film lasts an hour.
love at first sight /%lVv @t %f3:st "saIt/
● coup de foudre amore a prima vista Liebe auf den ersten Blick
Do you believe in love at first sight?
mate (= friend) n coll /meIt/
● copain, copine amico/a Freund(in), Kumpel
I’ll call my mate and see if he can help us.
naturally adv /"n&tSr@li/
● naturellement, bien entendu naturalmente natürlich
Naturally, I worry about my daughter – but I trust her to be sensible.
nearly adv /"nI@li/
● presque quasi fast
It’s nearly half past eleven! You should be in bed.
novel n /"nQv@l/
● roman romanzo Roman
What novel are you reading now?
novelist n /"nQv@lIst/
● romancier romanziere, romanziera Romanautor(in)
Who is your favourite novelist?
number one record n /%nVmb@ %wVn "rekO:d/
● disque classé numéro un au hit-parade disco in testa alle classifiche
Spitzenplatte, Nummer-eins-Hit
We had our first number one record in 2001.
obviously adv /"QbvI@sli/
● évidemment, manifestement ovviamente offensichtlich
We obviously can’t watch the film and the soap, so we’ll record the film.
17
on tour /%Qn tU@/, /%Qn "tO:/
● en tournée in tournée
take-away meal n /%teIk@weI "mi:l/
auf Tournee
The band was on tour for six months before returning to the UK.
opposite adj /"Qp@zIt/
● opposé opposto gegenüberliegend
We’re going to the match together, but we both support opposite sides!
painter n /"peInt@/
● peintre pittore, pittrice Maler(in)
Van Gogh is a famous painter.
peace n /pi:s/
● paix, tranquillité pace, tranquillità Friede, Ruhe
I love the peace and quiet of the countryside.
pen n /pen/
● stylo penna Stift, Füller, Kugelschreiber
Can I borrow a pen and some paper?
pepper n /"pep@/
● poivre pepe Pfeffer
I like salt and pepper on my food.
prefer v /prI"f3:/
● préférer preferire vorziehen
Would you prefer fish and chips or pizza?
recording studio n /rI"kO:dIN %stju:dI@U/
● studio d’enregistrement studio di registrazione
Aufnahmestudio
The band made their new album at the recording studio.
related (to sb) pp /rI"leItId/
● lié connesso a, in rapporto a verwandt
We have the same name, but we aren’t related.
ride v /raId/
● monter à, aller à andare in fahren
How often do you ride your bike to work?
rock concert n /"rQk %kQns@t/
● concert de rock concerto rock Rockkonzert
The Darkness are playing at a rock concert next week.
rubbish n coll /"rVbIS/
● bêtises sciocchezze, roba senza valore Mist, Blödsinn
‘Was the film any good?’ ‘No, it was rubbish!’
salt n /sO:lt/, /sQlt/
● sel sale Salz
I like salt on my chips.
score a goal v /%skO:(r) @ "g@Ul/
● marquer un but segnare un goal ein Tor erzielen
Bobby scored a goal again in the cup final.
sensitive adj /"sens@tIv/
● sensible, susceptible sensibile empfindlich
She’s very sensitive. She cries easily.
several (books) adj /"sevr@l/
● plusieurs parecchi, parecchie mehrere
I’ve written several articles about celebrities.
short story n /%SO:t "stO:ri/
● nouvelle racconto Kurzgeschichte
I bought a book of short stories to read on the plane.
shy adj /SaI/
● timide timido schüchtern
Kendra is very shy. She doesn’t often speak in class.
spend time v /%spend "taIm/
● passer du temps passare del tempo Zeit verbringen
We often spend time together at weekends.
split up v /%splIt "Vp/
● rompre rompere Schluss machen, sich trennen
Didn’t you hear? Olivia and Paul split up last week!
spoil v /spOIl/
● gâcher guastare, rovinare verderben
Look, we’ve had a lovely day. Don’t spoil it now.
strict adj /strIkt/
● strict, sévère severo streng
Her parents are very strict. She has to be home by 8 p.m.
superstar n /"su:p@%stA:/
● superstar superstar (Super)star
Julia Roberts is a superstar.
● plats à emporter pasto da asporto, take away Essen zum
Mitnehmen
We got a take-away meal last night, because I didn’t want to cook.
team up with (sb) v /%ti:m "Vp wID/
● faire équipe avec mettersi insieme a sich zusammentun mit
We want to team up with another band and go on tour in the autumn.
term (school) n /t3:m/
● trimestre trimestre Trimester, Halbjahr
This is Anna’s last term at school before she goes to college.
tour v /tU@/, /tO:/
● voyager, faire du tourisme fare una tournée, fare un viaggio
(herum)reisen
We plan to tour around Britain.
travel book n /"tr&vl %bUk/
● récit de voyages libro di viaggi Reisebeschreibung
I want to write a travel book about the Far East.
trust v /trVst/
● faire confiance à fidarsi di (ver)trauen
If you can’t trust your partner, your relationship won’t work.
usually adv /"ju:Z@li/
● généralement, d’habitude di solito gewöhnlich
I usually go swimming every Friday afternoon.
vocalist n /"v@Uk@lIst/
● chanteur, chanteuse vocalist, solista, voce Sänger(in)
Susan is the lead vocalist in the group.
watch n /wQtS/
● montre orologio Armbanduhr
Do you know what the time is? I can’t find my watch.
west n /west/
● ouest ovest Westen
The bad weather usually comes in from the west.
Unit 8
accommodation n /@%kQm@"deISn/
● logement alloggio, casa Unterkunft
We need to book accommodation for our trip next week.
act your age v /%&kt j@(r) "eIdZ/
● être raisonnable comportarsi in modo adatto alla propria età
sich seinem Alter entsprechend benehmen
I wish my mum would act her age! She wears all my clothes and looks
really stupid!
adventurous adj /@d"ventS@r@s/
● aventureux avventuroso unternehmenslustig
Paul is very adventurous. He likes to do dangerous sports.
alarm clock n /@"lA:m %klQk/
● réveil sveglia Wecker
I’ll set the alarm clock. We need to be up early.
ambulance driver n /"&mbjUl@ns %draIv@/
● ambulancier autista di ambulanza Krankenwagenfahrer(in)
The ambulance driver drove us to the hospital when Rob broke his leg.
antibiotics n pl /%&ntibaI"QtIks/
● antibiotiques antibiotici Antibiotika
Antibiotics will help your ear infection.
appointment n /@"pOIntm@nt/
● rendez-vous appuntamento Termin, Verabredung
I have an appointment to see the nurse tomorrow.
argue v /"A:gju:/
● se disputer discutere, litigare (sich) streiten
They often argue about silly things.
arrangement n /@"reIndZm@nt/
● arrangement programma, preparativo Plan, Vereinbarung
Let’s make the arrangements for the party. I’ll get the food.
artist n /"A:tIst/
● artiste artista Künstler(in)
Milo’s an artist but I don’t like his paintings.
available adj /@"veIl@bl/
● disponible disponibile verfügbar
There aren’t any tickets available for the play tonight.
18
food poisoning n /"fu:d %pOIz@nIN/
be sick (= vomit) v /%bi: "sIk/
● vomir vomitare
sich übergeben
Stop the car, I think I’m going to be sick!
bill n /bIl/
● addition conto Rechnung
We got a bill in the post yesterday for the repairs to the house.
bookcase n /"bUkkeIs/
● bibliothèque libreria, scaffale dei libri Bücherregal
All my books are in boxes, I need a bookcase!
boss n /bQs/
● patron, chef capo Chef
Steve doesn’t like his boss, so he’s going to resign.
chilly adj /"tSIli/
● froid, frais freddo, fresco kühl, frisch
It’s a bit chilly today. You should wear a coat.
cigarette lighter n /sIg@"ret %laIt@/
● briquet accendino Zigarettenanzünder
Mike gave me a cigarette lighter but I don’t smoke!
company n /"kVmp@ni/
● société società Unternehmen, Firma
My company has strict rules about private phone calls.
cruel adj /"kru:@l/
● cruel crudele grausam
That was a very cruel thing to say. I think you should apologize.
decorator n /"dek@reIt@/
● décorateur decoratore, decoratrice Maler(in), Tapezierer(in)
We’ve got to get a decorator to paint the house.
dentist n /"dentIst/
● dentiste dentista Zahnarzt/-ärztin
I have to go to the dentist today, I’ve got toothache.
detective n /dI"tektIv/
● détective detective, investigatore Detektiv(in),
Kriminalbeamte/-beamtin
The police sent a detective to our house after the burglary.
diarrhoea n /daI@"rI@/
● diarrhée diarrea Durchfall
Diarrhoea is one of the symptoms of food poisoning.
document n /"dQkjUm@nt/
● document documento Dokument
Mr Lewis placed the document in his briefcase.
dramatically adv /dr@"m&tIkli/
● de manière spectaculaire in modo spettacolare
dramatisch, drastisch
Carole’s temperature went up dramatically, and she had to call
the doctor.
drop out of (school) v /%drQp "aUt/
● abandonner smettere di studiare abbrechen
It’s never a good idea to drop out of school.
drugs n pl /drVgz/
● drogue droga Drogen
Sarah’s son was arrested for selling drugs.
earring n /"I@rIN/
● boucle d’oreille orecchino Ohrring
I lost an earring when I took my jumper off.
earthquake n /"3:TkweIk/
● tremblement de terre terremoto Erdbeben
The earthquake destroyed half of the village.
examine v /Ig"z&mIn/
● examiner esaminare untersuchen, prüfen
Take off your shirt, and I’ll examine your chest.
exploit v /Ik"splOIt/
● exploiter sfruttare ausbeuten
I think they’re exploiting you. They’ve got to give you some days off.
farmer n /"fA:m@/
● fermier, agriculteur agricoltore Landwirt(in), Bauer/Bäuerin
A farmer has to work very long hours, every day of the year.
firefighter n /"faI@%faIt@/
● pompier vigile del fuoco Feuerwehrmann/-frau
Being a firefighter is a very dangerous, but exciting, occupation.
● intoxication alimentaire intossicazione alimentare
Lebensmittelvergiftung
Food poisoning is a risk when you travel abroad.
give up v /%gIv "Vp/
● renoncer rinunciare, arrendersi aufgeben
You really should give up smoking. It will kill you!
glands n pl /gl&ndz/
● glandes ghiandole Drüsen
I knew I was getting flu because the glands in my neck were swollen.
go on a diet v /%g@U Qn @ "daI@t/
● suivre un régime mettersi a dieta eine Diät machen
If you’re overweight, you should go on a diet.
hairdryer n /"he@draI@/
● sèche-cheveux asciugacapelli Haartrockner, Föhn
Do you use a hairdryer to dry your hair?
have a word with (sb) v /%h&v @ "w3:d wID/
● parler un instant à parlare un attimo a sprechen mit
Please tell Michelle I’d like to have a word with her.
health n /helT/
● santé salute Gesundheit
It’s important to take care of your health.
horse-race n /"hO:s%reIs/
● courses (de chevaux) corse dei cavalli Pferderennen
Don’t go to the horse-race! You’ll spend all your money.
housewife n /"haUswaIf/
● femme au foyer casalinga Hausfrau
I’m going to stay at home and be a housewife for a year or two.
in public /%In "pVblIk/
● en public in pubblico in der Öffentlichkeit
Are you going out in public wearing that awful dress?
infection n /In"fekSn/
● infection infezione Infektion(en)
James has an ear infection and is taking antibiotics.
invention n /In"venSn/
● invention invenzione Erfindung
I think the dishwasher was a marvellous invention!
invisible adj /In"vIs@bl/
● invisible invisibile unsichtbar
Air pollution is invisible, which can be dangerous.
keep fit v /%ki:p "fIt/
● se maintenir en forme tenersi in forma fit bleiben
Manuel cycles to work each day to keep fit.
kill v /kIl/
● tuer uccidere, far morire umbringen, töten
Drugs and alcohol can kill you.
lawyer n /lOI@/
● avocat avvocato (Rechts)anwalt/-anwältin
If you want legal advice, I know a good lawyer.
liquid n /"lIkwId/
● liquide liquido Flüssigkeit
The doctor told me to drink plenty of liquids.
local adj /"l@Ukl/
● local, du quartier locale örtlich, hiesig
Local people don’t like the huge new development planned by
the government.
mechanic n /mI"k&nIk/
● mécanicien meccanico Mechaniker(in)
Jack works as a mechanic at the BMW garage.
miner n /"maIn@/
● mineur minatore Bergarbeiter(in)
I worked as a miner in the North of England for four years.
overweight adj /%@Uv@"weIt/
● trop gros sovrappeso übergewichtig
Janice is overweight because she doesn’t do any exercise.
plumber n /"plVm@/
● plombier idraulico Installateur(in), Klempner(in)
I’ll call the plumber to come and fix the central heating.
poetry n /"p@U@tri/
● poésie poesia Gedichte, Lyrik
I can’t understand Shakespeare’s plays, but I like his poetry.
19
prescribe v /prI"skraIb/
● prescrire prescrivere, ordinare
surgery n /"s3:dZ@ri/
verschreiben
What did the doctor prescribe for your cold?
prescription n /prI"skrIpSn/
● ordonnance ricetta (medica) Rezept, Verschreibung
Take this prescription to the chemist’s.
prison n /"prIzn/
● prison prigione Gefängnis
How did they escape from prison?
qualifications n pl /%kwQlIfI"keISnz/
● diplômes titoli di studio Qualifikationen
You need special qualifications to be a doctor.
raincoat n /"reInk@Ut/
● imperméable impermeabile Regenmantel/-jacke
Look at the weather! Can I borrow your raincoat?
receptionist n /rI"sepS@nIst/
● réceptionniste receptionist Empfangschef/-dame
The receptionist made me an appointment to see the doctor.
recommend v /%rek@"mend/
● recommander consigliare empfehlen
I’ve never eaten Thai food. What do you recommend?
regular hours n pl /%regj@l@(r) "aU@z/
● horaires réguliers orario regolare feste Arbeitszeiten
Doctors don’t often work regular hours.
rude adj /ru:d/
● impoli, mal élevé maleducato unhöflich, unverschämt
I think it’s really rude when people don’t switch off the TV when
friends arrive.
runny nose /%rVni "n@Uz/
● nez qui coule naso che cola laufende Nase
Do you have a tissue? I have a runny nose.
rush hour n /"rVS %aU@/
● heures de pointe ora di punta Hauptverkehrszeit
The traffic’s awful in the rush hour.
satisfied adj /"s&tIsfaId/
● satisfait soddisfatto zufrieden
He’s got a new car, a lovely wife, a beautiful home – but he’s
never satisfied.
scary adj /"ske@ri/
● effrayant che fa paura unheimlich, beängstigend
Being alone in the house can be scary at night.
shop assistant n /"SQp @%sIst@nt/
● vendeur, vendeuse commesso/a Verkäufer(in)
Ellen asked the shop assistant for help.
signpost n /"saInp@Ust/
● panneau indicateur cartello stradale Schild
We saw a signpost that said Oxford was 5 miles away.
silly adj /"sIli/
● bête sciocco blöd, albern
Will you stop being silly and answer my question?
slave n /sleIv/
● esclave schiavo Sklave/Sklavin
My children treat me like a slave!
sneeze v /sni:z/
● éternuer starnutire niesen
I’ve got a cold and I can’t stop sneezing.
soldier n /"s@UldZ@/
● soldat soldato Soldat(in)
Jeff wants to be a soldier in the army.
sore throat n /%sO: "Tr@Ut/
● mal de gorge mal di gola Halsschmerzen
Do you have a sore throat as well as a cough?
speciality n /speSi"&l@ti/
● spécialité specialità Spezialität
The ham in Bayonne is a local speciality.
stomach ache n /"stVm@k%eIk/
● mal de ventre mal di stomaco Bauchschmerzen
I’ve got awful stomach ache. I hope it isn’t food poisoning.
support n /s@"pO:t/
● soutien, appui sostegno, appoggio Unterstützung
My mum was a big support when Jennie was born.
● consultation, cabinet médical ambulatorio
Praxis, Sprechzimmer
Remember to pick up your prescription from the doctor’s surgery.
swallow v /"swQl@U/
● avaler inghiottire schlucken
Does your throat hurt when you swallow?
swollen pp /"sw@Ul@n/
● gonflé, enflé gonfio geschwollen
Grandad’s knees are swollen. He can’t walk.
sympathy (with) n /"sImp@Ti/
● solidarité, soutien solidarietà Sympathie, Mitgefühl
I have a lot of sympathy for you – I know how you feel.
symptom n /"sImpt@m/
● symptôme sintomo Symptom
A runny nose is just one symptom of a cold.
tape recorder n /"teIp rI%kO:d@/
● magnétophone registratore Tonbandgerät, Kassettenrekorder
You can record your answers on a tape recorder.
timetable n /"taIm%teIbl/
● horaire orario Fahrplan
Have we got a train timetable? I think there’s a train at 4.30.
tin opener n /"tIn %@Up@n@/
● ouvre-boîte apriscatole Dosenöffner
We need a new tin opener. I can’t open these tomatoes.
tough (with sb) adj /tVf/
● dur, sévère duro, inflessibile unnachgiebig
Sometimes you need to be tough with teenagers.
traffic lights n pl /"tr&fIk %laIts/
● feu (tricolore) semaforo Ampel
The police didn’t stop at the traffic lights.
twisted pp /"twIstId/
● tordu, foulé storto, slogato verstaucht
The phone cable is completely twisted.
Nurses usually wear a white uniform.
unsocial adj /%Vn"s@USl/
● peu pratique (orario) poco conveniente ungünstig
(für das Privatleben)
I don’t want a job with unsocial hours.
vet n /vet/
● vétérinaire veterinario Tierarzt/ärztin
I love animals and I want to be a vet.
visa n /"vi:z@/
● visa visto Visum
You need a visa if you want to go to the USA.
Unit 9
air-conditioned adj /%e@ k@n"dISnd/
● climatisé con aria condizionata
mit Klimaanlage (ausgestattet)
In hot countries, most hotels are air-conditioned.
airline n /"e@laIn/
● compagnie aérienne compagnia aerea Fluggesellschaft
Which airline did you fly with?
airport n /"e@pO:t/
● aéroport aeroporto Flughafen
If we don’t get to the airport before 10, we’ll miss the flight.
answer phone n /"A:ns@%f@Un/
● répondeur segreteria telefonica Anrufbeantworter
You can leave a message on the answer phone if I’m not at home.
available adj /@"veIl@bl/
● disponible disponibile verfügbar
Tea and coffee are available in all the hotel bedrooms.
basement n /"beIsm@nt/
● sous-sol seminterrato Untergeschoss
My office is downstairs in the basement.
20
energy n /"en@dZi/
behaviour n /bI"heIvI@/
● comportement comportamento
Benehmen
The head teacher wants to speak to us about our son’s behaviour
in class.
bite v /baIt/
● mordre mordere beissen
If you annoy the dog, he’ll bite you.
boundary n /"baUnd@ri/
● limite, frontière confine Grenze
That fence marks the boundary between the farmers’ fields.
building site n /"bIldIN %saIt/
● chantier cantiere di costruzione Baustelle
‘You need to wear a hard hat if you want to come onto the building site.’
capitalism n /"k&pIt@lIzm/
● capitalisme capitalismo Kapitalismus
Capitalism can mean big profits for some people, but poverty for
others.
century n /"sentS@ri/
● siècle secolo Jahrhundert
Shakespeare was born in the 16th century. I think it was in 1564.
communist n /"kQmjUnIst/
● communiste comunista Kommunist(in)
Karl Marx was the first communist.
communist adj /"kQmjUnIst/
● communiste comunista kommunistisch
In a communist country, industries are owned by the state.
commute v /k@"mju:t/
● faire la navette entre son domicile et son travail fare il pendolare,
viaggiare pendeln
Hundreds of people commute to work every day by train.
concrete n /"kQnkri:t/
● béton cemento Beton
Lots of buildings in the 1960s were made out of concrete.
conference centre n /"kQnf@r@ns %sent@/
● centre de conférences centro per conferenze Tagungszentrum
We’re having our meeting at the conference centre.
corner of the world n /"kO:n@(r) @v D@ %w3:ld/
● coin du monde angolo del mondo Winkel der Erde
Immigrants from every corner of the world made a new life in America.
cousin n /"kVz@n/
● cousin(e) cugino/a Cousin(e)
My cousin is the same age as me.
crew n pl /kru:/
● équipage equipaggio Crew, Mannschaft
The crew on the ferry were helpful when I felt seasick.
cruel adj /"kru:@l/
Kids in school can be quite cruel if you’re a bit different from the others.
developer n /dI"vel@p@/
● promoteur (immobilier) costruttore, impresa edile
Häusermakler(in), Städteplaner(in)
The developers are building new houses all around our village.
disappear v /%dIs@"pI@/
● disparaître sparire verschwinden
The sun disappeared behind a cloud.
DNA n /%di: en "eI/
● ADN DNA DNS
The police arrested Gino when they found his DNA on the dead
girl’s clothes.
Do me a favour. /%du: mi: @ "feIv@/
● Rends-moi un service. Fammi un favore. Tu mir einen
Gefallen.
Do me a favour. Help me move this sofa.
double room n /%dVbl "ru:m/
● chambre pour deux personnes camera matrimoniale
Doppelzimmer
I’d like to book a double room for the weekend, please.
dramatic adj /dr@"m&tIk/
● spectaculaire sensazionale dramatisch
I noticed a dramatic change in Oxford when I returned after 20 years.
