U H An eleventh century précis of Arabic orthography

Transcription

U H An eleventh century précis of Arabic orthography
Sonderdrucke aus der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
ULRICH HAARMANN
An eleventh century précis of Arabic orthography
Originalbeitrag erschienen in:
Wadad Al-Qadi (Hrsg.): Studia arabica & islamica: Festschrift für Ihsan Abbas on his sixtieth birthday.
Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1981, S. 165-182
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY
ULRICH HAARMANN
EARLY ARABIC GRAMMARIANS rarely discuss the problems of orthography in
their grammatical compendia. Even in the final chapters of his Kiab, dealing with pause
(wagf), the non-radical consonants (1zuriif al-zaweid), reduplication and assimilation,
Siba.wayhi (d. 177/793) omits any references to the rules of writing. There is one notable
exception: in the chapter on pause he mentions the alif al-wiqiiya, to be used after forms
like ,;alamii and ramaw, with reference to al-tlaril b. Abmad. 1 This disinterest in orthography continues during the two centuries after Sibawayhi. In his K. al-Muqtaclab, 2
al-Mubarrad (d. 285/898) refers only to the phenomenon of the representation of the
sounds by orthographic signs (al-lzuritf al-carabiyya... lahei paean.. mustadall calayhei fi
bi-l-calcimiit), and Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi:
(d. 379/989) contents himself with
giving the rules for writing etymological wiiws and yes in their different renderin.gs. 3
Sibawayhi's philosophy seems to have been to keep phonemics and graphemics categorically apart, as in modern linguistics. This separation was a particular achievement
in a linguistic system where the morphophonemic rules and the norms of spelling are so
closely interrelated — especially in the treatment of the half consonants (1:zurtif al-lin) —
and where only one term was used for letter and consonantal sound harf).
In the first three centuries, therefore, we find the discussion of orthography almost
entirely relegated to special monographs, notably those on the differentiation of the
alif mamdfida and the alif maq,sgra, and to the adab al-kiitib works with their heterogeneous
material, both technical and theoretical, on the requirements of the craft of the scribe.
The first grammarian who, within a grammatical treatise, gave some space to orthography seems to have been al-Zagtäki (d. 337/949). In his Oumal, he presents the rules
for writing the hamza and for differentiating between al-ma gar and al-mamdlid, in between.
purely grammatical discussions on the pronouns of the second person 4 and on the opposition of masculine and feminine. 5 At a later time these orthographical insertions became
independent chapters, or appendixes, on hay; the best known examples are the final part
of Ibn (d. 646/1248) geifiya on morphology and the Otima in the sixth volume
of al-Suyati's (d. 911/1505) grammatical encyclopaedia Ham' al-hawamic. 6
.
Billact ed., II, 285; ed. by 'A. Häriin (Cairo
1395/1975), IV, 176,-2. I owe this reference,
and further valuable advice on the first vestiges
of orthography in the books on nahw, to Ramzi
Baalbaki, Professor of Arabic, American University
of Beirut.
2 Ed. by M. CA. cUdayma (Cairo 1965), I, 192.
3 K. al-Weicjili fi 1-nalzw, ed. CA. ljalifa (Amman
baniit... al-ye
n.d. [1977]), 280-82: beib
wa-l-zemizv. Cf. also Brockelmann, GAL, I, 132-33.
4 Ed. by M. Ben Cheneb (Algiers/Paris 1957),
265.
Ibid., 285.
I have not had a chance to see the manuscript of
"A Treatise on Arabic Grammar and Orthography,"
that is preserved in the Austrian National Library ;
cf. H. Loebenstein, Katalog der arabischen Hand-
schqten der listerreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Neuer-
165
166
ULRICH HAARMANN
[2
One of the first nuluit who granted orthography a clearly defined, and equal, place
in a book of grammar and thus broke with the tradition of keeping these disciplines
apart, was the Egyptian Tithir b. .A.Ijrnad b. Bab[afgzid (d. 3 Ragztb, 469)31 Jan., 1077). 7
In Fitt- it/lid Egypt, he was celebrated as the greatest grammarian of his generation. 8
The best known member Of the school founded by him was the Alexandrian map? Ibn
al-Fatilyam (d. 516,1122). 9 In his didactic treatise on grammar, a1-Hugaddima
al-mulfsiba fi 1-naljw, Ibn Iiiib§ad devotes nine chapters to grammar - the parts qf speech:
(1) noun, (2) verb, (3) particle; the cases: (4) rqr, (5) na,vb, (6) ,4arr and (7) (8)
gocernment (ctimir and ()) apposition (teibic) - and a fully integrated tenth and final chapter
to orthography /wffl I BillAacl's interest in orthogrztphy zts a legitimate part of naljw
and ,vall can probably be attributed to his familiarity with the writings of al-ZaW,A- I.
He wrote a commentary on a1-Zia50s ("mall° with its orthographic section and, as
another token of his indebtedness to al-Za0zIA - 1, entitled a commentary of his own Muqaddima as al-Oafmal aIh5diyaji artz al-Hugaddima a1-krifiya; he dictated this commentary
to his pupil Ibn al-Fabljam in 465/1072-3 at the latter's request and asked him one year
later to transmit it on his behalf. u The unfamiliar inclusion of orthography into a book
of grammar was certainly noted by the colleagues in the field. One commentator of the
Mugaddima appropriately gave his lad) the name: `Umdat dawi 1-himam caM 1-Mulzsiba
fi cilmay wa-l-galam, "...on the two Lsc. different] sciences of the language and the
pen''' . 12
werbtmgen 1868-1968 (Vienna 1970), I. 231, no.
2461. Al-Zamal)kiri, e.g. deals with an orthographic problem only once in his Aftfragal when he
speaks about the mute he in lammah (I)ãr a1-C;i1,
Beirut 2 n.d.), 359. 6.
7 He seems to have been commonly known as
al-Tahir; see tfusam Sac -id al-Nucaymi, "alIuqaddima al-mutisiba fi
kulligyat al-isltimiyya (Baghdad), 3 (1970),
329-86, here 334. with a reference where his
grammatical treatise is quoted as Mugaddimai
al-Trihir. See also E. Griffini, Lista dei manoscritti
arabi nuovo Condo della Biblioteca Ambrosiana
di Milano, RSO, 7 (1916-8), 579. no. 358,9, and
Umberto Rizzitano, al-Fahharn mutiri"skiliano'," Stu& orientalistici in onore di Giorgio Levi
della Vida (Rome 1956), II. 403-24, here 419,
note 2 C. quoting klakki Ijailfa. — Among the
numerous biographical works dealing with Ibn
Bab`,4bad two should be singled out because of
their originality and comprehensiveness: Ibn
Watizytit al-dytin, ed. I. 'Abbas, (Beirut
1968-72), II, 515-17. no. 308. and Inbeih alrmecit caläanbdh al-nniult, ed. I. Abu 1-Facll Ibrahim
(Cairo 1371/1952). II, 95-7, no. 312. For further
detailed references see Brockelmann, GAL, I. 301,
S I, 529; al-Qifti's Inbcih, II, 95, note; U.
Haarmann, Ibn Bilbasheidies ‘‘„lfugaddima": An Arabic
Grammatical Treatise of the 11th century A.D. Edition/
TranslationlAnnotation, B.A. thesis, Department of
Oriental Studies, Princeton University, 1965.
xii-xiii and 136, n. 2; 11-lusam Sacid al-Nucaymi,
l'al-Muqaddima," 330, n. 1; kinlid CAbd alK arim. al-mugaddima al-muhsiba ( Kuwait
1977), I, 7-23; Niukianunad Aba 1-Futilh Sarif,
garh al-mucradima al-nahwiyya Ii-bn Dirasa
mawelticiyya hi-tolab said mumtanic wa-hi-tabzeib Oadid
gayr masbiig bihi ( [Cairo:1 al-Oihaz al-markazi
li-l-kutub aI.amiiyva wa-l-madrasiyya, 1978).
I. 25-32, esp. the list on p. 25.
8 11 7(iftlytit al-dytin, II, 515 : wa-ktina huzva
'ilm al-nahu); al-Yalici,
imiim cagihi
al4antin (Haydarabad 1338; 2 Beirut 1390/1970),
III, 98. 5.
9 Muhammad Abta 1-Futilb (asarif, arfz, I. 35;
U. Rizzitano, al-Fakiharn," 406, 414-24;
idem, EP. III. 761a, s.v. Ibn
10 Al-Nucaymi,"al-Nluqaddima," 331; U. Rizzial-Fabljam," 418; Brockelmann, GAL,
tano,
S I, 529. The Egyptian scholar Niu*tafa
formerly BahawalpurWakistan, plans to edit this
text.
