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Alphabet and Orthography Statement For Fulfulde [FUB] Ajamiya
Alphabet and Orthography Statement
For Fulfulde [FUB] Ajamiya
(Found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Central African Republic)
By Scott Clark, MA
SIL
B.P. 1299
Yaoundé, Cameroon
2007
Alphabet and Orthography Statement For Fulfulde [FUB] Ajamiya
By Scott Clark, M.A.
Language: Fulfulde [Ethnologue code: FUB]
(Spoken in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Central African Republic)
Introduction:
The alphabet described in this document is the result of many years of research, which began in
the early 1960’s by Dr. Kristian Skulberg of Norway (in Ngaoundéré, Cameroon). Ron Nelson and the
Sawtu Linjiila staff (a Fulfulde media and radio organization) continued his work in the 1980’s. By
1990, the orthography was well established. The orthography in the present statement has not
significantly changed since that time. In 1998, at the JCMWA/MICCAO conference in Ngaoundéré,
Cameroon; over 100 representatives from 14 West African countries agreed that this orthography would
be a good standard for writing the Fulfulde language with Arabic script (called Ajamiya).
One of the first Roman script orthographies for Fulfulde was developed by F.W. Taylor in the
1930’s (see his dictionary, 1932). In 1966, a unified Roman script orthography was recommended by
UNESCO at the ‘Meeting of Experts for the Unification of Alphabets of the National Languages’ held at
Bamako, Mali. The orthography proposed in this paper is based on the phonology statement for
Adamawa Fulfulde [FUB] found in Stennis, 1967.
In 2002 a computer program was developed by Mark Rogalski and myself to “transliterate” the
Roman script Fulfulde into Ajamiya script Fulfulde. It is still not 100% accurate and needs to be
proofread for mistakes. The following Alphabet and Orthography Statement is presented in order to
make the most accurate transliteration possible while maintaining as much as possible indigenous
Ajamiya conventions of the [FUB] Fulfulde dialect (abbreviations are on page 18).
The Consonants:
(The vowels will be introduced on page 14)
Arabic alphabetical order (Abjadi) is adopted here showing the Ajamiya grapheme, Fulfulde name and
,bee [a],-tee [s]+ ,camamlu [], ,jiimi [d]+-haa baaluul [g],
Zw\+ -deeli [c], ذ-zaali [\+ ,arre [], -zayra [y], -siini [r],
-ciini [s]or[]or[r], -saadi [s ], ض-baadi [d ], … + ظ-zaadi [ ], ayni , f ,fee [e], -gaafu [ঀ], -keefu [j], -laamu [k], -miimi [l], -nuunu [m], ھ-hakabeere [g], -waawu [v], -yah [i],-hamaza -- ِIn addition, five Non-Arabic
phoneme1: -aliifi [`9]+
g``sn¬¬tœfnk
,…``chZ \
–
[ ],
`œf`mhZ \+
[]
phonemes are found in Fulfulde; the symbols chosen to represent these sounds are:
,¬ddln…tZ∫\+
,›`gln…tZx \+
-pee [o], ,nya ¯ and
Z \+
,œttmtd`œf`mhZœ\-These
five characters are still under discussion. However, they have been used with good understanding for the last
twenty years in Cameroon, with the exception of the p. The p has been recently adopted after a thorough
search of the contemporary use of Ajamiya in Northern Cameroon (see Orthography Report of Special
Letters, March 2006 by myself). Several Arabic sounds and their corresponding consonants are NOT used in
1
See Appendix 1 for the chart of these letters in Abajada order (Warsh Qur’anic tradition). See Appendix 2 for the Summary
Chart that is in Arabic Alphabetic order (Abjadi order).
2
everyday Fulfulde. However, they are included in this list because when writing a borrowed word from
Arabic, some Fulbe will use these letters to spell them. The majority, however, spell the letters as they sound
in Fulfulde (non-Arabic letter-to-sound correspondence), except in Arabic names.
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" e%J y neeroqhmf
) Mvnqjdqr
" '0
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
o
Tmhbncd9/65/
EtketkcdM`ld9odd'hrnk`sdcoddftcnk( r`oon {Gk
.o.
otj`q``in
ihoo``fn
knnod ) # # krstcdms
$A0
) H (
!G%
{K
u # sdm
" '5) ltc
snbnldcnvm
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
( )*
..
mx
Tmhbncd9bknrdsn/656
mx``lct
EtketkcdM`ld9mx`
kdmxnk
rnmxn
lhsnnmx`
nc`mxh
,+ * ennc
. / - e`lhkx.
