The Videoinsight method: improving rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a preliminary
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The Videoinsight method: improving rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a preliminary
The Videoinsight® method: improving rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a preliminary study Stefano Zaffagnini, Rebecca Luciana Russo, Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli & Maurilio Marcacci Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy ISSN 0942-2056 Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc DOI 10.1007/s00167-013-2392-4 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc DOI 10.1007/s00167-013-2392-4 KNEE The VideoinsightÒ method: improving rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a preliminary study Stefano Zaffagnini • Rebecca Luciana Russo Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli • Maurilio Marcacci • Received: 22 November 2012 / Accepted: 7 January 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Purpose The purpose of this randomized double blind controlled study was to investigate if the vision of contemporary art video according to the VideoinsightÒ method could produce better short-term clinical and subjective outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods One-hundred and six patients treated with single-bundle ACL reconstruction plus extra-articular tenodesis were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to Group A (53 patients) and Group B (53 patients). Group A received one art video that was established to produce positive and therapeutic ‘‘insight’’, while Group B received one art video with an ‘‘insight’’ unfavourable to the psychological recovery. All patients were instructed to watch the video 3 times a week for the first 2 months during the execution of the same rehabilitative protocol. Patients were evaluated pre-operatively and 3 months after surgery with Tegner, subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), physical and mental SF-36 scores and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00167-013-2392-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S. Zaffagnini G. M. Marcheggiani Muccioli M. Marcacci 2nd Orthopaedic and Traumatology Clinic, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy S. Zaffagnini (&) Laboratorio di Biomeccanica, Codivilla-Putti Research Center, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40100 Bologna, Italy e-mail: [email protected] R. L. Russo VideoinsightÒ Center, via Bonsignore, 7, 10131 Turin, Italy Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK). Time to crutches discharge was collected at final follow-up as well. Results Five patients were lost to follow-up and 101 patients (Group A: 51 patients; Group B: 50 patients) were available at mean 3.0 ± 0.2 months follow-up. Age at surgery was 33.0 ± 17.0 years. The two groups were homogeneous regarding pre-operative demographic data, meniscal lesions and clinical outcomes. Significant improvements were observed in Group A compared to Group B at final follow-up for subjective IKDC (82.0 ± 13.8 vs. 71.0 ± 19.7, p = 0.0470), TKS (28.1 ± 6.0 vs. 32.0 ± 5.8, p = 0.0141) and time to crutches discharge (20.9 ± 5.0 vs. 26.5 ± 8.2 days, p = 0.0012). A positive significant correlation between TSK and time to crutches discharge (r = 0.35, p = 0.0121) was observed. Conclusions The VideoinsightÒ method combined to adequate rehabilitation could be an effective tool in order to improve short-term clinical and functional outcomes in patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. Level of evidence I. Keywords Knee Rehabilitation Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Contemporary art video VideoinsightÒ method Introduction The success of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is deeply influenced by rehabilitation. Rehabilitative protocols often focus the attention on physical recovery, without taking into account the patient’s psychological aspect. However, the corporal and psychic dimensions are deeply combined and reciprocally conditioned in the body 123 Author's personal copy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc unit. The improvement of psychological status influences the somatic one. The role that psychology has to play in understanding and improving the recovery after injury or surgical intervention is really interesting and needs more attention in order to treat the patient as a global unit and not only from the single aspect of joint recovery from kinematic and functional point of view. Psychological-based interventions have been shown to be valuable at enhancing rehabilitation outcomes postsporting injury [3, 8, 13]. The use of imagery [6, 17, 18] and goal setting [20] has been shown to enhance and speed up, post-operative performance. Another technique that has been used in rehabilitation is the observational learning or modelling: this technique has been shown to be a powerful tool to acquire motor skill and to improve physical activity and psychological responses [5, 8]. These two methodologies highlight how images are powerful and have a tremendous impact on the personality. Specific images can be very powerful and are able to produce ‘‘insight’’. Insight in psychoanalysis means the capacity to understand the interior psychic pathway and consequently to be able to therapeutic transformation. The VideoinsightÒ [14, 15] is a psychological enhancing method that involves the vision of contemporary art video, selected according to their content