" Al-Nucayrni, "al-Muqaddima," 332-34; Brockelmann, GAL, S I, 529. This important text has
recently been edited twice under different titles:
(a) Art: al-mugaddima al-muhsiba, ed. uarid cAbd
al-Karim, 2 vols. (Kuwait 1977); (b) garh almugaddima al-nahzeiyya, ed. NIuklammad Aba 1-Futab
arif ([Cairol 1978), II, 13-444. Sections of this
commentary were edited and translated into
English in Haarmann. Ibn 13tibasluidh' " ..11uqaddima,"
115-35.
12 On this work, its exact title, the question of
its author and the available manuscripts, see
U. Rizzitano, 'Ibn al-Fal.lham," 419, note 2 C
plus footnote*. Cf. also the description of Ibn
zetz-l-tzall in
gtyiya as Matn
the Istanbul edition of 1310.
3]
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 167
The life of al-T5.hir b. Babgad was so remarkable that he became a favourite of
medieval biographers. He was born in Egypt from Daylami stock. His Iranian name
Ibn Bäb[a]ga,d, according to Ferdinand Justi ' 3 "who is joyful about his father still
alive", is attested several times from the history of Bayid Iraq. One Abil Muljammad
b. Babgad was Abil Kankar's vizier when al-kfusayn al-Sardbi, one of Muhaddib
Dawla's retainers, rose in the swamplands of southern Iraq against the Bilyid central
power in 418/1027.' 4 Al-klasan b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Muljammad b. Babg a- ,d, who
lived approximately in the same period — his exact dates are unknown — and became
known as Muhammad al-Basrl, wrote adab works in the kligaz, in Bap,d5,d,
in Walidn,
and in Wäsit. 15 The father or grandfather of our grammarian Ibn. Babgad had come
from Iraq to Egypt, and the author himself had travelled to Iraq in his early days,
when he made his living as a pearl merchan.0 6 or jeweller."'
Ibn. Babgad, who was probably a Sici though the sources remain silent about his
religious affiliation, served as a clerk in the Fdtimid diwan al-inW in Cairo. As such, he
checked outgoing mail for grammatical correctness and, like many an Egyptian grammarian before and after him, 18 taught at the revered mosque of cAmr b. al-cAs in Fustät.
At a certain point he suddenly renounced his office and salary and shut himself up in
the roof chamber of the minaret of 'Ames mosque to devote all his time to cibcida and
study. Minaret chambers were popular refuges for pious stifis during the Middle Ages."'
Ibn B5.13§Id's decision to withdraw from worldly affairs and to practice tawakkul in such
an uncompromising fashion was prompted by observing a cat feed his sick mate day after
day in his presence. "Since God has caused this dumb animal to be served and fed by
another cat, and has not withheld from it its nourishment, how could he let a human
being such as I am perish of hunger ?" 20 His life came to an appropriate end when he
fell off the roof of the mosque during one of his somnambulant trips.
***
Besides his Mugaddima and his own commentary on it, Ibn Babga",c1 must have written
an impressive number of grammatical works. Ibn tiallikan speaks of his unfinished fifteen
volume compendium of grammar, known as the Tactigat al-gurfa, "Notes from the
13 Ferdinand Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch (Hildeshelm 1963), 55b. The Arab biographers are less
precise; Ibn J3allikan, Wafaydt al-acydn, II, 517,
5, writes : wa-hiyczkalimac alamiyy a tatacjamman al-faralz
wa-l-surar.
,, (Beirut
14 Ibn al-Atir, fi l-terilz
1386/1966), IX, 359 (= ed. C. J. Tornberg [Leiden,
1851-76], IX, 253). H. Busse, Chalif und GrojekOnig.
Die Buyiden im Iraq (945-1055). Beiruter Texte und
Studien 6 (Beirut/Wiesbaden 1969), 94-5 refers
to al-arabi's abortive revolt, yet fails to mention
Aba Muhammad b. Babgad.
15 klalia b. Aybak al-Safadi, bi-lwafarit, ed. Ramadan cAbd al-Tawwäb, XII.
Bibliotheca Islamica 6/12 (Wiesbaden 1979), 232,
no. 210.
16 Al-Suyati, Bugyat al-wuccit (Cairo 1326), 232.
17 Al-Qifti, Inböh al-rum:it, II, 95, 4.
" Two grammarians from the Ayrabid period
who taught at the "Old Mosque" in Fustät were
Abu 1-Fath cUtman b. 'ha al-Bulayti (d. 599/
1202) (see Brockelmann, GAL, I, 302) and Aba
Zakariyyd' Ya`qab b. cAbd al-Mucti (d. 628/1231)
(see Brockelmann, GAL, I, 303).
" R. Sellheim, "Die Gelehrtenfarnilie Ibn alBailani," Die islamische Welt zzvischen Mittelalter
und Neuzeit. Festschrift fiir Hans Robert Roemer zum
65. Geburtstag, ed. U. Haarmann and P. Bachmann.
Beiruter Texte und Studien 22 (Beirut/Wiesbaden,
1979), 565 refers to Abb. . 1-Tana' b. al-Baylani
of the 16th century and also to the better-known
example of Aba Zakariyyap al-Tibrizi.
20
Ibn Wafaylit al-acycin, II, 516, 16-18;
Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Translated
from the Arabic by Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane, I (=NewYork/London 1961) , 648.
168
ULRICH HAARMANN
[4
Chamber", an allusion to his abode in old age. 21 Neither this work, nor his commentary of Ibn al-Sarni:0 LCcid, 22 seem to be preserved.
As a commentator both of Ibn al-Sarrak — the teacher and pupil of al-Färäbi,
and of al-Zatga.gi Ibn al-Sarräg's disciple, Ibn Babkid, a follower of the Basran
school, 23 stands in the tradition 24 of those 4th/ 10th century grammarians who tried
to cope with the impact of Aristotelian logic on traditional grammar. As is well known,
the new, alien logic never overcame Sibawayhi and the indigenous Basran qiyik. Even
in his theoretical work al-kfaij fi al-Zak:0i uses logical terms and resorts
to dialectical methods primarily in order to demonstrate the fundamental distinction and
incompatibility of Arabic grammar and Greek logic. 25 Nevertheless, this logical intermezzo left its traces on later grammarians. ibn Bii.b§5.d's concise, often abstract, definitions
at the beginning of each chapter, the systematic arrangement of the whole body of
traditional grammar in four main parts (parts of speech; cases; government and apposition; orthography) and equally lucid subchapters, betray a logical training. More conspicuous yet is his indefatigable search for ci/ai of unusual grammatical phenomena, which led
him to sometimes rather unorthodox conclusions. Why is alladi written with only one lam
(translation chapter 5.1) ? Why hadeika with an mill in the first syllable (4.3) ? And why
does one drop the second wow in Dämtid and the like (5.2.2) and the ye in q&fin (5.2.3) ?
In some of his answers our author seems to be original and unique.
-
***
The text of Ibn Babgad's Mugaddima was edited for the first time in my unpublished
Princeton B. A. thesis of 1965, 26 together with an English translation. Two manuscripts,
Berlin Landberg 261 (Ahlwardt 6470) and Princeton Yahuda ELS 3884 (Mach 3463),
served as the basis for this edition. Before a revised version could be submitted for publication, klusam Sacid al-Nucaymi published the Arabic text in 1970 in Magallat kulliyyat
al-isidmiyya in Baghdad. 27 He used five different manuscripts: Iraqi museum
1963; Dar al-kutub/Cairo 281 natzw; Azhar 15302; Där al-kutub/Cairo 67 fin; Dar
al-kutulD/Cairo 1540 nalzw. Al-Nucaymi's edition provides a useful basis for study, although
numerous omissions and misreading have to be rectified; a list of the most important
emendations is given at the end of this introduction. In the same year, 1970, the text
was printed a third time in Baghdad 28 it is reproduced in the notes of the Kuwait
edition of Ibn Babgäd's own commentary on the Mugaddirna, al-Thidi or al-Cumal alhädiya, at the beginning of each chapter.
Here I shall present the translation of the tenth chapter of the Mugaddima on
orthography, based on the manuscripts available both in al-Nucaymi's and my own
edition; when necessary, the text of the Sarli was also consulted.
.
;
***
tt
194.
22
25 Versteegh, 116, 124-25, 128-48; Wain alMub5.rak, al-Nahw al-carabi. Al-'ilia al-naluviyya,
naPatuhei wa-tataztwurului ( 2 [136 ru ti 1391/1971),
Chapter IV, esp. 102-30.
