Document 6424694

Journalof Analytical Toxicology,Vol. 26, January/February2002
Quantitative Determination of n-Propane, iso.Butane,
and n-Butane by HeadspaceGC-MS in Intoxicationsby
Inhalation of Lighter Fluid*
Marie-Paule L.A. Bouche1, Willy E. Lambert1, Jan F.R Van Bocxlaer2, Michel H. Piette3, and Andr~ P. De teenheer 1,t
1Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; 2Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry
and Clinical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; and 3Laboratory of Forensic Medicine,
Ghent University, J. Kluyskensstraat29, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
I Abstract
This report describes a fully elaborated and validated method for
quantitation of the hydrocarbons n-propane,/so-butane, and
n-butane in blood samples. The newly developed analytical
procedure is suitable for both emergency cases and forensic
medicine investigations. Its practical applicability is illustrated with
a forensic blood sample after acute inhalative intoxication with
lighter fluid; case history and toxicological findings are included.
Identification and quantitation of the analytes were performed
using static headspace extraction combined with gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. In order to reconcile the large
gas volumes injected (0.5 mL) with the narrowbore capillary
column and thus achieve preconcentration, cold trapping on a
Tenax sorbent followed by flash desorption was applied. Adequate
retention and separation were achieved isothermally at 35~ on a
thick-film capillary column. Sample preparation was kept to a strict
minimum and involved simply adding 2.5 pL of a liquid solution of
1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane in t-butyl-methylether as an internal
standard to aliquots of blood in a capped vial. Standards were
created by volumetric dilution departing from a gravimetrically
prepared calibration gas mixture composed of 0.3% of n-propane,
0.7% of iso.butane, and 0.8% of n-butane in nitrogen. In the
forensic blood sample, the following concentrations were
measured: 90.0 pg/t for n-propane, 246 pg/L for/so-butane, and
846 pg/L for n-butane.
Introduction
Charcoal lighter fluid is a consumer product for refill of
cigarette lighters, consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of
flammable, volatile, non-halogenated, aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Its principal components, n-propane (< 6%), 2-methylpropane
or iso-butane (5-25%), and n-butane (75-89%) (1) are all col* This work was presented at the 38th International Meeting of The International Association of
Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT2000)held in Helsinki, Finland, 13-17 August 2000.
Author to whom correspondenceshould be addressed. E-mail: [email protected].
orless, odorless, and flammable gases at room temperature.
They occur as components of natural gas, from which they are
refined, and are extensively used throughout the world as fuel,
refrigerants, 'ozone friendly' aerosol propellants, and in organic synthesis.
Volatile substance abuse (VSA), the deliberate inhalation of
organic solvents and other volatile substances for euphoric
purposes, is a form of drug abuse becoming increasingly popular (2). Cigarette lighter refills, solvents from contact adhesives, typewriter correction and dry cleaning fluids, halocarbon
fire extinguisher and aerosol propellants, gasoline, and inhalational anesthetics are commonly abused (3,4). The products
prone to abuse are cheap and quite often readily available. On
top of these enticements, VSA is not illegal. Although it is
very difficult to estimate the full extent of VSA, the numerous
reports in the scientific literature highlighting the volatile
substance-abuse-related toxicity and deaths clearly indicate
that the hazardous nature of these products is not yet fully
appreciated.
Although there are no special reports of toxicokinetic studies
on lighter refill fluid, the information published on the major
components is useful for predicting its possible toxicity. The hydrocarbons are primarily resorbed by the respiratory tract and
partly exhaled unchanged via the lungs. The other part is microsomally metabolized by the liver into secondary and tertiary
alcohols and further oxidized to ketones, n-Propane, iso-butane,
and n-butane, of which the latter demonstrates the greatest effect, are all central nervous system (CNS) depressants with a
very narrow margin of safety between anesthetic and lethal
concentrations. The LCs0 for the rat has been reported as 658
mg/L (4 h) for n-butane, 1379 mg/L (15 min) for iso-butane,
and > 1465 mg/L (15 rain) for n-propane (5-7).
Clinically, VSA is characterized by a rapid onset of intoxication and swift recovery. Small doses rapidly lead to euphoria and
disinhibition, the desired psychedelic effects, but these are
quite often accompanied by delusions, hallucinations, behavioral disturbances, ataxia, and confusion (3). Other sensory
Reproduction(photocopyin8)of editorialcontentof thisjournalis prohibitedwithoutpublisher'spermission,
35
Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Vol. 26, January/February 2002
and physiological symptoms include headache; nausea and
vomiting; dizziness; loss of appetite and fine motor coordination; and irritation of eyes, nose, and throat (3,5-7). Higher
doses may produce life-threatening convulsions and coma.