and transformative potential, with the intent to catalyze the ‘‘insight’’ psychological experience and facilitate the process that allows the persons to stimulate sensations, emotions, learning, psycho-actitudinal orientation, actions and changes. These artistic videos that contain a significant psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic meanings can help to treat the psychological and psychosomatic disability that are frequently observed after surgery, increasing the resistance capacity and improving cognitive and behaviour power during the rehabilitation process after surgery. ACL reconstruction is associated with an extensive rehabilitation period (4–8 months) involving different rehabilitation phases that include restore of normal joint motion and gait pattern as well as strength and flexibility exercises [4]. The evaluation of any new psychological method that is capable to enhance the recovery process of the long rehabilitation period that the patients must follow after an ACL reconstruction surgery is fundamental and should be used in the clinical settings to improve the patient return to normal activity from the somatic and psychological point of view. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the VideoinsightÒ method in promoting early recovery during rehabilitation following ACL reconstruction. It was hypothesized that subjects who received the VideoinsightÒ enhancing treatment would report a higher mean subjective International Knee Documentation 123 Committee (IKDC) [12] score (principal outcome) compared to the non-intervention group. It was also hypothesized that participants in the intervention group would show greater improvements in functional milestones [range of motion (ROM) and crutch use] than those in the nonintervention group. Materials and methods A single blinded parallel arm randomized controlled pilot trial was conducted between February 2012 and October 2012. More specifically, inclusion criteria were identified as: (1) patients aged 16 years or more; (2) undergoing firsttime ACL arthroscopic reconstruction on the injured knee within the next month; (3) no other acute lower extremity trauma; (4) expected to engage in 6 months of post-surgical rehabilitation and in 12 months follow-up controls and (5) able to give written consent to undergo study procedures. Exclusion criteria included: (1) concomitant posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) insufficiency of the involved knee; (2) diagnosis of an Outerbridge grade IV untreated cartilage disease in the affected joint noted at the time of the surgery; (3) meniscus loss greater than 50 %; (4) osteoarthritis (OA) degree greater than Kellgren–Lawrence grade II; (5) uncorrected malformations or axial malalignment in the lower extremity; (6) systemic or local infection; (7) history of anaphylactoid reaction; (8) systemic administration of any type of corticosteroid or immunosuppressive agents within 30 days of surgery; (9) evidence of osteonecrosis in the involved knee; (10) history of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory arthritis or autoimmune diseases; (11) neurological abnormalities or conditions that would preclude the patient’s requirements for the rehabilitation programme and (12) pregnancy. Approval was obtained from the Internal Review Board (IRB) of Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy according to the official guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, 1996. All subjects were informed about the study procedure, the purpose of the study and any known risks; all of them provided their informed consent on the day they were enrolled. Eligible participants were randomized using computerized random number generation into two groups: Group A and Group B. Allocation concealment up to the point of randomization was maintained. Standard surgical equipment was used to perform the ACL surgical reconstructions. In particular, over-the-top single bundle with the additional extra-articular tenodesis on the lateral compartment, as reported by Marcacci et al. [9, 10], was performed in all patients using autologous semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Author's personal copy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc All patients of this trial underwent the same standard post-operative rehabilitation protocol. No brace was used. ROM, quadriceps muscle active exercises and straight leg raises were started on the first post-operative day with isometric quadriceps contractions and progressed to active closed chain exercise. Functional muscle stimulation was used 2 h three times a day for the first 4 weeks after surgery. Patients were allowed to partial weight bearing with no braces during the first 2 weeks. Full passive extension and active flexion over a range of 0°–120° was started from the third post-operative day in both isometric and isotonic fashion. Full weight bearing was allowed from the third week. Stationary biking, active knee extensions with weights applied, one quarter squatting and proprioceptive exercises were introduced at 4 weeks after intervention. After 1 month, isotonic and closed chain exercises were started. All exercises were done under continuous direction of a physical therapist, to control the individual compliance to the standard protocol. Running was recommended after 2 months, and cutting and lateral sports were allowed 4 months after surgery depending on their performance level. The criteria to allow sport resumption were isokinetic tests with less than 10 % difference between healthy