28 See above, n. 7. The thesis was supervised by
Professor Rudolf Mach.
27 3 (1970), 338-84.
28 .Matbacat
Wafayeit al-acycln, II, 515,-3.
See the edition of Ibn al-Sarrag's K.
I
ii 1-nahw, ed. CA. al-Fatli, I-II (Baghdad 1973 ff.).
23 Ibn al-Anbari, Nuzfuzt al-alibbe, ed. cAtiyya
cAmir. Acta Universitat is Stockholmiensis II
(Stockholm 1962), 213, 1-2: min lzuddtiq nuhtit
al-misrigyin cald madhab
24 See the table in C.H.M. Versteegh, Greek
Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking (Leiden 1977),
5
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY
169
Comprehensive research on Arabic orthography will have to be both normative
and descriptive. The study of the complex historical development of Arabic orthographical
practice through the centuries 29 and in the different parts of the Islamic world must be
compared with the relatively few texts in which the rules of writing, as they were valid
during their authors' time, were laid down. Work on both planes has hardly begun..
Ibn Qutayba (d. 276/889) was the first to describe the peculiarities of Arabic orthography (tagwinz al-yad"), rather than only the rules of al-manidad wa-l-nzaqsfir, 31 comprehensively in the second part of his K. Adab al-kdtib. His presentation lacks the cohesion
of the works of later authors, who profited from the new logical school of thought. The
headings of the individual chapters in the K. Adab al-keitib are often misleading or
incomplete. The categories of badal, ziyada and 4 adflnags of the later orthographers are
not yet elaborated.
Half a century later, the interest in /jay had spread. As we have mentioned before,
al-Zak-04i (d. 337/949) includes orthographical remarks in hi s Oumal. And both Abii
Bakr (d. 335/946) and Ibn Durustawayhi (d. 346/957) composed their own short,
didactic books on the adab Al-Still" neglects certain important orthographic
problems, e.g. the writing of hamza in an intermediate position, and is almost simplistic
in his presentation. Ibn Durustawayhi's Kitdb al-kuttdb, 33 however, is a masterpiece of
exactitude, conciseness and, at the same time, comprehensiveness. Unlike Ibn Qutayba,
he contends himself with one or two examples for a given norm. Like our author Ibn
Babgad one century later (e.g., see below, translation 6.0), he opens his chapters with
definitions and a list of the conditions and reasons (Iurat, usal,cilal) for the particular
orthographic rules; the kardhiyat al-iltibds or kardhiyat igvtimac al-dbah fi l-hag, the
aversion to ambiguity in writing, stands in the first place. 34 Ibn Durustawayhi's division
of orthography into the subcategories harnza, madd, qasr, fag wa-wasl, ljadf, ziydda
and badal is found in all later works, both grammatical and epistolographical.
Al-Batalyawsi's (d. 521/1127) and al-Gawdliqrs (d. 539/1144) commentaries 35 on
.
29 Werner Diem has taken important first steps
in this direction; see his "Untersuchungen zur
frilhen Geschichte der arabischen Orthographie,"
Orientalia N.S., 48 (1979), 207-57; he is not concerned with post-Queanic developments.
39 Ibn. Qutayba al-Dinawari, Adab al-keitib,
ed. M. Grtinert (Leiden 1900), 234.
31 The earliest accessible title of this genre is
al-Farra's (d. 207/822) K. al-Manqics
ed. cAbd al-cAziz al-Maymani al-Rakkati. Daba?ir
al-carab 41 (Cairo 1967), 9-57. Several 3rd/9th
century works on mamdfid and manqgs have been
published: Abii. cAbd Allah Niftawayhi (d. 323/935),
al-Magr wa-l-mamdlid, ed. klasan ãiIi Farhad,
in Malallat kulliyyat al-dddb, 6thnica1 al-Ririe!, 4
(1973[1), not accessible to me; Aba 1-Tayyib
a1-Wagga 3 (d. 325/936), al-Mamdad
ed. Ramadan cAbd al-Tawwab. Silsilat rawVi c
al-turat al-lugawi 1 (Cairo 1979); Ibn Wallad
al-Misri (d. 332/943), al-Maqsfir wa-l-mamdrid,
ed. Paul BrOnnle. Contributions towards Arabic
Philology I (London/Leiden 1900) (see also the
important critique of this book by 'Ali b. kiamza
22
al-Bari [d. 375/985] in his K. al-Tanbiheit cad
al-ruzat, ed. cAbd al-cAziz al-Maymani
al-Ragkati. Datia'ir al-carab 41 [Cairo 1967], 32554) ; Aba cUmar al-Zahid '6-ularn Taclab'
(d. 345/957), al-Maq,siir tera-l-mamdfid, ed. Muhammad Oabbar al-Mucaybid, in RIMA, 20/2 (1974),
17-47. Finally add Aba 1-Barakat b. al-Anbari
(d. 577/1181), I:Iilyat 1-farq bayn almagiir wa-l-mamdfid, ed. cAtiyya cAmir. Act a
Universitatis Stockholmiensis VI (Stockholm
1966).
32 Abti Bakr Muhammad al-Still, Adab al-kuttcib,
ed. Muhammad Bahkat al-Atari (Cairo 1341).
33 Abil. Muhammad cAbd Allah b. Durustawayhi,
Kiteth al-kuttilb [al-mutammam fi wa-1-hijciTh
ed. L. Cheikho (Beirut 2 1927).
34 10, 11 if; 17, 13 if; 20, 3 if; 24, 3 if; especially
34, 14 if; 46, 3 if; 49, 9 ff.
.
35 Ibn al-Sid al-Batalyawsi, larz
adab al-kuttdb (Beirut 2 1973) ; Abti. Mans& Mawhab
b. Ahmad gartz adab al-keitib, ed.
Mustafa. Sadiq al-Rafici. (Cairo 1350).
170
ULRIC!' HAARMANN
[
6
Iba Qutayba s canonical Adab al-killib give no new material on the rules of spelling. In
the only chapter on 'jay in his K. al-Igtideib fi s'arlz adab al-Batalyawsi deals with
the orthography of the hamza that is preceded by a mute consonant and stands at the
end of a word — a chapter missing in Ibn B5.bgäd's Mugaddima. 36 Al-Qalqagandi
(d. 821/1418), the last great name in the history of the secretarial literature, pays special
attention to the purely graphic aspects of orthography in the third volume of his ,.Stubiz
a1-acSii, 37 e.g. the early practices of indicating the hamza with a yellow dot, the proper
placement of the hamza in the sequence and otherwise gives the most complete,
and often redundant, documentation of the orthographic rules.
Among the grammarians, Ibn Iiiibgäd seems to have been one of - the first, if not the first
systematic orthographer. He fbilows Ibn Durustawayhi's arrangement with the exception
that he places al-mamdad wa-l-margiir before the mahmitz. A few important aspects of
are left out in Ibn Babgad's Mugaddima, notably the rules for the hamza after a mute
consonant at the end of a word; the lzadf of the alif in proper names like Isbaq,
and al-I-Järit; and thefa,s1 and wasi of the pronoun man. There are indications that Ibn
Sqfiya. I am thinking of the
Bii.bgäd's tenth chapter served as a model for Ibn name Rayyã which both Ibn Babgad (2.1.) and Ibn al-klagribial-Astardbadi 38 give as a
second example for the rule that in proper names the alif maviira following a O D can be
rendered as O D instead of alff. Only Ibn 6amdca (d. 816/1415), the author of a gloss
on al-6drabirdi's (d. 746/1345) commentary on theSdfiya, 39 points out that this name
is invented and that there exist no parallels whatsoever to Yatlyã and its spelling in the
realm of the proper names 1-c alamiyya). 4 °
Though all these books and chapters on lyzy are normative, they also yield information
on the development of Arabic non-Qur'dnic 4 orthography. Spelling is more susceptible
to change than the grammar of the Arabic language, the a priori unchangeable vehicle
of God's revelation. It will be a task of future research to collect and compare the
rules from the different orthographic manuals and to see how the individual judgment
on certain usages gradually changed. It is remarkable that even in the short textual
history of Ibn Bäbgäd's tract such changes become palpable: in the Princeton manuscript
of 17 Da 1-1:14,ta 781/26 March 1380 of the Mugaddima, 42 at least one rule is brought up
to date in comparison to the older preserved manuscripts of the same text. The indetermined aljf mamduda in the accusative should no longer be written with two alifs (LS"),
but with one alf plus madda fr....s"), as it was later in usage. 43
'
* *
.1qtiefrib, 168-70.
Aba 1-`Abbas Abrnad al-Qalgagandi, ,Stzbh
al -aUri" ft intic at (Cairo 1357/1938), III,
163-65, 175-211.