!
|)K)
bk`m
rntmc
('>%) &Hodqrdbtsd
,
% # )R
she gave birth
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
.œ.
œ
:; :<=<=;
œ`qnk Tmhbncd9bnlahmdc /535*/52@ v`œfhmfn
EtketkcdM`ld9mttmtd`œfhmh ¬hœfdk
lha`œfh
Nv`œf`
* ) # ad`tsx
$<
)V%* < # snrgnv ;*" <*<V%y bghkc
%*<V6%# &Hl`qqhdc
#*< 'R
# ) gdrgnvr :;
The_œ, &is distinguished from the ‘n’ in that it does not take a sukuun (hownde). Note the word
12
:;
v`œfhmfnabove: that the first _œ, &does not take a sukuun, but the second ‘n’ does take one. The _œ&
is rarely found at the beginning of a word and is thus NOT confused with the prenasalized ng-
:;sound
(see page 13) which is normally only found at the beginning of a word. Oqdm`r`khy`shnmr9
Oqdm`r`khy`shnmr
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
F FV9V9 .mi.
mi
Tmhbncd9bnlahmdc /535*/51B lhr`mi`
lhv``mi`
mi``qddmch
,% V`
!9
" # r`mc
FV3%
# # & Hbg`mfd
F# '%# &H
ontqnts
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
.la. la
>>>
la`qtfn
Tmhbncd9bnlahmdc /535*/517
enlahm`
0) $#6&
o%# 64B)
snjhkk
rntsg
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
mf
Tmhbncd9bnlahmdc /535*/52@ :; :<=<=;
.mf. mf`xm``j`
x`xm`mfn
!V2<
# # * # o`rstqd
) # * # snrghmdsn
VV2I
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
,; ,<,<,;
.mc. mc
mchx`l
Tmhbncd9bnlahmdc /535*/52@ rdmctfn
gdmct
innmcd
* # , v`sdq
mI%
0) ,VK
" snrdo`q`sd
0,VM" vhmc
" , '() ok`bd
13
SgdUnvdkr
SgdUnvdkr9'EtketkcdM`ld
nvdkr9'EtketkcdM`ldr
9'EtketkcdM`ldr9l`
9l`r…d<l`qjr`
r…d<l`qjr`anudnqadknvsgdbnmrnm`msr-s
<l`qjr`anudnqadknvsgdbnmrnm`msr-sn¬d<cnsr(anudnqadknvsgdbnmrnm`msr-sn¬d<cnsr(-
n¬d<cnsr(- *******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
.`.
?
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EtketkcdM`ld9l``rhcnv
j`kg`kch
qdds` * # AfR
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# * # oqnlhrd
,% *fLfW
# * # atkk
?`
# " g`ke
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
.d.
d
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idll`
EtketkcdM`ld9x`l`kddqd
cdesdqd
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" * " annj
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
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hsstfn Tmhbncd9/54/
jhqjd EtketkcdM`ld9l``rhkdr kdjjh >%) = R sns`jdnts
" $%* W r`cckd
j%J " 5 sqdd
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
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n
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EtketkcdM`ld9stqm…dn'drnncd(
gnjjtfn
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* H ) fhes
;W
) = ) snfhud
AM
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
EtketkcdM`ld9stqmcd.snnstqh t +?
.t.
Tmhbncd9/53E
tqch vti``fn
otbbt
% $0* R odqetld
) # snqta
!(0
= k gnqrd
X0
14
KdmfsgneUnvdkr9@kkunvdkrnbbtqkdmfsgdmdc+l`qjdchmqnl`mrbqhosax`cntakdunvdk*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
! }# .`9.