and operated knee, muscle atrophy of operated leg equal or less than 1 cm inferior compared to contralateral leg, one leg hop more than 90 % and good firm anterior tibial stop at objective clinical evaluation. The decision regarding sport resumption timing was always taken in combination by the surgeon, physical therapist and patient [21]. According to the VideoinsightÒ method, Group A (study group) received one art video that was established to produce positive and therapeutic ‘‘insight’’, while Group B (control group) received one art video with an ‘‘insight’’ unfavourable to the psychological recovery. The art videos for Group A were selected according to the principles reported in Table 1. The art videos for (control) Group B were selected in contrast to the principles reported in Table 1. The lists of art videos used for Group A and for Group B are reported in Table 2. Examples of the two different types of videos are given in Figs. 1 and 2. Table 1 Characteristics of video art work with VideoinsightÒ impact 1 The video shows powerful images, with or without sounds, that quickly and deeply penetrate the unconscious of the patient 2 Expresses universal messages related to the primary needs of life 3 Stimulates the mind at a conscious level (intellectual comprehension) and the affectivity at an unconscious level (emotive resonance) 4 Contains metaphors with therapeutic potential 5 Stimulates narrative processes: story telling, interpretation and trauma elaboration 6 Promotes identification, reflection, projection and transfer process 7 Activates insight that means interior intuition, consciousness raising, psychological transformation 8 Reduces the evolutive resistance 9 Increases creativity 10 Catalyzes the changement Table 2 Selected art works Treatment group (A) Control group (B) Title Author Years Title Over the sea Forever overhead Author Years Sophie Whettnall 2007 1969 Goldiechiari 2010 Marzia Migliora 2010 To Ann Marie Petra Lindholm 2010 Someone says the moon is easy to touch Driant Zenely 2010 Made in box Mari Sue 2008 Dance company My love is an anchor Ali Kazma Kate Gilmore 2009 2007 It, heat, it The artist Laure Provoust Laure Provoust 2010 2010 Daniela ha perso il treno Sissi 1999 Singspiel Ulla Von Brandenburg 2009 Dying swans Elena Kovylina 2007 The descend of man and selection in relation to sex Anetta Mona Chisa and Lucia Tkacova 2010 Piel Regina Iosè Galindo 2001 123 Author's personal copy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Fig. 1 Examples of art videos used for the Treatment Group (A): a Whettnall S. Over the sea, video still (2007) (a part of this video is given as online resource N.1); b Migliora M. Forever overhead, video still (2010); c Zeleny D. Someone says the moon is easy to touch, video still (2010); d Kazma, A. Dance company, video still (2009); e Gilmore, K. My love is an anchor, video still (2007); f Sissi, Daniela ha perso il treno, video still (2003). Courtesy of VideoinsightÒ Center, Turin, Italy Fig. 2 Examples of art videos used for the control Group (B): a Goldiechiari 1969, video still (2010) (a part of this video is given as online resource N.2); b Provoust L. It, heat, it, video still (2010); c Mari Sue. Made in box, video still (2008); d Von Brandenburg U. Singspiel, video still (2009); e Mona Chisa A, Tkacova L. The descend of man and selection in relation to sex, video still (2010). Courtesy of VideoinsightÒ Center, Turin, Italy 123 Author's personal copy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Fig. 3 Flow chart illustrating the enrolment, allocation, follow-up and analysis process of the present study All patients were instructed to watch the video 3 times a week for the first 2 months during the execution of the same rehabilitative protocol. Patients were evaluated pre-operatively and 3 months after surgery with Tegner [19], subjective IKDC [12], physical and mental SF-36 scores [1] and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) [11]. Time to crutches discharge was collected at final follow-up as well. Statistical analysis The study sample size was based on a power calculation assessing a 0.05 significance and 0.95 power, with a clinically relevant difference of 10 points on the IKDC subjective knee form and SD of 15. The sample size requested was 50 patients for each group. Expecting a 10 % lost to follow-up, we decided to enrol 110 patients. Differences between pre-operative and post-operative status and between the two groups for subjective IKDC, SF-36, TSK and days before crutches discharge were evaluated using Student’s t test. For differences in Tegner level, the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was used. For differences in objective IKDC form, the Chi-square test was used. Correlation analysis between the different clinical outcomes was performed using Pearson’s correlation test. The level of significance was set at p \ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using Analyse-it-2.00 (Analyse-it Software, Ltd, Leeds, UK). Reported results are expressed in terms of mean value ± SD for continuous data and median ± interquartile range for non-continuous data. Results Five patients were lost to follow-up and 101 patients (80 males, 21 females; mean age at surgery 33.0 ± 17.0 years) were available at mean 3.0 ± 0.2 months follow-up (Fig. 3). The two groups were homogeneous regarding preoperative age, gender, weight and height, interval from injury to surgical treatment, subjective IKDC, Tegner, SF36 and TSK scores. Demographic data are summarized in Table 3. Pre-operative data are summarized in Table 4. There were no significant statistical differences in the incidence of associated meniscus and chondral injuries between the two groups. All scores significantly improved (p \ 0.05) from preoperative status to final follow-up in both groups. Significant improvements were observed in Group A compared to Group B at final follow-up for subjective IKDC (p = 0.047), TKS (p = 0.0141) and time to crutches discharge (p = 0.0012) (Table 4). Comparison of groups showed no significant difference between Group A and Group B regarding Tegner score, SF-36 physical and mental status, although a positive trend for Group A was detected (Table 4). 