Raclyy al-Din al-Astarlibädi, arh gei.figai Jim
, ed. Mubammad Nar al-tlasan et al.,
Cairo n.d. [13561), III, 332, 7; 332, 22 ult.]
-333, 2; see below, n. 56.
Ma .4imlic at (7144:Ilya al -mariamiia 'aid main
alarm al -e,.(irabirdi waal -.tiifiya zea
36
37
*
dsiya alei
li-bn ()crawl' a... ( Istanbul 1310),
383, 2, 10.
40 383, 23-24.
Ibn Babgad uses the term halt muiltare , as
opposed to !tall (nut oa` : Liz-panic orthography
(See translation 0.).
42 See the colophon in Haarmann, ibn 13(ibashadh' s
fugaddirne , after p. 35.
43 See below, translation 1.0.
7]
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRECIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 1
71
Corrections of, and additions to, al-Nucaymi's edition of the Mnqaddima on the basis
of the Berlin and Princeton manuscripts (reference is made to page and line); B=ms.
Berlin, P=ms. Princeton.
329, 4
: read 469, not 496.
346, 7
: read jt.c..,
347, 7
: add after
350, 2
: full stop after I1-0 , not after
357, 5
: read .1.11 Lj , not Lajj ; the topic is the differentiation of rnarfir and
niabni cal& l-cfamm, therefore the form ending in fatha (or kasra), though of
course correct in principle, would be is irrelevant in this context.
not JUL.
358, ult. to 359, 5: read
4i
A.6,,jj
Lsus-it j t
-t,4
JAL.1131s-.
JU-1
t4..c.. .1i;
...
2.:L.A....5" I dA
LJ
.7
.)
AJ
• p
3k<11
;i9f.4
(z;:t.J.
31.5-
011
JU--1 L..5S L,51
3 g1
360, 1
360, -4
364, ult.
, not 1.
read
, not
: read
m (homoioteleuton):
insert after L.
31s-
:
* 1.1uj ±.1;j1
315-:
cr....xis 3 _it.
: Ji2.7
"...J. J1.3
ji , not
366, apu. : read A.:11
, not I
367, 1
read twice
367, 3
read ... Lii 1 1)
373, 7
read IS , not US-; the correct reading is given as a variant.
377, 9
P adds after
:
377, 19
P adds after
:
377, 12
377, 14
:
P adds after
read L. JS , not
378, 13
P adds after
-
-
Lj jiAA13 , not
.
-
.
:
378, 16 : read jt.J , not J.
378, 16f.
read
not .1,1.
379, 16 : B adds after
LX, L6153 c LAU.
L61.53 L5L4 _,
i r3j
172
ULRICH HAARMANN
380, 1
P adds after oijiyi :
380, 7
remove square brackets from
correct text of the eiya,
381, 10
read 4.6i5-4,1Zrol; ci.C.
n ot 49.;15-
381, 11
read 3i in two words, not
381, 17
read ,t-liVitti , not
382, 1
read
382, 7
[8
.
% and delete note 314; B and P give the
j
; this is the very topic of the paragraph.
, not
: add after
jy :
382, 10
read _I'S , not
382, 11
B adds after ,Y,J;r:.--11 Li-IS1
:
P adds after
382, 13
B adds after
382, 14
.
-
: iUJr.
: read twice 1.12-- , not 112,:- .
382, 18 : BP add after jt-A the indispensable phrase:
aA
383, 1
: read
'31i L
, not _1 ffr
383, 15
-1! 31.5
BP add after 4. .71.,01 3."*.11 the necessary examples:
383, 15f.
add after
384, 6
: B adds after
.
: J.A1Jc.
* *
.
*
TRANSLATION 44
[377] Tenth Chapter: Chapter of Orthography (hag)
0. Orthography 45 is of two kinds, prescribed (muttabac) and invented (mulyara`). The
first refers to the spelling of the Qur'an (mastilzif), the second to all those [orthographic
rules] which the scribes have agreed upon, which the grammarians have derived by
analogy, and which the prosodists have elaborated.
The scope of orthography includes the knowledge of eight topics: the prolonged
(al-mamdficl) and the abbreviated (al-magiir) forms, the forms with hamza (al-mahmilz),
" Pp. 377-84 in al-Nucaymi's edition. — Cf.
also edition Matbacat alCAnI (= Muqaddirnalal'Anil, 51-7; Sarh al-rnagaddima al-mulzsiba, ed.
Kuwait, II [ = garbfKuwait], 434-68; gartz
mugaddima al-nahwiyya, ed. Cairo [= Sorb/Cairo],
II, 405-44.
45 Ibn al-klagibial-Astarabadi, gcifiya, III, 312
and al-Suyati, Ham` al-hart.grnic famc aljalvdmic (Kuwait 1979), VI, 305 also use the
term twit, whereas Ibn Qutayba, 234, speaks of
orthography as tagwim al-yad. Ai-zaggagi rigorously
distinguishes between writing (al-hije al-cayn)
and speaking (a1-hife li-l-samtic); see his (Lmal, 271,
13f. and 272, 1.
9}
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRE' CIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 173
connection and separation (a1-was-1 wa-l-qaf), 46 elision (al-hadf), 47 augmentation (alzigiida) and substitution (al-badal).
1. The prolonged form (a1-mamdia) 48
1.1 These are all the [nouns] whose final letter is a hamza preceded by a non-consonantal
(zVida) alif, such as Ijinne ("henna"), kistr ("garment"), hirbcr ("chameleon") and Omni'
("red", fern. sg.). All of them are spelled with one alif in the nominative and genitive,
and with two aly:s in the accusative <- or with one alif plus madda
49 except for
the diptotes whose accusative is like their genitive. When the prolonged form is put in
the dual, it is, in the nominative, always spelled with two alifs. 5 ° When the prolonged
form is connected with a pronoun of the second or third person, it is written with wiiw
in the nominative, with yã3 in the genitive, and with <the single> 51 alff <plus the
madda> 52 in the accusative in consistency with the vowel of the hamza, such as:
LS Lct.t):) or ,:t11.....5 or
->,
2. The abbreviated form (al-maw-fir) 53
2.1. These are all the [nouns] whose final letter is pronounced as a single alif (= a long a)
(alif mqfrada ft l-laf;)". When this [long] a is [378] the fourth letter or more, such as
in L
L5-72-9-::11, and L;.. * C7 11 and their like, then it is always written as yã, as long
,
- --
46 More usual is al-wag wa-l fasl; see Ibn
Durustawayhi, 34 ff.; Ibn al-Kagibial-Astarabadi,
HI, 325; al-Qalqagandi, III, 205, 11; 211, 9 ff.
47 As a synonym of bacif also nags is used in an
orthographical context; Ibn
III, 328, 12; al-Qalqagandi, HI, 180, 10.
48 For definitions of al-mamdfiar, see al-Wagga',
29, 3 ff.; Ibn Wand, 3, 8; 145, 1 ff; Ibn
Durustawayhi, 17, 14-15; and Ibn al-Anbari,
Hilya, 29 ff.; cf. also al-Parra', 11 ult. ff. - Alzagga..gi, 284, only lists the forms. Further
definitions are given in cAmir's introduction to
Ibn al-Anbari's Vilya, pp. alif-alif to bee -alif. On
the rich literature on marndild wa-magiir before
Ibn al-Anbari see ibidem, pp. clad to kaf; Abmad
cAbd al-Magid Haridi, "Kitab al-Maq§ar wal-mamdad li-Abi cAli al-Qali wa-turat al-maqsar
wa-l-mamdad fi 1-luka 1-carabiyya," RIMA, 20
(1974), 49-130, esp. 52-67; R. cAbd al-Tawwab
in his edition of al-Wagga"s al-Mamdid wa-1-maqsfir,
15-23. H.L. Fleischer concisely states the
practical linguistic raison d'être for the great number
of books on mamdad wa-maqsar: the gradual merger
of both endings into alif maqsara in post-classical
Arabic made it necessary to have contrastive word
lists of both categories; see his Kleinere Schriften, I
(OsnabrUck 1968), 26. The term qasr, "abbreviation," refers to the shortening of alif maq,sfira in
a closed syllable (before alff wasla) as opposed to
alif mamdada which retains its long quantity
:
because it is "protected" by the final hamza; see
W. Wright, Grammar of the Arabic Language
(Cambridge 3 1955), I, 11, § 7, rem. b. - On almamdlid in adab al-kcitib works, see Ibn Qutayba,
327-30; 253, paen. - 255, 5 (including almaqsiir); Ibn Durustawayhi, 17-19 (chapter two);
al-Zagagi, 280, 5-285, 11. See also Muqaddima
/al-clkni, 51; garb/Kuwait, 437-43; garb/ Cairo,
410-16.