``
EtketkcdM`ld9`khheha`kdvnk'ancddvnk(
`k&``c`
g``
Tmhbncd9/53D*/516
¬hh@`c`l`
j``e`gh
!R
# # # U%ygtl`m
1B!W
% # # rvnqc
!bfR
# # * # btrsnl
!M# sn+enq+`s
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
@}"
.d9.
dd ddœfstfn
Tmhbncd9/54B*hmhsh`knqldch`k/55D*/56/ i`vkddqt
Tmhbncd9/54B*ehm`knqhrnk`sdc/538
EtketkcdM`ld9x`l`kddqdadd`khhehancdvnk
qddct add
0) ><VQR" snfnto
0$Q5'(
"*#
0,`
" rsnl`bg
A/ `mc+vhsg
lddshmfqnnl
Sghrehm`kx`gvhsgntscnsrg`r`Rodbh`kEtketkcdM`ld9x`gx`q`'v`k``sn¬d(
Sgdvnqcaddhrrodbh`khmsg`shshrsgdnmkxvnqchmEtketkcdsg`sdmcrhm.d9.-Gnvdudq+sgdqd
`qdudqa`kbnmrsqtbshnmrvgdmsghrnbbtqr'oktq`khlodq`shudrenkknvdcaxodqrnm`koqnmntmrÊ
rdddw`lokdradknv(-Sgdhmhsh`k`mcldch`kdknmf`shnmg`r`rtodqrbqhos`kdenudqsgdsnnsg-
Atssgddknmf`shnm'nesgd@kdeL`jrtq`(hmhsrehm`k`mchrnk`sdcenqlrs`jdrsgdenqlne`x`g
vhsgntscnsr-
Tmhbncd9/538 '@kdeL`jrtq`(
Zmftqshmd9ln\
) ~V%" +$<
*0
Zmf`ccd9ɓd\
,<
"J #
s`jdghlnts
aqhmfsgdl
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
.h9.
hh
U ? Tmhbncd9/54/*/53@
EtketkcdM`ld9l``rhkdrhh
hhm``…n
ahqhhih ¬hh
) #V2%R
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FI%
% $%/ od`mtsr
U%y rnmneÔ
oqnlhrdcnmd
U
Vgdmsgdx`g_ &hrdknmf`shmfsgd.h.rntmc+hscndrmnss`jd`rtjttm-Hmsghrv`x+sgdx`g
dknmf`shnmhrd`rhkxchrshmfthrgdceqnlsgdbnmrnm`msx`g-
15
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
'})
.n9.
nn
Tmhbncd9/54A*/537
EtketkcdM`ld9stqm…dnn nnqtfn
jhhsnnvn
ann
0) 'R) ) ) Witcfd
'>2%
'/) `krn
snfq`yd
'bnvr(
'
Vgdmsgdv``vt_ &hrdknmf`shmfsgd.n.rntmc+hscndrmnss`jd`rtjttm-Hmsghrv`x+sgd
v``vtdknmf`shnmhrd`rhkxchrshmfthrgdceqnlsgdbnmrnm`msv``vt-
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
.t9.
tt
' +?
Tmhbncd9/53E*/537
EtketkcdM`ld9stqm…dtt ttqfn lhgttvh
ett
) * R
'0
% '0L%&Hvnqjdc
'0 B `kk snrldkkfnnc
'
Vgdmsgdv``vt_ &hrdknmf`shmfsgd.t.rntmc+hscndrmnss`jd`rtjttm-Hmsghrv`x+sgd
v``vtdknmf`shnmhrd`rhkxchrshmfthrgdceqnlsgdbnmrnm`msv``vt-
Rodbh`kKdssdqr+Ch`bqhshbr`mcOtmbst`shnm9
Rodbh`kKdssdqr+Ch`bqhshbr`mcOtmbst`shnm9
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Rtjttm9
}*
EtketkcdM`ld9gnvcd.gnvmcd
Sghrch`bqhshbhrtrdcsnrgnvsg`ssgdqdhrmnunvdkenkknvhmfsgdbnmrnm`ms-Sgtr+vgdmsvn
cheedqdmsbnmrnm`msr`qdtrdchmchqdbsrdptdmbd+sgdrtjttmrgntkcadtrdcnudqsgdehqrs
bnmrnm`ms-
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Rg`cc`9
}J
EtketkcdM`ld9rhccdqd
Sghrch`bqhshbhrtrdcsnrgnvsgdcntakhmfne`bnmrnm`ms-Sgtr+vgdm`vnqcg`rsvnnesgd
r`ldbnmrnm`msrhm`qnv+q`sgdqsg`mvqhshmfsgdkdssdqsvhbd+sgdrg`cc`rgntkcadtrdcnudq
sgdbnmrnm`ms-
16
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Mtladqr9sghrhrsgdr`ld`rhmLR@-
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
MN O P Q R S T U V M N
Qnl`m
@i`lhx`
*******************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Otmbst`shnm9Sghrhr`fqdx`qd`hm@q`ahb-1
.
