GBS Case
Transcription
GBS Case
New Guidelines for the Prevention of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease: Questions & Answers Roberta B. Carey, Ph.D. CDC [email protected] Gerri Hall, Ph.D. CCF [email protected] 1 2010 Recommendations MMWR, Vol. 59 (RR-10) 2 Objective: To review revisions that affect laboratory practice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Molecular testing Chromogenic media GBS Identification Antimicrobial susceptibility tests Detection of GBS in urine New algorithm for work-up of prenatal GBS screening swabs 3 Q1: Why did we need new recommendations for GBS? 4 GBS Disease • GBS emerged as important pathogen in 1970s • Over 7500 cases of GBS sepsis and meningitis in newborns annually in 1990 – Early-onset disease < 7 days after birth – Late-onset disease >7 days after birth • GBS disease remains the leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality among newborns in the U.S. 5 Initial Steps at Prevention • Early 1980‟s clinical trials showing intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) prevented early-onset disease (Boyer and Gotoff, NEJM 1986) • Recommendation for IAP issued in 1996 by ACOG and CDC, in 1997 by AAP – Risk-based approach – Culture-screening approach 6 1996 GBS Guidelines 7 Later studies showed screening 50% more effective 2002 guidelines recommended AST for women at high risk for penicillin allergies; report any GBS in urine pregnant women. Isolation and identification methods same for 1996 and 2002 8 2.5 Group B Strep Association 1st ACOG & AAP statements formed 2 CDC draft guidelines published Consensus guidelines 1.7 1.5 CDC revised guidelines 1 .32 .6 0.5 Year 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 0 1989 Cases per 1000 live births Incidence of Early-Onset Invasive GBS Disease, Selected Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Areas, 1989-2007 9 9 Trends in Early-Onset GBS Disease MMWR 58:109 (2009) 10 GBS by the Numbers from the Latest Data • 48% to 85% = woman getting screened for GBS increased from „98-99 to ‟03-04 • 27% to 32 % = infants exposed to antibiotics increased • 85% of GBS+ women get IAP who should • 63% of women who deliver preterm get IAP • 74% of GBS cases occurs in term births • 61% of term infants with GBS born to women who tested GBS negative Van Dyke et al. NEJM 360:2626 (2009) 11 New Guidelines to Overcome False Negative GBS Results from Antenatal Cultures • • • • • • • Improper collection sites Transport time Improper culture methods Antibiotic exposure Overgrowth with other organisms Failure to recognize non-hemolytic GBS Subjectivity in interpreting results 12 Q2: What molecular tests are available for GBS and when can they be used? 13 Rapid Commercially Available and FDA-Cleared Methods for Molecular Detection of GBS – Cepheid Smart GBS (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA) • Smart Cycler • Directly from sample (~1.5 hr) or from LIM broth (24 hr + 1.5 hr) overnight culture – Cepheid Xpert GBS (Cepheid) • GeneXpert format • < 30 minutes directly from clinical sample – BD GeneOhm™ StrepB (BD Diag, San Diego, CA) • Smart Cycler format – Approval for direct from clinical sample (~ 1- 1.5 hr) – Validation in lab for use from overnight LIM Broth (24 hr + 1-1.5 hr) 14 Cepheid Smart GBS Smart Cycler • Directly from sample (~1.5 hr) or • From LIM broth (18- 24 hr + 1.5 hr) overnight culture 15 Cepheid Smart GBS Direct Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Predictive Value Positive (%) Predictive Value Negative (%) 81.6 96.3 87.8 94.4 98.7 90.5 77 99.5 (Package Insert) PCR from LIM broth vs. culture (Jordan et al JCM 2010; 48: 3193-7) 16 BD GeneOhm™ StrepB A. SMART CYCLER FORMAT – Approval for: directly from clinical sample (~ 1-1/5 hr) – Validation in lab for use from overnight LIM Broth (24 hr + 1-1.5 hr) B. BD MAX: automated format - Direct or Lim-enhanced 17 BD GeneOhm™ StrepB Direct Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%) 94 96 84 99 87 95 88 95 100 100 95.3 99.1 (Package insert) Direct (Atkins, et al. OB&GYN 2006; 108:488-91; 233 samples) LIM-enhanced PCR (Maloney, J et al. ASM 2004 poster) LIM-enhanced PCR* (Scicchitano and Bourbeau JCM 2009; 47: 3021-3; 498 samples) *Sensitivity of Culture = 87%; LIM-enhanced = 92%; Both = 95.3% 18 BD MAX GBS LIM-enhanced PCR vs. Culture Site Prevalence (%) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%) 1 20 97.4 96.6 86.4 98.4 2 25.1 92 95.9 89.5 97.9 3 23.6 96.2 97.6 88.7 98 Overall 23 95 96.7 88.3 98 Riedlinger J et al. JCM 2010; 48: 4239-41 19 GeneXpert GBS GeneXpert GBS • GeneXpert format • < 30 minutes directly from clinical sample • Designed to be run in the clinical laboratory or near-patient (labor and delivery) 20 GeneXpert vs. Culture Intrapartum PCR vs. Culture 1 Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%) 98.5 99.6 97.8 99.7 58.3 92.1 Antenatal Culture 1 (predicting intrapartum) Intrapartum and Antenatal vs. Culture 2 91.1 96 88 97 Intrapartum PCR (colonization rate of 44% by culture) 3 95.8 64.5 68 95 Antenatal culture 3 vs. Intrapartum Culture 83.3 80.6 1. El Helali et al. CID 2009; 49: 417-23;863 women 2. Edwards RK et al. OB & GYN 2008; 111:1335-41; 784 women 3. Gavino and Wang. Am J Ob & GYN 2007; 197:388; 55 women 21 GBS Status at Delivery GBS + GBS - IAP No IAP * If available rapid nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) may be performed on patients with unknown GBS status who present at triage or labor/delivery with no risk factors. Unknown Risk Factors No Risk Factors NAAT * IAP * GBS+ IAP Algorithm for Intrapartum NAAT GBS - No IAP 22 GBS PNA FISH® (AdvanDx, Inc., Wolburn MA) • LIM broth culture – 1.5 hr – Fluorescent microscope needed – FDA-cleared 23 PNA FISH vs. BD vs. Culture 206 samples Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) PPV (%) NPV (%) BD GBS PCR (LIMenhanced) PNA FISH GBS (LIMenhanced) 100 100 100 100 98.4 100 99.3 100 96.9 100 98.6 100 LIM Culture Wilson, DA et al. 2010. JCM 48: 1947-8 24 Roche Light Cycler GBS ASR vs. Culture 200 vaginalrectal swabs Positive (%) (Goodrich JS DMID 2007; 59:17-22) Culture Sensitivity (%) Based on Culture Specificity (%) Based on Culture 26.5 BD-StrepB (GeneOHM) 30 92.5 92.5 Light Cycler Strep B (Roche ASR) 29.5 100 95.9 25 CCF Procedure for GBS • 2 BD COPAN Swabs collected from each patient: vaginal-rectal specimen • Placed in LIM 18-24 hr incubation at 37 C • Refrigerated after 24 hr if test not performed • Aliquot of LIM is removed, DNA extracted and assayed by NAAT in Smart Cycler using BD GeneOhm GBS • Performed 5-6 days per week; resulted as completed • LIM broths that are positive are kept for 5 d • If GBS positive and patient is allergic, LIM is cultured & susceptibility performed • If invalid, freeze & thaw and repeat NAAT – Proceed with culture if invalid on repeat 26 Q3: What new tools do we have for GBS culture? 27 Chromogenic Media • Majority are a version of Granada medium – A selective and differential medium for GBS – Uses a polyenic red pigment, Granadaene, to differentiate GBS • Studies show majority agars and broths equal to or better than SBA/CNA and Lim broth for GBS recovery – Added advantage of detection within 24hrs – Positives do not require confirmation by latex agglutination 28 Commercially Available Chromogenic Broths Media Agar/Broth Color detection NonHemo GBS Incubation Sensitivity Granada Biphasic broth Broth Orange /red No 18-24hrs (aerobic) Good NEL-GBS Agar/broth Orange No 16-24hrs (aerobic) Poor StrepB Carrot Broth Broth Orange / red No 18-24hrs (aerobic) Good Granada broth Granada Biphasic broth StrepB Carrot Broth 29 Commercially Available Chromogenic Agars Media Agar/Broth Color detection NonHemo GBS Incubation Sensitivity ChromID StreptoB Agar Pale pink-red Yes 18-24hrs (aerobic) Good Granada Agar Agar Orange/red colonies No 24hrs (anaerobic) Good NEL-GBS Agar/broth Orange No 16-24hrs (aerobic) Poor chromIDStreptoB Granada agar 30 Non-Hemolytic GBS • Approx. 4% of invasive GBS isolates are non-hemolytic • Chromogenic broths do not detect non-hemolytic GBS • Most chromogenic agars do not detect non-hemolytic GBS • Need to subculture all negative chromogenic media if they don‟t detect non-hemolytic isolates 31 Q4: What tests are best to identify GBS from culture? 32 Recovery & Identification from Enrichment Broths • If pigmented in selective broth (carrot broth), report as GBS • If positive (pigmented) on Granada agar or Chromogenic Agar, report as GBS • Culture from LIM / TransVag Broth / nonpigmented carrot broth – Sub onto BAP or chromogenic agar – Sub onto GBS Detect Agar (Hardy Diagnostics) • Picks up non-hemolytic GBS from blood agar or carrot broth 33 Identification of GBS • Typical colonies on BAP – Catalase positive gram positive cocci in chains • Hippurate: Positive • CAMP (Christie-Atkins-Munch-Peterson): Positive • Latex agglutination confirmation per the lab‟s “usual method” for identification of GBS – AccuProbe (Gen-Probe, San Diego, CA) – Nucleic Acid Amplification (NAAT) – Other Molecular tests such as FISH 34 Q5: Can I use automated susceptibility panels for GBS? 35 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing • CLSI M100-S21 Performance Standards recommend using: – Disk diffusion – Broth microdilution • FDA-cleared/approved