43 P only. P represents a later stage in the
development of orthography.
50 On the tatniyat al-mamdfid see garb/Kuwait,
440, 13 ff.; garb/Cairo, II, 413, 7 IT; Ibn Wallad,
159, 4 if; Ibn al-Anbari, Ifilya, Introduction, be.
51 P only.
52 P only.
53 For definitions of al-maqsar see al-Farra', 11,
3-9; al-Wagga', 30, 6-12; Ibn Wallad, 3, 10;
135, 11 if; Ibn Durustawayhi, 20, 4; al-Zagagi,
280, 6 if; Ibn al-Anbari, klilya, 1, 9 if, and the
authors quoted in cAmir's introduction, pp. mint
niin. - For material on al-maqsfir, see also the
chapters in Ibn Qutayba, 279-84, 322-24 (without
a definition); Ibn Durustawayhi, 20-23 (chapter
three). See also Muqaddima /al-cAni, 51-3 ; garb/
Kuwait, 444-48; garb/Cairo, 417-21.
54 According to this interesting, if necessarily
cumbersome definition, final long a can be rendere
in writing both as ya and as alif; the author ri
incapable of recognizing and defining alif maqs
-
174
ULRICH HAA.RMANN
[10
as there is no yil preceding it, 55 for in that case it is rendered as alif. For instance:
L-; sa LYLOI LCIL 1 , and LIIP Two nouns form an exception to this rule: the
proper names Yabyä. (-,.) and Rayyä (); 56 they are written with ye.
3
-
2.2. When the long a is the third letter, its root has to be considered. If it is a wiiw,
, and 1-;} If its root, however, is ye, it is
then it is written as an alit', e.g.
• • .
-. •
rendered as zie, e.g.
(al-gina) meaning the opposite of poverty, and c5.7-4) 1 .
When the abbreviated form is connected with a pronoun, it is always 57 rendered
as all); e.g. ot-zi
0C,4.) and ti.
The criteria by which we can recognize whether its basis is a wtiw or a 0' 58 amount
to eight:
( 1) the dual, e.g. al-fatayeini vs. al-casaletini.
(_.) the plural, e.g. al-ganaweitu vs. al-Itayrytitu.
(3) the form of the nomen yids (wazn facia
raid) vs. al-ramyatu (the single throw).
ft 1-ma,seldir), e.g. a 'azwatu (the single
4) the use of the [perfect] verb in the first person (radd al- '1 ild l-nafs), 59 e.g.
gazawtu vs. ramaytu.
(5) the imperfect verb (al-119 al-mustagbal), e.g. gag
as a single phonemic unit occuring in two graphic
variants (h41). In his gad.? (Kuwait. II, 4+1, 2;
Cairo, 417, 2-3) Ibn Babd changes the phrase
"whose final letter is pronounced as a..." ( 31s'
tr;-..1) slightly into ‘'in whose final letter there is
pronounced a..." 4 315 L.) - Cf. also Ibn
Durustawayhi, 20,4 : al-maTaiiru kullu kalimatin tilfiruhd
alifun Id grayr; 21,7: wa-kullu kalirnatin cald taldiati
ahriffin pilituhd alifun numgalibatun minyein tuktabu
yd'. - On the attempts of describing long vowels
with the inappropriate means of Arabic grammatical terminology. see Versteegh, Greek Elements,
19-21.
33 Cf. al-Zaktaki, 269, 10-14; 270, 10f.
56 See his short commentary (garb/Kuwait,
445, (3; ,arb,Cairo, II, 417, 13): "the reason for
the irregular spelling of Yabyä and Rayya with
alff is that they are proper names." - Most authors,
such as Ibn Walläd, 164, 6, Abil cArnr
(d. 444/1053), al-Mugnic fi rasm masdllif al-am,sdr,
ed. 0. Pretzl. Bibliotheca Islamica. 3 (Istanbul
1932), 69,5 f and al-Suyati, Hamc, VI, 336, 4-8,
mention Yabya as the only example for this rule.
Besides Ibn Bab5,d, Ibn al-Kakib (leifiya, 332, 7)
gives both names. His commentator al-Astardbädi adds that the spelling of Yabyä and Rayya with
final ye is a pattern (wa-kadd 772d afbaluzhumd), and
that this peculiar form serves to differentiate
1)etween proper names and other grammatical
categories 332, ult. - 333, 2). Al-kIiirabirdi, in his
fi vs.
yarmi.
commentary on the gdflya, is more explicit and
names fi'i, verb", and fifa, "adjective", as these
other parts of speech (.11a,.qtaticat al-gdfiya, 383,
9-10). cIzz al-Din Muhammad b. Oamaca (d..
816/1415, GAL, I, 305, S I. 536) refutes al-Astarabldi, al-C.'rarabirdi and - according to his own
statement - even al-Niubarrad (d. 285/898), by
stating clearly that there exist no parallels to
Vatiyã and its spelling among the proper names
Jr 1 ceziamina); see above, n. 40. Therefore
Rayyã with its peculiar spelling Le..) appears as a
product of (Ibn Babgid's or rather one of his
precursors', perhaps al-Mubarrad's?) grammatical
analogical phantasy.
57 I.e. whether its root is wily or yd'.
58 Cf. Ibn Wallad, 162, 13 if; al-Suyati, Hamc,
VI, 338, 9 ff.
59 The same expression is used by Ibn Qutayba,
278, 5; al-Zagg5.gi, 269, 5ff; Ibn al-1:15.kib, III, 332,
13, and al-arabirdi, 383, 16. Again Ibn Oamdca
is more detailed (Maknacat a1-,47dfiya, 383, ult.):
gazvluhei •wa-hi-radd al-ficl ilö nqffika' mitlulzu radd
al-fic I ild mulyitibika dakaran aw untd, i.e. you may
as well take the second person [singular] in the
masculine or feminine (= gazawta, ramayta or
gazalvti, ramrzyti). - See also Ibn Babgad's own
commentary (gar/i/Kuwait, 446, 15-16; Sari/Cairo,
II, 419, 12-13: "the tei' of the first person (= -tu)
makes the preceding [consonant] silent so that the
alit' representing it reverts to its root (sc. zeciw or
y da),71 .
(
-
11]
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRECIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 175
(6) all the verbs whose first letter is weiw, like: wed ("to comprise"), wafil ("to
fulfill") or wadd ("to pay blood money"), for their final long a (alif) is derived
from yd.
(7) all the verbs whose second radical (cayn) is wilzv, like: &wiz ("to go/lead astray"),
gawii ("to roast"), cawel ("to howl"), and rawd ("to tell, bring water"), for their
aiif is, in the majority of cases, derived from 0.
-
The verbs that follow the pattern faciltu, e.g. raditu, ts'aqitu < and walitu> , 60 cannot
be differentiated because here the wdw-class (bandt al-weiw) merges with the ye-class
(bandt al-ye). A distinction is possible only with the verbs that follow the pattern facaltu,
e.g. ramaytu vs. danawtu.
(8) the e/i-coloring of the a (al-imilla), 61 e.g. in
, I. , and in some prepositions
such as L5-1- 1 and L5T-P . The latter are spelled with ye because [their ending]
reverts to a yd' when they are connected with a pronominal suffix, e.g. ilayka
and calayka. too, is spelled with ye. 31S" is written with al/ though kild
and kiltd occur [also] with a ye owing to imeila.
The differentiation between the weiw- and [379] the yã-class is thus based on eight
factors. If, however, the root of the final long a remains unknown, it is spelled with an
alif. This is the case in the alif of md, ë td and the like.
,
3. The forms with hamza (al-mahrnfiz)
62
Here one has to pay attention to the following:
3.1. Hamza as the first letter [of a word] always has the shape of an alif, regardless of its
. If the hamza is joined by the interrogative
or ibil,
vocalization, e.g. unzm, (.1 ;
alif, one writes two alifs, such as a-abfika, 40i , unless the second hanzza
is a connective hamza. In that case this [second ail] drops out, and one writes only one
Another example is to be found
alif; as in: a-bnuka 11,ayrun am gullimuka, rt
cçsr 1a 51,"has
—
in the Qur'an (37: 153): a-stafd 'l-baniiti 'aid 'l-banin, He chosen daughters above sons".
;
.
"
3.2 If the hamza holds a medium position, see the following:
P only.
Cf. Ibn Wallad, 163, 8ff. He disputes the
imilla in lad€i, 'aid, and dd. See also Ibn Qutayba,
284-85.