The major risk of acute exposure to large concentrations of
lighter fluid is sudden death. Nonhalogenated hydrocarbons
cause sensitization of the myocardium to epinephrine-induced
cardiac arrhythmia possibly resulting in cardiac arrest (3,5-9).
Furthermore, death may ensue by simple asphyxia (10); gradual
depletion of oxygen (oxygen deficiency) due to its replacement
by the gaseous substance--especially in a confined space such
as with the use of a plastic bag for sniffing--is followed by
rapid loss of consciousness and respiratory and cardiac arrest.
Direct drug effects and trauma may also contribute to lethality
on the first use. Other medical sequelae indirectly following nbutane, iso-butane, or n-propane inhalation and possibly
causing delayed death are aspiration of vomit and burns from
a flash fire or explosion, for instance, after lighting a match in
a small enclosed space where cigarette lighter sniffing has
taken place (1).
Up until now, analytical methodologies to quantitatively measure blood and tissue concentrations after lighter refill, n-bu;
tane, or n-propane intoxication are scarcely described in the
literature. Logically,all of them are based on gas chromatography, mostly combined with flame-ionization detection
(GC-FID) (11-13). In several cases, packed GC columns are
used (12,13), permitting the injection of large gas volumes (9).
State-of-the-art capillary columns, however, allow better separation, and thus selectivity, and combined with sensitive and
selective mass spectrometric detection, unambiguous identification and quantitation possibilities emerge.
This manuscript reports on a novel, largely automated, and
fully validated GC assay for the quantitative determination of
n-butane, iso-butane, and n-propane in (postmortem) blood
samples, using static headspace extraction and mass spectrometric detection.
Experimental
Instrumentation
The GC unit was composed of a Hewlett-Packard (HP, Palo
Alto, CA) 6890 series GC system, equipped with a CIS-4 cooled
injection system (Gerstel GmbH, M~lheim an der Ruhr, Germany). Cooling of the injector liner was achieved using a pressurized Dewar vessel containing liquid nitrogen (l'Air Liquide,
Marne-la-Vall~e, France), which was connected to the injector's
jacket and operated electronically by means of a solenoid valve.
The presence of a programmed and remotely controlled MPS
multipurpose sampler (Gerstel GmbH, Mfilheim an der Ruhr,
Germany), used in the headspace sampler mode, in conjunction
with a tray accommodating a maximum of 60 5-mL glass
headspace vials (Gerstel GmbH) allowed full automation of the
method. An HP 5973 mass selective detector linked to an electronic data-handling system with ChemStation integration
software (Hewlett-Packard) was used for data acquisition and
storage.
36
Analytical reagents
A gravimetrically prepared calibration gas mixture, containing n-propane (0.3001 • 0.009%), iso-butane (0.700 +
0.021%), and n-butane (0.800 • 0.024%) in nitrogen, packed in
a steel cylinder, was supplied by l'Air Liquide (Marne-la-Vall~e,
France). t-Butylmethylether (99.8% pure, high-performance
liquid chromatography [HPLC] grade) was obtained from
Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI), and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane
(99.8% pure) was from Carlo Erba (Milano, Italy). All other
products and reagents used were of analytical grade and supplied by Aldrich.
Standards
Calibrators were produced by means of volumetric dilution
departing from the described gravimetrically prepared calibration gas mixture. After thorough ventilation of the decompressor, a 1.2-L Teflon gas sampling bag (Alltech, Deerfield,
IL), provided with a barbed on-off valve and a septum port,
was extensively flushed and allowed to fill completely. Subsequently, the bag was sealed off and carefully brought to atmospheric pressure.
In the next step, different aliquots of this stock gas mixture,
depending on the calibrator concentration, were sampled
through the septum port and brought into separate calibrated
and evacuated 125-mLgas sampling bulbs (Alltech)using a 2.5mL gas-tight sample lock syringe (1002SLHamilton, Bonaduz,
Switzerland). After adjustment to atmospheric pressure and
equilibration for at least 10 min, which promoted adequate
and homogenous diffusion of the gases, 0.5 mL of gas was sampled from each calibrator gas bulb with a gas-tight sample lock
syringe and carefully transferred into a sealed 5-mL glass
headspace vial containing 0.5 mL of blood free of volatile poisons. An overdraw-and-compress technique whereby an excess
of gas was drawn into the syringe (approximately 1 mL) was applied, the syringe was locked, and the plunger was pushed
down to precisely 0.5 mL. The syringe then was very briefly unlocked, ~eleasing the excess gas. This technique facilitated the
adjustment to atmospheric pressure. Standards were then
shaken vigorously and left to equilibrate overnight.