, ? !
“
”
:
؟:
Qnl`m
@i`lhx`
0- SgdÈ Íetmbshnmrsnl`qjsgddmcne`rdmsdmbd-'Sghrhrsnl`jd`bkd`qchrshmbshnm
vhsgsgdmtladqÈ/Í(-
^
2- SgdÈ؟Íetmbshnmrsnhmchb`sd`ptdrshnm-
3- SgdÈ:Íetmbshnmrsnhmchb`sddwbk`l`shnmr-
4- SgdÈÍetmbshnmrsnl`qjsgdadfhmmhmfne`ptns`shnm-
5- SgdÈÍetmbshnmrsnl`qjsgddmcne`ptns`shnm-
6- SgdÈ
Íetmbshnmrsnhmsqnctbd`etqsgdqdk`anq`shnmnqoqdbdchmfptns`shnm-
1- SgdÈ Íetmbshnmrsnl`qjsgddmcne`bk`trdnqsnrdo`q`sdhsdlrhm`khrs-
Dw`lokd9@bsr893+4,,3Ncn&&hg``kdrch+nm`mhr`vst…nmvh&`ln9!Rnk+Rnk Jnmh
snnmxnsnn…`lh>!4N›`lh9!@m`lnx+I`vlhq``vn>!R`vstfni``ah9!LhmvnmhHhr`ln
snnmxnsnn…`-2
* ) ;K
* )
) %# o_
# ) ) ) o% )W :;K
* ) 0'* K# o% VR
J% ) )
mwR
# ) %,3* " 5 !M# ,R
% # ) ؟% '>n'+
# ) ) ) ) ~32%
* # ؟$%
* # U&
* ) # oR
*#
) # &'(
'>n'+
# R % ) o%* &
% !(# ) 0'K
Sq`mrk`shnm93Gdedkksnsgdfqntmc`mcgd`qc`unhbdr`xsnghl+ÈR`tk+R`tk+vgxcnxntodqrdbtsdld>Í
4ÈVgn`qdxnt+Knqc>ÍR`tk`rjdc-ÈH`lIdrtr+vgnlxnt`qdodqrdbtshmf+Ígdqdokhdc-
2
3
Awde, N., Samano P., The Arabic Alphabet: How to read and write it (Lyle Stuart: New Jersy, 1986). p. 34.
The Deftere Allah, The Bible in Fulfulde [FUB], 1994, Deftere Habaruuji Masiihinko’en, p. 140.
17
Abbreviations:
[FUB] – The Ethnologue designation for the Fulfulde Dialect discussed in this document.
[FUV] – The Ethnologue designation for the Fulfulde Dialect found in central Nigeria.
MSA - Modern Standard Arabic
JCMWA – Joint Committee for Ministry in West Africa
Ajamiya Bibliography
Literature in Present Orthography:
) ) V9#= & ]u %/ ¢h……nL`iinn…n+The Lost Son (Cameroun: Sawtu Linjiila, 2003) 24pp..
'
n.n., U
# % 0 ?3#
% * " jJ M G`jjdm`rshctmhx`+Sin has entered the world (Ngaoundéré: Église Évangélique
n.n.,
Luthérienne du Cameroun, 1988) 4pp..
0 '0 Mttgt, Mn`g (N’gaoundéré: Église Évangélique Luthérienne du Cameroun, 1988) 11pp..
H " ?B* " : Cdesd@mm`an&dm9@mm`ahX`jttat+L’histoire du Prophète Jacob en
n.n., 0'0 hb#I 7V5
% H
o*" b) 6V5
n.n.,
langue foulfouldé, écriture arabe (Ajamiya) (Yaoundé: Alliance Biblique du Cameroun,
1993) 36pp..
n.n.,
H " ?B* " :Cdesd@mm`an&dm9@mm`ahXttrtet+ L’histoire du Prophète Joseph en
0c0K'0I 7V5
% H
o*" b) 6V5
langue foulfouldé, écriture arabe (Ajamiya) (Yaoundé: Alliance Biblique du Cameroun,
1993) 46pp..