62 The orthographic rules of the hamza — alzaggagi, 277, 3 says: alikiim al-hamza l-ltatt — are
discussed by Ibn Qutayba, 285-94; al-Sall, 247,
4 - 249 ult.; al-Zagtaki, 277-80 (complete, yet
less systematic than Ibn Durustawayhi, and Ibn.
60
61
Babgad: the hamza at the beginning is followed by
the hamza at the end of a word, etc.) ; Ibn. Durustawayhi, 10-17 (chapter one); al-Batalyawsi,
189-95, 230; Ibn al-ljakib/al-Astara,badi, III, 319,
12-325, 6; al-Qalqagandl., III, 163, 13-165, 20;
al-Suyati, Hamc , VI, 310-19. — See also Muqaddima
53; garb/Kuwait, 449-53; garb/Cairo,
/al-c Ani,
422 -27.
I 76
[12
ULRICH HAARMANN
3.2.1 If it is mute (sdkin), its shape is determined by the vowel of the preceding [consonant}, such as in: res, Ljeli ; bi'r, ; and su'r, . This [orthography] is consistent
with the [result of the] lightening of the ham.;a. 63
3.2.2 If the hamza [in this position] is vocalized, one has to take into consideration what
precedes it:
3.2.2.1 If this preceding [consonant] is mute, the hamza has no visible letter, e.g. ar'us,
cr . ; istal'im yd ; and . This way of spelling is the preferred
and correct one. 64
3.2.2.2 if the preceding [consonant] is vocalized, one returns to the hamza itself and
takes its own vowel into account:
3.2.2.2.1 If [this vowel] is a fatija, the vowel of the preceding consonant determines its
$
; and seala, JL , since the fath is the brother of
;
shape, e.g. :c4•upan,
the sukzin."
1
3.2.2.2.2 If, however, its vowel is not frati3a, but rather damm or kasr, then its own vowel
determines its shape and you write a WOW if you vocalize the hamza with a tfamma, and a
ye if you vocalize it with a kasra. This is what you find in: gad la' uma r-ragulu,
.
and gad su'ila,
3.3 if the hamza is located at the end of the word (mutaiarrifa), it is always written in
accord with the vowel preceding it, " whether it itself is vocalized or mute. For instance :
tan yagra'a, f,ii ; Kand lam yagra',1 ;;11. J'; 67 or huwa yagrapu,
gad garea,
, or gad dafu'a yawmund,
, and hztwa
yt, and huwa yugri'u,
_
yadju'u,
,-;
;
-
If a pronoun is suffixed to this [hamza in] final position, the rules of the final position
are superseded by the rules of the medium position in all respects which we have mentioned
.5 , ... o ...
5 1E
, : ..
above, e.g. huwa yagreuhu, oj,-;2-* ! yt ; [3801 lan yagreahu, ciI A j ; lam yagra'hu, 01A
6.$
,
68
. 3,\ ; yakla'uhu, 0 _..L...-!, , and huwa yugri'uhu 's-saldm, c")k-31 0 j i _,A
.
_
Aram yugri'hu,
.
-
,...
,
-
, 0 r
.
1
-
I.e. the pronunciation as riis, bit, sur.
Sharing Ibn Qutayba's (290, 3-4, alwad),
al-Zaggiki's (279, ult. -280, 2, itztirir), AbÜ krayyan
al-Oarnati's (d. 745/1345) ( Tashil, see al-Suyiati,
Ham`, VI, 311 ult. - 312, 5), and, later on, alQ.alciaandi's preference (III, 206, 14 ff., alatisan al-aqyas), Ibn Durustawayhi (13-14, § 9,
esp. 14, 2, 8, 12) argues for the taelf of these forms
— in analogy to yar'ci > yard; weak > malak — not
only in pronunciation, but also in writing, i.e. for
the omission (lzadf) [sc. of a carrier of the hamzal
as being preferable (afwad, ilaiyetr) and more
logical (aqyas) than the ibdiii with the corresponding
"soft" letters alif wiiio and rr.
65 I.e. the rule described under 3.2.1 is applied
63
(res.
64
If the preceding consonant is, however, mute
(al-mar'u , un Izab' un the rules of
the intermediary position (3.2.2.1) are valid. The
author fails to mention this case, both in the
Muqaddirna and in the garb, as a special category,
unlike all the other writers on the subject: Ibn
Qutayba, 290, 9 if; al-Sali 249, 1 if; al-Zagggi,
277, 6 f; Ibn Durustawayhi, 16, 17 if; al-Batalyawsi,
168-70; al-Qalciagandi, III, 208, 5-12; al-Suyati,
Ham', VI, 313, 7-9.
67 B only.
68 P ordy.
66
y..0 ).
13]
177
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY
4. Connection and separation (al-wasl wa-l-qaf)
69
This has primarily to do with md, id and hd.
4.1.1 Mil is always joined, in writing, to particles with government (ljureff
if these have one consonant, whether ma is a noun or a particle, such as in God's word
— may he be exalted (Qur'an 5 :155) : ) nagclihim mitdquhum, "so for their
breaking the compact", and (Qur'an 2 :151) : Ica-md ( 1 ) arsalnii fi-kum rasitlan, "as also
We have sent among you a Messenger".
4.1.2 If the particles with government consist of more than one consonant, such as inna,
layta, lacatia, ilã hattil and the like, then ma is written separately, if it is a noun with the
meaning of alladi, such as in (Qur'an. 16 :95) : inna cinda cildhi huwa Ilayrun),
,
"surely what is with God that is better for you". It is connected, however, if it is a particle
such as in (Qur'an 4:171) : inna-mc7 ) 'II Au ileihun waljidun, "God is only One God".
-
Yet if it is the interrogative mã, then it is connected in writing though it is a noun
because of the apocopation [sc. of the dill that affects ail For example: 115 ma (11)
tanuru?, hattii ma tagibu? or (Qur'an 79 :43) : fl-ma ( anta min dikraii, "what
art thou about to mention it ?" and (Qur'an 78 :1) : cam-ma ( P) yatasealiina, "of what
do they question one another ?". 72
-
-
If the he of silence (sakt) is attached to it, [381] one writes it separately and says for
instance: ilci mah
cA.) and lzattä mah (4 ), because it now exceeds one consonant.
,
To summarize: If ma- is a noun other than the interrogative, it is written separately
after [the particles] with more than one consonant; if ma is a particle or an interrogative
noun, then it is joined in writing. According to this rule one says : ayna ma ( L. i ) wa c adtand,
"where is what you promised us ?", and separates the two in writing. Or you say: ayna-mã
(1;J.1 ) tacidnd nakun, "whereever you summon us, we shall go" and write the two together.
Sometimes, when having the meaning of alladi, it is connected in writing, though separate
writing is preferable. This happens with min and Can for reasons of assimilation (ickdm).
&c.) safahta, or harabtu mim-mii
So you can say: safalgu cam-mä (Lc' ) safalita and Can m(7
harabta. As far as kull d-mc7 is concerned, the mil inherent
( ) harabta and min md (L.
in it is connected if kulla mã is an adverb (.;arf), e.g. kulla ma (V ) qumta qumtu. If it is a
,
.
-
-
69 Chapters on al-wasl wa-l-fasl (or: al-qatC):
Ibn Qutayba, 256-64; 258,7-259,6;
Ibn Durustawayhi, 24-34, esp. 26 ff: (chapter four) ;
al-Zagläti, 276,6-9 (only on the shortening of ma);
al-Batalyawsi, 163,5-166,5 ; Ibn. al -}Agibial-Astardbadi, III, 325,8-327,9; al-Qalqagandi, III, 211,8218, 8; al-Suyiati, Hamc, VI, 319-23. — See also
Muqaddima 54-5; garb,./Kuwait, 454-58;
garlz/Cairo, 428-33.
- a, "particles" (cf. Ibn Qutayba,
70 Hurisf al-metl
284,4), i.e. one of the three parts of speech, as
opposed to 1.zuriff al-mabcini, "letters of the alphabet".
The phrase ljurzif al-maciini is derived from Sibawayhi's famous opening sentence... harf fãz limenan laysa bi-sm ficl. The copious; ‘Often
23
-
-
contradictory, literature on this definition is
evaluated and summarized in Versteegh, Greek
Elements, 43-5, 47 (particularly on the term lzuriif
Al-Batalyawsi, 167f., raises the question
where the line between the particles (1zurif almactini), the nouns and verbs can legitimately be
drawn with words like matd
) vs. kila
They are, as zurizf, nouns, yet share bine and cad=
al-tasarruf with the particles proper.