To each vial 2.5 DL of a liquid solution containing 1,1,2trichlorotrifluoroethane (158.6 rag/L) in t-butylmethylether
was added as an internal standard (IS) by means of a very precise Hamilton CR-700 constant rate syringe (Bonaduz, Switzerland) and then mixed thoroughly.
Sample collection and preparation
The procedure developed aims the detection of VSAby blood
analysis. A real intoxication case was assayed in order to substantiate the usefulness of our approach. This sample concerns
a nearly 16-year-oldmale adolescent who was found dead at the
bottom of a staircase. At about midnight, his father heard some
stifled giggling, but no particular noise indicating a fall. A gas
cylinder (used for refilling cigarette lighters) was found about
6 m from the body. Paraphernalia present indicated possible
drug experimentation, and an external examination was performed on the same day.
Because a gas intoxication by sniffing was suspected, and in
order to perform a standard toxicological investigation, 20 mL
Journal of Analytical Toxicology,Vol. 26, January/February2002
of subclavian blood and a small amount of urine were sampled
by syringe. The syringes were immediately sealed off and frozen
at -20~ Analysis was performed no longer than 10 days after
collection.
Just before analysis, the sample was allowed to thaw at 4~
and swirled gently. Approximately 0.5 mL of blood was directly
injected, in fivefold, into clean, sealed headspace vials. Subsequently, the correct sample volume was calculated based on the
gravimetrically assessed density of the postmortem blood. By
analogy with the standards, 0.5 mL of blank air and 2.5 laL of
liquid solution of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (158.6 mg/L) in
t-butylmethylether were added to each vial.
Headspace extraction and injection
Prior to injection, every vial was preheated for 20 min at
60~ comparable with a standard toxicologic analysis by
headspace GC for volatile poisons (e.g., ethanol) at our laboratory, in order to minimize influence of environmental temperature fluctuations and maximize vapor phase enrichment. After
pressurization with carrier gas and equilibration (1 min), 0.5
mL of the headspace was introduced in the injector liner by
means of a 1-mL gas-tight syringe (Gerstel GmbH) at a speed of
5 mL/min.
In order to enhance sensitivity, cryofocusing in the injector
liner was applied. To this end, the deactivated liner was packed
with Tenax| TA (20/35 mesh) obtained from Alltech. The CIS4 injector was operated under the following conditions in all
runs: during a precool time (5 min prior to the injection of the
analyte), the liner cold trap was cooled down to -80~ by liquid
N2 departing from a Dewar vessel. The liner was maintained at
that temperature until 0.30 min after the injection was completed, thus ensuring adequate analyte adsorption onto the
Tanax and concentration. Subsequently, the cold trap was flash
heated up to 200~ (heating rate: 12~ and held at that temperature for 6 min, providing flash desorption and adequate
transfer of the analyte onto the capillary column. During this
desorption phase, the injector split ratio was 0.7:1, thereby
eliminating pressure effects in the injector liner, albeit losing
minimal sample mass. At 0.75 min after the injection was completed, the split ratio was increased to 40:1 in order to flush the
liner and avoid peak tailing and carry-over.
Chromatographic conditions
Isothermal chromatographic separation was achieved on a
WCOT fused-silica CP-Select 624, custom-made capillary
column (41 m x 0.25-mm i.d., 2.1-1am film thickness,
Chrompack, Middelburg, The Netherlands). Helium was used as
the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Oven temperature
was 35~ for a runtime of 14.50 min, and the MS transferline
temperature was maintained at 100~ The mass selective detector was operated in the full-scan mode (mass range, rn/z 15
to 300). The compounds were identified by comparing retention
times and mass spectra in the samples with those obtained by
injection of standards.
Quantitation and method evaluation
For quantitation purposes, mass fragmentograms of mlz 29
(n-propane), mlz 43 (/so-butane and n-butane), and mlz 101
(IS) were constructed and integrated.
