perspectives

perspectives
Newsletter of the North-South Centre
No. 1 | March 2010
“Food Security exists when all
people, at all times, have physical
and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food for a
healthy and active life.”
World Food Summit, Rome 1996
Editorial
In the past, food security has always
been an important topic for the NorthSouth Centre and food security will be
one of our strategic topics in the future.
Consequently, food security is a perfect
key topic for the first issue of our new
communication tool – our public newsletter “Perspectives”.
With this newsletter, you – the readers
– will get the possibility to have a better
insight into our activities. On the other
hand, it gives us a platform for highlighting our strategic topics, success
stories in research collaboration, as
well as achievements in capacity building. The newsletter allows us to reach
a broad audience interested in NorthSouth questions and in research for
development.
The three sections “focus”, “portrait”
and “research” of each issue are dedicated to a key topic. In this first issue,
we will shed light on various aspects of
food security. A shortened version of an
article by Rolf Kappel on the food price
crisis 2007 – 2008 will initiate the focus
section. Adding to these reflections,
Bernard Lehmann analyses price trends
in a long-term context. In the portrait
section, Lucien Diby of the Centre Suisse
de Recherches Scientifiques in Côte
d’Ivoire talks about his career and his
contribution to achieving food security.
Eventually, Wilhelm Gruissem elaborates on his group’s research activities,
which aim at improving cassava and
rice. The research section thus introduces one example of the wide range
of research activities in the area of food
security conducted by members of the
North-South Centre.
Finally, we put the “spotlight” on the
new strategy of the North-South Centre.
We hope you find this newsletter a
valuable source of information and a
pleasant reading.
Wolfgang Kinzelbach,
President of the North-South Centre
2 Focus The food price crises – Drivers
of the short-term price hike complemented
with more long-term considerations
4 Portrait Lucien Diby – A scientific
career with a focus on food security
linked to the ETH Zurich
5 Research Genetic engineering – A
promising contribution to solving food
security challenges
6 Portfolio and publications
7 Newsflash
8 Spotlight Our strategy – Sustainable
development for human well-being
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PERSPECTIVES
No. 1 | March 2010
Focus
What became of the
food price crisis in 2008?
Fundamental market forces of demand and supply were the main drivers of the recent price boom
on food markets. Although prices have somewhat declined from their peaks in 2008, the underlying
causes are still in place and may produce another price hike in the foreseeable future.
Between 2006 and mid-2008, world
market prices of cereals, oil seeds, and
dairy products more than doubled. The
United Nations Food and Agricultural
Organisation (FAO) estimated that the
number of hungry people increased to
923 million at the end of 2007. In the
second half of 2008, prices of cereals
fell sharply by about 40% due to the
global economic recession. However,
nominal cereal prices were still 50% to
100% higher than before the crisis. In
June 2009, FAO again raised the alarm
with the estimate that more than one
billion people go hungry every day.
Driving forces on the demand and
supply side
It is generally agreed that population
and (per capita) income growth in developing countries were the prime movers
of global food utilisation between 1998
and 2008. In all developing regions,
employment in non-agricultural activities and urbanisation increased, adding
to growing shares of populations who
are net food buyers. In addition, the
food consumption patterns of an
emerging global “middle class”
changed towards diets that are richer
in meat and dairy products, contributing
substantially to a growing demand
for grains. In industrial countries, the
In another light …
Whereas Rolf Kappel analyses the drivers of the short-term trend
in food prices 2007 – 2008, Bernard Lehmann complements this
analysis with more long-term considerations. His analysis of
nominal and real food price trends emphasises the necessity of
growing food production.
Development of the FAO food price index
Bernard Lehmann has been full Professor
of Agri-food & Agri-environmental
Economics since 1993, and is Deputy Head
of the Department of Agricultural and
Food Sciences.
www.afee.ethz.ch
The development of the FAO food price
index between 1960 and 2004 shows
that nominal food prices increased on
average around 2% per year. This is
lower than average inflation. Overall,
nominal food prices doubled since
1960. However, based on these findings
it is not possible to draw conclusions
on people’s purchasing power for food,
or on food shortage.
Analysing the development of the food
prices adjusted for inflation allows
commenting on these aspects. Real
food prices have fallen since the beginning of the 20th century. Due to the
Green Revolution and massive subsidies
for the agricultural sector, the development on the food supply side exceeded
the one on the demand side. However,
in 1989 the trend in real food prices
reversed. Since then, food prices have
not decreased anymore (with fluctuations), and between 2004 and 2009
they increased adjusted to inflation.
Within the last 20 years, real food prices
increased by more than 40%.
An increase in real food prices implies
that with a constant income one has to
spend higher shares on food. Put differently, if one accepts real food prices as
an indicator for relative food shortage,
the price hike of 2007–2008 cannot be
considered as an isolated event. The
stronger the “strain” on agricultural
markets (as expressed by the stock-touse ratio) the more already “minor”
disturbances will lead to significant
price fluctuations. Therefore, food
production has to be increased at the
global level, in a sustainable manner.
Bernard Lehmann
No. 1 | March 2010
PERSPECTIVES
Fresh produce shelf at a newly opened
supermarket in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
demand for bio-fuels has become an
important new source for a growing
demand of grain, vegetable oils, and
sugar cane.
Apart from these fundamental driving
forces, at least three other price-enhancing factors must be considered.
First, increasing energy prices pushed
up costs for food production and distribution. Second, traders factored the
depreciation of the US-Dollar into world
market prices. Third, as a reaction to
the price rise, governments in 15 food
exporting countries imposed export
restrictions, which exacerbated supply
shortages on global markets and the
price hike.