71 Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 264,4ff, Ibn Durustawayhi,
48,8.
72 This example is missing in P and B. It is
quoted, among others, by al-Zagggi, 6urnal,
276, 9, probably Ibn Babgad's main source.
178
[14
ULRICH HAARMANN
noun, then the ma is separated in writing, such as in: kullu md ([4
ma fi ' d-dunyö fOnin.
-
j) cindi laka and kullu
4.2 LO is joined to an if it is the an which puts the verb into the subjunctive (an rzdsiba
li-l-fic1). It is written separately if the an does not govern the subjunctive, but is rather
the lightened derivate [of anna] with taklid (bal mulzaffafa min al-Iadda). 73
There is the example in God's word — may he be praised — (Qur'an 5:71) : wa0,414 an Ia (\1 31) takiinu fitrzatun, "and they supposed there should Ix- no trial". If one
assumes that an governs the subjunctive, the connection [of an and lã to aiifl is required.
If one assumes that it governs the indicative (rafc), on the other hand, one must keep
the two separate because in this case one presupposes the following construction in the
indicative: annahu 15 takanu..., with the presumptive added he [sc. of -hu as the
separating factor.
.
The hi which occurs together with the conditional in is joined to it, e.g. ilia tada`
ucäqibka, "if you do not stop slandering me, I shall punish you", and: Nä tadhab
adhab, "if you do not go, then I shall go".
The same is true with hal ifit assumes the meaning of disapproval (inktir) and reproach
(tawbilz,), as in: heti il_aragta, "why did you not leave"?
4.3 The hei which is used to excite attention (li-l-tanbih), is joined to da without its alif
unless it is accompanied by the klif of address (kaf al-P5b) — such as in: hiida, UA;
01%; häç.ldni , 31-1A, and hettlei, 1 ` ,%. If the keV of address is adjoined, then it is
written separate with its alff, such as: heiddka, .6ab ; hödiinika, Lt ; &WA-a,
h&c-Mika, ,t-lil-71A; and hifuleika, ,!...nitA, because here the kg of address takes over the
function of exciting attention (tanbih) [sc. from the h51
)
5. Elision (al-liaclf) 75
5.1 This has primarily to do with the letters of prolongation and softness (1zurfif al-madd
wa-l-lin, i.e. alif, zocize) and yril and the geminate letters (alquirizf al-muOcafa), [382] if
they belong to one and the same word, such as: kurrurz,:1 ; burrurz,:, ; kdda , J ; and
madda,'-k, If the gemination of a letter, however, covers two words, then nothing is elided,
e.g. in al-laban, 30; al-lalzrn, r>.131; and al-layl, Except in the case of alladi, 42;
allah, j 1 ; and aliadina, :i?...111, in the plural, for they are spelled with only one him,
[firstly] since here [the element of the relative clause Csila) [in alladil ( -ladi) and the
.
!
73 On the an al-nii,siba li-l-ficl vs. an al-nzubaffafa
see Ibn al-klägib, III, 325, 11 and al-Astarabadi's
commentary, 326, 12-14. A modern study on the
same subject is W. Fischer's, "DaB-Satze mit 01
und Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik,1 (1978),
24-31.
74 This taclil is peculiar to Ibn Bii.bgäd; see also
his SariziKuwait, 458, 2; SaritiCairo, II, 433, 3-4.
Ibn Durustawayhi, 33, 12, promises to give the reasons for the insertion of an dal in these forms at a
later time, a promise never fulfilled. Al-Qalqagandi,
0
III, 182,18-183,1, in the chapter on the kat'
remains silent about the reasons for this
redundant aq:
Ibn Qutayba, 249, 6fT,
75 On elision, see
265,l-2676; al-Zaggaki, 274,3-275,14; 1bn Durustawayhi, 34, 12-45, ult. (chapter five) ; Ibn al-ljagib/
al-Astareabadi, HI, 328,12-332,5 ; al -Qalqagandi,
HI, 180,10-196,14; al-Surati, Ham', VI, 328,
16-335, 7. — See also Mugaddima Jal-c.:kni, 55-7;
garb /Kuwait, 459-63; garli/Cairo, II, 434-48.
15]
179
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY relative pronoun (mawsill) [in alladi] (= al-) have practically become one and the same
thing; 76 [secondly] because this [spelling] gives safety from confusion. For in their dual
forms alladi and allati are spelled with two /dins, in order to provide a differentiation
between the dual and the plural. 77 One says: ra'aytu ' iladayni ,:re 3.111) gilmd and allatayni
haragatd.
5.2 The letters of prolongation and softness:
5.2.1 Examples for the apocopation of alif can be found in Adam, r .;r, and
78
5.2.2 Examples for the apocopation of zegze) we have in: Ddwlld,
, dwüs
,79
and yagreilna, 3jo.A , 80 which are [all] written with one wciw only <in order to facilitate
the reading> 81 and because of the aversion (kardhiya) against writing two wdws the
first of which is vocalized with a (lemma. If, however, the first laze) is vocalized with a
fattza, then the two ways remain in writing, e.g. istawaw, , "they were equal" ;
awate), 1V-P , "they howled", and lawaw, 1:;?* , "they roasted". 82 There is only one
exception from the first rule mentioned, namely in the phrase: al-qawmu dawie mdlin,
pin, for one spells [dawi] with two weiws the first of which carries a clamma, in
order not to confuse it with the singular (sc. da, j).
,
5.2.3 Examples for the apocopation of ycip are: al-mustahzi'ina,
; al-mustagri'ina,
. < These words are written with only one ye if they are forms in the plural ›. 83
If they, however, are dual forms, one writes the two yes (sc. al-mustahzi'ayni,
ai-mustagrip ayni,
dcicin and gazin and the like from among
[Furthermore the yap is elided] in gd
the forms with a weak third radical (manglis) 84 All of them are written without a ye
if they are nianated in the nominative or in the genitive; <this is in accord with their
pronunciation (ljamlan Cald l-lasft)> . 85 If they are without manation, or nitmated in the
accusative, then they are spelled with the ye . Thus the yd persists in writing (hay) where
76 Only Ibn Babgad offers this explanation,
which is in itself difficult to understand; see also
his garb/Kuwait, 460,10-11; SarbiCairo, II, 434,
ult. He may have taken it over from an older source
without having fully grasped its scope and meaning.
More common is a related argument for the
elision of the second itinz in alladi, etc.: the two elements of alladi, al- and -ladi, are more or less one and
therefore inseparable. See Ibn III,
328,15 and al-Odrabirdi, 381, 16: fa-innand tuktabu
wdlzida li-anna fad ld tanfasilu fa-sdra
ka-l-jue , and al-Qalqagandi, III, 193, 11: fa-kaannahu laysat munfasila. Only few authors resort to
katrat Ibn Qutayba, 266, 10 (see also
Wright, Grammar, I, 271 C), explaining the defective
writing of alladi etc. with their frequent occurrence.
77 With this familiar argument, the assumption
of graphic differentiation for the purpose of avoiding ambiguity, Ibn Babgan returns to the
mainstream of the grammatical tradition: Ibn
Qutayba, 266,11-267,1 ; Ibn Durustawayhi, 35,11 ;
Ibn al-klägibial-Astardbadi, HI, 328, 15 and 330,
3 if; al-Qalqagandi, HI, 193, 14; al-Suyati, Ham`,
VI, 329, 12.
78 Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 249, 6 f; al-Qalqagandi,
HI, 189, 9 if; see also al-Suyitti, Ham', VI, 329, 6.
79 Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 263,3ff; al-Sall, 251, paen.
8 ° Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 265,9ff; al-Qalqagandi,
III, 195,7ff.
81 PB only.
82 Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 265,9ff; al-Still, 252,2ff.;
al-Zaggagi, 275,11 ff.
83 B only, though indispensable.
84 Ibn Qutayba, 275, 11ff.
85 B only; the meaning: because their ending
in] is pronounced exactly like the ending of a
nanated noun with a strong third radical in the
genitive.
180
ULRICH HAARMANN
[15
it persists in pronunciation (laA), and is apocopated in writing where it is apocopated
in pronunciation.
5.3 Another section of this chapter is the apocopa.tion of the hamza of the definite article
if the inchoative lam (lam al-i back?) or the preposition
(lam g'arr) are prefixed to it;
for example, if you say: la I-ragulu fz,ayrun mina 'l-rnar'a, ;IP
, "verily, man
is better than woman", and:
cindi !jam
, "I am in the debt
of this man".