123 Author's personal copy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Table 3 Demographic details Treatment group Control group p value Mean SD Range Mean SD Range Age at surgery (years) 33.8 ±11.1 (18–41) 32.9 ±12.5 (18–40) Final follow-up (months) 3.0 ±0.2 (2.8–3.1) 3.0 ±0.2 (2.8–3.2) n.s. BMI at surgery (kg/cm2) 24.1 ±2.2 (22–29) 23.8 ±2.2 (22–29) n.s. BMI at final follow-up (kg/cm2) 24.0 ±2.7 (23–29) 23.7 ±2.7 (23–29) n.s. Time from injury to surgery (months) 5.8 ±2.1 (1–9) 6.1 ±2.9 (1–8) n.s. Sex (male/female) 40 (78 %)/11 (22 %) 40 (80 %)/10 (20 %) n.s. Knee involved (right/left) 24 (47 %)/25 (53 %) 21 (42 %)/29 (58 %) n.s. n.s. Table 4 Clinical outcomes scores Score Evaluation Treatment group p value Control group Clinical outcomes scores at baseline Subjective IKDC 52.9 ±13.6 (SD) 52.0 ±16.2 (SD) n.s. SF-36 mental SF-36 physical 44.9 50.9 ±6.7 (SD) ±8.7 (SD) 44.2 50.9 ±6.7 (SD) ±7.3 (SD) n.s. n.s. Tegner activity level 3 2–4 (IQR) 3 2–3 (IQR) n.s. TSK 33.8 ±4.5 (SD) 34.0 ±5.1 (SD) Objective IKDC 0A, 0B, 34C, 17D 0A, 0B, 31C, 19D n.s. n.s. Clinical outcomes scores at 3 months FU Subjective IKDC 82.0 ±13.8 (SD) 71.0 ±19.7 (SD) 0.0470* SF-36 mental SF-36 physical 50.9 55.6 ±8.7 (SD) ±8.2 (SD) 50.9 52.6 ±7.3 (SD) ±8.4 (SD) n.s. n.s. Tegner activity level 5 4–6 (IQR) 4 3–6 (IQR) n.s. TSK 28.1 ±6.0 (SD) 32.0 ±5.8 (SD) 0.0141* Crutches (days) 20.9 ±5.0 (SD) 26.5 ±8.2 (SD) 0.0012* Objective IKDC 33A, 18B, 0C, 0D 33A, 17B, 0C, 0D n.s. * Statistically significant differences between the two groups (p \ 0.05). Results are expressed in terms of mean value ± SD for continuous data and median ± interquartile range (IQR) for noncontinuous data (where applicable) A positive significant correlation between TSK and time to crutches discharge (r = 0.35, p = 0.0121) was observed (Fig. 4). Discussion The most important finding of this prospective randomized study was that the use of the VideoinsightÒ method during the early rehabilitation phase after an ACL reconstruction permits to increase the subjective outcomes at 3 months 123 Fig. 4 Linear regression graphic illustrating the significant positive correlation between TSK and time to crutches discharge (r = 0.35, p = 0.0121) evaluated with IKDC form, to reduce the kinesiophobia of the patients in this important phase (when the patients need to regain the normal gait pattern) and to reduce the time while the patients need to walk with crutches. This is the first study where the VideoinsightÒ method has been applied in orthopaedics to improve the global functional and psychosomatic results after surgery, while it has already been applied with highly satisfactory results in psychodiagnosis and psychotherapy [14, 15]. This method is unique because it does not utilize simple image or modelling video but it combines the power of images itself with the emotional one given by the artistic world. Various psychological interventions have been proposed or utilized in the injury recovery setting. These include imagery [6, 17, 18], goal setting [20], electromyographic biofeedback [7] and stress inoculating training [13]. Motor imagery is a technique that is overlapping with physical execution, since it activates the same brain regions used during motor performance. For the equivalence Author's personal copy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc between imagery and action, motor imagery has been a used strategy to improve motor performance in rehabilitation and variety of sport [6, 17, 18]. Another technique that has received limited attentions during rehabilitation is the observational learning or modelling [2]. Only two studies have analysed the efficacy of such strategy during ACL rehabilitation. Flint [5] examined the role of coping models compared to no models on psychological factors and functional outcome following a rehabilitation programme for ACL reconstruction among 10 basketball players. The study showed increased self-efficacy at 3 weeks after surgery in patients watching a modelling videotape. Maddison et al. [8] evaluated the efficacy of modelling video to reduce pre-operative perception of anxiety and pain as well as post-operative self-efficacy and functional outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. They reported significantly lower perceptions of expected pain pre-operatively and significantly greater self-efficacy at pre-discharge to perform rehabilitation tasks, confirming that watching a modelling videotape is effective in increasing rehabilitation self-efficacy and early function. Although effective in reducing pain and increasing selfefficacy, Maddison et al. [8] reported that the self-efficacy was more related to the enactive master experience gained during exercise. Moreover, the analysis failed to show that modelling interventions could enhance psychological factors capable to enhance functional variables. In the present study, on the contrary, it