● énergie energia Energie
My dog is always full of energy – he never stops running!
environment n /In"vaIr@nm@nt/
● environnement ambiente Umwelt
Recycling rubbish is a good way to help the environment.
exist v /Ig"zIst/
● exister esistere existieren
We told Timmy that Santa Claus doesn’t exist, but he didn’t believe us!
fight a war v /%faIt @ "wO:/
● combattre, livrer bataille fare una guerra, combattere Krieg
führen, kämpfen gegen
I don’t want my son to be a soldier. I don’t want him to fight a war.
flight (on a plane) n /flaIt/
● vol volo Flug
Have you booked your flight to Florida?
forest n /"fQrIst/
● forêt foresta Wald
There are bears in the forests of North America.
fundamentally adv /%fVnd@"ment@li/
● fondamentalement in modo fondamentale grundsätzlich
People are fundamentally the same in every country. We all want the
same things.
gap year n /"g&p %jI@/
● année sabbatique entre l’école et les études supérieures anno di
intervallo tra la fine della scuola superiore e l’inizio dell’università in cui
lo studente viaggia ed acquisisce esperienza ein Jahr Auszeit, meist
zwischen Schulabschluss und Studienbeginn, in dem man allerlei
Erfahrungen sammelt
Robert is hoping to take a gap year before going to university.
get ill v /%get "Il/
● tomber malade ammalarsi krank werden
I don’t often get ill, but I feel awful today.
get on well with (sb) v /%get Qn "wel wID/
● bien s’entendre avec andare d’accordo con
gut auskommen mit
Mike’s getting on well with Henry. I expect they’re talking
about football!
glorious adj /"glO:rI@s/
● glorieux, magnifique glorioso glorreich
What a glorious day! It’s lovely and sunny.
ground floor n /"graUnd "flO:/
● rez-de-chaussée pianterreno Erdgeschoss
The kitchen and dining room are on the ground floor.
health care n /"helT %ke@/
● services de santé assistenza sanitaria Gesundheitsfürsorge
In Britain and Canada, people don’t pay for health care.
heart n /hA:t/
● cœur cuore Herz
‘The doctor wants to listen to your heart, Grandad. Take off your jacket.’
highway n US /"haIweI/
● route nationale, autoroute superstrada, autostrada
Autobahn, Überlandstrasse
There are strict speed limits on the highways in the US.
hurt yourself v /"h3:t j@%self/
● se faire mal farsi male sich verletzen
Let me help you with that suitcase. I don’t want you to hurt yourself.
incredible adj /In"kred@bl/
● incroyable incredibile unglaublich
The number of fish on the Great Barrier Reef is incredible. I couldn’t
believe it!
keep in touch v /%ki:p In "tVtS/
● rester en contact tenersi in contatto in Kontakt bleiben
Please keep in touch when you’re living in Spain.
kidney n /"kIdni/
● rein rene Niere
The doctors took out one of Joe’s kidneys after the accident, but he’s
OK now.
leader n /"li:d@/
● chef, dirigeant capo, leader (An)führer(in)
The prime minister is the leader of the government.
21
liver (= body organ) n /"lIv@/
● foie fegato
plant n /plA:nt/
Leber
Did you know that if doctors remove part of your liver, it will
grow again?
locked pp /lQkt/
● fermé à clé chiuso a chiave (zu)geschlossen
I couldn’t get in because the door was locked.
lung n /lVN/
● poumon polmone Lunge(nflügel)
Smoking is very bad for your lungs.
main road n /%meIn "r@Ud/
● grande route strada principale Hauptstrasse
Our house is on the main road, so there’s a lot of traffic.
make a complaint v /%meIk @ k@m"pleInt/
● porter plainte, faire une réclamation fare un reclamo
eine Beschwerde einreichen, sich beschweren
I’d like to make a complaint about the food. It was cold, and badly
cooked.
make a reservation v /%meIk @ res@"veISn/
● faire une réservation fare una prenotazione (etw) vorbestellen/
reservieren lassen
Can I make a reservation for 7 p.m., please?
make sure v /%meIk "SO:/
● vérifier, s’assurer assicurarsi sich versichern, sicherstellen
Make sure you lock the door when you go out.
make up your mind v /%meIk Vp j@ "maInd/
● se décider decidersi sich entscheiden
Make up your mind. Swimming or tennis?
medicine n /"medsn/
● médicament medicina Medizin, Medikament
What medicine do you recommend for a sore throat?
megalopolis n /%meg@"lQp@lIs/
● mégapole, mégalopole megalopoli Millionenstadt
With its growing population, the town of Shenzhen will soon be
a megalopolis.
mess n /mes/
● désordre, fouillis disordine, pasticcio Unordnung, Schweinerei
Can you tidy up your mess in the kitchen, Sam?
microchip n /"maIkr@U%tSIp/
● microprocesseur microchip Mikrochip
You’ll find a microchip in most of your electrical goods.
north n /nO:T/
● nord nord Norden
In the north of Sweden, the sun shines for 24 hours a day in summer.
ocean n /"@USn/
● océan oceano Meer, Ozean
You have to cross the Atlantic Ocean to get to America from England.
office block n /"QfIs %blQk/
● immeuble de bureaux palazzo di uffici Bürogebäude
I work in a large office block in the city.
optimistic adj /%QptI"mIstIk/
● optimiste ottimista optimistisch, zuversichtlich
Peter feels optimistic about the future. He thinks everything will be fine.
pass exams v /%pA:s ig"z&mz/
● être reçu à/réussir un examen superare gli esami Prüfungen
bestehen
You won’t pass your exams if you don’t work hard.
pessimism n /"pesImIzm/
● pessimisme pessimismo Pessimismus
There’s a lot of pessimism about pollution and the environment, but
there are lots of things we can do to help.
pick (sb) up v /%pIk "Vp/
● passer prendre passare a prendere abholen
What time do you usually pick up the girls from their music lesson?
pillow n /"pIl@U/
● oreiller cuscino Kissen
As soon as I put my head on the pillow, I fell asleep.
pilot n /"paIl@t/
● pilote pilota Pilot(in)
Neil is a pilot – he flies jumbo jets between London and New York.
● plante pianta Pflanze
Would you like some plants from our garden?
poster n /"p@Ust@/
● poster, affiche cartellone, poster Poster
Andy has got six posters of Manchester United on his bedroom walls.
power n /"paU@/
● pouvoir potere Macht
If we can control the power of the sea, we can make electricity.
race (of people) n /%reIs @v "pi:pl/
● race razza Rasse
There are people of 27 different races in my daughter’s school!
reaction n /ri"&kSn/
● réaction reazione Reaktion
I don’t know what my dad’s reaction will be if I fail my exam.
religion n /rI"lIdZ@n/
● religion religione Religion
David is very interested in world religions. He’s reading a book about
Buddhism at the moment.
remarkable adj /rI"mA:k@bl/
● remarquable fuori del comune, eccezionale bemerkenswert,
beachtlich
My boss is a remarkable man. He came to Britain with nothing, and
now he’s a millionaire.
resources n pl /rI"zO:sIz/
● ressources risorse Ressourcen, Bodenschätze
We need to look after the world’s resources. There will be a disaster
if we don’t.
revolutionize v /rev@"lu:S@naIz/
● révolutionner rivoluzionare revolutionieren
Computers have revolutionized the way businesses work all over the
world.
room service n /"ru:m %s3:vIs/
● service dans les chambres servizio in camera Zimmerservice
If you want dinner in your hotel room, call room service.
safari n /s@"fA:ri/
● safari safari Safari
We want to go on safari in Africa this summer.
salary n /"s&l@ri/
● salaire stipendio Gehalt
When I get my salary at the end of the month, we’ll go out for dinner.
save (money) v /seIv/
● économiser risparmiare sparen
We’re trying to save for a new car.
scuba dive v /"sku:b@ %daIv/
● faire de la plongée sous-marine fare immersioni subacquee
tauchen (mit Sauerstoffgerät)
When you learn to scuba dive you have to start in a swimming pool.
shocking adj /"SQkIN/
● scandaleux, choquant scioccante schockierend, erschreckend
There were some shocking pictures of the earthquake on the news.
significant adj /sIg"nIfIk@nt/
● considérable considerevole bedeutend
Harry lost a significant amount of money when his stocks and shares
did badly.
single room n /%sINgl "ru:m/
● chambre individuelle camera singola Einzelzimmer
‘We have no single rooms available, sir. Would you like a double?’
skyscraper n /"skaI%skreIp@/
● gratte-ciel grattacielo Wolkenkratzer
Our office is on the 48th floor of a New York skyscraper.
snow storm n /"sn@U %stO:m/
● tempête de neige tormenta, tempesta di neve Schneesturm
We were skiing when a huge snow storm suddenly started.
spare part n /%spe@ "pA:t/
● pièce de rechange pezzo di ricambio Ersatzteil
I need a spare part to fix this broken radio.
speed n /spi:d/
● vitesse velocità Geschwindigkeit
What speed was the car doing when it crashed?
22
spread v /spred/
● gagner du terrain, s’étendre propagarsi, estendersi
sich ausbreiten
The town is slowly spreading out over the countryside.
state (= government) n /steIt/
● État stato Staat
In the UK most schools are run by the state.
statistics n pl /st@"tIstIks/
● statistiques statistica, statistiche Statistik(en)
I don’t know the exact statistics, but I think the world’s surface is
about 70% water.
stupidity n /stju:"pId@ti/
● stupidité stupidità Dummheit
It wasn’t my fault. It was because of your stupidity that we had an
accident.
tablets n pl /"t&blIts/
● comprimés compresse Tabletten
Take two tablets and your headache should go away.
take care v /%teIk "ke@/
● prendre soin de avere cura di aufpassen, vorsichtig sein
Take care of yourself, darling. I’ll see you next weekend.
to our advantage /tu: %aU@(r) @d"vA:ntIdZ/
● dans notre intérêt a nostro vantaggio zu unserem Vorteil
It’ll be to our advantage to book a weekend flight – it’s cheaper.
top floor n /%tQp "flO:/
● dernier étage ultimo piano oberstes Stockwerk
Our room’s on the top floor. There’s a wonderful view!
towards prep /t@"wO:dz/
● vers verso in Richtung
If you walk towards the park, you’ll see our house on the corner.
traditional adj /tr@"dIS@nl/
● traditionnel tradizionale üblich, traditionell
Ben’s interested in the traditional folk art of the Aborigines.
trip (= visit) n /trIp/
● voyage viaggio Reise
We’re planning a trip to Morocco next August.
ugly adj /"Vgli/
● vilain, laid brutto hässlich
Oxford has some very ugly modern developments, but the old buildings
are beautiful.
vision n /"vIZn/
● vision visione Vision
My vision of the future is generally optimistic. Things will get better.
volcano n /vQl"keIn@U/
● volcan vulcano Vulkan
Etna is Europe’s largest active volcano.
wake-up call n /"weIk Vp %kO:l/
● service de réveil sveglia, chiamata per svegliare un cliente
dell’albergo telefonischer Weckruf
‘Reception? Could I have a wake-up call for 8 a.m. please?’
water v /"wO:t@/
● arroser annaffiare giessen
You’ll need to water the flowers every day in summer.
wealth n /welT/
● richesse ricchezza Reichtum, Vermögen
Wealth doesn’t always bring you happiness. Money isn’t everything.
Unit 10
ache v /eIk/
● faire mal
far male schmerzen, weh tun
My legs often ache after a long day at work.
adventure n /@d"ventS@/
● aventure avventura Abenteuer
Their holiday was quite an adventure. They got lost for three days
in the mountains.
alive adj /@"laIv/
● vivant, en vie vivo, in vita lebendig, am Leben
I was so worried – I didn’t know if you were alive or dead.
amazing adj /@"meIzIN/
● ahurissant, extraordinaire sorprendente, sensazionale
erstaunlich
The wildlife of New Zealand is amazing. There’s nothing like it
anywhere else.
armed police n pl /%A:md p@"li:s/
● police armée polizia armata bewaffnete Polizisten
You’ll see armed police at many airports these days.
at peace adj /@t "pi:s/
● en paix in pace in Frieden
I feel very at peace here. It’s so quiet and beautiful.
balaclava n /b&l@"klA:v@/
● passe-montagne passamontagna Kapuzenmütze
Greg wore a balaclava to keep his face warm on his trip to the
mountains.
beans n pl /bi:nz/
● haricots fagioli Bohnen
I’ll make you a salad with rice and beans.
beg v /beg/
● supplier pregare, supplicare bitten, anflehen
We begged him not to go, but he didn’t listen.
berries n pl /"beriz/
● baies bacche Beeren
I like picking berries to eat in the autumn.
blindfold n /"blaIndf@Uld/
● bandeau benda che copre gli occhi Augenbinde
The robbers tied the man up and put a blindfold over his eyes.
brave adj /breIv/
● courageux coraggioso mutig
Eric was a brave man. He died saving his brother’s life.
burn v /b3:n/
● brûler bruciare (ver)brennen
Sorry, I burned the pizza – I left it in the oven too long.
bush n /bUS/
● buisson cespuglio Busch
We’re going on safari in the African bush.
cake n /keIk/
● gâteau torta Kuchen, Torte
Would you like some of my birthday cake?
can’t stand (sth) v /%kA:nt "st&nd/
● ne pas supporter non sopportare nicht ausstehen können
I can’t stand football. I hate watching it on TV.
cartoon (on TV) n /%kA:"tu:n/
● dessin animé cartone animato Zeichentrickfilm
My son loves cartoons. His favourite is The Simpsons.
circumstances n pl /"s3:k@m%st&nsIz/
● circonstances circostanze Umstände
Circumstances at home were very difficult, so I decided to leave.
confess v /k@n"fes/
● avouer confessare gestehen, bekennen
‘If you confess and apologize, Dad won’t be so angry with you.’
comedy n /"kQm@di/
● comédie commedia Komödie
They said that the film was a comedy, but I didn’t think it was
very funny.
comfortable adj /"kVmft@bl/
● aisé, confortable agiato bequem
Comfortable boots are very important for a walking holiday.
concentrate v /"kQns@ntreIt/
● se concentrer concentrarsi konzentrieren
You can’t concentrate on your homework if the TV is on.
confession n /k@n"feSn/
● aveu, confession confessione Geständnis
I have a confession to make. I ate all your chocolates – sorry!
contact v /"kQnt&kt/
● prendre contact avec, contacter contattare
kontaktieren, erreichen
Contact me when you arrive to say that you’re safe.
contain v /k@n"teIn/
● contenir contenere enthalten
This letter contains all the information you will need for your trip.
23
covered in sweat /%kVv@d In "swet/
● en nage, tout en sueur coperto di sudore
go on hands and knees v /g@U Qn "h&ndz @n(d) "ni:z/
schweissgebadet
The horses were covered in sweat after the race.
crawl v /krO:l/
● marcher à quatre pattes andare gattoni krabbeln
There’s a spider crawling up your arm!
crazy adj /"kreIzi/
● fou pazzo, folle verrückt
You’re crazy! That’s a really stupid idea.
dark (at night) adj /dA:k/
● sombre buio, scuro dunkel
It gets dark very early in winter.
diary n /"daI@ri/
● journal (intime) diario Tagebuch
Every night, I write about how I feel in my diary.
duck n /dVk/
● canard anatra Ente
There used to be lots of ducks on the village pond.
efficiently adv /I"fIS@ntli/
● efficacement efficientemente effizient
Declan manages our money very efficiently, so I don’t have to worry.
emergency services n pl /I"m3:dZ@nsi "s3:vIsIz/
● services d’urgence servizi di pronto intervento Notdienst(e)
We called the emergency services and the ambulance arrived very
quickly.
ending (of a book) n /"endIN/
● fin fine, conclusione Ende
I like books that have a happy ending.
exhausted adj /Ig"zO:stId/
● épuisé, exténué esausto erschöpft
I was exhausted after our walk to the top of the Acropolis.
fail an exam v /%feIl @n Ig"z&m/
● échouer à un examen essere bocciato a un esame durch eine
Prüfung fallen
If I fail an exam, I can take it again next year.
fall down (= break) v /%fO:l "daUn/
● s’écrouler, s’effondrer crollare zusammenbrechen
There used to be a castle here, but it has fallen down.
film star n /"fIlm %stA:/
● star/vedette de cinéma stella del cinema Filmstar
There are guides in Hollywood who will show you where all the film
stars live.
fizzy drink n /%fIzi "drINk/
● boisson gazeuse bevanda gasata/frizzante Getränk mit
Kohlensäure
I had a sandwich and a fizzy drink for lunch.
food poisoning n /"fu:d %pOIz@nIN/
● intoxication alimentaire intossicazione alimentare
Lebensmittelvergiftung
I got food poisoning after I ate some badly-cooked meat.
footpath n /"fUtpA:T/
● sentier sentiero Fussweg, Pfad
The footpath was narrow and dangerous.
for a while /%f@r @ "waIl/
● un moment per un po’ eine Weile, einen Moment
Let’s stop walking for a while and eat our sandwiches.
forgive v /f@"gIv/
● pardonner perdonare verzeihen
Liz will never forgive me if I read her diary.
freedom n /"fri:d@m/
● liberté libertà Freiheit
Jamie enjoys the freedom of living alone in the forest.
frightened adj /"fraIt@nd/
● qui a peur spaventato ängstlich
She’s frightened of spiders.
get rid of (sth) v /get "rId @v/
● se débarrasser de sbarazzarsi di loswerden
We need to get rid of this old sofa before the new one arrives.
go climbing v /%g@U "klaImIN/
● faire de l’escalade andare a far roccia bergsteigen (gehen)
I used to go climbing every weekend when we lived near the mountains.
● marcher à quatre pattes andare a quattro zampe
auf allen
Vieren krabbeln
Miners often have to go on hands and knees to crawl through narrow
places.
God bless all /%gQd %bles "O:l/
● Que Dieu vous bénisse! Dio benedica tutti Gott segne alle
God bless all of you. I’m so grateful for what you did.
graduate v /"gr&djUeIt/
● obtenir son diplôme laurearsi einen Universitätsabschluss
machen
When I graduate, I’m going to get a job in television.
ground (= the floor) n /graUnd/
● terre, sol per terra Boden
I think he fell out of the window – we found him lying on the ground.
haircut n /"he@kVt/
● coupe (de cheveux) taglio di capelli Haarschnitt
Your hair’s getting very long. I think you need a haircut!
hairdresser n /"he@dres@/
● coiffeur, coiffeuse parrucchiere, parrucchiera Friseur(in)
Which hairdresser do you go to? I love your haircut.
handrail n /"h&ndreIl/
● rampe corrimano Geländer
If you don’t feel safe on the path, hold the handrail.
hear from (sb) v /"hI@ fr@m/
● avoir des nouvelles de avere notizie di von (jdm) hören
How often do you hear from your sister?
helicopter n /"helIkQpt@/
● hélicoptère elicottero Hubschrauber
They flew by helicopter to the mountain lake.
high adj /haI/
● haut alto hoch
Mt Cook is the highest mountain in New Zealand.
hitchhike v /"hItS%haIk/
● faire de l’auto-stop fare l’autostop trampen
The car broke down and we had to hitchhike to the next town.
hobby n /"hQbi/
● passe-temps, hobby hobby, passatempo Hobby
My hobbies are reading and playing the piano.
hole n /h@Ul/
● trou buco Loch
There’s a hole in your sock, I can see your toes!
horror film n /"hQr@ %fIlm/
● film d’horreur film dell’orrore Horrorfilm
I don’t like horror films, they’re too frightening.
hunter n /"hVnt@/
● chasseur cacciatore Jäger(in)
The hunters shot two moose and a few ducks.
instructor n /In"strVkt@/
● professeur, moniteur istruttore, istruttrice Lehrer(in),
Ausbilder(in)
Peter is a driving instructor. He’s teaching me to drive.
invent v /In"vent/
● inventer inventare erfinden
The printing press was invented in the 14th century.
investigate v /In"vestIgeIt/
● enquêter sur indagare su untersuchen
The police are investigating the kidnapping.
joke n /dZ@Uk/
● blague barzelletta Witz
Why doesn’t anyone laugh at my jokes?
kidnap v /"kIdn&p/
● enlever, kidnapper rapire entführen
The people who kidnapped the president want $10m from the
government.
let (sb) go (= release) v /%let "g@U/
● lâcher mollare, lasciar andare loslassen
The police arrested a man yesterday, but they let him go today.
library n /"laIbr@ri/, /"laIbri/
● bibliothèque biblioteca Bibliothek, Bücherei
I’m going to borrow some books from the library for my essay.
24
simple life /"sImpl %laIf/
lose consciousness v /%lu:z "kQnS@sn@s/
● perdre connaissance perdere i sensi
das Bewusstsein verlieren
Alan lost consciousness when he hit his head on the goalpost.
lose weight v /%lu:z "weIt/
● maigrir, perdre du poids dimagrire Gewicht verlieren,
abnehmen
I’m going to try to lose weight. Maybe I’ll buy an exercise bike.
manage to do (sth) v /"m&nIdZ t@ "du:/
● réussir à faire riuscire a fare es schaffen, (etw) zu tun
I can’t manage to do everything today, so I’ll do the rest tomorrow.
manual n /"m&njU@l/
● manuel manuale Handbuch
I don’t know how to fix the TV. I can’t find the manual.
meat n /mi:t/
● viande carne Fleisch
We don’t eat much meat but we like fish.
moose n /mu:s/
● orignal, élan alce Elch
Dad shot a moose on his hunting trip.
narrow adj /"n&r@U/
● étroit stretto eng
This path is so narrow! I don’t think I can walk along it.
nature n /"neItS@/
● nature natura Natur
If you like nature, you’ll enjoy a safari holiday.
petrol station n /"petr@l %steISn/
● station-service stazione di servizio Tankstelle
They stopped at the petrol station to fill the car with petrol.
plan v /pl&n/
● préparer, projeter fare progetti planen
What are you planning to do when you finish university?
poisonous adj /"pOIz@n@s/
● venimeux velenoso giftig
Some berries are poisonous – if you don’t know what they are, don’t
eat them!
posh adj /pQS/
● chic elegante vornehm, nobel
The Ritz is a very posh hotel. Very expensive, too!
possessions n pl /p@"zeSnz/
● affaires averi Besitz(tümer)
Grandad left me all his possessions when he died.
recipe n /"res@pi/
● recette ricetta (di cucina) Rezept
Can you give me the recipe for that cake?
report (from school) n /rI"pO:t/
● bulletin scolaire pagella scolastica Zeugnis
Jack’s school report was awful. He promised to work harder next year.
roller coaster n /"r@Ul@%k@Ust@/
● montagnes russes montagne russe Achterbahn, Berg- und
Talbahn
I love roller coasters, but they make me feel sick.
row (= argument) n /raU/
● dispute discussione, litigio Streit, Krach
She had a row with her boyfriend, and now she won’t speak to him.
scared adj /ske@d/
● qui a peur che ha paura ängstlich
I am scared of lifts, so I always use the stairs.
scream v /skri:m/
● crier, hurler strillare schreien
The bank teller screamed when she saw the man’s gun.
seed (of a plant) n /si:d/
● graine seme Samen
If I plant the seeds now, I’ll have lovely flowers in July.
shake v /SeIk/
● trembler tremare zittern, beben
I was so scared! I was shaking.
shelter n /"Selt@/
● abri riparo, rifugio Schutz
When the snow storm came, we sat in our tent for shelter.