5.4 Furthermore we have in the chapter of apocopati n the removal of the connective
(alff al-wa§l) from ibn if it occurs as an attribute in the singular (mufradan sffatan)
between two proper names (calamayni), two kunyas, or two given names (lagabayni), whether
the two belong to the same [of these three categories] or not. For instance you can say:
<hada Zaydu bnu CAmrin,
y.1 a:6
; hada abfi 1-Qasimi bnu abi Mul.zammadin
5
J1i U. or hada Zaydu bnu ' l-arniri,
, and hada
bnu '1-amiri,
, or hada Zaydu ban abi
.4t
1-6 . But if you say: hada
Zayduni bnu [383] aljina,t.".„.4'.1:-.7j 't-x.!..3126%; or inna .tfulzammadani bnuc Amrin,
,:yst (.1...s-t 31
Jj
or hada Zaydun wa-` Amruni 'bnã Ijãlidin, J3t
Liz, then you always preserve
the aiif It is apocopated only under the conditions outlined above.
r
,
6. Augmentation (al-ziyiida)
6.0 For the most part these are irregular formations (add), which are employed in the
intention of indicating the difference between forms that would otherwise be confused.
6.1 Among them is the redundant dif after the mite) of the plura1 87 — provided the
weiw is not connected with a pronoun — such as in akalü ,
, aribü
, and dacaw,i)c--) .
The alif differentiates [this wiiw] from the wow in yacicii, f--k! and ya:gzzi, , which
belongs [as a radical] to the verb itself. The authorities (al-mulzaffigiin) among our colleagues (min asizabinii) do not keep the alf in any of these latter cases. 88
,
6.2 Furthermore there is the spelling ofmI 3atun, ;Ct. , "hundred", with an alif to differentiate it from minhu. 89 This redundant letter of mi'a, so to speak, replaces the apocopated
third radical (lam) of the word; for this reason you eliminate it in the plural forms [of
a].
Ibn. Qutayba, 247,5ff; 268,4-269,9; 275,3;
al-Zaggagi, 273,6-274,2; Ibn Durustawayhi, 46,149,7 (chapter six); Ibn al-krakibial-Astaribädi, III,
327,10-328,11 ; al-Qalqagandi, III, 175,12-180,9;
al-Suyati, Ham`, VI, 324-28.- See also Muqaddima
/a1-`Äni, 57; ar4/Kuwait, 464-65; Sarti/Cairo,
439-40.
67 Ibn Qutayba, 247,5-249,2; al-$011, 246,1247,2 ; al-Zagtaki, 274,1-2; Ibn Durustawayhi,
46,9-21; Ibn al-Kagibial-AstarAbacii, III, 327,10,
327,19-328,4 ; al-Qalqagandi, III, 176,16-178,8 ;
al-Suyilti, Hamc, VI, 324,7-13.
A1-Farr5. (d. 207/822) kept the alai in the
indicative, al-KisVi, (d. 189/805) in the subjunctive;
see 246,2; al-Qalqagandi, III, 177,10;
al-Suyati, Ham' VI, 324,9-10. In the Qur'an
most mitt's- were followed by the alif al wigeiya.
99 Ibn Qutayba, 269,4-6; 246, paen.;
al-Z Agi, 274,1; Ibn Durustawayhi, 46, ult.-47,9;
Ibn a1-1:14kibial-Astarabädi, III, 327,14; 328,9;
al-Qalqagandi, III, 175,16-176,15; al-Suyati, Ham ',
VI, 325,16-327,13.
-
17]
AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRftIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 181
6.3 One adds a w'dw in cAmr" in the nominative and genitive to distinguish it from
`Umar. In the accusative the waw is not kept because the alif which is substituted for the
nanation fulfils the differentiating function of the W:UV.
6.4 One furthermore adds a weiw in ulcrika,
, to discern it from ilayka.
6.5 The he of silence is added in cases like cih, AP, "heed!" ; sih , 4 , "embroider!" ; qih, 4 ,
"protect!", 92 if the speech breaks off with it. But if [the sentence] continues after it,
then you apocopate the hef and say: ci .3kJ1 t, "heed the words !" ; Ji 'l-tawb,
, "embroider the garment !" ; and qi Zaydan,
i, "protect Zayd!".
7. Substitution (al-badal)
93
7.1 One example is the substitution (ib dc71) of an alif for the nanation in the accusative,
such as in: reaytulaydan wa-Bakran, rj-S
to draw a dividing line between [the
nun of the urination] and the nun of the stem (al-nun al-asliyya) as in lzasan,
- , and
fagn, 12i.
7.2 Another example is the replacement of the feminine tie (ter al-tenii) of nouns by a he
in the pause such as in: qcrimah, Alt; , and qeicidah, o. , in differentiation from the te
that is connected with verbs, as in qcimat,
, and qacadat,::
.
7.3 The ter occurs only with three particles : One says [384] lei and Icit, tumma and tummat,
rubba and rubbat. 94 They are written with a td because of their resemblance to the verbs,
since they exercise government like the verb.
7.4 Furthermore we have the abnormal spelling (cali “. .ariqat al-Iudild) of al-saldt, j L.aJ,
al-zakeit, , and al-Ilayeit,a),r4- 1 , with a welw, as long as these words are in the singular.
If they are in the construct or in the dual, they are [alwaysl spelled with an aq by analogy
(qiyeis) [to the regular pattern]. 95
90 Ibn Qutayba, 268,5-269,2; al-Sall, 251,14;
al-Zakka,gi, 273,6-8; Ibn Durustawayhi, 48,1549,2; Ibn al-kagib/al-Astardbadi, III, 327,15;
al-Qalqa5andi, III, 178,10-20; al-Suyati, Ham`,
VI, 328,10-14. See also A. Spitaler,
und Verwandtes," Die islamische Welt zwischen
Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Festschrift fiir Hans Robert
Roemer zum 65. Geburtstag, 591-608.
91 Ibn Qutayba, 269,2-4; al-$ati, 251,17;
al-Zaggati, 273,9 (following Ibn Qutayba); Ibn
Durustawayhi, 49,3; al-Däni, Kitdb al-Naqt, ed.
0. Pretzl. Bibliotheca Islamica 3 (Istanbul 1932),
148,7 (li-l-farq bayn...); 1bn al-I-Agib/al-Astardbadi,
III, 327,16; a1-Qa1qa5andi, III, 179,1-6; alSuyati, Ham ', VI, 327,14-328,9. — See also
Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften, I, 25; Spitaler '5 .
596-97.
92 Ibn Qutayba, 275,3 ; al-Sall, 250,7-17;
a1-Zak 04i, 276,2 -5 ; Ibn Durustawayhi, 48,1-5;
,
-
Ibn al-klägibial-Astardbadi, III, 315,3,1 1.
93 Ibn Durustawayhi, 49,8-53,20 (chapter seven);
Ibn al-15,gibia1-Astaribadl, III, 332,6-333, ult.;
a1-Qa1qa5andi, III, 196,15-203,20; al-Suyati, Ham',
VI, 335,8-339,6. — See also Muqaddima /al-cAni,
57; garb/Kuwait, 466-68; garb/Cairo, 441-43.
94 Ibn Durustawayhi, 50,3-4.
95 Ibn Qutayba, 269,11-270,10; al-Sali, 255,714 ; al-Zagagi, 276,11-277,2; Ibn Durustawayhi,
51,11-52,6; al-Dani, Muqnic, 57,9-59,2; al-Astaraba'di, III, 333,6; al-Qalqagandi, III, 203,4-20;
a1-Suyati, Ham' VI, 340, 12 if (in a special
chapter on rasrrz al-mufizaf). See also A. Spitaler,
"Die Schreibung des Typus im Koran. Ein
Beitrag zur Erldarun.g der koranischen Orthographie," WZKM, 56 (1960) Festschrift
Herbert W. Duda. Zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet
von semen Freun.den und Schtilern], 212-26.
1 89
ULRICH HAARMANN
[18
7.5
there are the phrases yawmeidin,it-aj!, and ifineidin,
, in which the
hamza [of id]
alif) is replaced by a ye. 96 These words are written as one word (muttasilatan bi-mti gablahri) according to those [scholars] who regard them as uninflected
madhab man band). 97 Those who regard them as inflected (man acraba) write them with
the harnza [of id] (= a4f) and separate the two components, and that is the basic form
1-a4-1). 98
98 1bn Qutayba, 264,7 (however not on the
exchange alif harnzalyzi"); Ibn Durustawayhi, 52,11,
compares this peculiar morphophonemic yd with
the regular harnza mutateassila (rendered as 0 3 ) in
.sa'ima, ; Ham', VI, 310, paen., chooses
-
ba'isa as an example.
97 115n Durustawayhi draws the parallel to the
bine calif 1 fatba in hanzsata calara,
98 B only.
-