n.n.,
H " ?B* " : Cdesd@mm`an&dm9@mm`ahLttr`+L’histoire du Prophète Moïse en
~#K'0& 7V5
% H
o*" b) 6V5
langue foulfouldé, écriture arabe (Ajamiya) (Yaoundé: Alliance Biblique du Cameroun,
1993) 115pp..
n.n.,
* : Qtts+l``l`C``vtc`+Qtsg+k`Fq`mc&ld∆qdcdC`uhcdmk`mftd
# 0 # # !#&
0
entkentkcd, écriture arabe (Ajamiya) (Yaoundé: Alliance Biblique du Cameroun, 1993)
12pp..
n.n.,
) % #- u"
?# 3R
* % : @rs`9Cdaank`lhh…n+Esther, la Femme du Roi en langue foulfouldé, écriture
]2&
arabe (Ajamiya) (Yaoundé: Alliance Biblique du Cameroun, 1993) 26pp..
n.n.,
# % % : Khmihhk`Hhr`@kl`rhhgt¬hhL`qhx`l`a`m`Ktj`
* 0 ,
m_
% % % j# 05 o# #/ m# #I$#% & U/% 10 23#% 45* ~3# 2R% ;29V5
vhmchqh…tl+L’Évangile selon Luc en Foulfouldé écriture arabe (Ajamiya) (Yaoundé:
Alliance Biblique du Cameroun, 1990) 150pp..
n.n.,
H 0#I ~3# 2R%
" ,= " + " ]VR
* % : Hmm…dSdcct…d9Hhr`@x`st`kk`gh+Les Grands Noms: Jésus, Signe de
%qf5
Dieu (Yaoundé: Alliance Biblique du Cameroun, 1993) 18pp..
n.n.,
~؟#32R% 7V5
% H oI!#
% * & ): Jnl`xmh@mm`ahHhr`>+Qu’est-Ce Qui a Fait Mourrir le Prophète Jésus? en
langue foulfouldé, écriture arabe (Ajamiya) (Yaoundé: Alliance Biblique du Cameroun,
1993) 9pp..
nn.,
* # % m#* I,% $# #2#R # V`q`x`q`mchx`lcttlhh&c`l, Come and drink the eternal water,
m^2&0
(Ngaoundéré: Sawtu Linjiila, 2001) 10 pages.
n.n.,
'
% ) !#+#-: K``s``mnnih+Fdmdrhr9SgdEhqrsAnnjnesgdS`vq`s (Yaoundé: Alliance Biblique du
Cameroun, 2003) 177pp.
18
Health Literature in Present Orthography:
n.n.,
m0* & ;* " <V %/ # " o* )_ ?# V#* B: E`ms`…nmqddm`¬hmfdkltl+Fanta attend un Bébé en langue fulfuldé,
écriture arabe (Église Évangélique Luthérienne du Cameroun: Projét de Santé des Femmes,
1993) 38pp..
n.n.,
# % " # jVI
* " u k # " !^I
* % +Ghrmtxnmjhl`dxh&c``&adl`+o`ccnsdmmx`vRHC@,
,# 2K% '#* 2 o+,#
% * ) o0 3M
Save yourself and those you love, lets drive away the sickness AIDS, (Ngaoundéré: Sawtu
Linjiila, 2001), 2pp..(10,000 copies distributed).
n.n.,
* " UK
:#,2K% ;u 9# * oR
" #'#* W oR
" Rdxdmj`vs`dmmi`kknRHC@.@HCR,Let us come together and win
over SIDA/AIDS, (Yaounde, SIL Cameroon, 2006), 2pp.. (24,000 copies distributed).
Similar Ajamiya to that Proposed in this Orthography Statement:
n.n.,
'
% ) !#+#-: Laataanooji, La Genése En langue Foulfouldé Yaoundé: Sociétés Bibliques au Cameroun,
1962. 158pp..
n.n.,
# % * %9Linjiila fodde Matta, L’Évangile selon Matthieu en langue Foulfouldé Yaoundé:
?#H & " J,) B ;29
Sociétés Bibliques au Cameroun, 1961. 94pp.
n.n.,
# '06(# : Jabuura, Les Psaumes en langue foulfouldé, Ngaoundéré: Centre de Duplication de l’EELC,
1975, 201pp.
Other Literature on the Subject of Ajamiya:
Alkhuli, Muhammad Ali, A Dictionary of Islamic Terms: English-Arabic & Arabic English, (Swaileh:
Jordan, 1989). 230pp..