was demonstrated that the use of the VideoinsightÒ method in the early rehabilitation phase after ACL reconstruction through a psychological insight can promote a subjective and mental improvement. The VideoinsightÒ method originality is to combine the effect already observed by using images, with the emotional one achieved by using contemporary artwork. These specific images permit higher self-consideration, increasing the intrinsic motivation to work and problem solving. Moreover, improve autoplastic adaptation to reality, the stress reaction flexibility to adverse event and increase the resistance capacity to exercise and fatigue. In clinical practice, the result can be obtained faster by integrating words and pictures. The integration between images and verbal communications produces outstanding diagnostic and therapeutic effects. The impact of images may be greater than that of words. The latter have a sense; images instead have multiple meanings, because they are more enigmatic. Words change depending on the languages; pictures are universal. Images with high psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic potential can treat the symptoms of psychological and psychosomatic discomfort that accompany the disease and can enhance the cognitive, emotional and behavioural resources needed to tackle the path of evolution, care and rehabilitation. It is not a coincidence that the Rorschach test [16], the world-class excellence tool adapted for the diagnosis of profile and personality functioning, consists of the administration, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and interpretation of projective answers provided by candidates in response to ten ink-stain images. Artistic images with therapeutic content proposed in a psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic setting can affect mental, emotional and intellectual functioning positively. Interpretative answers on art reveal subconscious impulses, wishes, fantasies, deep motivations, and hidden skills, sometimes unknown and unpredictable. When observing art, you feel sensation and emotions in a privileged condition of spontaneous infant regression; you activate defence mechanisms which influence emotional distancing which may vary from attraction to refusal. Art is symbolic. It is the archetypal possibility to have primordial images which echo the voices of all of humanity; it contains subconscious and innate ideas, which are repeated throughout history, whenever the creative imagination of the individual is practiced freely [14, 15]. The VideoinsightÒ method is original and different compared to the modelling techniques [5, 8] because it relies on the capacity of the art video images to promote a intrinsic elaboration at the psychological level. It was capable not only to speed up the rehabilitation period (as described by Maddison et al. [8] and Flint et al. [5]), but also to enhance patient’s motivation and self-esteem as shown by the low mean TSK reported for Group A. TSK and the time while the patients need to walk with crutches are directly correlated, demonstrating not only a psychological, but also a somatic effect of the method. The present study has some limitations. The main limitation of this study was the absence of a patient psychological profiling. Unfortunately, the IRB refused to apply to each patient a psychological profile according to Rorschach tables [16] because it was argued that this will be out from the main goal of the study. In this way, we could have also analysed the different efficacy of the VideoinsightÒ method according to the psychological patients profile and probably could have been capable to detect which patients could have had better benefit from the view of artwork, and secondly we could have been more selective in which type of artwork showing to the patients according to his psychological profile. This approach, with its intrinsic capacity to promote changement, could have other interesting application in the treatment of other orthopaedic pathologies where the psychological support and the psychological patient profile are important. This methodology could become a universal method to support the patients not only from the somatic, but also from the psychological point of view, considering the patient as a global unit that includes body and mind. 123 Author's personal copy Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Conclusions This is the first time that not only video technology, but also the power of art are used in conjunction to enhance the recovery after surgery in order to treat the patients as a global unit including all aspects: anatomical, functional, psychological. The VideoinsightÒ method combined to adequate rehabilitation could be an effective tool in the day-by-day clinical practice in order to improve short-term functional outcomes in patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. Conflict of interest The authors certify that the above-named manuscript describes their own original work on properly conducted and documented research and that all authors contributed to the conception and design of the study or acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and revising the final version of the article. All authors believe that the manuscript represents honest work. This paper has not been submitted to, or published by, any other journal, nor will it be submitted to any other journal without prior written notification to the Editor-in-Chief that the manuscript is to be withdrawn. 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