● vie simple vita semplice einfaches Leben
You have to like a simple life if you’re camping. If you want to be
comfortable, go to a hotel!
sleeping bag n /"sli:pIN %b&g/
● sac de couchage sacco a pelo Schlafsack
It was cold in the tent but we were very warm in our sleeping bags.
spider n /"spaId@/
● araignée ragno Spinne
‘Mum! There’s a spider in the bath!’
spy novel n /"spaI %nQv@l/
● roman d’espionnage romanzo di spionaggio Spionageroman
I’ve got a spy novel to read on the plane.
squirrel n /"skwIr@l/
● écureuil scoiattolo Eichhörnchen
We’ve got squirrels that live in our trees – they like the nuts.
starve v /stA:v/
● souffrir de la faim morire di fame (ver)hungern
Every year, people starve in Africa because they can’t grow enough food.
steep adj /sti:p/
● raide ripido steil
Climbing that steep hill was exhausting.
stove n /st@Uv/
● cuisinière stufa, fornelli Ofen, Herd
I’ll find some wood for the stove, then we can cook the fish.
strength n /streNT/
● force forza Kraft, Stärke
I haven’t got the strength to move this sofa. It’s so heavy!
stuck in a lift /%stVk In @ "lIft/
● coincé dans un ascenseur bloccato in un ascensore im Lift
steckengeblieben
Lyn is scared of getting stuck in a lift. That’s why she uses the stairs.
survive v /s@"vaIv/
● survivre sopravvivere überleben
You can survive in the mountains if you know what things to eat.
take (sb) to court v /%teIk t@ "kO:t/
● poursuivre en justice citare in tribunale (jdn) vor Gericht
bringen
The police arrested a man after the burglary, and they’re taking him
to court.
terrified adj /"terIfaId/
● qui a une peur bleue de, terrifié terrorizzato in panischer Angst
Richard was terrified when he got lost in the forest.
terrorist n /"ter@rIst/
● terroriste terrorista Terrorist
Terrorists tried to put a bomb on the plane.
thin adj /TIn/
● maigre magro dünn
I hate being overweight. I want to be thin.
thrill n /TrIl/
● plaisir, frisson brivido di gioia/di emozione Erregung,
Nervenkitzel
People who like roller coasters enjoy the thrill of danger.
tie (sb) up v /%taI "Vp/
● ligoter legare anbinden, festbinden, fesseln
The robbers tied Daniel up and stole his money.
total n /"t@Utl/
● total totale Summe
‘There is a total of ten mistakes. You have to find all of them.’
trapped pp /tr&pt/
● piégé intrappolato, in trappola eingeschlossen, in der Falle
After the accident he was trapped in his car and couldn’t get out.
view n /vju:/
● vue vista, veduta Blick, Aussicht
The view from the top of the mountain was fantastic.
village n /"vIlIdZ/
● village paese Dorf
Pete and Sara live in a village about 10 miles away from the city.
waste v /weIst/
● gaspiller far perdere verschwenden
Don’t waste my time with stupid questions.
25
weak adj /wi:k/
● faible, affaibli debole
chef n /Sef/
schwach
I felt very weak after I had food poisoning.
wild (place) adj /waIld/
● sauvage selvaggio wild, verwildert
I don’t want luxurious holidays, I want to visit the wild places of
the world.
wild mushrooms n pl /%waIld "mVSru:mz/
● champignons sauvages funghi selvatici wilde Pilze
It can be dangerous to eat wild mushrooms if you don’t know what
they are.
witness n /"wItn@s/
● témoin testimone Zeuge/Zeugin
I was a witness to the accident. I saw everything.
woods n pl /wUdz/
● bois boschi Wald
There are mushrooms under the trees in these woods.
Unit 11
addict n /"&dIkt/
● personne accro
assuefatto Süchtige(r), Abhängige(r)
If you can’t stop smoking, you’re a tobacco addict.
addictive adj /@"dIktIv/
● qui crée une dépendance che dà assuefazione süchtig machend
Alcohol and tobacco are very addictive.
advertise v /"&dv@taIz/
● faire de la publicité mettere un annuncio, reclamizzare werben
(für)
How will you advertise the new product?
advertisement n /@d"v3:tIsm@nt/
● publicité annuncio, inserzione Werbung
An advertisement for the job appeared in a magazine.
American Indians n pl /@%merIk@n "IndI@nz/
● Indiens d’Amérique indiani d’America Indianer
The American Indians are the true native Americans.
ancient adj /"eInS@nt/
● antique antico antik, alt
The history of chewing gum goes back to ancient times.
Arctic Circle n /%A:ktIk "s3:kl/
● cercle polaire arctique circolo polare artico nördlicher
Polarkreis
In the middle of winter, the sun doesn’t rise in the Arctic Circle.
ban v /b&n/
● interdire proibire verbieten, sperren
You can’t have a cigarette. Smoking is banned here.
banana n /b@"nA:n@/
● banane banana Banane
Bananas are grown on huge plantations.
beard n /bI@d/
● barbe barba Bart
My teenage son is trying to grow a beard.
bottle n /bQtl/
● bouteille bottiglia Flasche
When I was young, shops used to give us money for empty Coke bottles.
briefcase n /"bri:fkeIs/
● serviette cartella Aktentasche, -mappe
Jack carries a briefcase to work.
can n /k&n/
● canette, boîte lattina Dose
We’ll take some sandwiches and a can of Coke.
cargo n /kA:g@U/
● cargaison carico Fracht
The ship arrived from Africa with a cargo of bananas.
chain-smoke v /"tSeIn%sm@Uk/
● fumer cigarette sur cigarette fumare una sigaretta dopo l’altra
Kette rauchen
People who were chain-smoking in the 1950s were dying of lung cancer
in the 1990s.
● chef, cuisinier chef, capocuoco Koch/Köchin
That restaurant is owned by a famous chef.
chew v /tSu:/
● mâcher, ronger masticare kauen
In some countries, people chew tobacco.
chewing gum n /"tSu:IN %gVm/
● chewing-gum chewing-gum, gomma da masticare Kaugummi
Chewing gum can freshen your breath.
commercially adv /k@"m3:S@li/
● commercialement commercialmente kommerziell
Sugar is commercially produced in huge factories.
cotton n /"kQt@n/
● coton cotone Baumwolle
Cotton used to be picked by slaves in the American South.
cry (= call/shout) v /kraI/
● crier gridare schreien, rufen
Someone cried ‘Fire!’ and we all ran out of the building.
death n /deT/
● mort morte Tod
Tobacco has caused the death of huge numbers of people.
drive-in restaurant n /%draIvIn restrQnt/
● restoroute ristorante drive-in Drive-in-Restaurant
The kids want to go to a drive-in restaurant for a hamburger.
empty adj /"empti/
● vide vuoto leer
Don’t leave your empty Coke cans on the floor.
export v /Ik"spO:t/
● exporter esportare exportieren
India exports tea around the world.
fabric n /"f&brIk/
● tissu stoffa, tessuto Stoff, Material
I love the fabric you chose for your new dress!
factory n /"f&ktri/
● usine fabbrica Fabrik
These spare parts are made at a local factory.
feed v /fi:d/
● nourrir, donner à manger à dar da mangiare a füttern
Can you feed the dog? He looks hungry.
freshen v /"freSn/
● rafraîchir rinfrescare auffrischen
Would you like a mint to freshen your breath?
gallon n /"g&l@n/
● gallon (4,546 litres) gallone Gallone
I’m so thirsty, I could drink a gallon of water!
genius n /"dZi:nI@s/
● génie genio Genie
You’re a genius, Kristin! What a brilliant idea.
grass n /grA:s/
● herbe, pelouse erba Gras, Rasen
The grass is getting very long. It hasn’t been cut for days.
harm v /hA:m/
● abîmer, faire du mal à danneggiare, far male a schaden
If you eat a lot of sugar, you can harm your teeth.
harvest n /"hA:vIst/
● récolte raccolto Ernte
A lot of workers are needed in the summer for the harvest on our farm.
hire v /haI@/
● louer noleggiare mieten
We plan to hire a car at the airport.
history n /"hIst@ri/
● histoire storia Geschichte
Paul is writing a book about the history of art.
honey n /"hVni/
● miel miele Honig
Honey was used to sweeten food before sugar arrived in Europe.
ill-effect n /%Il I"fekt/
● effet néfaste brutta conseguenza böse Folge
Sugar can have an ill-effect if you eat too much of it.
26
product n /"prQdVkt/
industrial adj /In"dVstrI@l/
● industriel industriale
industriell
The industrial revolution made cotton much cheaper.
industry n /"Ind@stri/
● industrie industria Industrie
The tobacco industry has paid money to people with lung cancer.
inhale v /In"heIl/
● inhaler, respirer respirare inhalieren, einatmen
After being in the city, I like to inhale the fresh air by the sea.
invent n /In"vent/
● inventer inventare erfinden
Walt Disney invented Mickey Mouse.
keep off v /%ki:p "Qf/
● ne pas marcher sur tenersi lontano da, non calpestare (l’erba)
wegbleiben
Keep off the grass.
leaves n pl /li:vz/
● feuilles foglie Blätter
The leaves change colour and fall off the trees in the autumn.
lie n /laI/
● mensonge bugia Lüge
You can’t believe him. He tells such lies!
lift n /lIft/
● prendre qn en voiture passaggio Mitfahrgelegenheit
We’ll give you a lift to the station.
lung cancer n /"lVN %k&ns@/
● cancer du poumon cancro del polmone Lungenkrebs
Lung cancer is one of the ill-effects of tobacco.
luxury n /"lVkS@ri/
● luxe lusso Luxus
The simple life isn’t for me – I want a life of luxury!
match (sport) n /m&tS/
● match partita Spiel
Jerry’s playing a football match today.
motorway n /"m@Ut@weI/
● autoroute autostrada Autobahn
In the UK the motorway speed limit is 70 mph.
mouth n /maUT/
● bouche bocca Mund
Take that chewing gum out of your mouth!
out of order /%aUt @v "O:d@/
● en panne, hors service guasto defekt
The coffee machine is always out of order.
overseas adv /%@Uv@"si:z/
● à l’étranger all’estero in Übersee
I want to study overseas, in Canada or the US.
packet n /"p&kIt/
● paquet pacchetto Packung
I’ll buy Grandad a packet of tobacco for his pipe.
partner n /"pA:tn@/
● partenaire, compagnon, compagne partner compagno/a
Partner(in)
Steve and Adam are business partners. They have a small shop in
the village.
passenger n /"p&sIndZ@/
● passager passeggero/a Passagier(in)
How many passengers travel on this train every day?
pineapple n /"paIn&pl/
● ananas ananas Ananas
The pineapple is a tropical fruit.
plantation n /plA:n"teISn/
● plantation piantagione Plantage
My grandfather worked on a sugar plantation when he was younger.
popularity n /%pQpjU"l&rIti/
● popularité popolarità Beliebtheit
The popularity of the hamburger is world-wide.
produce v /pr@"dju:s/
● produire produrre herstellen
A lot of coffee is produced in Brazil.
● produit prodotto Produkt
Microsoft’s new product will be in the shops next spring.
promise v /"prQmIs/
● promettre promettere versprechen
I promise I won’t be late!
quantity n /"kwQntIti/
● quantité quantità Quantität, Menge
A huge quantity of Coke is drunk every day.
queue n /kju:/
● file (d’attente), queue coda (Warte)schlange
The was a long queue at the bank so I decided to go back later.
rare adj /re@/
● rare raro selten, rar
Rare plants in the UK are protected by law.
refine v /rI"faIn/
● raffiner raffinare raffinieren, verfeinern
The sugar is refined in a large factory.
revolution n /rev@"lu:Sn/
● révolution rivoluzione Revolution
The French Revolution happened in 1789.
rice n /raIs/
● riz riso Reis
Rice is an important food in Asia.
sailor n /"seIl@/
● marin marinaio Seemann, Matrose/Matrosin
Men used to be kidnapped to work as sailors on ships many years ago.
secret n /"si:kr@t/
● secret segreto Geheimnis
My grandmother’s cake recipe is a secret. I don’t know how she
makes it.
seed n /si:d/
● semence, graine seme Samen
You need to plant the seeds now if you want them to grow.
serve v /s3:v/
● servir servire bedienen
What time is dinner served in this hotel?
services (motorway) n pl /"s3:vIsIz/
● relais d’autoroute stazione di servizio sull’autostrada
Tankstelle und Raststätte
We’ll stop at the services for lunch.
ship v /SIp/
● expédier par bateau spedire via mare versenden, verfrachten
My furntiure is being shipped over to Ireland when I move.
silk n /sIlk/
● soie seta Seide
Silk is a very luxurious fabric.
skeleton n /"skelIt@n/
● squelette scheletro Skelett
The skeleton of a man was found in the woods.
slave n /sleIv/
● esclave schiavo/a Sklave/Sklavin
The slaves in America were kidnapped from Africa.
slavery n /"sleIv@ri/
● esclavage schiavitù Sklaverei
Slavery is illegal in most countries today.
smelly adj /"smeli/
● qui sent mauvais puzzolente übel riechend, stinkend
I think cigarettes are smelly and disgusting.
soil n /sOIl/
● terre, sol terreno Erde, Boden
The soil has to be warm for growing sugar cane.
southbound adj /"saUTbaUnd/
● en direction du sud diretto a sud (in) Richtung Süden
Take the southbound motorway towards London.
space n /speIs/
● espace spazio Platz
We haven’t enough space for the piano.
stock exchange n /"stQk Iks%tSeIndZ/
● Bourse borsa valori Börse
Brian lost a lot of money on the stock exchange.
27
sugar cane n /"SUg@ %keIn/
● canne à sucre canna da zucchero
fall in love v /%fO:l In "lVv/
Zuckerrohr
Sugar cane is grown in the West Indies.
sweeten v /"swi:t@n/
● sucrer dolcificare (ver)süssen
Would you like some sugar to sweeten your tea?
technology n /tek"nQl@dZi/
● technologie tecnologia Technologie
Technology has made farming and food production much easier.
tobacco n /t@"b&k@U/
● tabac tabacco Tabak
Tobacco is an addictive drug.
top secret adj /%tQp "si:kr@t/
● top secret segretissimo streng geheim
The recipe for Coca-Cola remains top secret.
train track n /"treIn %tr&k/
● voie (ferrée), rails binario, rotaie Gleise, Bahnstrecke
They are doing repairs on the train track at the moment.
tree sap n /"tri: %s&p/
● sève linfa Saft
Tree sap is used to make chewing gum.
truth n /tru:T/
● vérité verità Wahrheit
You have to tell the truth the when the police question you.
unattended adj /Vn@"tendId/
● laissé sans surveillance incustodito unbeaufsichtigt
Don’t leave the baby unattended. She could fall off the chair.
war n /wO:/
● guerre guerra Krieg
Millions of soldiers were killed during the war.
wrap v /r&p/
● emballer, envelopper avvolgere, incartare (ein)wickeln
I’ll buy some paper to wrap Sue’s present.
zoo n /zu:/
● zoo zoo Zoo
You can’t feed the animals in the zoo.
Unit 12
apparent adj /@"p&r@nt/
● évident evidente offensichtlich
It was apparent that he was ill. He looked awful.
brain scan department n /"breIn %sk&n dI%pA:tm@nt/
● service de tomodensitométrie cérébrale reparto ecografie cerebrali
Abteilung für Computertomografie
Mary had tests in the brain scan department at the hospital.
brain tumour n /"breIn %tju:m@/
● tumeur au cerveau tumore al cervello Hirntumor
Roger died of a brain tumour last year.
budgie n /"bVdZi/
● perruche pappagallino
Wellensittich
When I was young I had a budgie as a pet.
cap (= hat) n /k&p/
● casquette berretto Mütze, Kappe
The boys in our school have to wear a cap.
consultant n /k@n"sVlt@nt/
● spécialiste specialista Facharzt/-ärztin
She’s got an appointment to see the hospital consultant on Wednesday.
corridor n /"kQrIdO:/
● couloir corridoio Korridor, Gang
The exam room is down the corridor, opposite the hall.
criminal n /"krImInl/
● criminel criminale Kriminelle(r), Straftäter(in)
The police are looking for the criminal who robbed the bank.
dizzy adj /"dIzi/
● qui a le vertige che ha le vertigini schwindelig
I feel dizzy – I’ll have to sit down before I fall over.
dress n /dres/
● robe vestito Kleid
Are you going to buy a new dress for the party?
● tomber amoureux innamorarsi sich verlieben
I’d like to fall in love and marry a rich man!
fill in (a form) v /%fIl "In/
● remplir compilare ausfüllen
I’ve filled in an application form for a new job.
firmly adv /"f3:mli/
● fermement con fermezza streng
Mr Bates told the class very firmly to stop talking.
ghost n /g@Ust/
● fantôme fantasma Geist, Gespenst
I don’t believe in ghosts. They don’t exist.
ghostbuster n /"g@UstbVst@/
● chasseur de fantômes acchiappafantasmi Geisteraustreiber(in)
If you think you have a ghost, you should call a ghostbuster.
give (sb) a lift v /%gIv @ "lIft/
● emmener/accompagner en voiture dare un passaggio
(jdn) (im Auto) mitnehmen
Can you give me a lift to the bus station?
grey adj /greI/
● gris grigio grau
The sky looks grey today. Do you think it’s going to rain?
haunted v /hO:ntId/
● hanté abitato dagli spiriti spuken
Simon thinks that house is haunted. He says he saw a ghost.
hurry up v /%hVri "Vp/
● se dépêcher affrettarsi, sbrigarsi sich beeilen
Hurry up! We’re going to be late for work!
in my way /%In maI "weI/
● qui m’empêche de passer d’intralcio im Weg
Excuse me, you’re in my way. Can I get past?
invisible adj /In"vIz@bl/
● invisible invisibile unsichtbar
I can’t see the path – it’s invisible in the darkness.
kick (sb) out v /%kIk "aUt/
● virer buttar fuori rausschmeissen
My brother was kicked out of school when he was 14.
leave (sb) alone v /%li:v @"l@Un/
● laisser tranquille lasciare da solo/in pace in Ruhe lassen
Leave Jim alone. He’s trying to study.
I’m looking forward to going to Italy.
look out! /lUk "aUt/
● attention! attenzione! pass auf! Vorsicht!
Look out! There’s a car coming.
miss the train v /%mIs D@ "treIn/
● rater le train perdere il treno den Zug verpassen
If we don’t hurry, we’ll miss the train!
nasty adj /"nA:sti/
● désagréable, mauvais sgradevole, brutto scheusslich
What nasty weather. I’m looking forward to seeing the sun again.
operation n /Qp@"reISn/
● opération operazione Operation
Frank might need an operation on his knee.
palace n /"p&lIs/
● palais palazzo Palast, Schloss
The Queen lives in an enormous palace.
pass on a message v /%pA:s "Qn/
● transmettre un message passare un messaggio eine Nachricht
weitergeben
Can you pass on a message to Sue for me?
portrait n /"pO:treIt/
● portrait ritratto Porträt
There was a portrait of his mother on the wall.
princess n /prIn"ses/
● princesse principessa Prinzessin
Everybody wanted to see the Queen and the two little princesses.
28
beach n /bi:tS/
put out (a cigarette) v /%pUt "aUt/
● éteindre spegnere
ausmachen, löschen
Put your cigarette out. You can’t smoke in the shop.
servant n /"s3:v@nt/
● domestique persona di servizio Diener(in)
If I was rich, I would have a servant to do the housework.
shoplifting n /"SQplIftIN/
● vol à l’étalage taccheggio Ladendiebstahl
Shoplifting is a huge problem for big stores.
social worker n /"s@USl %w3:k@/
● assistant social assistente sociale Sozialarbeiter(in)
Jane’s a social worker. She works with teenage mothers.
sort out (a problem) v /%sO:t "aUt/
● régler, résoudre risolvere in Ordnung bringen, regeln
Don’t worry. I’m sure we can sort this problem out quickly.
spirit (= ghost) n /"spIrIt/
● esprit spirito Geist
I sometimes feel the spirit of my grandmother when everything is quiet.
toothache n /"tu:TeIk/
● mal de dents mal di denti Zahnschmerzen
You’ll get toothache if you eat sweets every day.
transparent adj /%tr&ns"p&r@nt/
● transparent trasparente durchsichtig, transparent
What a disaster! Sam’s new swimming costume is nearly transparent
when it gets wet!
trouble v /"trVbl/
● inquiéter, préoccuper preoccupare, disturbare beunruhigen,
bekümmern
A surprising number of people are troubled by problems with ghosts.
typical adj /"tIpIkl/
● typique tipico typisch
On a typical day, I start work at 8.30 and finish at 5.
We have to wear a uniform to school.
unpleasant adj /Vn"plez@nt/
● désagréable, mauvais spiacevole unangenehm
Your cigarettes make the house smell unpleasant.
vicar n /"vIk@/
● pasteur pastore (della Chiesa anglicana) Vikar(in), Pfarrer(in)
The vicar lives in that house by the church.
victim n /"vIktIm/
● victime vittima Opfer
She was the victim of a burglary. All her jewellery was stolen.
voices n pl /"vOIsIz/
● voix voci Stimmen
I can hear voices next door – I thought they were on holiday.
wallet n /"wQlIt/
● portefeuille portafoglio Brieftasche
I’ve lost my wallet! All my money is in it!
wedding n /"wedIN/
● mariage nozze, matrimonio Hochzeit
When I get married I want a big wedding.
Unit 13
attack v /@"t&k/
● attaquer, agresser aggredire angreifen
Steve was attacked in the street and his phone was stolen.
authoritative adj /O:"TQrIt@tIv/
● officiel, autorisé autorevole zuverlässig, massgeblich, von
einem/r Expert(in)
This book is the authoritative guide to London. It’s the best you
can buy.
barrel of beer n /%b&r@l @v "bI@/
● tonneau de bière barile di birra Fass Bier
Kevin bought a barrel of beer for the party.
barter v /"bA:t@/
● troquer barattare tauschen
I’ll barter my Coldplay CD for your old Beatles cassette.