Amudani, Y., Koyi da Kanka Harsuna uku: Turanci da Hausa da Larabci, Teach yourself three
Languages: English, Hausa and Arabic (Kano: Ayab General Enterprises, 2001).
Amudani, Y., Teach yourself three Languages: French, Hausa and Arabic (Kano: Ayab General
Enterprises, 1996).
Awde, Nicholas & Samano, Putros, The Arabic Alphabet: How to read & write it, (New Jersey: Lyle
Stuart, 1986). 95pp..
Chtatou, M., Using Arabic script in writing the languages of the peoples of Muslim Africa (Rabat:
Institute of African Studies, 1992).
Eguchi, Paul Kazuhisa, An English-Fulfulde Dictionary, (Institute for the Study of Language and
Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo, 1986).
Eguchi, Paul Kazuhisa, The Poem of Repentance, (Institute for the Study of Language and Cultures of
Asia and Africa, Tokyo, 1976).
Malik, S.H.A., ‘The Impact of Arabic on the Linguistic and Cultural Life of the Yoruba People’ (FS
Bamgboɗe; Ibadan: Group Publishers, 1995) 424-39.
Nelson, R.W., Etk¬dBtkstq`kDkdldmsr`rBnms`bsOnhmsrenqsgdFnrodk (M.th. diss. Fuller, 1981).
Nelson R. W., Ekkitinol Ajamiya, (Lessons on Fulfulde Arabic Script). Revised by Scott Clark and
Carolin Huber in 2007.
Nelson R. W., The Situation and Need for a Standardized Ajamiya Orthography for Fulfulde,
unpublished paper presented at the 1998 JCMWA meeting in Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Noye, Dominiquel., Dictionnaire Foulfoulde-Francais: Dialect Peul du Diamare Nord Cameroun,
Librairie Orientalist Paul Geuthner, S.A. 12, ru Vavi, 75006 Paris, 1989.
Skinner, N., Hausa Readings: Selections from Edgar’s Tatsuniyoyi (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1968).
19
Stennes, Leslie H., A Reference Grammar of Adamawa Fulani, African Language
Monograph No. 8, African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1967.
Taylor, F. W., A Fulani-English Dictionary, (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1932).
Philips, J., Spurious Arabic: Hausa and Colonial Nigeria (University of Wisconsin African Studies
Center, ).
Van Gerpen, E., Ka Koya wa Kanka Ajami (SIM, n.d.) 28pp..
n.n., Koya wa Kanka Karatun Ajami (NNPC Ltd.; © Wusasa: CMS; Printed Kaduna: Baraka Press &
Publishers Ltd., 1971) 30pp..
n.n.,
* % * % 7#* >%W Kitab Injil (Manila: PBS, 2001). [Roman script to Arabic script].
;9
Indigenous Ajamiya Literature for [FUB] Fulfulde
* % M !#M " !#R): (Meiganga, Cameroun: Tidjani, Adib), 38pp., no date.
CI,#
) % # " $B
n.n., ~Vb#
% * & " 'V<
" " : !
(Meiganga, Cameroun: Tidjani, Adib), 76pp., 2001.
) #.0 " S[#u ( o43I !>W ,#s:"#$%
&'() (Yola, Nigeria:
n.n., '_
n.n.,
Tidjani, Adib), 76pp., 2001. (However, Saad with two dots is used for the implosive *
(where the feh with an extra dot is used for the ‘p’ sound)
) H+
$# #s'#* ( !A#
Doriidu, M.,
:+,&* (Kano, Nigeria: Northern Maktabat Press LTD.), no date.
This is one of at least 10 books written in Maroua.
Eguchi, Paul Kazuhisa, +-.
/, (Institute for the Study of Language and Cultures
of Asia and Africa, Tokyo, 1976).
20
Fulfulde Ajamiya –
Appendix 1
U# % 4#9#R" ,f0* d*f0 B
The transliteration of letters and vowels from Roman script to Ajamiya in Abajada order
Abajada Warsh Order --
xGzn
! }#
F9(
,,
p qrs
SS
1LM
]^_
;f5
#.