Linearity. Standard curves were prepared in bank blood as
previously described over a concentration range from 0 to
487.2 IJ~L for n-propane, to 1498 IJg/L for/so-butane, and to
1712 pg/L for n-butane. For each curve, six different concentration levels, including a zero-calibrator, were analyzed. For
calibration purposes, peak-arearatio (ana]yte/]S) was regressed
against accurate, recalculated (depending, for example, on calibrated gas bulb volume) concentration of the standards. In an
effort to account for data heteroscedasticity, weighed linear regression (weighing factor: 11y)was applied to calculate the calibration curve.
Precision. Precision of the method was evaluated by analyzing standards at three different concentration levels for each
compound (seeTable I for detailed concentrations) on the same
day (five replicates, within-day reproducibility) and over sepa-
Table I. Method Validation Data
n-Propane
Within-day reproducibility (nt = 5)
Total reproducibility (n = 11)
Linearity
Intercept
Slope
r*
LOD (pg/L)
LOQ (pglL)
n-Butane
iso-Butane
spiked conc.
spiked conc.
(pg/L)
CV%*
96.5
292.3
487.2
96.5
292.3
487.2
6.0
4.4
4.7
5.9
3.4
4.5
value
0.00075
0.00053
0.99931
1.4
5.5
spiked conc.
(pg/L)
CV%
297
899
1497
297
899
1497
5.6
3.9
4.8
6.0
4.1
4.5
value
0.00244
0.00121
0.99924
2.6
10.5
(pg/L)
CV%
339
1027
1711
339
1027
1711
9.7
4.8
5.2
9.3
4.3
4.1
value
0.00384
0.00099
0.99859
3.0
12.0
* CV%,coefficientof variation.
n, numberof determinations.
* r, correlationcoefficient.
37
Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Vol. 26, January/February 2002
rate days (11 replicates, total reproducibility). Peak-area ratios
were transformed to concentrations using calibration curves
prepared and analyzed simultaneously.
Limits of detection and of quantitation. The limit of detection
(LOD) was determined by injecting decreasing concentrations
of the analytes in blood. The LOD was defined as the lowest concentration that produces a response three times the noise level
of a blank blood sample and could still be assayed with acceptable reproducibility. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was es-
A
tablished at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 (14), conditional to an
effortless quantitation at that level with an error of less than
15%.
Selectivity. In order to monitor the selectivity of the method,
several volatile organic compounds (VOC), including popular
laboratory solvents and some inhalation anesthetics were chromatographed at a concentration in large excess to the highest
calibration point. To that end, solutions of these compounds
were prepared in t-butylmethylether and then 2.5 IlL was spiked
into a glass headspace vial containing 0.5 mL blank blood. Retention and mass spectral behavior were examined and compared with that of the analytes and the internal standard.
General drug screening
A comprehensive drug screening was also performed on the
postmortem blood sample using the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), radioimmunoassay, and chromatographic techniques (HPLC following alkaline extraction
and GC-MS) (15,16).
Time (mln)
B
5
4
~
8
~
1'0
1'~
Safety considerations
In order to minimize laboratory environment pollution and
thus protect the operator, a charcoal trap was attached to the
split vent of the GC. All experiments were carried out in a wellventilated room and, whenever possible or necessary, under a
fume hood. The gas cylinder containing the calibration mixture
was placed in a special safety closet overnight. Halogenated
volatiles were meticulously collected in separate disposal canisters. Furthermore, the method demands no additional safety
precautions. General guidelines for work with organic gases and
volatile solvents have to be respected.
Time (mln)
Figure 1. Total ion current chromatogram of blank blood (A) and of a calibrator containing approximately 400 pg/L of n-propane, 1250 pg!L
of/so-butane, and 1430 iJg/L of n-butane (B). Peak identification: 1,
n-propane; 2,/so-butane; 3, water; 4, n-butane; and 5, internal standard
(1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane).
Results and Discussion
As an analytical toxicologist, one sometimes comes across intoxication cases that can not be entirely elucidated using standard toxicologic techniques such as routine
screening by immunoassay techniques and
standard confirmatory techniques (e.g.,
HPLC). In case of the described forensic
sample, standard toxicological analysis only
disclosed the presence of toxicologically irrelevant levels of ethanol (0.08 g/L blood and
0,12 g/L urine), cannabinoids (69 IJg/Lin urine
only), caffeine (0.53 mg/L in urine only), and
cotinine (0.44 mg/L in blood; 3.79 mg/L in
urine). The analyses using general purpose
HPLC--diode-array detection (DAD), GC-FID,
GC-nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD),
and GC-MS confirmed these preliminary results. However, the headspace GC-FID chro4
w
7
8
9
10
11
Time (min)
matogram of the blood revealed three very
small peaks at the start of the run, but these
Figure 2. Total ion current chromatogram of the postmortem blood sample. Peak identification
were
useless from a quantitative point of view
and massspectra (seeinsets): 1, n-propane; 2, iso-butane; 3, water; 4, n-butane; and 5, internal
because
of the inappropriateness of the anastandard (1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane).
lytical conditions. In an effort to provide sound
38
Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Vol. 26, January/February2002
quantitative data concerning this intoxication case, a novel
assay for determination of the toxic gases in blood was developed.