commercial system may also be used – Testing for inducible clindamycin resistance • D-zone or other validated test 36 GBS from Prenatal Cultures Percent Resistant 160 Loyola Isolates ‟02-03 290 ABCs Isolates ‟06-08 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 94 89 47 26 32 17 0 0 PEN 0 0 3RD CLINDA ERY GEN CEPH 0 0 TETRA VANC '02-03 '06-08 37 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Etest and Disk Diffusion Zone of inhibition of growth for clindamycin is ≥19 mm (susceptible) Erythromycin MIC = 0.19µg/ml Etest Disk Diffusion Zone of inhibition of growth for erythromycin is ≥21 mm (susceptible) 38 Photo courtesy of Dr. Lesley McGee, CDC D-zone Test Result for GBS Disks 12 mm apart Blunting of the inhibition zone indicating inducible clindamycin resistance 39 Photo courtesy of Dr. Lesley McGee, CDC Increasing MICs to Beta-lactams What Does It Mean Clinically? • Isolates in Japan and U.S. have elevated MICs to beta lactams due to mutation in pbp2x gene – Pen MIC 0.015 wild type – Pen MIC <0.12 CLSI breakpoint – Pen 0.25-1.0 (Japan); 0.12 (U.S.) • Single base change at residue 557 glutamine >>>glutamate (Q557E) – 1st step mutation similar to S. pneumoniae • Accumulate additional mutations lead to full resistance Dahesh et al. AAC 52: 2915, 2008 40 Q6: Why do labs no longer need to report low numbers of GBS in urine of pregnant women? 41 Urines as Surrogate Screening Culture for GBS • GBS can cause symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI • GBS bacteriuria is a marker for heavy genital tract colonization and these women should receive IAP • Included in the 2002 and new 2010 CDC guidelines, is a comment about culture of urine in the asymptomatic pregnant woman as a “surrogate” for detection of GBS in vaginal/rectal cultures – The 2002 guidelines recommended detecting and reporting any quantity of GBS in urine – The new 2010 guidelines recommend reporting GBS when > 104 CFU/ml and/or using guidelines you would use for UTI • You could still report any quantity if you choose 42 Urines as Surrogate Screening Culture for GBS • Report > 104 GBS in pure culture or in the presence of a second organism (E. coli + GBS) • Report should include a comment that this represents vaginal colonization unless patient is symptomatic of a UTI • Treated same as if isolated from the vaginal / rectal culture – Results provided to OB / midwife and available at time of delivery 43 Urines as Surrogate Screening Culture for GBS • Vaginal / rectal culture not needed if urine is positive for GBS • Vaginal / rectal culture should be performed if urine is negative for GBS 44 Figure 6. Algorithm for recommended prenatal group B streptococcal testing Vaginal rectal swab† Enrichment broth (can use non- pigmented or pigmented broth) Incubate 18-24hrs at 35-37C Non-pigmented broth Pigmented broth Further testing (can subculture or use rapid tests) Subculture to appropriate media Incubate 18-24hrs at 35-37C No indicator color growth GBS Indicator color observed DNA Probe, latex agglutination or nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) Identify GBS by recommended method* GBS - Re-incubate overnight GBS+ GBS + GBS - GBS + Report as GBS + Report as GBS - Report as GBS + GBSReport as GBS - Antimicrobial susceptibility testing if penicillin-allergic and at high risk of anaphylaxis* 45 Summary of Key Changes • Vaginal / Rectal Culture – – – – Expand swab options Option to use chromogenic broths and agars Option to use antigen detection, probe, NAAT from broth Direct plating can accompany broth inoculation (not replace) • Molecular ID tests – Not recommended for routine 35-37 wk antepartum screening – Recommended direct testing for women with no risk factors and no prenatal screening – Recommended for use on broth enriched cultures to ID GBS • Urine Culture Screening – Report GBS at >104 cfu / ml in pregnant women • AST – Test for inducible clindamycin resistance when woman is at high risk for anaphylaxis due to pen allergy 46 http://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep 47 2010 Guidelines Collection and Transport • Type of swab acceptable for antenatal screening vaginal/rectal swabs only; cervical swabs or perianal / perirectal not acceptable • Recommend use of non-nutritive transport media – e.g., Amies or Stuart „s (with or without charcoal) • GBS viability declines over 1-4 days at high temperatures, refrigerate if delay before processing • Specimen requisitions for GBS testing should identify the patient at high risk for anaphylaxis as penicillin allergic and antibiotic susceptibility testing for clindamycin and erythromycin should be ordered 48