● plage spiaggia Strand
If it’s sunny, we’ll go to the beach for a swim.
beachcomber n /"bi:tS%k@Um@/
● personne qui ramasse sur la plage persona che si aggira sulle
spiagge alla ricerca di soldi, oggetti, ecc. Strandgutsammler(in)
I wonder if that beachcomber has found anything interesting in
the sand.
calm adj /kA:m/
● calme calmo ruhig, gelassen
The sea’s very calm today, shall we go swimming?
checkout till n /"tSekaUt %tIl/
● caisse cassa (in un supermercato) Kasse (im Supermarkt)
Matha’s working on the checkout till in the supermarket.
connect v /k@"nekt/
● mettre en communication dare la linea a verbinden
Sorry to keep you waiting. I’m trying to connect you.
deer n /dI@/
● cerf cervo Reh, Hirsch
The hunter shot a deer in the woods.
earn a living v /%3:n @ "lIvIN/
● gagner sa vie guadagnarsi da vivere seinen Lebensunterhalt
verdienen
Michael earns a living by selling his paintings.
exactly adv /Ig"z&ktli/
● exactement esattamente genau
It’s exactly two miles from my house to the school.
fetch v /fetS/
● aller chercher andare a prendere holen
Can you fetch me a drink, please? I’m really thirsty.
filmmaker n /"fIlmmeIk@/
● cinéaste produttore, regista Filmemacher(in)
Steven Spielberg is a well-known filmmaker.
fluently adv /"flu:@ntli/
● couramment correntemente fliessend
She speaks French fluently.
fly a hot air balloon v /%flaI @ %hQt %e@ b@"lu:n/
● piloter une montgolfière andare in mongolfiera mit einem
Heissluftballon fahren
I’d love to fly a hot air balloon over my house!
get used to (sth) v /%get "ju:st tu:/
● s’habituer à abituarsi a sich gewöhnen an
Jim couldn’t get used to living in the country, so he went back
to London.
get wet v /%get "wet/
● se mouiller bagnarsi nass werden
Don’t go out, it’s raining. You’ll get wet!
go out with (sb) v /%g@U "aUt wID/
● sortir avec uscire con mit (jdm) gehen, mit (jdm)
zusammensein
I’ve been going out with Nicole for a long time.
heaven n /"hevn/
● paradis paradiso, cielo Himmel
‘Mum, do rabbits go to heaven when they die?’
heavy adj /"hevi/
● lourd pesante schwer
This is a heavy bag – what’s in it?
hold on (= wait) v /h@Uld Qn/
● patienter aspettare warten
Hold on. I’ll just be a few more minutes!
homeless adj /"h@Uml@s/
● sans abri senzatetto obdachlos
I’ve been homeless and living in the streets for two years now.
honest adj /"QnIst/
● sincère, honnête sincero, schietto, onesto ehrlich
My mother is a very honest person. She never tells a lie.
income n /"Ink@m/
● revenu reddito Einkommen
I have a small income from my pension, but I don’t need much money.
29
indoors adv /In"dO:z/
● à l’intérieur in casa, dentro
wind n /wInd/
drinnen
We’ll stay indoors today because the weather is so bad.
land (a plane) v /l&nd/
● poser, atterrir atterrare landen
The plane landed safely after a long flight.
lively adj /"laIvli/
● vif, plein d’entrain attivo, vivace lebhaft, aktiv
The teacher was pleased with the lively group of students.
mainly adv /"meInli/
● surtout, pour la plupart soprattutto, specialmente
hauptsächlich
I work mainly at the weekends.
movie director n /"mu:vi d@%rekt@/
● réalisateur, metteur en scène regista cinematografico
Filmregisseur(in)
Ian wants to be a movie director like Tarantino.
mystery tour n /"mIst@ri %tU@/
● voyage surprise viaggio con destinazione a sorpresa
Fahrt ins Blaue
My parents have gone on a mystery tour by coach. I’ve no idea where
they are!
passion n /"p&Sn/
● passion passione Leidenschaft, Passion
Cathy has a passion for horse riding.
pension n /"penSn/
● (pension de) retraite pensione Rente, Pension
I hope my pension gives me enough income when I finish work.
pie n /paI/
● tourte, tarte torta/tortino salato Pastete
Apple pie is a popular dessert in North America.
poor visibility /%pO: vIz@"bIl@ti/
● mauvaise visibilité scarsa visibilità schlechte Sicht
The poor visibility made driving very difficult.
professionally adv /pr@"feS@n@li/
● en professionnel come professionista beruflich
Judy Garland began singing professionally when she was a child.
put (sb) off v /%pUt "Qf/
● dégoûter far passare la voglia di abschrecken
Don’t be put off by the weather. I’m sure it will get better.
realize v /"rI@laIz/
● se rendre compte de rendersi conto erkennen, einsehen
Sorry I’m late, I didn’t realize what the time was.
regular job /%regjUl@ "dZQb/
● travail permanent lavoro regolare feste Stelle
Derek was unemployed for a year, but now he has a regular job.
reply n /rI"plaI/
● réponse risposta antworten
Alison still hasn’t replied to my e-mail.
roller skates n pl /"r@Ul@ %skeIts/
● patins à roulette pattini a rotelle Rollschuhe
Can you use roller skates? I can’t, I always fall over.
routines n pl /ru:"ti:nz/
● habitude, routine routine, sequenza di azioni Routine
Children need routines. They don’t like it when things change.
seriously adv /"sI@rI@sli/
● gravement gravemente, seriamente schwer, ernstlich
Two people were seriously hurt in the accident.
skate v /skeIt/
● patiner pattinare Schlittschuh laufen
If you want to play ice hockey, you’ll need to learn to skate.
sunset n /"sVnset/
● coucher du soleil tramonto Sonnenuntergang
We sat on the beach and watched the sunset.
tin n /tIn/
● boîte (de conserve) scatoletta Dose
Can you open a tin of food for the cat?
waste n /weIst/
● gaspillage spreco Verschwendung
It seems such a waste to throw these old clothes away.
● vent vento Wind
The wind blew through the trees.
Unit 14
afterwards adv /"A:ft@w@dz/
● après, ensuite dopo, più tardi
später, nachher
Karen shouted at the children, but she was sorry afterwards.
bachelor n /"b&tS@l@/
● célibataire scapolo Junggeselle
My uncle was a bachelor all his life. He never married.
behave v /bI"heIv/
● se comporter comportarsi sich benehmen
Ellen said the children had behaved very well.
character n /"k&r@kt@/
● caractère carattere Charakter
Which cartoon character do you like best?
coin n /kOIn/
● pièce (de monnaie) moneta Münze
Tom found a Roman coin in a field.
cruel adj /"kru:@l/
Some people think fishing is a cruel sport.
delighted adj /dI"laItId/
● ravi, très content molto contento erfreut, entzückt
I was delighted to hear about your new job.
desperate adj /"desp@r@t/
● désespéré disperato verzweifelt
That child seems desperate for attention.
fall over v /%fO:l "@Uv@/
● tomber cadere hinfallen
Be careful not to fall over on the ice.
fiction n /"fIkSn/
● romans, fiction narrativa Belletristik, Literatur
Do you enjoy reading fiction?
forever adv /f@"rev@/
● (pour) toujours per sempre ewig
I will love you forever.
forgive v /f@"gIv/
● pardonner perdonare verzeihen
I’ll never forgive him for leaving me.
furious adj /"fjU@ri@s/
● furieux infuriato wütend
Ed was furious when he discovered the scratch on his new car.
get in touch v /%get In "tVtS/
● prendre contact avec, faire signe à mettersi in contatto, farsi
sentire sich melden, sich in Verbindung setzen
Please get in touch with us once you’ve settled into your new home.
heads or tails /"hedz O: "teIlz/
● pile ou face testa o croce Kopf oder Zahl
We’ll toss a coin to see who does the washing-up. Heads or tails?
in a mess /In @ "mes/
● désordre, fouillis in disordine in Unordnung
I’m afraid the house is in a mess at the moment. I wasn’t expecting
anyone to arrive!
knock n /nQk/
● coup colpo Klopfen
They heard a knock at the door.
make a will v /%meIk @ "wIl/
● faire un testament fare testamento sein Testament machen
Grandad died before he had a chance to make a will.
make up v /%meIk "Vp/
● se réconcilier fare la pace sich (wieder) vertragen, sich
versöhnen
We had a argument, but we have made up now.
marriage n /"m&rIdZ/
● mariage matrimonio Ehe
This is her second marriage – her first husband died.
30
on condition /%Qn k@n"dISn/
● à condition a condizione unter der Bedingung
You can have your pocket money on condition that you tidy your room.
pay n /peI/
● paie paga Bezahlung
I like my job, but the pay isn’t very good.
politician n /pQl@"tISn/
● homme/femme politique politico Politiker(in)
I hate politicians. They never give you a straight answer.
quarrel n /"kwQr@l/
● dispute litigio, discussione Streit, Auseinandersetzung
Richard and Jackie had a quarrel, but they’ve made up again now.
quarrel v /"kwQr@l/
● se disputer litigare, discutere sich streiten, sich zanken
Are they quarrelling about the television again?
remarry v /%ri:"m&ri/
● se remarier risposarsi wieder heiraten
I’ve been single for many years now but I hope to remarry someday.
revenge n /rI"vendZ/
● vengeance vendetta, rivincita Rache
United beat us 3–0, but we’ll get our revenge when we play them
next time.
rubbish bin n /"rVbIS %bIn/
● poubelle bidone della spazzatura Mülleimer/-tonne
Please put your chewing gum in the rubbish bin.
shadow n /"S&d@U/
● ombre ombra Schatten
Our house is in the shadow of the mountain.
silhouette n /%sIlU"et/
● silhouette sagoma, silhouette Silhouette, Umriss
They could see the silhouette of the woman through the window.
sin n /sIn/
● péché peccato Sünde
Dad says it’s a sin to steal.
single adj /"sINgl/
● célibataire celibe, nubile einzige(r, s)
I’m happy being single. Marriage isn’t for me!
soft (noise) adj /sQft/
● doux sommesso leise
We’ll put on some soft music and relax on the sofa.
solicitor n /s@"lIsIt@/
● notaire, avocat notaio, legale Rechtsanwalt/-anwältin (für
aussergerichtliche Angelegenheiten)
The solicitor read the details of the will.
suitcase n /"su:tkeIs/
● valise valigia Koffer
How many suitcases are you checking in?
sway v /sweI/
● s’agiter, osciller ondeggiare sich wiegen, schwanken
Look at the trees swaying – it must be windy outside.
toss (toss a coin) v /tQs/
● jouer (à pile ou face) lanciare in aria werfen
Let’s toss a coin to see who goes first.
unfair adj /%Vn"fe@/
● injuste ingiusto ungerecht
You’re being unfair. It wasn’t all my fault.
unmarried adj /%Vn"m&rid/
● non marié, célibataire non sposato, celibe, nubile unverheiratet
Harry was unmarried for 50 years, until he met Matilda.
violent adj /"vaI@l@nt/
● violent violento gewalttätig
There was a violent storm last night. Two trees have fallen down.
31
Grammar Reference
1.2 Questions
Unit 1
1.1 Tenses
● Les temps Tempi verbali Die Zeiten
● Dans cette unité on trouvera des exemples du présent simple et du
présent progressif, du prétérit, et de deux formes du futur: going to
et le présent progressif exprimant le futur proche. Tous ces temps
seront traités à nouveau dans des unités ultérieures.
In
questa unità si trovano esempi di Present Simple, Present
Continuous, Past Simple e due forme per esprimere il futuro: going
to e il Present Continuous con significato di futuro.
Tutti questi tempi verbali sono trattati ampiamente più avanti in
altre unità.
In diesem Kapitel finden sich Beispiele für das Present Simple und
Present Continuous, das Past Simple and zwei Arten der Zukunft:
going to und das Present Continuous als Zukunftsform.
Alle diese Zeiten werden später im Buch nochmals behandelt.
Present Tenses Unit 2
Past tenses
Unit 3
Future forms
Units 5 and 9
● L’objectif de cette unité est de réviser ce qui a déjà été acquis.
Lo scopo di questa unità è di ripassare ciò che già conosciamo.
In diesem Kapitel geht es darum, bekanntes Wissen zu
wiederholen.
Present tenses
He lives with his parents.
She speaks three languages.
I’m enjoying the course.
They’re studying at university.
Past tense
He went to America last year.
She came to England three years ago.
Future forms
I’m going to work as an interpreter.
What are you doing tonight?
Form
Verb forms with an auxiliary verb
Positive
Question
She is reading.
They are watching a film.
She can drive.
Is she reading?
What are they watching?
Can she drive?
Verb forms with no auxiliary verb
● Au présent simple et au prétérit, on n’utilise pas d’auxiliaire à la
forme affirmative.
Il Present Simple e il Past Simple non richiedono l’uso di un ausilare
nella forma affermativa.
Im Present Simple und im Past Simple verwendet man in
Aussagesätzen keine Hilfsverben.
They live in London.
He arrived yesterday.
● A la forme interrogative, on utilise do/does/did.
Si usa l’ausiliare do/does/did nella forma interrogativa.
Fragesätze werden mit do/does/did gebildet.
Do they live in London?
Where does Bill come from?
When did he arrive?
● La forme interrogative Domande Fragesätze
Questions with question words ● Adjectifs et pronoms
interrogatifs Domande con gli interrogativi Fragesätze
mit Fragewörtern
1
● Une question peut être introduite par un adjectif ou un pronom
interrogatif.
Le domande possono iniziare con un pronome, aggettivo o
avverbio interrogativo.
Fragesätze können mit einem Fragewort anfangen.
what
who
where
when
which
why
how
whose
Where’s the station?
Why are you laughing?
Whose is this coat?
How does she go to work?
2
● What, which et whose sont quelquefois suivis d’un nom.
What, which e whose possono essere seguiti da un nome.
Nach what, which und whose kann ein Nomen stehen.
What size do you take?
What sort of music do you like?
Which coat is yours?
Whose book is this?
3
● En règle générale, which s’utilise quand la question porte sur un
choix limité.
Which si usa di solito quando c’è una scelta tra pochi elementi.
Which wird normalerweise verwendet, wenn die Auswahl
begrenzt ist.
Which is your husband? The blond one or the dark one?
● Il y a de nombreuses exceptions à cette règle.
Ma non sempre questa regola viene applicata.
Dazu gibt es aber auch Ausnahmen.
What
newspaper do you read?
Which
4
● How est quelquefois suivi d’un adjectif ou d’un adverbe.
How può essere seguito da un aggettivo o da un avverbio.
Nach how kann ein Adjektiv oder Adverb stehen.
How big is his new car?
How fast does it go?
● How peut être suivi de much (pour les noms non dénombrables)
ou many (pour les noms dénombrables).
How può essere seguito da much o many. Si usa much con nomi
non numerabili e many con nomi numerabili plurali.
Nach how kann auch much oder many stehen. Man verwendet
much mit nicht zählbaren Nomen und many mit zählbaren
Nomen.
How much is this sandwich?
How many brothers and sisters have you got?
Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference
32
Questions with no question word, e.g. what, where, who, etc.
● Il y a deux réponses possibles à ce type de question: oui ou non.
Sono le domande a cui si risponde Yes o No.
Die Antwort auf diese Fragen ist Ja oder Nein.
Are you hot?
Yes, I am./No, I’m not.
Is she working?
Yes, she is./No, she isn’t.
Does he smoke?
Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t.
Can you swim?
Yes, I can./No, I can’t.
2.2 Present Continuous
Form
● Pour la construction du présent progressif, on utilise le verbe to be
(am/is/are) + forme en -ing (participe présent).
am/is/are + forma in -ing (chiamata anche ‘participio presente’)
Unit 2
2.1 Present Simple
Form
Positive and negative
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
’m (am)
’m not
He
She
It
’s (is)
isn’t
We
You
They
’re (are)
aren’t
near here.
lives
doesn’t live
Where
does
working.
am
I
is
he
she
it
What
are
do
I
we
you
they
wearing?
we
you
they
Short answer
live?
he
she
it
Are you going?
Yes, I am./No, I’m not.
Is Anna working?
Yes, she is./No, she isn’t.
● Les contractions ne sont pas permises dans les réponses
affirmatives courtes.
Non si può usare la forma contratta nelle risposte brevi
Short answer
Do you like Peter?
Yes, I do.
Does she speak French?
No, she doesn’t.
Use
● On emploie le présent simple pour exprimer:
Si usa il Present Simple per esprimere:
Das Present Simple wird verwendet, um Folgendes auszudrücken:
1
affermative.
Beachten Sie, dass man in bejahten kurzen Antworten keine
Kurzformen verwenden kann.
Yes, I am. NOT Yes, I’m.
Yes, she is. NOT Yes, she’s.
Use
● On emploie le présent progressif pour exprimer:
Il Present Continuous si usa per esprimere:
● une action habituelle.
un’azione abituale.
I
Question
live
don’t live
Question
am/is/are + ing-Form (Partizip Präsens)
Das Present Continuous wird verwendet, um Folgendes
auszudrücken:
1
eine Gewohnheit.
I get up at 7.30.
Cinda smokes too much.
● une action qui se déroule au moment où l’on parle.
un’azione che avviene in questo momento.
● une vérité permanente.
un fatto che è sempre vero.
eine Aktivität, die gerade stattfindet.
They’re playing in the garden.*
She can’t answer the phone because she’s washing her hair.
! Stanno giocando/Giocano in giardino. In italiano si possono
usare sia il presente sia ‘stare + gerundio’. In inglese si può usare
solo il Present Continuous.
3
● une action en cours mais qui ne se déroule pas nécessairement au
2
eine Tatsache, die immer zutrifft.
Vegetarians don’t eat meat.
We come from Spain.
2
● une vérité quasi-permanente, c’est-à-dire de longue durée.
uno stato o una situazione permanenti.
ein Dauerzustand.
I live in Oxford.
She works in a bank.
moment précis où l’on parle.
un’azione temporanea che avviene ora, ma forse non nel momento
in cui si parla.
eine Aktivität, die gerade stattfindet, möglicherweise aber nicht
zum Sprechzeitpunkt.
She’s studying maths at university.
I’m reading a good book by Henry James.
33
3
Question
● une action prévue, par exemple un rendez-vous, une réunion.
un programma prestabilito per l’immediato futuro.
ein Plan oder eine Vereinbarung für die Zukunft.
I’m meeting Miss Boyd at ten o’clock tomorrow.
What are you doing this evening?
Do
2.3 Present Simple and Present Continuous
● Le présent simple et le présent progressif Il Present Simple e
il Present Continuous Present Simple und Present Continuous
1
Does
he
she
Have
I
we
you
they
Has
he
she
● Regardez bien les phrases ci-dessous. Comparez les phrases où le
choix du temps est correct et celles où il ne l’est pas.
(✗ = incorrect, ✓ = correct)
Guarda le frasi sbagliate (✗) e confrontale con quelle corrette (✓).
Sehen Sie sich die Sätze mit den Fehlern an und vergleichen Sie sie
mit den richtigen Sätzen.
✗ I read a good book at the moment.
✓ I’m reading a good book at the moment.
have a car?
got a car?
Short answer
✗ Hans is coming from Germany.
✓ Hans comes from Germany.
✗ This is a great party. Everyone has a good time.
✓ This is a great party. Everyone is having a good time.
I
we
you
they
Do you have a camera?
Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Have you got a camera?
Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
● Les contractions (’ve et ’s) s’utilisent avec have got mais pas avec
have.
Si possono usare le forme contratte (’ve e ’s) con have got ma non
2
● Certains verbes sont, en règle générale, employés seulement au
présent simple.
con have.
Kurzformen (’ve und ’s) kann man mit have got verwenden, aber
nicht mit have.
I’ve got a sister.
I have a sister. NOT I’ve a sister.
Alcuni verbi si usano di solito nel Present Simple e non nel Present
Use
● Have et have got ont le même sens. Mais have est plus soutenu que
Continuous.
Es gibt Verben, die normalerweise nur im Present Simple verwendet
werden, nicht im Present Continuous.
✓ I like Coke.
✗ I’m liking Coke.
● think, agree, understand, love sont d’autres exemples de verbes
employés uniquement au présent simple.
Altri verbi di questo tipo sono: think, agree, understand, love.
Zu diesen Verben gehören auch: think, agree, understand, love.
2.4 have/have got
Form
Positive
I
We
You
They
have
’ve got
He
She
has
’s got
two sisters.
1
have got. On utilise have got dans la langue parlée mais pas dans la
langue écrite.
Have e have got hanno lo stesso significato. Have got è più
informale di have e si usa spesso nella lingua parlata, ma non nella
lingua scritta.
Have und have got haben die gleiche Bedeutung. Have got ist
umgangssprachlicher als have. Have got wird häufig im
gesprochenen Englisch verwendet, aber nicht im geschriebenen
Englisch.
Have you got a light? (spoken)
The Prime Minister has a meeting with the President today. (written)
● En anglais américain, have (construit avec do/does) est bien plus
courant que have/has got.
Nell’inglese americano, have + do/does è molto più comune di
have/has got.
Im amerikanischen Englisch ist have + do/does viel gebräuchlicher
als have/has got.
2
● Have et have got servent à exprimer la possession.
Have e have got esprimono il possesso.
Negative
I
We
You
They
don’t have
haven’t got
He
She
doesn’t have
hasn’t got
any money.
Have and have got drücken den Besitz aus.
I have
I’ve got
She has
She’s got
He has
He’s got
a new car.
three children.
blond hair.
34
3
● Quand have + nom est utilisé pour exprimer une action habituelle,
have se conjugue comme un verbe régulier avec do/does pour la
forme affirmative et don’t/doesn’t pour la forme négative. Have got
ne s’emploie pas dans ce sens-là. Comparez les phrases ci-dessous.
Quando have + nome esprime un’azione o un’abitudine, si usa
have/has e le forme con do/does/don’t/doesn’t. Non si usa have got.
Confronta queste frasi.
Wenn have + Nomen eine Aktivität oder eine Gewohnheit
ausdrückt, verwendet man have und die Formen mit do/does/don’t/
doesn’t. Man verwendet nicht have got. Vergleichen Sie diese Sätze.
Molti verbi comuni sono irregolari. La lista si trova a pag. 56.
Form
● Le prétérit a la même forme à toutes les personnes.
Il Past Simple ha la stessa forma per tutte le persone.
✗ He has never got milk in his coffee.
✓ He never has milk in his coffee.
4
● Pour exprimer la possession au passé, on utilise have (avec did et
didn’t pour les formes interrogative et négative) plutôt que had got
qui est peu commun.
Nel Past tense di solito non si usa got. Had e le forme con did/didn’t
sono molto più comuni.
In der Vergangenheit sind die Formen mit got sehr ungewöhnlich.