Headspace GC-MS assay
Besides being eminently suitable for the components of interest because of their volatile nature, the use of headspace
GC combined with MS detection fulfills numerous analytical requirements. Headspace extraction is indeed very popular on account of its rapid sample processing capacity and suitability for
direct quantitative determination of VOC in a great number of
different matrices (9,11-13,17-19). Thick-film capillary GC
provides a simple, versatile, fairly rapid, and extremely powerful
technique for the separation and quantitation of multiple compound mixtures, and, in combination with sensitive and selective MS detection, unambiguous identification and quantitation
possibilities undeniably emerge.
Figure I depicts the total ion current chromatograms of the
headspace GC-MS analysis of a blank blood sample and of a
standard containing approximately 400 IJg/Ln-propane, 1250
1Jg/L iso-butane, and 1430 lJg/L n-butane. As can be seen, the
three analyte peaks are well separated from each other and
characterized by an excellent peak shape. The n-propane and nbutane peak are devoid of any interference. Only the iso-butane
peak is not baseline separated from the peak representing water,
also present in the headspace of every blood specimen, but the
latter causes no interference whatsoever in regard to the quantitation of iso-butane. The retention times of n-propane, isobutane, n-butane, and the internal standard, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane, are 3.72, 4.28, 4.80, and 9.33 min, respectively.
In our assay, oven temperature was isothermal at 35~ This
temperature ensured adequate retention and could still be kept
stable, regardless of environmental conditions. The total run
time was 14.50 min, allowing elution of a large peak oft-butylmethylether, the solvent used in the liquid internal standard solution, after the GC run but during the in-between run time
interval for vial transport and injector cooling.
When conducting capillary GC analysis of gases, there are two
major factors to be considered. First of all, samples usually
hold the key analyte at very low concentration. This implies the
injection of a large volume of gas, in a reproducible way, in
order to place enough analyte mass onto the capillary column
and thus reach the intended sensitivity. Secondly, chromatographic or instrumental restrictions (e.g.,very small column internal diameter) preventing direct loading of such gas volumes,
have to be taken into account. Cryofocusing on an adsorbent,
located in the injector liner, proved pivotal in order to reconcile
the large injected gas volumes with the small internal diameter
of the capillary column. Consequently,sample preconcentration
and enrichment and a minimization of injection bandwidth
were successfully achieved. During the injection, the analyte is
introduced into the pre-cooled CIS-4 (-80~ and adsorbed
onto the Tenax and most of the air is purged out of the system
at a split ratio of 7:1. Flash heating of the injector liner is consequently followed by immediate desorption and transfer of
the volatiles onto the capillary column. During this phase, split
ratio was kept minimal to increase sensitivity as much as possible. Prior to, as well as after every injection, the injection syringe was thoroughly flushed with carrier gas in order to
exclude memory effects and carry-over.
MS detection was our first choice on account of its high sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, as data are still collected
in full scan mode, this holds the opportunity to effortlessly enhance sensitivity by switching to SIM mode. On top of the
chromatographic retention data, the full-scan MS detection
offered unambiguous identity confirmation by means of the
mass spectrum. The EI mass spectra of n-butane, iso-butane,
and n-propane are represented in the insets of Figure 2. The
ions at m/z 29 (n-propane), m/z 43 (iso-butane and n-butane),
and rn/z 101 (IS) were selected as the target ions for quantitative purposes using reconstructed mass chromatograms.
Calibration
Aliquots of a calibration gas mixture were brought into sealed
and evacuated gas sampling bulbs of exactly known volume
and allowed to evaporate completely. Subsequently, after the
bulbs were brought to atmospheric pressure and were again left
to equilibrate for at least 10 min, 0.5 mL of gas
was sampled and transferred into a headspace
2-1
vial containing 0.5 mL of blank blood. In order
o
to allow establishing of the subtle equilibrium
n n-Propane
between the gas phase and the liquid phase,
1.5 -I
y = 0.00057x
calibrators were vigorously shaken and kept at
0
r = 0.99961
room temperature overnight. As of this point,
o iso-Butane
standards and samples were handled identi"~
1 -I
~= o.oo1~
0.99944
cally.