# m4&
oV
Z[\
abR
,# 9# #/#
ا بجد هوز حطى کلمں صعڢض ڧرست ثخذ ظغش
Aa, aa
‘a’
cdB
F, f
B, b
ضضض ض
D, d
J, j
ڧڧڧ ڧ
Gh, gh or
Qh, qh
$$
T3K
R, r
Z, z
ثثث ث
H, h
خخخ خ
ذذذ ذ
ظظظ ظ
Th, th
or S, s or
C, c
Kh, kh
D, d
H, h
W, w
©+…
Y, y
K, k
L, l
-laa
laa
M, m
N, n
S, s
‘
<@
XY8
( )*
{Gk
ezy
$ %&'
S, s
T, t
◌َ
}"
?
})
+?
! }#
Zh, zh
Z, z
G, g
C, c
Sh, sh
Mx+mx
P, p
¢+¬
‚+›
E, e
I, i
O, o
U, u
Aa, aa
‘a’
Q}
}"
Ee, ee
U ?
'})
' +?
Ii, ii
Oo, oo
Uu, uu
:; :<=<=;
F FV9V9
7& 7464646&
:; :<=<=;
,; ,<,<,;
}*
A, a
}J
Ø+œ
Nj, nj
Mb, mb
Ng, ng
Nd, nd
Hownde: walaa
masde. Siddere:
sembiɗina
harfeere.
Letters used rarely in
Ajamiya Fulfulde:
، ض، ص، ز، ذ، خ،ث
ء، ھ، ق، ڧ،ظ
21
Appendix 2
Summary Chart of the Fulfulde Alphabet For [FUB] Ajamiya
------------------------------------------Examples------------------------------------------Ajamiya Grapheme
Roman Grapheme
Phoneme
Second ‘a’
/a:/
* +!
1 23
6 6
8 90
? @A
CDE
H IJB
%#(
K LM7
B, b
/b/
T, t
/t/
J, j
/d/
H, h
/h/
D, d
/d/
R, r
//
S, s
/s/
C, c
/t/ or // or /s/
©+…
.….
‘
/Б/
G, g
/g/
F, f
/f/
K, k
/k/
Initial
Medial
only for Arabic
names:
/ $
"#
-
,
%3
4
56
:0
5
%EE
$
%#B
"(
NO7 5M5=
%&
/ %&!.
.
%2
%!0
;<=
$
%AB
%D5.
%J.
#0
%M
$ <P3
Final
Isolated
'(
+.
.
5
!7
9(
@3
/ CF
I
/ %B
L&
/ Q3
!
)
*0
1
0
56
>8
?2
= G
H
K7
G
Appendix 2
4 "O
S
U
; V
Y<
` Na_
b c,R
)* )+,+,*
+ +<!<!
---
)* )+,+,*
L, l
/l/
-laa
/la:/
laa
/la:/
M, m
/m/
N, n
/n/
W, w
/w/
Y, y
/j/
‚+›
.xә.
¢+¬
.¬.
P, p
/p/
Mx+mx
.ْ.
Ø+œ
.œ.
Nj, nj
/nj/
Mb, mb
/mb/
Ng, ng
/ng/
Q
/ ;U
W
-
4
6&.Z
"[
<_
*PR
!
"# 4#
<F6!
G<#
CO(
T0
%5
<3
%<3
V\[
a3
-
,
# ' ( %&
$%
%<#
&!<
Y7
-
"O
U
V<
Y
:
]3
/ N_
c0
Z d0
"#<_
+<
%<<.
4R
T
;
X
W
^_
`3
b
e
B
%<
+
Appendix 2
!* !+!+!*
.
."
.
f
f
f
."
:.
f
/f
f
f f/
and
Nd, nd
/nd/
A, a
/a/
U, u
/u/
I, i
/i/
O, o
/o/
E, e
/e/
Aa, aa
/a:/
Uu, uu
/u:/
Ii, ii
/i:/
Oo, oo
/o:/
Ee, ee
/e:/
no-vowel sign and
double letter sign
V.
4POB
B
$
%&B
,B
/ VD<B
;B
:_
6B
<B
6B
%&#<5B
<0
O2O=
G=
-
"=
-
V
7=
2
+.
&=
5
/F6
/ ,
-
a3
(This list of letters does not including Arabic letters used rarely in [FUB] Fulfulde;
<3
'F6
$ @R
Q
/ $ %P3
&7
3
7
:_
0%( %
/c0
Z ث, خ, ذ, ز, ص, ض, ظ, ق, ھ, ڧ, )ء.