Had und did/didn’t have für die Fragen und verneinten Formen
sind viel häufiger.
I had a bicycle when I was young.
My parents had a lot of books in the house.
Did you have a nice weekend?
I didn’t have any money when I was a student.
Die Form des Past Simple ist in allen Personen gleich.
Positive
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
✗ I’ve got a shower in the morning.
✓ I have a shower in the morning.
✗ What time have you got lunch?
✓ What time do you have lunch?
Es gibt viele häufige unregelmässige Verben. Siehe die Liste auf
S. 56.
Negative
● Pour le prétérit à la forme négative on utilise didn’t + l’infinitif
sans to.
La forma negativa del Past Simple si costruisce con didn’t + forma
base del verbo (infinito senza to).
Die Verneinung wird im Past Simple mit didn’t + Infinitiv (ohne to)
gebildet.
He walked.
He didn’t walk.
I
He/She/It
We
You
They
didn’t (did not)
arrive yesterday.
Question
● Pour le prétérit à la forme interrogative, on utilise did + infinitif
sans to.
3.1 Past Simple
Spelling
soggetto + forma base del verbo.
Fragen werden im Past Simple mit did + Infinitiv (ohne to)
gebildet.
She finished. When did she finish?
1
● Pour la plupart des verbes réguliers, on ajoute -ed à l’infinitif.
La maggior parte dei verbi aggiunge -ed alla forma base.
When did
Bei den meisten Verben wird -ed angehängt.
worked started
● Pour les verbes qui se terminent en -e, on ajoute -d.
Se il verbo termina in -e, si aggiunge solo -d.
Wenn das Verb auf -e endet, wird nur -d angehängt.
lived loved
she
you
they
etc.
arrive?
Short answer
2
yesterday.
La forma interrogativa del Past Simple si costruisce con did +
Unit 3
finished
arrived
went
Did you go to work yesterday?
Yes, I did.
Did it rain last night?
No, it didn’t.
Use
1
3
● Pour les verbes monosyllabiques finissant par une consonne
précédée d’une voyelle, on redouble cette dernière consonne et on
ajoute -ed.
Se il verbo è monosillabo e termina con una vocale + una
consonante, si raddoppia la consonante.
Wenn das Verb nur aus einer Silbe besteht und auf einen Vokal und
einen Konsonanten endet, wird der Konsonant verdoppelt.
stopped planned
4
● Si le verbe se termine par une consonne + -y, -y devient -ied.
Se il verbo termina in -y preceduta da consonante, si cambia -y in
-ied.
Wenn das Verb auf einen Konsonanten + -y endet, wird das -y zu
-i, dann wird -ed angehängt.
studied carried
● Il existe un grand nombre de verbes appartenant au vocabulaire
courant qui sont irréguliers. Voir liste page 56.
● Le prétérit sert à exprimer une action accomplie.
Si usa il Past Simple per parlare di un’azione conclusa nel passato.
Das Past Simple drückt eine abgeschlossene Handlung in der
Vergangenheit aus.
We played tennis last Sunday.
I worked in London from 1994 to 1999.
John left two minutes ago.
2
● Les expressions de temps ci-dessous s’utilisent avec le prétérit.
Ecco alcune espressioni di tempo usate con il Past Simple.
Beachten Sie die Zeitangaben, die mit dem Past Simple verwendet
werden.
I did it
last year.
last month.
five years ago.
yesterday morning.
in 1985.
35
3.2 Past Continuous
Form
● was/were + forme en -ing (present participle)
was/were + forma in -ing
was/were + ing-Form (Partizip Präsens)
I
He
She
It
was
wasn’t (was not)
We
You
They
were
weren’t (were not)
Das Past Continuous drückt eine Aktivität aus, die vor und
wahrscheinlich auch nach einem Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit
andauerte.
When I woke up this morning, the sun was shining.
● (Il est très probable qu’il a continué de briller après mon réveil.)
(È probabile che continui a brillare anche dopo che mi sono
svegliato.)
(Sie schien wahrscheinlich weiter, nachdem ich aufgestanden
war.)
What were you doing at 8.00 last night?
working.
3.3 Past Simple and Past Continuous
1
● On utilise le prétérit pour exprimer une action accomplie.
Il Past Simple esprime fatti puri e semplici avvenuti in un momento
Question
was
What
were
I
he
she
it
doing?
you
we
they
specifico del passato.
Das Past Simple drückt eine Handlung in der Vergangenheit als
einfache Tatsache aus.
I did my homework last night.
‘What did you do yesterday evening?’ ‘I watched TV.’
2
● On utilise le prétérit progressif pour exprimer une action qui se
déroule dans le passé. Cette action peut être interrompue.
Il Past Continuous esprime azioni passate di una certa durata, che
Short answer
Were you working yesterday?
Yes, I was.
Was she studying when you arrived?
No, she wasn’t.
Use
1
talvolta vengono interrotte.
Das Past Continuous drückt bei Aktivitäten in der Vergangenheit
eine Zeitdauer aus. Die Aktivität kann unterbrochen werden.
‘What were you doing at 8.00?’ ‘I was watching TV.’
I was doing my homework when Jane arrived.
3
● Le prétérit progressif s’emploie pour exprimer une action qui se
● Dans un récit, le prétérit progressif sera utilisé pour décrire une
Il Past Continuous esprime un’azione in corso in un momento del
Nei racconti, il Past Continuous descrive la scena, il Past Simple
déroule dans le passé.
passato e che dura per un certo tempo.
Das Past Continuous drückt eine längere Aktivität in der
Vergangenheit aus: etwas, das über einen längeren Zeitraum
hinweg andauert.
I met her while I was living in Paris.
You were making a lot of noise last night.
What were you doing?*
2
● Cette action a commencé antérieurement à l’action exprimée par le
prétérit. L’action en cours (prétérit progressif) a été interrompue
par une autre action plus brève (prétérit).
L’azione era già iniziata ed era in corso quando è stata interrotta da
una seconda azione più breve espressa dal Past Simple.
! Cosa stavi facendo/facevi? In italiano si possono usare sia
l’imperfetto sia ‘stare + gerundio’. In inglese si può solo usare il Past
Continuous.
Die Aktivität begann vor der vom Past Simple beschriebenen
Handlung. Die erste, längere Aktivität wurde sozusagen durch die
zweite, kürzere Aktivität unterbrochen.
She was making coffee when we arrived.
When I phoned Simon he was having dinner.
scène, un décor et le prétérit pour décrire une action.
descrive l’azione.
In Geschichten kann das Past Continuous den Schauplatz
beschreiben. Das Past Simple erzählt die Handlung.
It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and the birds were
singing, so we decided to go for a picnic. We put everything in the
car …
4
● Les deux questions ci-dessous portent sur deux moments
différents. En utilisant le prétérit progressif, on fait porter la
question sur ce qui s’est passé avant l’événement bref et accompli
(exprimé par le prétérit). Et en employant le prétérit, on fait porter
la question sur ce qui s’est passé après cet événement.
Le seguenti domande si riferiscono a due periodi di tempo diversi.
Con il Past Continuous si chiede che cosa è successo prima di un
evento passato, con il Past Simple si chiede che cosa è successo dopo
l’evento.
Die unten stehenden Fragen beziehen sich auf unterschiedliche
Zeiträume. Mit dem Past Continuous wird gefragt, was vor einem
Ereignis in der Vergangenheit geschah, und mit dem Past Simple
wird gefragt, was danach geschah.
What were you doing
3
● Le prétérit progressif sert à exprimer une action en cours, qui a
commencé avant et qui, probablement, continue après un moment
précis du passé.
Il Past Continuous esprime un’azione in corso prima e
probabilmente dopo un certo momento nel passato.
What did you do
We were playing
when it started to rain? tennis.
We went home.
36
3.4 Prepositions in time expressions
● Les prépositions employées dans l’expression du temps
Preposizioni con le espressioni di tempo
Präpositionen in Zeitangaben
at
in
no preposition
at six o’clock
in the morning/
afternoon/evening
at midnight
in December
at Christmas
in summer
at the weekend in 1995
in two weeks’ time
on
on Saturday
on Monday morning
on Christmas Day
on January 18
today
yesterday
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday
last night
last week
two weeks ago
next month
yesterday evening
tomorrow evening
this evening
tonight
much and many
1
● On emploie much devant les noms non dénombrables, dans une
phrase à la forme négative ou interrogative.
Si usa much (molto/a) con nomi non numerabili nelle domande e
2
à la forme négative ou interrogative.
Si usa many (molti/e) con nomi numerabili nelle domande e nelle
4.1 Expressions of quantity
● L’expression de la quantité Espressioni di quantità
Mengenangaben
nelle frasi negative.
Man verwendet much mit nicht zählbaren Nomen in Fragesätzen
und verneinten Sätzen.
How much money have you got?
There isn’t much milk left.
● On emploie many devant les noms dénombrables, dans une phrase
Unit 4
Nicht zählbare Nomen können nur im Singular stehen. Deshalb
stehen sie mit einem Verb im Singular. Mit einem nicht zählbaren
Nomen kann man nie ein Verb im Plural verwenden.
The water is cold.
The weather was terrible.
frasi negative.
Man verwendet many mit zählbaren Nomen in Fragesätzen und
verneinten Sätzen.
How many people were at the party?
I didn’t take many photos on holiday.
some and any
1
Count and uncount nouns
1
● Il est important de comprendre la différence entre les noms
dénombrables et les noms non dénombrables.
È importante capire la differenza tra i nomi numerabili e i nomi
non numerabili.
Es ist wichtig, den Unterschied zwischen zählbaren und nicht
zählbaren Nomen zu kennen.
Count nouns
Uncount nouns
a cup
a girl
an apple
an egg
a pound
water
sugar
milk
music
money
● On emploie some dans une phrase à la forme affirmative.
Si usa some (un po’ di, del, dei, ecc.) nelle frasi affermative.
Man verwendet some in Aussagesätzen.
I’d like some sugar.
2
● On emploie any dans une phrase à la forme négative ou
interrogative.
Si usa any (del, dei, ecc.) nelle domande e nelle frasi negative.
Man verwendet any in Fragesätzen und verneinten Sätzen.
Is there any sugar in this tea?
Have you got any brothers and sisters?
We don’t have any washing-up liquid.
I didn’t buy any apples.
3
● On peut dire three cups, two girls, ten pounds. On peut compter le
nombre de tasses, de filles, de livres sterling. On ne peut pas dire
two waters, three musics, one money. On ne peut pas compter ‘un
nombre d’eau, de musique, d’argent’.
Si può dire three cups, two girls, ten pounds: si possono contare.
Non si può dire two waters, three musics, one money: non si possono
contare.
Man kann sagen: three cups, two girls, ten pounds. Man kann diese
Nomen also zählen. Man kann nicht sagen: two waters,
three musics, one money. Diese Nomen kann man also nicht zählen.
● On emploie some lorsqu’on demande ou qu’on offre quelque
chose.
Si usa some nelle domande in cui si fanno richieste o offerte.
Man verwendet some in Fragesätzen, wenn man um etwas bittet
oder etwas anbietet.
Can I have some cake?
Would you like some tea?
4
● Ces règles s’appliquent aussi aux composés d’any et de some tels
que someone, anything, anybody, somewhere, etc.
Le stesse regole valgono per i composti someone, anything, anybody,
2
● Les noms dénombrables peuvent se mettre au singulier ou au
pluriel. Ils peuvent être sujets de verbes singuliers ou pluriels.
I nomi numerabili possono essere singolari o plurali. Quando sono
il soggetto della frase, il verbo sarà al singolare o al plurale.
Zählbare Nomen können im Singular oder Plural stehen. Sie
können mit einem Verb im Singular oder Plural stehen.
This cup is full.
These cups are empty.
● Les noms non dénombrables n’ont pas de pluriel. Lorsqu’ils sont
sujets d’un verbe, celui-ci doit être conjugué au singulier. On
n’utilise jamais de verbe au pluriel avec un nom non dénombrable.
I nomi non numerabili possono essere solo singolari. Quando sono
il soggetto della frase, il verbo deve essere al singolare.
somewhere, ecc.
Diese Regeln gelten auch für Zusammensetzungen wie someone,
anything, anybody, somewhere usw.
I’ve got something for you.
Hello? Is anybody here?
There isn’t anywhere to go in my town.
a few and a little
1
● On emploie a few devant les noms dénombrables.
Si usa a few (alcuni/e, un po’ di) con nomi numerabili.
Man verwendet a few mit zählbaren Nomen.
There are a few cigarettes left, but not many.
37
2
● On emploie a little devant les noms non dénombrables.
Si usa a little (un po’ di) con nomi non numerabili.
Man verwendet a little mit nicht zählbaren Nomen.
Can you give me a little help?
a lot/lots of
1
● On emploie a lot/lots of à la fois devant les noms non
dénombrables et les noms dénombrables.
Si usa a lot of oppure lots of (molti/e) con nomi numerabili e non
numerabili.
Man verwendet a lot/lots of mit zählbaren und mit nicht zählbaren
Nomen.
There’s a lot of butter.
I’ve got lots of friends.
2
● On emploie a lot/lots of à la fois dans les phrases négatives et
interrogatives.
Si usa a lot of oppure lots of anche nelle domande e nelle frasi
negative.
A lot/lots of kann in Fragesätzen und verneinten Sätzen verwendet
werden.
Are there lots of tourists in your country?
There isn’t a lot of butter, but there’s enough.
4.2 Articles – a, an and the
● Les articles a, an et the Gli articoli – a, an, the
Artikel – a, an und the
Indefinite article
● On emploie l’article indéfini:
L’articolo indeterminativo si usa:
Der unbestimmte Artikel wird verwendet:
1
● avec les métiers.
con le professioni.
vor Berufsbezeichnungen.
I’m a teacher.
She’s an architect.
2
● avec certaines expressions de quantité.
con alcune espressioni di quantità.
vor bestimmten Mengenangaben.
a pair of a little a couple of a few
3
● dans les exclamations avec what + nom dénombrable.
nelle esclamazioni formate da what + nome numerabile singolare.
in Ausrufen mit what + zählbares Nomen.
What a lovely day!
What a pity!
Definite article
● On emploie l’article défini:
L’articolo determinativo si usa:
Der bestimmte Artikel wird verwendet:
1
● devant les noms de mers et d’océans, de fleuves et de rivières,
1
● On emploie l’article indéfini a ou an devant un nom singulier
dénombrable lorsqu’on parle d’une chose, d’une idée pour la
première fois.
L’articolo indeterminativo a o an si usa con i nomi numerabili
singolari per riferirsi a una cosa o persona o idea per la prima
volta.
Der unbestimmte Artikel a oder an wird mit zählbaren Nomen im
Singular verwendet, wenn man das erste Mal von einer Sache oder
einer Vorstellung spricht.
We have a cat and a dog.
There’s a supermarket in Adam Street.
2
● On emploie l’article défini the devant un nom singulier ou pluriel,
devant un nom dénombrable ou non dénombrable lorsque la
chose, l’idée est déjà connue des deux interlocuteurs.
L’articolo determinativo the si usa con i nomi numerabili o non
numerabili, singolari o plurali, per riferirsi a una cosa o persona o
idea già menzionate e perciò note sia a chi parla sia a chi ascolta.
Der bestimmte Artikel the wird mit Nomen im Singular und im
Plural und mit zählbaren und nicht zählbaren Nomen verwendet,
wenn sowohl der Sprecher als auch der Zuhörer die Sache oder die
Vorstellung schon kennen.
We have a cat and a dog. The cat is old, but the dog is just a puppy.
● (Nous savons tous les deux de quel chat et de quel chien nous
parlons.)
(Sappiamo di quale gatto e quale cane si parla.)
(Wir wissen beide, von welcher Katze und von welchem Hund
wir sprechen.)
I’m going to the supermarket. Do you want anything?
● (Nous savons tous les deux de quel supermarché il s’agit.)
(Sappiamo che supermercato è.)
(Wir wissen beide, um welchen Supermarkt es geht.)
d’hôtels, de pubs, de théâtres, de musées et de journaux.
davanti a nomi di mari, fiumi, hotel, pub, teatri, musei e giornali.
vor Meeren, Flüssen, Hotels, Gaststätten, Theatern, Museen und
Zeitungen.
the Atlantic the British Museum The Times the Ritz
2
● pour quelque chose/quelqu’un d’unique.
davanti a nomi di cose o persone uniche.
wenn es etwas nur einmal gibt.
the sun the Queen the Government
3
● avec les adjectifs superlatifs.
davanti agli aggettivi superlativi.
vor Adjektiven im Superlativ.
He’s the richest man in the world.
Jane’s the oldest in the class.
No article
● On n’utilise pas d’article:
Non si usa nessun articolo:
Kein Artikel steht:
1
● devant les noms non dénombrables ou les noms au pluriel
lorsqu’on parle de quelque chose en général.
davanti a nomi plurali e nomi non numerabili quando sono usati
in senso generale.
vor Nomen im Plural und unzählbaren Nomen, wenn man von
Dingen allgemein spricht.
I like potatoes. ● (les pommes de terre en général)
(Le patate in genere.)
(Kartoffeln allgemein.)
Milk is good for you. NOT The milk is good for you.
38
2
● devant les noms de pays, de villes, de rues, de langues, de
magazines, de repas, d’aéroports, de gares et de montagnes.
davanti a nomi di paesi, città, strade, lingue, riviste, pasti, aeroporti,
stazioni e montagne.
vor Ländern, Städten, Strassen, Sprachen, Zeitschriften,
Mahlzeiten, Flughäfen, Bahnhöfen und Bergen.
I had lunch with John.
I bought Cosmopolitan at Paddington Station.
4
● Verbe conjugué + préposition + forme en -ing
Verbo + preposizione + forma in -ing
Verb + Präposition + ing-Form
We’re thinking of moving house.
I’m looking forward to having more free time.
5.2 like doing and would like to do
1
3
● On utitilise like doing et love doing pour exprimer un enthousiasme
moyens de transport.
davanti a nomi di luogo e alcuni mezzi di trasporto.
vor bestimmten Orten und mit bestimmten Transportmitteln.
Like doing e love doing esprimono l’idea che ci piace di solito fare
● devant le nom de certains lieux et devant le nom de certains
pour une activité.
at home in/to bed at/to work at/to school/university
by bus by plane by car by train on foot
She goes to work by bus.
I was at home yesterday evening.
4
● dans les exclamations avec what + nom non dénombrable.
nelle esclamazioni formate da what + nome non numerabile.
in Ausrufen mit what + unzählbares Nomen.
What beautiful weather!
What loud music!
● A noter: Dans l’expression go home, il n’y a ni article ni
préposition.
Nota: Nell’espressione go home non si usano né l’articolo né la
preposizione.
Anmerkung: In dem Ausdruck go home gibt es keinen Artikel und
keine Präposition.
I went home early. NOT I went to home early.
2
● On utilise would like to do et would love to do pour exprimer un
souhait dans l’immédiat ou à un autre moment spécifique.
Would like to do e would love to do esprimono una preferenza per
Unit 5
5.1 Verb patterns 1
● Structures verbales Costruzioni verbali Verbmuster
● Voici quatre modèles de structures verbales. Une liste plus
complète se trouve à la page 54.
Ecco quattro costruzioni verbali. La lista completa si trova a pag. 54.
Hier sind vier Verbmuster. Eine Liste mit Verbmustern steht auf
S. 54.
1
● Verbe conjugué + to + infinitif
Verbo + to + forma base (infinito senza to)
Would you like to dance?
Yes, I would./Yes, I’d love to.
Would you like to come for a walk? Yes, I would./No, thank you.
! ● No, I wouldn’t est peu courant parce qu’impoli.
Di solito non si usa la risposta breve No, I wouldn’t perché è
scortese.
No, I wouldn’t sagt man selten, weil es unhöflich klingt.
Form
● will est suivi de l’infinitif sans to.
will + forma base (infinito senza to)
will + Infinitiv ohne to
● Will est un verbe modal. (Une introduction aux verbes modaux
● Verbe conjugué + forme en -ing
Verbo + forma in -ing
Verb + ing-Form
Everyone loves going to parties.
He finished reading his book.
3
● Verbe conjugué + forme en -ing ou + to + infinitif (le sens est le
même pour les deux formes.)
Verbo + forma in -ing oppure to + forma base senza differenza di
qualcosa in questo momento o in un momento specifico del
futuro.
Would like to do und would love to do drücken einen Wunsch nach
etwas aus, entweder jetzt oder zu einer bestimmten Zeit.
I’d like to be a teacher. ● (= J’aimerais être professeur.)
(= Vorrei fare l’insegnante.)
(= Ich möchte gern Lehrer werden.)
Thank you. I’d love to dance. ● (= J’aimerais danser.)
(= Mi piacerebbe ballare.)
(= Ich möchte sehr gern tanzen.)
Question
Short answer
5.3 will
Verb + to + Infinitiv
They want to buy a new car.
I’d like to go abroad.
2
un’attività.
Like doing und love doing drücken allgemein Freude an einer
Aktivität aus.
I like working as a teacher. ● (= J’aime être professeur.)
(= Mi piace lavorare come
insegnante.)
(= Ich arbeite gern als Lehrer.)
I love dancing. ● (= J’adore danser.)
(= Adoro ballare.)
(= Ich tanze leidenschaftlich gern.)
figure page 45 de la Grammar Reference.) Will garde la même forme
à toutes les personnes. (Il ne prend pas de -s final à la troisième
personne du singulier.)
Will è un verbo modale ausiliare. Vedi l’introduzione ai verbi
modali ausiliari a pag. 45 di Grammar Reference. La forma di will è
uguale per tutte le persone.
Will ist ein modales Hilfsverb. Eine Einführung in die modalen
Hilfsverben steht auf S. 45 des Grammatikteils. Die Form von will
ist in allen Personen gleich.
significato
Verb + ing-Form oder + to + Infinitiv ohne Bedeutungsänderung
It began to rain/raining.
I continued to work/working in the library.
39
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
’ll (will)
won’t
come
help you.
invite Tom.
Question
When will
he
you
they
help me?
Short answer
Will you help me?
’m (am)
’m not
He
She
It
’s (is)
isn’t
We
You
They
’re (are)
aren’t
going to work.
Question
Yes, I will.
! ● No, I won’t est peu courant parce qu’impoli. Cela signifie: ‘Je ne
veux pas vous aider.’ Si l’on veut dire ‘no’ poliment, l’expression à
utiliser est ‘I’m afraid I can’t.’
Di solito non si usa la risposta breve No, I won’t perché è scortese.