The gas sampling bulbs used for preparaA n-Butane
.=
y = 0.0096x + 0.00648
tion of the standards were labeled 125 mL, but
r = 0.9995
0.51
their true internal volume varied up to 15%.
So, in order to construct a correct calibration
curve, the exact concentration of each standard in micrograms per liter was calculated ac0
500
10'00
15'00
2000
cordingly, taking into consideration the
Concentration (pg/L)
calibrated volume of the used gas bulb and
the
exact amount of analyte present in that
Figure 3. Typical calibration curves for n-propane, iso-butane, and n-butane in whole blood.
particular gas bulb, the latter depending on
39
Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Vol. 26, January/February 2002
Table II. GC-MS Retention Data for Compounds
Evaluated as Possible Interferants
Compoundname
Retention
time (min)
methane
< 3.5
ethene
< 3.5
ethane
< 3.5
n-propane
3.72
2-methylpropane (iso-butane)
4.28
water
4.51
n-butane
4.80
2,2-dimethylpropane
5.00
difluoromethyl-l,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethylether (desflurane)
5.26
methanol
5.62
2-methylbutane
6.62
n-pentane
7.61
ethanol
8.08
fluoromethyl-l,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propylether
(sevoflurane)
8.44
di-ethylether
8.50
2-chloropropane
8.99
1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (IS)
9.33
2-propanone (acetone)
9.72
dimethoxymethane
9.87
carbondisulfide
10.43
2-propanol
10.57
1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethylether (isoflurane) 10.88
acetonitrile
11.24
2-chloro-l,l,2-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethylether (enflurane) 11.32
methylacetate
11.46
2*methylpentane
11.74
2-chloro-2-methylpropane
11.82
cyclopentane
11.96
dichloromethane
12.07
1-chloropropane
12.26
2-methyl-2-propanol
12.57
t-butylmethylether
13.06
3-methylpentane
13.07
n-hexane
14.80
1,1,I -trifluoro-2-iodoethane
15.41
1,1-dichloroethane
16.11
2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1 -trifluoroethane (halothane)
16.21
2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
16.57
di-isopropylether
16.58
3-chloro-1 -butene
16.68
1-propanol
17.16
1-bromo-2-fluoroethane
18.12
methylcyclopentane
18.87
2-chlorobutane
19.02
1-chloro-2-methylpropane, propionitrile,
cis-l,2-dichloroethylene,
> 20
trichloromethane, 2-butanol, tetrahydrofuran, 1-bromopropane,
n-heptane, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloromethane, 1-chlorobutane,
2,2-dimethoxypropane, cyclohexane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, ethylacetate,
3-methyl-2-butanone, 1-pentanol, 2,3-dichloro-l-propene, 1-butanol,
cyclopropylmethylketone, 2-pentanol, 1,4-dioxane, methoxyflurane
(pentrane),
1,3-dichlorotetrafluoro-2-propanone, dibromomethane,
tetrachloroethylene, n-propylacetate
1-pentanol, 2,3-dichloro-l-propene,
40
the exact volume of calibration mixture transferred from the
Teflon sampling bag to the gas bulb.
One very important factor to be considered during preparation and manipulation of gas mixtures and liquid dilutions (IS
solution) is the environmental temperature at which the operator is working. For practical reasons, all handling was performed at room temperature (approximately 20~ and,
naturally, hand manipulation of the glass recipients containing
the gases or solutions was avoided as much as possible.
Internal standard
To enhance the precision of the analysis, an appropriate internal standard was needed. Hence, we could compensate for
unexpected losses and variability in vial or injection volume.
After screening of several compounds, based on their chemical
structure, volatility, and retention profile, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane was chosen because of its perfect retention time
and typical mass spectrum (see the insets in Figure 2). Fur*
thermore, 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane is halogenated, and
thus xenobiotic, available in a high degree of purity, and elutes
at an interference free spot in the chromatogram close to the
analytes.
For preparation of the IS solution, t-butylmethylether was
used as a solvent. Compared with the hydrocarbons, it is characterized by a higher boiling point, and therefore it elutes later
(tn= 13.0 rain), causing no interference and offering a large time
window for elution of the IS and, in view of the speed of analysis, retention is still acceptable.