Qui significherebbe ‘Non voglio aiutarti’. In questo caso per dire di
no cortesemente si dice ‘I’m afraid I can’t.’
No, I won’t sagt man selten, weil es unhöflich klingt. Es bedeutet
‘Ich will dir nicht helfen.’ Eine höfliche Ablehnung ist in diesem
Fall ‘I’m afraid I can’t.’
When
am
I
is
he
she
it
are
you
we
they
going to arrive?
Short answer
Are they going to get married?
Use
● On emploie will:
Si usa will:
I
Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.
Use
● On emploie going to:
Si usa going to:
Will wird verwendet:
1
● pour exprimer une intention ou une action future dont on a décidé
au moment où l’on parle.
Going to wird verwendet:
1
per esprimere un’intenzione futura o una decisione presa nel
● pour exprimer une décision future, une intention ou un projet
per esprimere intenzioni e progetti futuri o decisioni prese prima
momento in cui si parla.
um eine Entscheidung oder Absicht für die Zukunft auszudrücken,
die zum Sprechzeitpunkt gefasst wird.
‘It’s Jane’s birthday.’ ‘Is it? I’ll buy her some flowers.’
I’ll give you my phone number.
‘Which do you want? The blue or the red?’ ‘I’ll take the red, thank
you.’
2
um ein Angebot zu machen.
I’ll carry your suitcase.*
We’ll do the washing-up.*
! Im Deutschen verwendet man hier oft die Gegenwart, aber im
Englischen muss man will verwenden.
● D’autres emplois de will sont traités dans l’Unité 9.
Per gli altri usi di will vedi Unit 9.
Andere Verwendungen von will werden in Kapitel 9 behandelt.
2
Anche il Present Continuous può esser usato per piani futuri già
organizzati, specialmente con i verbi go e come.
Das Present Continuous kann in ähnlicher Weise für Pläne und
Vereinbarungen verwendet werden, vor allem mit den Verben go
und come.
She’s coming on Friday.
I’m going home early tonight.
3
● lorsqu’on voit ou on pressent que quelque chose va se passer de
façon certaine.
5.4 going to
Form
● La forme verbale se construit avec le verbe to be (am/is/are) + going
am/is/are + going + to + forma base del verbo (infinito senza to)
am/is/are + going + to + Infinitiv
del momento in cui si parla.
um Entscheidungen, Absichten oder Pläne für die Zukunft
auszudrücken, die vor dem Sprechzeitpunkt gefasst wurden.
How long are they going to stay in Rome?
She isn’t going to have a birthday party.
une décision, en particulier avec les verbes go et come.
● On emploi aussi le présent progressif pour décrire un projet ou
● pour exprimer une offre.
per offrirsi di fare qualcosa.
+ to + infinitif.
prévu avant le moment où l’on parle.
quando osserviamo o sentiamo in questo momento che qualcosa
sta per accadere di sicuro.
wenn man jetzt schon absehen oder merken kann, dass etwas ganz
bestimmt in der Zukunft geschehen wird.
Look at those clouds! It’s going to rain.
Watch out! That box is going to fall.
40
will or going to?
● Regardez bien l’emploi de will et de going to dans les phrases
suivantes.
Osserva l’uso di will e going to in queste frasi.
Beachten Sie die Verwendung von will und going to in diesen
Sätzen.
I’m going to make a chicken casserole for dinner.
● (J’ai pris la décision ce matin et j’ai acheté tout ce qu’il faut.)
(L’ho deciso stamattina e ho comprato tutti gli ingredienti.)
(Ich habe es heute Morgen beschlossen und alles dafür
eingekauft.)
What shall I cook for dinner? Er … I know! I’ll make chicken
casserole! That’s a good idea!
● (J’ai pris la décision au moment même où je parlais.)
(L’ho deciso in questo momento, mentre parlavo.)
(Ich habe es zum Sprechzeitpunkt beschlossen.)
Unit 6
6.2 Comparative and superlative adjectives
● Les adjectifs comparatifs et superlatifs Aggettivi comparativi
e superlativi
Form
1
what + to be + Subjekt + like?
What
’s (is) your teacher
are his parents
was your holiday
were the beaches
like?
She’s very patient.
They’re very kind.
Wonderful. We swam a lot.
OK, but some were dirty.
●
●
●
! ● like ne s’emploie pas dans la réponse:
Non si usa like nella risposta:
like wird nicht in Antworten verwendet:
She’s patient. NOT She’s like patient.
Use
● What … like? veut dire ‘Décris-moi cette personne ou cette chose,
je ne sais rien d’elle’. Dans cette expresssion, like est une préposition
et non pas un verbe.
Si usa What … like? per chiedere la descrizione di qualcuno o
qualcosa di cui non sappiamo niente. Nelle frasi seguenti like è una
preposizione, non un verbo.
What. .. like? bedeutet: Beschreibe jemanden oder etwas. Erzähle
mir davon. Ich weiss nichts darüber. Like ist in dieser Frage eine
Präposition, kein Verb.
‘What’s Jim like?’ ‘He’s intelligent and kind, and he’s got lovely blue
eyes.’
● Dans les exemples suivants, like est un verbe. Il sert à demander ce
qu’une personne aime ou aime faire.
Nelle frasi seguenti invece like è un verbo. Si usa per informarsi
sugli hobby di una persona.
In den folgenden Sätzen ist like ein Verb. Es fragt danach, wofür
sich jemand interessiert.
‘What does Jim like?’ ‘He likes motorbikes and playing tennis.’
! ● Dans l’exemple suivant: ‘How’s your mother?’ la question porte
sur la santé de la personne, et non pas sur sa description. La
réponse attendue sera de ce type: ‘She’s very well, thank you.’
Si chiede How’s your mother? per informarsi sulla salute, non per
chiedere la descrizione.
How’s your mother? fragt danach, wie es jemandem geht. ‘How’s
your mother? ’ ‘She’s very well, thank you.’
Wenn man eine Beschreibung haben möchte, sagt man: ‘What’s
your mother like?’
Sehen Sie sich die Tabelle an.
● Adjectifs courts
Aggettivi monosillabi
6.1 What ... like?
Die Steigerung der Adjektive
● Regardez le tableau ci-dessous.
Osserva la tabella.
Form
● L’expression se construit avec what + to be + sujet + like?
what + to be + soggetto + like?
●
cheap
small
big
Comparative
cheaper
smaller
bigger*
Superlative
cheapest
smallest
biggest
Kurze Adjektive
* Les adjectifs courts finissant par une consonne précédée d’une
voyelle doublent cette dernière consonne.
* Se l’aggettivo termina con una vocale + una consonante, si
raddoppia la consonante.
*Bei kurzen Adjektiven die auf einen Vokal und einen
Konsonanten enden, wird der Konsonant verdoppelt:
hot/hotter/hottest, fat/fatter/fattest.
Comparative Superlative
funny
funnier
funniest
Adjectifs finissant en -y early
earlier
earliest
Aggettivi terminanti
in -y
heavy
heavier
heaviest
Adjektive, die auf -y
enden
careful
more
most
careful
careful
Adjectifs de deux
boring
more
most
syllabes ou plus
boring
boring
Aggettivi di due o più
expensive more
most
sillabe
expensive
expensive
Zwei- oder mehrsilbige interesting more
most
Adjektive
interesting
interesting
far
further
furthest
Adjectifs irréguliers
good
better
best
Aggettivi irrregolari
bad
worse
worst
Unregelmässige Adjektive
2
● On emploie souvent than (= que) après un adjectif comparatif.
Dopo il comparativo si usa than.
Than steht oft nach einem Adjektiv im Komparativ.
I’m younger than Barbara.
Barbara’s more intelligent than Sarah.
● Much peut être ajouté devant le comparatif pour renforcer la
comparaison.
Davanti al comparativo si può usare much per dare maggior enfasi.
Zur Betonung kann much vor dem Komparativ stehen.
She’s much nicer than her sister.
Is Tokyo much more modern than London?
3
● On emploie the devant le superlatif.
Davanti all’aggettivo superlativo si usa the.
The steht vor Adjektiven im Superlativ.
He’s the funniest boy in the class.
Which is the tallest building in the world?
41
Short answer
Use
1
● On emploie le comparatif pour comparer une chose, une personne
avec une autre.
Il comparativo si usa per paragonare due cose, persone o azioni.
Man benutzt den Komparativ, um eine Sache, Person oder
Handlung mit einer anderen zu vergleichen.
She’s taller than me.
London’s more expensive than Rome.
3
● On emploie as … as pour exprimer l’égalité, la ressemblance.
Si usa as … as per dire che due cose o persone sono uguali.
As … as bedeutet, dass etwas genauso oder gleich ist.
Jim’s as tall as Peter. ● (Ils sont de la même taille.)
(Hanno la stessa altezza.)
(Sie sind gleich gross.)
I’m as worried as you are.
4
● On emploie not as/so … as pour exprimer une inégalité, une
dissemblance.
Si usa not as … as per dire che due cose o persone non sono uguali.
Not as/so… as bedeutet, dass etwas nicht genauso oder gleich ist.
She isn’t as tall as her mother. ● (Sa mère est plus grande.)
(Sua madre è più alta.)
(Ihre Mutter ist grösser.)
My car wasn’t so expensive as yours.
Unit 7
7.1 Present Perfect
Form
● Pour former le Present Perfect on utilise l’auxiliaire have/has +
infinitif +-ed (participe passé).
Le participe passé des verbes réguliers se termine en -ed.
Il existe un grand nombre de verbes appartenant au vocabulaire
courant qui sont irréguliers. Voir liste page 56.
have/has + -ed (participio passato)
Il participio passato dei verbi regolari termina in -ed.
have/has + -ed (Partizip Perfekt)
Bei regelmässigen Verben endet das Partizip Perfekt auf -ed. Es gibt
viele häufige unregelmässige Verben. Siehe die Liste auf S. 56.
I
We/You/They
’ve (have)
haven’t
He/She/It
’s (has)
hasn’t
worked in a factory.
Yes, she has./No, she hasn’t.
réponses affirmatives courtes.
par rapport à une groupe de choses, de personnes.
suo gruppo.
Man benutzt den Superlativ, um jemanden oder etwas mit der
ganzen Gruppe zu vergleichen.
She’s the tallest in the class.
It’s the most expensive hotel in the world.
Has she ever written poetry?
Non si possono usare le forme contratte I’ve, they’ve, he’s, ecc. nelle
2
● On n’emploie pas les contractions I’ve, they’ve, he’s, etc. dans les
● On emploie le superlatif pour comparer une chose, une personne
Il comparativo si usa per paragonare una cosa o una persona con il
Have you been to Egypt?
risposte brevi affermative.
In bejahten kurzen Antworten kann man nicht I’ve, they’ve, he’s
usw. verwenden.
Yes, I have. NOT Yes, I’ve.
Yes, we have. NOT Yes, we’ve.
Use
1
● Le Present Perfect considère le passé écoulé jusqu’au moment
présent et sert à exprimer ce qui s’est passé avant le moment où
l’on parle. L’action a eu lieu à un moment indéterminé du passé.
Il Present Perfect ci riporta dal presente al passato ed esprime quello
che è successo prima di adesso. L’azione è successa in un momento
del passato non specificato.
Das Present Perfect blickt von der Gegenwart in die Vergangenheit
zurück und drückt aus, was früher geschehen ist. Das Geschehen
fand zu einer unbestimmten Zeit in der Vergangenheit statt.
I’ve met a lot of famous people. ● (dans le passé)
(prima d’ora)
(früher einmal)
She has won awards.
● (dans sa vie)
(nella sua vita)
(in ihrem Leben)
She’s written twenty books.
● (jusqu’à présent)
(finora)
(bis jetzt)
● L’action a toujours lieu au moment où l’on parle, et elle continuera
probablement dans le futur.
L’azione continua nel presente e probabilmente nel futuro.
Das Geschehen kann bis in die Gegenwart und wahrscheinlich in
die Zukunft andauern.
She’s lived here for twenty years. ● (elle habite encore ici)
(abita ancora lì)
(und sie wohnt immer noch
hier)
2
● On emploie le Present Perfect pour relater ce que l’on a fait dans sa
vie.
Il Present Perfect esprime un’esperienza che fa parte della vita di
una persona.
Das Present Perfect beschreibt Erlebnisse, die jemand früher einmal
hatte.
I’ve travelled a lot in Africa. ● (l’époque n’est pas importante)
(non è importante ‘quando’)
(es ist unwichtig, wann das war)
They’ve lived all over the world.
● Ever et never sont souvent employés avec le present perfect.
In questo caso si usano spesso ever e never.
Ever und never kommen bei dieser Verwendung häufig vor.
Have you ever been in a car crash?
My mother has never flown in a plane.
Question
Have
I/we/you/they
Has
he/she/it
been to the United States?
42
She’s just had some good news.
I’ve already had breakfast.
Has the postman been yet?
It’s 11.00 and she hasn’t got up yet.
3
● Le Present Perfect sert à exprimer une action ou un état qui a
commencé dans le passé et qui est encore en progression au
moment où l’on parle.
Il Present Perfect esprime un’azione o una situazione iniziate nel
passato che continuano nel presente.
Das Present Perfect beschreibt Handlungen oder Zustände, die in
der Vergangenheit anfingen und bis in die Gegenwart andauern.
I’ve known Alice for six years. ● (Et je la connais toujours.)
(La conosco ancora.)
(Ich kenne Alice immer noch.)
How long have you worked as a teacher?
● (Vous êtes toujours professeur.)
(Sei ancora un insegnante.)
(Sie sind jetzt immer noch Lehrer.)
● for et since (= depuis, depuis que) s’utilisent avec le Present Perfect.
On emploie for pour une durée et since pour un point dans le
temps, comme une date, une heure, un événement précis.
Nota che in questo caso si usano spesso for e since. Si usa for per
indicare la durata di tempo, e since per il momento iniziale.
Beachten Sie, dass die Zeitangaben for und since bei dieser
Verwendung häufig vorkommen. Man verwendet for für einen
Zeitraum und since für einen Zeitpunkt.
We’ve lived here for two years. ● (depuis deux ans = une durée)
(un periodo di tempo)
(ein Zeitraum)
I’ve had a beard since I left the army.
● (depuis que j’ai quitté l’armée = un point dans le temps)
(il momento iniziale)
(ein Zeitpunkt)
! ● D’autres langues utilisent le présent dans ce cas-ci et non pas le
passé. Mais en anglais c’est bien le Present Perfect et non pas le
présent qu’il faut employer:
In italiano, in questo caso si usa il presente, mentre in inglese si usa
il Present Perfect.
Peter è insegnante da dieci anni.
Im Deutschen und in vielen anderen Sprachen verwendet man hier
die Gegenwart. Aber im Englischen sagt man:
Peter has been a teacher for ten years.
NOT Peter is a teacher for ten years.
4
● On emploie aussi le Present Perfect pour une action passée qui a des
conséquences sur le présent. Il s’agit souvent d’une action récente.
Il Present Perfect esprime anche un’azione passata che ha un
risultato nel presente. Spesso si tratta di un passato recente.
Das Present Perfect beschreibt auch ein Geschehen in der
Vergangenheit, das sich auf die Gegenwart auswirkt. Oft liegt es
nur eine kurze Zeit zurück.
I’ve lost my wallet.
● (Je ne l’ai plus maintenant.)
(E adesso non ce l’ho.)
(Ich habe sie jetzt nicht.)
The taxi’s arrived.
● (Maintenant il attend à la porte.)
(Ed è lì che aspetta davanti a casa.)
(Es steht jetzt vor der Tür.)
Has the postman been? ● (Y a-t-il du courrier pour moi?)
(Ci sono delle lettere per me?)
(Ist Post für mich da?)
● Les adverbes just, already et yet sont couramment employés avec le
present perfect. On utilise yet aux formes négatives et interrogatives
seulement, mais pas à la forme affirmative.
In questo caso si usano spesso just, already, yet. Yet si usa solo nelle
domande e nelle frasi negative, non nelle frasi affermative.
Die Adverbien just, already und yet kommen bei dieser
Verwendung häufig vor. Yet wird in Fragesätzen und verneinten
Sätzen verwendet, aber nicht in Aussagesätzen.
7.2 Present Perfect and Past Simple
1
● Comparez le prétérit et le Present Perfect.
Confronta il Past Simple e il Present Perfect.
Vergleichen Sie das Past Simple mit dem Present Perfect.
Past Simple
a
● Le prétérit sert à exprimer une action accomplie qui s’est produite
à un moment déterminé du passé.
Il Past Simple esprime un’azione che è successa in un momento
specifico del passato.
Das Past Simple bezieht sich auf ein Geschehen, das zu einem
bestimmten Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit stattfand.
He died in 1882.
She got married when she was 22. ● (L’action est terminée.)
(L’azione è finita.)
(Das Geschehen ist
abgeschlossen.)
I lived in Paris for a year.
● (mais plus maintenant.)
(ma ora non più.)
(aber jetzt nicht.)
b
● Les expressions de temps utilisées avec le prétérit.
Espressioni di tempo + Past Simple
Zeitangaben mit dem Past Simple
in 1999.
last week.
I did it two months ago.
on March 22.
for two years.
Present Perfect
a
● Le Present Perfect sert à exprimer une action qui s’est produite à un
moment indéterminé du passé.
Il Present Perfect esprime un’azione che è successa in un momento
del passato non specificato.
Das Present Perfect bezieht sich auf ein Geschehen, das zu einem
unbestimmten Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit stattfand.
She has won awards. ● (dans sa vie)
(nella sua vita)
(in ihrem Leben)
She’s written twenty books.
● (jusqu’à présent, il se peut qu’elle en écrive davantage)
(finora, può darsi che ne scriva altri)
(bis jetzt, vielleicht schreibt sie noch mehr)
● L’action se déroule toujours au moment où l’on parle.
Può anche darsi che l’azione continui fino al presente.
Das Geschehen kann bis in die Gegenwart andauern.
She’s lived there for twenty years. ● (et elle y habite toujours)
(e ci abita ancora)
(und wohnt immer noch dort)
b
● Les expressions de temps utilisées avec le Present Perfect
Espressioni di tempo + Present Perfect
Zeitangaben mit dem Present Perfect
I’ve worked here for twenty years.
since 1995.
since I left school.
We’ve never been to America.
43
2
Use
● Comparez les exemples ci-dessous.
Confronta queste frasi.
1
● Have to sert à exprimer une obligation, un devoir. Ce devoir est
Vergleichen Sie diese Sätze.
✗ I’ve broken my leg last year.
✓ I broke my leg last year.
✗ He works as a musician all his life.
✓ He has worked as a musician all his life.
✗ When have you been to Greece?
✓ When did you go to Greece?
✗ How long do you have your car?
✓ How long have you had your car?
Unit 8
8.1 have to
Form
● L’auxiliaire have (has/have) + to est suivi de l’infinitif.
has/have + to + forma base (infinito senza to)
has/have + to + Infinitiv
I
We
You
They
have
don’t have
He
She
It
has
doesn’t have
(il n’est pas nécessaire de …).
work hard.
Does
● Introduction sur les verbes modaux Introduzione ai verbi
modali ausiliari Einführung in die modalen Hilfsverben
Form
have to
● Les verbes modaux sont:
I verbi modali ausiliari sono:
work hard?
he
she
it
Dies sind modale Hilfsverben:
can could might must shall should will would
Short answer
● Ils sont traités dans certaines unités de Headway. Ils ont des points
communs:
Do you have to wear a uniform?
Yes, I do.
Vengono studiati in varie unità di Headway. Hanno tutti questi
Does he have to go now?
No, he doesn’t.
1
● have to devient had to au prétérit. Les formes interrogative et
négative se construisent avec did et didn’t.
Il passato di have to è had to. Per le forme negative e interrogative si
usano did e didn’t.
Die Vergangenheitsform von have to ist had to. Fragesätze und
verneinte Sätze werden mit did und didn’t gebildet.
I had to get up early this morning.
Why did you have to work last weekend?
They liked the hotel because they didn’t have to do any cooking.
2
necessario fare ciò).
Don’t/doesn’t have to drückt aus, dass es keine Verpflichtung, keinen
Zwang gibt (es ist nicht nötig).
You don’t have to do the washing-up. I’ve got a dishwasher.
She doesn’t have to work on Monday. It’s her day off.
8.2 Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs
Question
Do
2
● Don’t/doesn’t have to sert à exprimer une absence d’obligation
Don’t/doesn’t have to esprimono assenza di obbligo (non è
to
I
we
you
they
dicté par des ‘règles externes’ telles que la loi, un règlement à l’école
ou au travail, ou une personne à un poste d’autorité.
Have to esprime un forte obbligo. L’obbligo è imposto dall’esterno,
per es. dalla legge, da un regolamento a scuola o sul lavoro, da una
persona in posizione di autorità.
Have to drückt eine starke Verpflichtung, einen Zwang aus. Diese
Verpflichtung kommt von aussen, z.B. durch ein Gesetz, eine
Vorschrift in der Schule oder bei der Arbeit, oder eine
Autoritätsperson.
You have to have a driving licence if you want to drive a car.
● (C’est la loi.)
(È la legge.)
(Das ist gesetzlich festgelegt.)
I have to start work at 8.00.
● (C’est l’horaire que m’impose mon employeur.)
(È una regola della ditta per cui lavoro.)
(Meine Firma hat es festgelegt.)
The doctor says I have to do more exercise.
elementi in comune:
Sie werden in verschiedenen Kapiteln in Headway behandelt. Sie
haben bestimmte Gemeinsamkeiten:
1
● Ils peuvent introduire un autre verbe. Ce verbe est à la forme
infinitive sans to.
‘Aiutano’ un altro verbo, che viene usato nella forma base (infinito
senza to).
Sie ‘helfen’ einem anderen Verb. Die Form des Verbs ist der Infinitiv
ohne to.
She can drive.
I must get my hair cut.
2
● Les formes de have got to + infinitif sont les mêmes que celles de
have got + nom. Voir page 35.
Invece di have to si può usare have got to + forma base. Le forme
sono le stesse di have got + nome. Vedi pag. 35.
Die Formen von have got to + Infinitiv sind genau wie bei have got
+ Nomen. Siehe S. 35.
● La forme interrogative ne se construit pas avec do/does.
Non usano do/does per formare le domande.
Fragesätze werden ohne do/does gebildet.
Can she sing?
Should I go home now?
44
3
● Ils gardent la même forme à toutes les personnes. Donc ils ne
prennent pas de -s final à la troisième personne du singulier:
Use
● On emploie should (= devrais, devrait, devrions, etc) pour
Hanno la stessa forma per tutte le persone, quindi non si mette
-s alla terza persona singolare.
Die Form ist in allen Personen gleich. In der dritten Person
Singular wird kein -s angehängt.
He can dance very well.
She should try harder.
It will rain soon.
4
● La forme négative ne se construit pas avec don’t/doesn’t. On ajoute
n’t au verbe modal.
Aggiungono n’t per la forma negativa e non usano don’t/doesn’t.
Zur Verneinung wird n’t angehängt. Verneinte Sätze werden ohne
don’t/doesn’t gebildet.
I wouldn’t like to be a teacher.
You mustn’t steal.
! will not = won’t.
It won’t rain tomorrow.
5
● Les verbes modaux se situent soit dans le présent soit dans le futur.
Seul can a une forme du passé: could.
●
La maggior parte dei verbi modali esprime il presente o il futuro.
●
Solo can ha la forma del passato could.
Die meisten Modalverben beziehen sich auf die Gegenwart und die
Zukunft. Nur can hat eine Vergangenheitsform, could.
I could swim when I was three.
8.3 should
Form
● should s’emploie suivi de l’infinitif sans to.
should garde la même forme à toutes les personnes.
should + forma base (infinito senza to)
La forma should è uguale per tutte le persone.
should + Infinitiv ohne to
Die Form von should ist in allen Personen gleich.
I
He
We
They
8.4 must
Form
● must s’emploie suivi de l’infinitif sans to.
must garde la même forme à toutes les personnes.
must + forma base (infinito senza to)
should do more exercise.
shouldn’t tell lies.
Question
Should
exprimer ce que l’on pense être correct de faire. Should sert aussi à
exprimer un devoir, une obligation ou un conseil.
Should si usa per dire quello che pensiamo sia la cosa migliore da
fare. Esprime un leggero obbligo o un consiglio.
Should wird verwendet, wenn der Sprecher sagen will, was seiner
Meinung nach das Richtige oder das Beste ist. Es beinhaltet eine
gewisse Verpflichtung oder einen Ratschlag.
I should do more work.
● (C’est mon opinion.)
(Questa è la mia opinione.)
(Das ist meine Meinung.)
You should do more work.
● (Je te dis ce que je pense.)
(Ti dico quello che penso io.)
(Ich sage dir, was ich meine.)
Do you think we should stop here? ● (Je te demande ton avis.)
(Ti chiedo la tua opinione.)
(Ich frage dich nach deiner
Meinung.)
On emploie shouldn’t pour conseiller de ne pas faire quelque chose.
Shouldn’t si usa per dire quello che non si dovrebbe fare.
Mit shouldn’t rät man von etwas ab.
You shouldn’t sit so close to the TV. It’s bad for your eyes.
A noter: Should exprime l’opinion de la personne qui parle. C’est
pourquoi il est souvent introduit par I think ou I don’t think.
Nota: Should esprime l’opinione di chi parla. Spesso è preceduto da
I think o I don’t think.
Anmerkung: Should drückt die Meinung des Sprechers aus. Es
wird oft mit I think oder I don’t think eingeführt.
I think politicians should listen more. ● (C’est mon opinion.)
(Questa è la mia
opinione.)
(Das ist meine Meinung.)
I don’t think people should get married until they’re 21.
I
she
they
Do you think
I
He
We
They
see a doctor?
I
he
we
should see a doctor?
Short answer
Should I phone home?
Should I buy a Mercedes Benz?
La forma must è uguale per tutte le persone.
must + Infinitiv ohne to
Die Form von must ist in allen Personen gleich.
Yes, you should.
No, you shouldn’t.
must try harder.
mustn’t steal.
● Il est possible d’utiliser must à la forme interrogative. Mais en règle
générale c’est have to qui est employé.
È possibile usare must nelle domande, ma di solito si usa have to.
Fragesätze mit must sind möglich, aber man verwendet
normalerweise have to.
Question
Short answer
Must I take exams?
Do I have to take exams?
Yes, you must.
Yes, you do.
45
2
Use
1
● Les conjonctions suivantes servent à introduire des propositions
exprimer l’obligation, la nécessité. En règle générale, cette
obligation est dictée par des raisons venant de la personne qui
parle.
Must esprime un forte obbligo. Generalmente è un obbligo sentito
internamente da chi parla.
Must drückt eine starke Verpflichtung aus. Im Allgemeinen kommt
diese Verpflichtung von innen, sie geht vom Sprecher selbst aus.
I must get my hair cut. ● (Je pense qu’il le faut.)
(Penso che sia proprio necessario.)
(Ich finde, dass es nötig ist.)
Le seguenti congiunzioni temporali introducono una proposizione
● On emploie must (= dois, doit, devons etc, il faut que) pour
2
● Parce que must exprime une certaine autorité de la part de la
personne qui l’emploie, il faut utiliser l’expression you must avec
précaution, sous peine de paraître trop autoritaire!
Poiché must esprime l’autorità di chi parla, bisogna essere cauti nel
dire You must … Ha un tono molto autoritario!
Da must die Autorität des Sprechers zum Ausdruck bringt, sollte
man mit You must… sehr vorsichtig sein. Es klingt sehr
gebieterisch!
You must help me. ● (Je te donne un ordre.)
(È un ordine che ti dò.)
(Ich befehle es dir.)
Could you help me? ● sera mieux reçu.
risulterà più cortese dire.
klingt viel besser.
3
● You must … renforce une suggestion, exprime une forte
recommandation.
You must … esprime un suggerimento dato in tono enfatico.
You must … kann auch eine nachdrückliche Empfehlung, einen
Vorschlag ausdrücken.
You must see the Monet exhibition. It’s wonderful.
● (Je pense que ce serait une chose très intéressante à faire.)
(Penso che sia bene farlo.)
(Meiner Meinung nach wäre es gut.)
You must give me a ring when you’re next in town.
! must not drückt ein Verbot aus: You must not steal. Du darfst
nicht stehlen. Es bedeutet nicht das Gleiche wie ‘nicht müssen’ im
Deutschen.
subordonnées circonstancielles de temps.
secondaria:
Diese temporalen Konjunktionen leiten Nebensätze ein.
when while as soon as after before until
● Le verbe de la proposition subordonnée de temps est, en règle
générale, au présent et non pas au futur, bien qu’elle se referre à un
moment futur.
A differenza dell’italiano, nelle proposizioni secondarie di solito
non si usa il futuro. Si usa il presente anche se l’azione si riferisce al
futuro.
In Nebensätzen steht normalerweise keine Zukunftsform. Sie
beziehen sich auf die Zukunft, aber man benutzt eine
Gegenwartsform.
When I get home, I’ll … ● (Quando arriverò a casa, …)
(Quand j’arriverai chez moi, …)
(Wenn ich nach Hause komme, werde
ich …)
While we’re away, …
As soon as I hear from you, …
Wait here until I get back.
9.2 will
Form
● Pour les formes de verbe modal will, voir page 40.
Per le forme di will, vedi pag. 40.
Die Formen von will stehen auf S. 40.
Use
1
● On emploie will pour exprimer une intention ou une décision
prise au moment où l’on parle.
Will esprime un’intenzione futura o una decisione presa nel
momento in cui si parla.
Will drückt eine Entscheidung oder Absicht aus, die zum
Sprechzeitpunkt gefasst wird.
Give me your case. I’ll carry it for you.
2
● On emploie will pour exprimer une action future. En utilisant will,
on pense: ‘Il est certain que cette action va avoir lieu.’
Esprime anche un fatto che pensiamo avverrà di sicuro.
9.1 Time clauses
● Les propositions subordonnées circonstancielles de temps
Frasi temporali Temporale Nebensätze
1
● Regardez la phrase suivante:
Osserva questa frase:
Sehen Sie sich diesen Satz an:
I’ll give her a ring when I get home.
● Cette phrase consiste en deux propositions: une proposition
principale (I’ll give her a ring) et une proposition subordonnée de
temps (when I get home).
Consiste di due parti o proposizioni: una proposizione principale
I’ll give her a ring e una secondaria when I get home.
Er besteht aus zwei Gliedsätzen: einem Hauptsatz: I’ll give her a
ring und einem Nebensatz: when I get home.
Es drückt auch eine Tatsache in der Zukunft aus. Der Sprecher
denkt: ‘Das wird ganz bestimmt in der Zukunft geschehen.’
Manchester will win the cup.
Tomorrow’s weather will be warm and sunny.
● Cette utilisation de will correspond à un temps du futur neutre. La
personne qui parle fait un pronostic sur le futur, sans exprimer
d’intention, de projet ou de jugement personnel.
Questa è una forma di futuro del tutto neutra. Chi parla prevede il
futuro senza esprimere un’intenzione, un progetto o un giudizio
personale.
Diese Verwendung entspricht einer neutralen Zukunftsform. Der
Sprecher sagt die Zukunft voraus, ohne dabei eine Absicht, einen
Plan oder ein persönliches Urteil zum Ausdruck zu bringen.
Unit 9
46
3
9.3 First conditional
● Le first conditional ou le potentiel Periodo ipotetico di
primo tipo
Form
Der Konditional I
● If sert à introduire une hypothèse; alors que when sert à exprimer
une certitude.
If esprime la possibilità che una cosa accada; when indica che chi
1
● La proposition principale est suivie ou précédée de la subordonnée
introduite par la conjonction if:
if + présent simple…, will + infinitif sans to
if + Present Simple, will + forma base (infinito senza to)
if + Present Simple, will + Infinitiv ohne to
If
I work hard, I
she has enough money, she
we don’t hurry up, we
you’re late, I
’ll (will)
won’t
pass my exams.
buy a new car.
be late.
wait for you.
Unit 10
10.1 Verb patterns 2
● Structures verbales 2 Costruzioni verbali 2 Verbmuster 2
● Les structures verbales ont été introduites dans l’unité 5. Une liste
plus complète se trouve à la page 54.
Alcune costruzioni verbali sono state trattate in Unit 5. La lista
Question
What
Where
parla è sicuro che la cosa accada.
If drückt etwas aus, das möglicherweise geschehen wird; when
drückt etwas aus, das der Sprecher für sicher hält.
If I find your book, I’ll send it to you.
When I get home, I’ll have a bath.
will
you do
she go
if
you don’t go to university?
she can’t find a job?
Short answer
Yes, I will.
Will you go to university if you pass your exams? No, I won’t.
If we look after the planet, will we survive?
Yes, we will.
No, we won’t.
1
● verbe conjugué + to + infinitif
Verbo + to + forma base (infinito senza to)
2
● La proposition subordonnée introduite par if peut se trouver au
début ou à la fin de la phrase. On met une virgule à la fin de la
subordonnée si celle-ci commence la phrase, on ne met pas de
virgule si elle termine la phrase.
La condizione, cioè la parte della frase che inizia con if …, si può
trovare all’inizio o alla fine della frase. Se è all’inizio, è seguita da
una virgola. Se è alla fine, non si usa la virgola.
Der Bedingungssatz mit if… kann am Anfang oder am Ende des
Satzes stehen. Wenn er am Anfang steht, setzt man nach dem
Nebensatz ein Komma. Wenn er am Ende steht, setzt man kein
Komma.
If I work hard, I’ll pass my exams.
I’ll pass my exams if I work hard.
1
potentiel. L’hypothèse (émise dans la proposition subordonnée
introduite par if ) est suivie – ou précédée – du résultat possible
(proposition principale avec verbe au futur) si cette hypothèse se
réalisait.
Il First conditional si usa per esprimere una condizione possibile e il
suo probabile risultato in futuro.
Der Konditional I wird benutzt, um eine mögliche Bedingung und
deren wahrscheinliche Folge in der Zukunft zu beschreiben.
If my cheque comes, I’ll buy us all a meal.
You’ll get wet if you don’t take an umbrella.
What’ll happen to the environment if we don’t look after it?
2
● L’anglais emploie le présent dans la proposition subordonnée
introduite par if, et non pas le futur.
A differenza dell’italiano, in inglese si usa il presente nella frase con
if, non il futuro.
Im Englischen verwendet man im Bedingungssatz die Gegenwart,
nicht die Zukunft.
If it rains … NOT If it will rain …
If I work hard … NOT If I’ll work hard …
Verb + to + Infinitiv
They managed to escape.
I try to visit somewhere new.
We decided to go abroad.
2
● go + forme in -ing pour les sports et autres activités
go + forma in -ing per sport e attività del tempo libero
go + ing-Form bei Sportarten und anderen Aktivitäten
Let’s go skiing.
We went dancing.
3
● verbe conjugué + quelqu’un + infinitif sans to
make/let + persona + forma base (infinito senza to)
Use
● On emploie le First Conditional pour exprimer l’hypothétique
completa si trova a pag. 54.
Verbmuster wurden schon in Kapitel 5 behandelt. Eine Liste mit
Verbmustern steht auf S. 54.
Verb + Person + Infinitiv ohne to
My teachers made me work hard.
My parents let me go out when I want.
10.2 used to
Form
1
● used to est suivi de l’infinitif.
Used to garde la même forme à toutes les personnes.
used + to + forma base (infinito senza to)
Used to è uguale per tutte le persone.
Used to ist in allen Personen gleich.
I
She
We
They
used to
didn’t use to
smoke.
like cooking.
Question
What did you use to do?
Short answer
Did you use to smoke a lot?
Yes, I did./No, I didn’t.
47
2
● La forme interrogative avec did … use to …? n’est pas très
courante, l’anglais préfère utiliser simplement le prétérit,
employant used to dans la réponse.
Non si usa molto nelle domande. Di solito nella domanda si usa il
Past Simple e si risponde con used to.
Used to wird nur selten in Fragesätzen verwendet. Stattdessen stellt
man die Frage im Past Simple und verwendet used to in der
Antwort.
Where did you go on holiday when you were young?
We used to go camping in France.
3
di un’azione. Risponde alla domanda Why …? (Perché …?).
Der Infinitiv wird verwendet, um den Grund anzugeben. Er
beantwortet die Frage Why …? Diese Verwendung ist im
Englischen sehr häufig.
I’m learning English to get a good job.
She’s saving her money to buy a car.
I’m going to Scotland to visit my parents.
● Dans d’autres langues on exprime l’idée de but par une traduction
de for + l’infinitif. L’anglais n’utilise pas for.
In italiano l’idea di scopo è espressa dalla preposizione ‘per’ +
infinito. In inglese non si usa for.
In manchen Sprachen wird der Grund mit dem entsprechenden
Wort für for + Infinitiv angegeben. Im Englischen sagt man nicht
for.
I came here to learn English. NOT I came here for to learn English.
NOT I came here for learn English.
Use
● On emploie used to:
Si usa used to:
Used to wird verwendet:
1
● pour exprimer une action habituelle du passé, mais qui est
maintenant terminée.
per esprimere un’abitudine del passato.
um eine frühere Gewohnheit zu beschreiben.
He used to play football every Saturday, but now he doesn’t.
2
● On emploie l’infinitif après certains adjectifs.
Si può trovare l’infinito dopo certi aggettivi. A differenza
dell’italiano (per es. sono sorpreso di) non si aggiunge mai una
preposizione.
Der Infinitiv steht nach bestimmten Adjektiven.
2
● pour exprimer une situation passée et qui n’est plus.
per esprimere uno stato del passato.
um einen früheren Zustand zu beschreiben.
They used to be happy together, but now they fight all the time.
10.3 used to and the Past Simple
pleased
surprised
hard
It’s
important
impossible
to see you.
to learn Chinese.
3
1
ou un état qui ont été et qui ne sont plus.
Come used to, anche il Past Simple può esprimere un’abitudine o
2
I’m
● L’infinitif est utilisé après les adjectifs ou pronoms interrogatifs tels
● On emploie aussi le prétérit pour exprimer une action habituelle
Der Infinitiv
Un uso molto comune dell’infinito è quello di esprimere lo scopo
an apple.) et used to. La prononciation est différente: to use /ju:z/,
used to /ju:stu:/ ou /ju:st@/.
Attenzione a non confondere to use (per es. I use a knife to cut an
apple.) e used to. Anche la pronuncia è diversa: to use si pronuncia
/ju:z/ mentre used to si pronuncia /ju:stu:/ o /ju:st@/.
Man muss aufpassen, dass man to use (z.B. I use a knife to cut an
apple.) nicht mit used to verwechselt. Die Aussprache ist auch
anders: to use /ju:z/, used to /ju:stu:/ oder /ju:st@/.
question Why …? Cette structure est très courante en anglais.
Mit used to verwendet man oft never.
I never used to watch TV.
● Attention! Ne pas confondre to use (par exemple: I use a knife to cut
● L’infinitif L’infinito
● L’infinitif (avec to) est utilisé pour exprimer le but. Il répond à la
4
l0.4 Infinitives
1
● On emploie souvent never avec used to.
Si usa spesso never con used to.
! ● Used to n’a pas d’équivalent au présent. Le présent simple est
utilisé pour les actions habituelles et les situations présentes.
Non esiste l’equivalente di used to nel presente. Per abitudini e stati
presenti si usa il Present Simple.
Für used to gibt es keine Entsprechung in der Gegenwart. Für
gegenwärtige Gewohnheiten und Zustände benutzt man das
Present Simple.
She lives in New York. She sometimes comes to London on business.
uno stato del passato.
Auch das Past Simple kann verwendet werden, um eine frühere
Gewohnheit oder einen früheren Zustand zu beschreiben.
He played football every Sunday when he was a boy.
They were happy together when they were first married.
que who, what, where, how, etc.
Si può trovare l’infinito dopo gli interrogativi who, what, where,
how, ecc.
Der Infinitiv steht nach den Fragewörtern who, what, where, how
usw.
Can you tell me how to get to the station?
I don’t know who to speak to.
Show me what to do.
4
● Seul le prétérit, et non pas used to, sert à exprimer une action qui a
eu lieu une seule fois dans le passé.
Ma solo il Past Simple, non used to, può esprimere azioni che sono
successe una sola volta nel passato.
Nur das Past Simple, aber nicht used to, kann für frühere Ereignisse
verwendet werden, die nur einmal stattfanden.
We used to go to France every summer, but once, in 1987, we went to
Greece. NOT … but once, in 1987, we used to go to Greece.
Last night I drank champagne.
● L’infinitif est utilisé après les indéfinis something, nothing, nowhere,
anybody, etc.
Si può trovare l’infinito dopo something, nothing, nowhere,
anybody, ecc. A differenza dell’italiano (per es. qualcosa/niente da
mangiare) non si aggiunge mai una preposizione.
Der Infinitiv steht nach Zusammensetzungen wie something,
nothing, nowhere, anybody usw.
Have something to eat!
I’ve got nothing to do.
There’s nowhere to hide.
Is there anyone to talk to?
48
Short answer
Unit 11
11.1 The passive
● Le passif Il passivo
Das Passiv
Form
● Pour former le passif on utilise le verbe être: to be (am/is/are/
was/were/has/have been/will be suivi de la forme en -ed (participe
passé).
am/is/are/was/were/has/have been/will be + -ed (participio passato)
am/is/are/was/were/has/have been/will be + -ed (Partizip Perfekt)
● Les verbes réguliers ont un participe passé en -ed. Il existe un grand
nombre de verbes appartenant au vocabulaire courant qui sont
irréguliers. Voir liste page 56.
English is spoken all over the world.
Renault cars are made in France.
My children aren’t helped with their homework.
Coffee isn’t grown in England.
Question
Where is rice grown?
Are cars made in your country?
Past
My car was stolen last night.
The animals were frightened by a loud noise.
He wasn’t injured in the accident.
The thieves weren’t seen by anyone.
Question
How was the window broken?
Were the plants watered last night?
will
10,000 cars will be produced next year.
The cars won’t be sold in the UK.
Question
Will the children be sent to a new school?
Yes, they were./
No, they weren’t.
Has my car been repaired?
Yes, it has./No, it hasn’t.
Will these cars be produced next year?
Yes, they will./
No, they won’t.
1
mêmes que pour l’actif.
Le regole per l’uso dei tempi al passivo sono le stesse dell’attivo.
●
●
●
Die Regeln für die Verwendung der Zeiten im Passiv sind genau
wie im Aktiv.
Le prétérit sert à exprimer une action habituelle:
Il Present Simple esprime abitudini:
Das Present Simple drückt eine Gewohnheit aus:
My car is serviced regularly.
Le prétérit sert à exprimer une action accomplie:
Il Past Simple esprime un’azione conclusa nel passato:
Das Past Simple drückt eine abgeschlossene Handlung in der
Vergangenheit aus:
America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.
On emploie le present perfect pour exprimer une action qui a
commencé dans le passé et qui continue au moment où l’on parle:
Il Present Perfect esprime un’azione che è iniziata nel passato e
continua nel presente:
Das Present Perfect drückt eine Handlung aus, die in der
Vergangenheit begann und bis in die Gegenwart andauert:
Diet Coke has been made since 1982.
2
● L’infinitif passif (to be + -ed) est employé après un verbe modal ou
un verbe habituellement suivi d’un infinitif.
L’infinito passivo (to be + -ed) si usa dopo i verbi modali ausiliari e
Present Perfect ● Le passif present perfect Il Present
Perfect Perfekt
Positive and negative ● Formes affirmative et négative Forme
affermativa e negativa Aussagesatz und verneinter Satz
I’ve been robbed!
Diet Coke has been made since 1982.
They haven’t been invited to the party.
Question ● Forme interrogative Domande Fragesatz
How many times have you been hurt playing football?
Has my car been repaired?
Were the plants watered last night?
● Les règles gouvernant l’utilisation des temps au passif sont les
Present
Are cars made in your country?
Yes, they are./
No, they aren’t.
altri verbi che sono di solito seguiti dall’infinito.
Der Infinitiv Passiv (to be + -ed) wird nach modalen Hilfverben
und anderen Verben, auf die ein Infinitiv folgt, verwendet.
Driving should be banned in city centres.
The house is going to be knocked down.
Use
1
● Le complément d’objet du verbe actif devient le sujet du verbe
passif. Le sujet du verbe actif devient complément d’agent du verbe
passif, introduit par la préposition by.
L’oggetto del verbo attivo diventa il soggetto del verbo passivo.
Nota l’uso di by nella frase passiva.
Das Objekt eines Verbs im Aktiv wird zum Subjekt eines Verbs im
Passiv. Beachten Sie die Verwendung von by im Passivsatz.