Sample preparation
In view of the highly volatile nature of the compounds of interest, both sample collection and storage are pivotal (20): the
blood was sampled by syringe and immediately frozen at-20~
In our assay, sample handling was kept to a strict minimum and
simply involved injecting the postmortem blood, after thawing
at 4~ and gentle swirling, directly into a clean, sealed vial. Only
2.5 I~L of a liquid internal standard solution was added afterwards.
Method validation
As has become requisite in bioanalytical applications, a thorough validation of our method was performed. The method
validation data are presented in Table I. A good linearity over a
broad range (from 0 to 487.2 IJg/L for n-propane, to 1498 I~g/L
for iso-butane and to 1712 lJg/L for n-butane) was obtained for
the relationship between the peak-area ratio (analyte/IS) and the
corresponding calibration concentrations: the average correlation coefficient (r, n = 11) was 0.9993 for n-propane, 0.9992 for
iso-butane, and 0.9986 for n-butane (see Figure 3). Within-day
(n = 5) and total (n = 11) reproducibility were investigated at
three different concentration levels. Coefficients of variation for
n-propane, iso-butane, and n-butane varied between 3.4 and
9.7%, undoubtedly indicating a good reproducibility. The LOD
in blood, using the S/N = 3 criterion and acceptable qualifier ion
ratios, were 1.37, 2.63, and 3.01 lJg/L for the three compounds,
respectively. The respective LOQs (S/N 10 [14]) were established at 5.50, 10.50, and 12.00 IJg/L. It must be stressed that,
in assessing both the LOD and the LOQ not only the signal-to-
Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Vol. 26, January/February 2002
noise definition (for LOD S/N 3, for LOQ S/N 10 [14]) was applied but also more stringent spectral demands. In doing so, the
double identification potential (retention time and mass spectrum), even in the lowest range was completely preserved.
Because volatile organic compounds (VOC) are omnipresent,
not only in the global atmosphere, but also, in greater amount,
in the typical laboratory environment, selectivity considerations are paramount. Table II shows the retention times of a list
of VOCs and other compounds that were considered as potential interferences. For obvious reasons, this is a volatility-limited
list that includes other gases, some inhalational anesthetics, frequently used solvents, and products that were screened as possible internal standard. Furthermore, selectivity is guaranteed
not only from a chromatographic viewpoint but additionally
through the selectivity of MS ion extraction, the mass fragmentograms allowing sound quantitation of the compound of
interest.
Applicationof the method
A substantiation of the usefulness of our method was achieved
by analyzing the above mentioned forensic blood sample. An intoxication with lighter fluid was, in view of the circumstantial
evidence, obviously suspected and clearly corroborated by the
data resulting from our analytical approach. On external examination of the deceased, a normally built boy measuring
1.58 m in height was seen. The rigor mortis was extreme. The
livores were extremely pronounced and violet. The face was
congested and cyanotic; petechiae were discernable on both
upper eyelids. Vomit was seen at the mouth, and a hemorrhagic
edema was flowing out of nose and mouth during manipulation
of the body. Only a recent small ecchymosis was just noted beneath the left eyebrow, which is consistent with a forward fall.
The following concentrations were measured: 90.0 I~g/Lfor npropane, 246.3 IJg/L for/so-butane and 846.4 IJg/L for n-butane.
These levels appear to be several-fold lower then the scarce
values (after lighter fluid or n-butane inhalative intoxication)
supplied by the current scientific literature (15). Indeed, mostly
semiquantitative data are presented (9) or only a superficial
qualitative investigation of the available matrices is performed
(1,17). Moreover, of the available data the report of Graefe et al.
(11) concerns a suicidal death involving the use of a gas-filled
plastic bag over the head of the deceased, logically resulting in
sky-high blood and tissue concentrations. Hence, in consideration of our analytical findings and the circumstances surrounding this case, on top of the absence of any anatomical or
alternative toxicological evidence as to the cause of death, the
boy's death could now be certified as due to toxic effects of n-butane inhalation and considered accidental in nature.
Conclusions
This manuscript reports on a sensitive, automated, and fully
validated GC assay for the quantitative determination of npropane, iso-butane, and n-butane in postmortem blood using
static headspace extraction followed by capillary GC separation
and MS detection. Cryofocusing was successfully applied to
reconcile the large gas volumes injected with the small internal column diameter at the same time enhancing sensitivity
of the method. The intricacies of gas analysis with respect to
sampling, calibration, and chromatographic separation were
successfully overcome. In addition, quantitative data from a
fatal intoxication with lighter fluid are generated and prove
the hidden danger in volatile substance abuse.
Acknowledgments
M.P. Bouche acknowledges her position with the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (F.W.O.-Vlaanderen). This work was
supported in part by Grant BOF 011BO697 (Ghent University,
headspace GC-MS).
References
1. B.M. Huston and K.R. Lamm. Complications following butane inhalation and flash fire. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 18:140-143
(1997).
2. J.M. Bland and J. Taylor. Deaths from accidental poisonings in
teenagers. Deaths due to volatile substance misuse are greatly underestimated. Br. Med. J. 316:146 (1998).
3. R.J. Flanagan, M. Ruprah, T.J. Meredith, and J.D. Ramsey. An introduction to the clinical toxicology of volatile substances. Drug
Saf. 5:359-383 (1990).
4. R.J.Flanagan and R.J.Ires. Volatile substanceabuse. Bull. Narc. 46:
49-78 (1994).
5. N.H. Proctor and J.R Hughes. Proctor and Hughes' Chemical
Hazards of the Workplace, 4th ed., G.J. Hathaway, Ed. John Wiley
and Sons, New York, NY, 1996, pp 90-91
6. T. Berzins. Health effects of selected chemicals 3: n-propane.
Nord. 28:175-192 (1995).
7. T. Berzins. Health effects of selected chemicals 3: n-butane. Nord.
28:10-26 (1995).
8. J. O'Neill and C. McCarthy. Myocardial infarction in a 14-year-old
boy after butane inhalation. Ir. Med. J. 92(4): 344 (1999).
9. T.R Rohrig. Sudden death due to butane inhalation. Am. J. Forensic
Med. PathoL 18:299-302 (1997).
10. T. Watanabe and M. Morita. Asphyxia due to oxygen deficiency by
gaseous substances. Forensic Sci. Int. 96:47-59 (1998).
11. A. Graefe, R.K. MCiller, R. Vock, H. Trauer, and H.J. Wehran,
TOdliche Intoxicationen dutch Propan-Butan. Arch. KriminoL 203:
27-31 (1999).
12. A. Demetrioy, O. Pavlou, M. Georgiades, and H. Tsoukali. Fatal inhalation of propane gas. Aspects on forensic toxicology. Proceedings of the 33rd International Meeting of the International
Association of Forensic Toxicologists (T/AFT),Thessaloniki, Greece,
1995, pp 238-248.
13. H. Tsoukali, A. Demetrioy, and N. Vassiliades. Death during deliberate propane inhalation. Forensic Sci. Int. 93:1-4 (1998).
14. J.M. Green. A practical guide to analytical method validation.
Anal. Chem. 68: 305A-309A (1996).
15. W.E. Lambert, E. Meyer, and A.P. De Leenheer. Systematic toxicologic analysis of basic drugs by gradient elution of an aluminabased HPLC packing material under alkaline conditions. J. Anal.
Toxicol. 19:73-78 (1995).
16. J. Van Bocxlaer, E. Meyer, K. Clauwaert, W.E. Lambert, M. Piette,
and A. De Leenheer. Analysis of zopiclone (Imovane,) in postmortem specimens by GC-MS and HPLC with diode array detec-
41
Journal of Analytical Toxicology,Vol. 26, January/February2002
tion. J. Anal. Toxicol. 20:52-54 (1996).
17. V.F. Kalasinsky. GC/MS characterization of inhalants in blood and
tissue. Aspects on forensic toxicology. Proceedings of the 33rd In-
ternational Meeting of the International Association of Forensic
Toxicologists (TIAFT),Thessaloniki, Greece, 1995, pp 6-10.
18. F. Pragst,M. Pregel, and M. Schulze. Use of the multiple headspace
extraction gas chromatography (MHE-GC) for the quantitative investigation of intoxications by volatile compounds. Proceedings of
the 31st International Meeting of the International Association of
Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT), Leipzig, Germany, 1993, pp
408-414.
42
19. W. Romhild, W. Kuchheuser, and D. Krause. Headspace GC/MS
for detection of gasoline components in two cases of suicidal
burning. Proceedings of the 1998 joint SOFT/TIAFTInternational
Meeting (TIAFT), 1998, Albuquerque, NM, 1998, pp 214-221.
20. C.L. Winek, W.W. Wahba, and R.M. Huston. Accidental death due
to inhalation of butane. J. Anal. Toxicol. 21:323 (1997).
Manuscript received February 19, 2001 ;
revision received June 4, 2001.