Complément
● Actif Shakespeare wrote Hamlet .
d’objet
Oggetto
Attivo
Aktiv
Objekt
● Passif Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. Sujet
Passivo
Soggetto
Passiv
Subjekt
2
● Le passif n’est pas une variation de la phrase à l’actif. On choisit
d’utiliser l’actif ou le passif en fonction de l’idée à laquelle on veut
donner plus d’importance.
Il passivo non è un modo per dire la stessa cosa detta nella frase
attiva. Scegliamo la forma attiva o quella passiva secondo quello
che si vuole mettere di più in rilievo.
49
Question
Mit dem Passiv drückt man nicht einfach einen Aktivsatz anders
aus. Der Sprecher wählt das Aktiv oder das Passiv, je nachdem, was
für ihn im Satz wichtiger ist.
Hamlet was written in 1600. ● (C’est Hamlet qui est important.)
(È più importante l’Amleto.)
(Hamlet ist wichtiger.)
Shakespeare wrote comedies, histories, and tragedies.
● (C’est Shakespeare qui est important.)
(È più importante Shakespeare.)
(Shakespeare ist wichtiger.)
What
Which countries
●
●
d’objet: l’un direct (le plus souvent une chose), l’autre indirect
(le plus souvent une personne).
Alcuni verbi come give, send, show, hanno due complementi
oggetto in inglese: una persona e una cosa.
Manche Verben, zum Beispiel give, send, show, haben zwei Objekte:
eine Person und eine Sache.
She gave me a book for my birthday.
Les compléments d’objet sont: me (complément d’objet indirect) et
a book (complément d’objet direct).
(I complementi oggetto sono: me, a book)
(Die Objekte sind: me und a book)
Au passif, c’est le complément d’objet indirect qui devient sujet
(la personne), et non pas le complément d’objet direct (la chose).
A differenza dell’italiano, in inglese si usa spesso la persona come
soggetto della frase passiva.
Im Passiv wird oft die Person zum Subjekt gemacht, aber nicht die
Sache.
I was given a book for my birthday.
She was sent the information by post.
You’ll be shown where to sit.
you do
you go to
if
you had a year off?
you travelled
round the world?
Short answer
3
● Certains verbes comme give, send, show ont deux compléments
would
Would you travel round the world?
Yes, I would./
No, I wouldn’t.
If they had the money, would they
buy a new car?
Yes, they would./
No, they wouldn’t.
2
● La proposition subordonnée introduite par if peut se trouver au
début ou à la fin de la phrase. On met une virgule à la fin de la
subordonnée si celle-ci commence la phrase, on ne met pas de
virgule si la subordonnée termine la phrase.
La condizione, cioè la parte della frase che inizia con if …, si può
trovare all’inizio o alla fine della frase. Se è all’inizio, è seguita da
una virgola. Se è alla fine, non si usa la virgola.
Der Bedingungssatz kann am Anfang oder am Ende des Satzes
stehen. Wenn er am Anfang steht, setzt man nach dem Nebensatz
ein Komma. Wenn er am Ende steht, setzt man kein Komma.
If I had more time, I’d help.
I’d help if I had more time.
3
● On emploie souvent were au lieu de was dans la subordonnée
introduite par if.
Were viene spesso usato invece di was nella frase con if …
Im Bedingungssatz verwendet man oft were statt was.
If I were you, I’d go to bed.
If he were cleverer, he’d know he was making a mistake.
Use
1
Unit 12
● On emploie le second conditional pour exprimer l’irréel du
12.1 Second conditional
● Le second conditional ou l’irréel du présent Periodo
ipotetico di secondo tipo Der Konditional II
Form
1
● La proposition principale est suivie ou précédée de la subordonnée
introduite par la conjonction if :
if + prétérit…, would + infinitif sans to
Would est un verbe modal. Une introduction aux verbes modaux
figure page 45.
Would garde la même forme à toute les personnes.
if + Past Simple, would + forma base (infinito senza to)
Would è un verbo modale ausiliare. Vedi l’introduzione ai verbi
modali ausiliari a pag. 45 di Grammar Reference. La forma di would
è uguale per tutte le persone.
(if + Past Simple, would + Infinitiv ohne to)
Would ist ein modales Hilfsverb. Eine Einführung in die modalen
Hilfsverben steht auf S. 45.
Die Form von would ist in allen Personen gleich.
If
I had more money, I
she knew the answer, she
we lived in Russia, we
I didn’t have so many debts, I
’d (would)
wouldn’t
buy a CD
player.
soon learn
Russian.
have to work
so hard.
présent: une hypothèse improbable ou irréelle et ses conséquences
possibles dans l’avenir, si cette hypothèse venait à se réaliser. C’est
une hypothèse irréelle car très éloignée de la réalité que l’on
connaît et, en ce, improbable. On peut continuer la phrase en
disant ‘But… ’ (Mais… ).
Il Second conditional si usa per esprimere una condizione poco
realistica o improbabile e il suo risultato nel presente o nel futuro
se la condizione si realizzasse. La condizione è improbabile perché
è diversa dai fatti come li conosciamo. Si può sempre aggiungere
‘Ma …’.
Der Konditional II wird benutzt, um eine unrealistische oder
unwahrscheinliche Bedingung und deren wahrscheinliche Folge in
der Gegenwart oder Zukunft zu beschreiben. Die Bedingung ist
unrealistisch, weil sie nicht den uns bekannten Tatsachen
entspricht. Man kann immer ‘aber’ sagen.
If I were Prime Minister, I’d increase tax for rich people.
● (Mais je ne suis pas le premier ministre donc il est improbable
que je le fasse.)
(Ma non sono Primo Ministro e quindi è probabile che non lo
faccia.)
(Aber ich bin nicht der Premierminister, also werde ich es wohl
nicht tun.)
If I lived in a big house, I’d have a party.
● (Mais j’habite dans une petite maison.)
(Ma abito in una casa piccola.)
(Aber ich wohne in einem kleinen Haus.)
What would you do if you saw a ghost?
● (Mais je ne pense pas que tu en verras.)
(Ma non mi aspetto che tu veda un fantasma.)
(Aber ich erwarte nicht, dass du ein Gespenst siehst.)
50
Short answer
2
● Bien qu’on emploie le prétérit (If I had) et would, l’action ne se
situe pas dans le passé. Les deux formes, first conditional et second
conditional, se situent dans le présent et le futur. L’emploi d’une
forme verbale au passé montre qu’il y a une différence, un décalage
avec la réalité.
L’uso del Past tense (If I had) e di would non si riferisce al passato. Il
First conditional e il Second conditional si riferiscono tutti e due al
presente e al futuro. Nel Second conditional le forme verbali al
passato indicano che la situazione è diversa dalla realtà.
Die Verwendung der Vergangenheitsform (If I had) und von would
sagt nichts über die Vergangenheit aus. Sowohl der Konditional I
als auch der Konditional II bezieht sich auf die Gegenwart und die
Zukunft. Die Vergangenheitsform des Verbs wird nur verwendet
um zu zeigen: ‘Dies entspricht nicht der Wirklichkeit’.
If I win the tennis match, I’ll be happy. ● (Je pense avoir une
bonne chance.)
(Penso di avere una
buona possibilità.)
(Ich glaube, dass ich
gute Chancen habe.)
If I won a thousand pounds, I’d … ● (Mais je ne pense pas que je
gagnerai.)
(Ma non penso di vincere.)
(Aber ich glaube nicht, dass
ich etwas gewinne.)
3
● would n’est pas employé dans la subordonnée.
Non si usa mai would nella frase con if.
Form
● Le verbe modal might est suivi de l’infinitif sans to.
Might est un verbe modal. Une introduction aux verbes modaux
figure page 45.
Might garde la même forme à toutes les personnes.
might + forma base del verbo (infinito senza to)
Might è un verbo modale ausiliare. Vedi l’introduzione ai verbi
modali ausiliari a pag. 45 di Grammar Reference. La forma di might
è uguale per tutte le persone.
might + Infinitiv ohne to
Might ist ein modales Hilfsverb. Eine Einführung in die modalen
Hilfsverben steht auf S. 45. Die Form von might ist in allen
Personen gleich.
I
He
It
We
might
might not
go to the party.
be late.
rain tomorrow.
go out for a meal tonight.
Question
● La forme interrogative might you …? est peu utilisée. Il est plus
courant de dire: Do you think … + will …?
La domanda Might you …? è poco comune. Di solito si fa un
domanda con Do you think… + will …?
Die Inversion Might you…? ist in Fragesätzen selten.
Normalerweise bildet man Fragesätze mit Do you think… +
will …?
Do you think
you’ll get here on time?
it’ll rain?
they’ll come to our party?
He might.
Do you think it’ll rain?
It might.
Use
1
● On emploie might pour exprimer une possibilité future, à l’opposé
de will qui exprime une certitude.
Might si usa per esprimere una possibilità futura, a differenza di
will che, nell’opinione di chi parla, esprime una certezza futura.
Might wird benutzt, um eine Möglichkeit in der Zukunft
auszudrücken. Es steht im Gegensatz zu will, das nach Meinung des
Sprechers eine Tatsache in der Zukunft ausdrückt.
England will win the match.
● (J’en suis certain.)
(Sono sicuro che vinceranno.)
(Ich bin sicher, dass England
gewinnt.)
England might win the match. ● (C’est une possibilité, je n’en suis
pas certain.)
(È possibile, ma non lo so.)
(Es ist möglich, aber ich weiss es
nicht.)
2
● Might not exprime aussi la possibilité, celle d’une action qui
pourrait ne pas avoir lieu.
Nota che nella forma negativa tutti e due i modali esprimono la
Im Bedingungssatz wird nicht would verwendet, auch wenn man
im Deutschen oft den Konjunktiv nimmt.
If the weather was nice … NOT If the weather would be nice …
If I had more money … NOT If I would have more money …
12.2 might
Do you think he’ll come?
stessa idea di possibilità.
Beachten Sie, wie diese verneinten Sätze ebenfalls eine Möglichkeit
ausdrücken.
It might not rain this afternoon.
I don’t think it’ll rain this afternoon.
Unit 13
13.1 Present Perfect Continuous
Form
● has/have + been + forme en -ing (participe présent)
has/have + been + forma in -ing (participio presente)
has/have + been + ing-Form (Partizip Präsens)
I
We
You
They
’ve (have)
haven’t
He
She
It
’s (has)
hasn’t
been working.
Question
have
How long
has
I
we
you
they
been working?
he
she
it
Short answer
Have you been running?
Has he been shopping?
Yes, he has./No, he hasn’t.
51
Use
1
● On emploie le Present Perfect progressif:
Il Present Perfect Continuous si usa:
Das Present Perfect Continuous wird verwendet:
a
● pour exprimer une action qui a commencé dans le passé et qui
continue au moment où l’on parle.
per esprimere un’azione che è iniziata nel passato e che continua
nel presente.
um eine Aktivität zu beschreiben, die in der Vergangenheit anfing
und bis in die Gegenwart andauert.
We’ve been waiting here for hours! ● (Nous attendons encore.)
(Stiamo ancora aspettando.)
(Wir warten immer noch.)
It’s been raining for days. ● (Il pleut encore.)
(Sta ancora piovendo.)
(Es regnet immer noch.)
b
● pour une action qui a des conséquences dans le présent.
per esprimere un’azione che ha conseguenze nel presente.
um eine Aktivität zu beschreiben, die sich auf die Gegenwart
auswirkt.
I’m hot because I’ve been running.
I haven’t got any money because I’ve been shopping.
2
● Quelquefois il y a peu ou pas de différence dans le sens exprimé par
le Present Perfect et le Present Perfect progressif.
Qualche volta non c’è differenza di significato tra il Present Perfect
Simple e Continuous.
Manchmal besteht nur ein kleiner oder gar kein
Bedeutungsunterschied zwischen dem Present Perfect Simple und
Continuous.
How long have you worked here?
How long have you been working here?
3
● Les verbes qui ont un sens intrinsèque de durée tels que, wait,
work, learn, travel, play sont souvent employés au Present Perfect
progressif.
Pensa ai verbi che esprimono un’idea di durata nel tempo, per
esempio, wait, work, learn, travel, play. Questi sono i verbi che si
usano spesso nel Present Perfect Continuous.
Denken Sie an Verben, die eine längere Dauer beinhalten, zum
Beipiel wait, work, learn, travel, play. Diese Verben stehen oft im
Present Perfect Continuous.
I’ve been playing tennis since I was a boy.
● Au contraire, les verbes exprimant une action ‘brève’ ou ponctuelle,
tels que find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop sont rarement employés
au Present Perfect progressif.
Pensa ai verbi che non esprimono un’idea di durata nel tempo, per
es. find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop. Questi sono i verbi che di
solito non si usano nel Present Perfect Continuous.
Denken Sie an Verben, die keine längere Dauer beinhalten, zum
Beispiel find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop. Diese Verben stehen
selten im Present Perfect Continuous.
I’ve bought a new dress.
My cat has died.
My radio’s broken. NOT My radio’s been breaking.
4
● Les verbes d’état tels que like, love, know, have (avec le sens le
possession) ne sont pas employés au Present Perfect progressif.
I verbi che esprimono uno stato, per es. like, love, know, have (nel
senso di ‘possedere’), non si usano nel Present Perfect Continuous.
Verben, die einen Zustand beschreiben, zum Beispiel like, love,
know, have (Besitz ausdrückend) stehen nie im Present Perfect
Continuous.
We’ve known each other for a few weeks.
NOT We’ve been knowing each other for a few weeks.
How long have you had your car?
NOT How long have you been having your car?
5
● On utilise le prétérit pour une action précise accomplie. C’est
pourquoi, si une précision telle qu’une idée de quantité est ajoutée,
c’est le Present Perfect qui est employé, et non pas le Present Perfect
progressif.
Il Present Perfect Simple esprime un’azione conclusa. Per questa
ragione se l’oggetto del verbo è un numero o una quantità, si usa il
Present Perfect Simple, non Continuous.
Das Present Perfect Simple beschreibt eine abgeschlossene
Handlung. Deshalb verwendet man das Present Perfect Simple,
wenn im Satz eine Anzahl oder Menge angegeben wird. Das
Continuous ist nicht möglich.
I’ve written three letters today.
NOT I’ve been writing three letters today.
Unit 14
14.1 Past Perfect
Form
● Pour former le Past Perfect, on emploie l’auxiliaire to have au
prétérit (had) + forme en -ed (participe passé).
Les verbes réguliers ont un participe passé en -ed. Il existe un grand
nombre de verbes appartenant au vocabulaire courant qui sont
irréguliers. Voir liste page 56.
had + -ed (participio passato)
had + -ed (Partizip Perfekt)
I
He/She/It
We/You/They
’d (had)
hadn’t
arrived before 10.00.
Question
Had
I
he/she/it
we/you/they
left?
Short answer
Yes, he had./No, they hadn’t.
Use
● On emploie le Past Perfect pour exprimer une action qui a eu lieu
antérieurement à une autre action passée.
Il Past Perfect si usa per esprimere un’azione passata che è avvenuta
prima di un’altra azione anch’essa passata.
Das Past Perfect wird benutzt, um eine Handlung in der
Vergangenheit zu beschreiben, die vor einer anderen Handlung in
der Vergangenheit stattfand.
Action 1
● Action 2
Azione 1
Azione 2
Handlung 2
Handlung 1
When I got home,
John had cooked a meal.
52
● Comparez l’emploi du past perfect et du prétérit dans les exemples
ci-dessous:
Nota l’uso del Past Perfect e del Past Simple nelle frasi seguenti.
Beachten Sie die Verwendung des Past Perfect und des Past Simple
in den folgenden Sätzen.
When I got home, John cooked a meal.
● (Je suis d’abord rentrée à la maison, et ensuite John a fait la
cuisine.)
(Prima io sono arrivato, poi John ha cucinato.)
(Erst kam ich nach Hause, dann hat John gekocht.)
When I got home, John had cooked a meal.
● (John avait préparé le repas avant que je ne sois arrivée à la
maison.)
(John aveva cucinato prima che io arrivassi.)
(John hatte schon gekocht, als ich nach Hause kam.)
14.2 Reported statements
● Le discours indirect Discorso indiretto
Verb patterns
Verb + ing
like
love
enjoy
hate
finish
stop
swimming
cooking
Note
I go swimming every day.
I go shopping on weekends.
Verb + to + infinitive
Die indirekte Rede
Form
● La règle générale est que, pour transformer du discours direct en
discours indirect, on recule ‘d’un temps’ dans le passé.
La regola normale è che il verbo della frase riferita si sposta di ‘uno
stadio’ nel passato.
Normalerweise wird in der indirekten Rede die Form des Verbs um
eine Zeit ‘nach hinten verschoben’.
Direct speech
Reported speech
Present
Past
‘I love you.’
He said he loved me.
‘I’m going out now.’ Ann said she was going out.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
‘We’ve met before.’
She said they’d met before.
Past Simple
Past Perfect
‘We met in 1987.’
He said they’d met in 1987.
will
would
‘I’ll mend it for you.’ She said that she would mend it for me.
can
could
‘I can swim.’
She said she could swim.
A
noter:
L’emploi
de
say
et tell dans le discours indirect.
●
Nota l’uso di say e tell.
Anmerkung: Beachten Sie die Verwendung von say/tell.
Say + (that):
She said (that) they were happy together.
Tell + person (that):
He told me (that) he loved Mary.
choose
decide
forget
promise
need
help
hope
try
want
would like
would love
to go
to work
Verb + -ing or to + infinitive
begin
start
raining/to rain
Verb + sb + infinitive without to
let
make
somebody
go
do
Modal auxiliary verbs
can
could
shall
will
would
go
arrive
Pre-Intermediate Grammar Reference and Verb patterns
53
Irregular verbs
Base Form
Past Simple
Past Principle
be ● être essere sein
become ● devenir diventare werden
begin ● commencer cominciare beginnen
break ● casser rompere (zer) brechen
bring ● amener portare bringen
build ● construire costruire bauen
buy ● acheter comprare kaufen
can ● pouvoir potere können
catch ● attraper prendere fangen
choose ● choisir scegliere wählen
come ● venir venire kommen
cost ● coûter costare kosten
cut ● couper tagliare schneiden
do ● faire fare tun, machen
drink ● boire bere trinken
drive ● conduire guidare fahren
eat ● manger mangiare essen
fall ● tomber cadere fallen
feel ● sentir sentire fühlen
fight ● combattre lottare kämpfen
find ● trouver trovare finden
fly ● voler volare fliegen
forget ● oublier dimenticare vergessen
get ● obtenir ottenere, diventare, arrivare (a) bekommen
give ● donner dare geben
go ● aller andare gehen
grow ● grandir, pousser crescere wachsen
have ● avoir avere haben
hear ● entendre sentire hören
hit ● frapper colpire schlagen
keep ● garder tenere behalten
know ● savoir sapere, conoscere wissen, kennen
learn ● apprendre imparare lernen
leave ● laisser, partir lasciare, partire lassen, gehen
lose ● perdre perdere verlieren
make ● faire fare machen
meet ● rencontrer incontrare (sich) treffen
pay ● payer pagare (be) zahlen
put ● mettre mettere tun, legen, stellen
read ● lire leggere lesen
ride ● monter à cheval, aller à cheval, vélo, etc andare (in bici, a cavallo)
run ● courir correre laufen
say ● dire dire sagen
see ● voir vedere sehen
sell ● vendre vendere verkaufen
send ● envoyer mandare schicken
shut ● fermer chiudere schliessen
sing ● chanter cantare singen
sit ● (s’) asseoir, être assis sedersi sitzen
sleep ● dormir dormire schlafen
speak ● parler parlare sprechen
spend ● dépenser, passer spendere, passare ausgeben
stand ● se lever, être debout stare in piedi, sopportare stehen
steal ● voler rubare stehlen
swim ● nager nuotare schwimmen
take ● prendre prendere nehmen
tell ● raconter dire, raccontare sagen, erzählen
think ● penser pensare denken
understand ● comprendre capire verstehen
wake ● (se) réveiller svegliare, svegliarsi wecken
wear ● porter (un habit) indossare tragen
win ● gagner vincere gewinnen
write ● écrire scrivere schreiben
was/were
became
began
broke
brought
built
bought
could
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
did
drank
drove
ate
fell
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
got
gave
went
grew
had
heard
hit
kept
knew
learned/learnt
left
lost
made
met
paid
put
read
rode
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
shut
sang
sat
slept
spoke
spent
stood
stole
swam
took
told
thought
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote
been
become
begun
broken
brought
built
bought
been able
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
done
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
felt
fought
found
flown
forgot
got
given
been/gone
grown
had
heard
hit
kept
known
learned/learnt
left
lost
made
met
paid
put
read
ridden
run
said
seen
sold
sent
shut
sung
sat
slept
spoken
spent
stood
stolen
swum
taken
told
thought
understood
woken
worn
won
written
reiten, fahren
Pre-Intermediate Irregular verbs
54
Phonetic symbols
Consonants
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
/p/
/b/
/t/
/d/
/k/
/g/
/f/
/v/
/s/
/z/
/l/
/m/
/n/
/h/
/r/
/j/
/w/
/T/
/D/
/S/
/Z/
/tS/
/dZ/
/N/
Vowels
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
pen /pen/
big /bIg/
tea /ti:/
do /du:/
cat /k&t/
go /g@U/
four /fO:/
very /"veri/
son /sVn/
zoo /zu:/
live /lIv/
my /maI/
near /nI@/
happy /"h&pi/
red /red/
yes /jes/
want /wQnt/
thanks /T&Nks/
the /D@/
she /Si:/
television /"telIvIZn/
child /tSaIld/
German /"dZ3:m@n/
English /"INglIS/
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
/i:/
/I/
/i/
/e/
/&/
/A:/
/Q/
/O:/
/U/
/u:/
/V/
/3:/
/@/
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
see /si:/
his /hIz/
twenty /"twenti/
ten /ten/
stamp /st&mp/
father /"fA:D@/
hot /hQt/
morning /"mO:nIN/
football /"fUtbO:l/
you /ju:/
sun /sVn/
learn /l3:n/
letter /"let@/
Diphthongs (two vowels together)
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
/eI/
/@U/
/aI/
/aU/
/OI/
/I@/
/e@/
/U@/
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
name /neIm/
no /n@U/
my /maI/
how /haU/
boy /bOI/
hear /hI@/
where /we@/
tour /tU@/
55

Pre-Intermediate Study Companion

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