The role of speculation
The impact of speculators on food prices
was and is a hotly debated topic. Some
observers argue that speculators
(above all index traders) on futures
markets for food commodities created a price bubble. However, detailed
econometric analyses illustrate that
the development of prices and long
positions of index traders were not
highly correlated, and that the proportion between speculative positions and
hedging positions did not deviate from
historical values. Moreover, causality
tests strongly indicate that investments
of speculators followed price changes.
These and other research findings
provide evidence that not financial
investors but the fundamental market
forces mentioned above plus “exuberant” price expectations of all market
participants were the drivers of the
boom and bust cycle.
Effects of high food prices on the poor
The effect of rising food prices on the
poor is a double-edged sword. While
higher prices reduce the purchase
power of one part of poor households
(net buyers) they increase incomes of
others (net sellers). As there are more
net food-buying than net food-selling
households among the poor, the poor
lose on a net basis from high food
prices – at least in the short run.
In the long run, some observers argue,
low food prices are an important cause
for the prevalence of high rural poverty
rates and rates of hunger in many
countries. They argue that higher food
prices result not only in higher incomes
of net food sellers, but also offer opportunities to mobilise agricultural
investment to boost production and
productivity of farmers in general.
However, particularly smallholders
face high barriers to increase investment and production, such as fragmented landholdings, limited access to
water, insecure property and user
rights, insufficient access to productive
technologies, and insufficient access to
markets. Overcoming these barriers is
a slow process. Therefore, the shortterm negative effects of higher food
prices will at best be compensated
with delays of several years.
What should be done to reduce hunger?
Many policy proposals in the aftermath
of the food price crisis suggest that
high investments in agriculture could
simultaneously increase food production, reduce food prices, and contribute
to reducing rates of poverty and hunger
– and all that rather quickly. Based on
previous research results, we argue
that the reduction of hunger requires
not only growing food production, but
also the improvement of public governance. We tested this hypothesis
with an econometric model using
cross-national data for about 120 developing countries and countries in
transition. The model indeed supports
the hypothesis on the role of governance: Assuming everything else to be
equal, the difference in hunger rates
between the best and worst governed
country in our sample is 17 percentage
points. If the world economy recovers
quickly, and if supply and governance
do not improve, the next increase of
food prices and hunger may be just
around the corner.
Rolf Kappel, Reinhard Pfeiffer, Jutta
Werner: What Became of the Food Price
Crisis in 2008? Aussenwirtschaft. The
Swiss Review of International Economic
Relations. Forthcoming, Vol. I, 2010.
Rolf Kappel has been full Professor of
Problems of Developing Countries since
1992, and is Director of the Postgraduate
Course on Developing Countries (NADEL).
www.nadel.ethz.ch
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PERSPECTIVES
No. 1 | March 2010
Portrait
Lucien Diby – A former RFPP fellow
dedicated to research on food security
Lucien Diby is currently lecturing in plant nutrition at the Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA). At
the same time, he is a research associate in the department of Biodiversity and Food Security at the
Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS). Both institutions are located in Côte d’Ivoire.
Lucien Diby, born 1974 in Côte d’Ivoire, is
Doctor of Agronomy. He is currently working
at the Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA)
and at the Centre Suisse de Recherches
Scientifiques (CSRS), both located in Côte
d’Ivoire. In addition to his long-standing
research topic on yams, Lucien Diby
assures the scientific coordination of all
research activities in the field of agricultural
production systems and post-harvest at
the CSRS.
www.csrs.ch
www.inphb.edu.ci
Lucien Diby, could you give us a summary of your career steps and the role
of the ETH Zurich in this respect?
Lucien Diby: From 2001 to 2005, I did
my doctoral studies at the University
of Cocody in Abidjan. My doctoral
project was funded by the Swiss Agency
for Development and Cooperation as an
RFPP project of the North-South Centre
of the ETH Zurich. My supervisor was
Emmanuel Frossard, leader of the
Group of Plant Nutrition at the ETH Zurich. Since 2001, I spent several sojourns
in his research group. Before my current assignments at the CSRS and at
the ESA, I did a one-year post-doc at the
CSRS funded by his group. Thus, the
ETH Zurich contributed significantly to
my career development.
Talking about your RFPP fellowship –
How would you see the capacity building effect of such a fellowship?
The RFPP fellowship is a grant with a
large dimension of capacity building not
only for the grantee but also for diploma/
Master students who can be trained in
the project. In addition, the collaboration between the ETH Zurich and partners in the South allows the grantees
to benefit from the scientific expertise
of the ETH Zurich. Through my RFPP fellowship we trained five students in the
North and in the South. One of them
obtained his own RFPP fellowship.
How did your doctoral research contribute to food security?
My doctoral research dealt with the
crop physiology of a very important
crop for food security: Yams (Dioscorea
spp.). Yams are a staple diet for millions
of people living in poor countries. Despite
their importance, very little information
is available on yams yield formation.
My doctoral research provided information for breeders and agronomists,
allowing them to develop sustainable
yams cropping systems. We showed
how growth characteristics changed in
different environments. These findings
contributed to the breeding of cultivars
that are adapted to different growth
conditions. Furthermore, our research
has shown that naturally fertile soils
contribute better to yams growth than
mineral fertiliser application. Based on
this knowledge, agronomists can define
an integrated soil fertility management
in yams cropping systems.
In what way do your current activities
relate to food security?
Food security is the central theme of my
research focus. At the ESA, I contribute
to the training of agronomy students
preparing them to work in agricultural
development or in research institutions.
At the CSRS, all research projects that I
am involved in relate directly to food
security. They deal with the improvement of crop production systems of
smallholders in rural and urban areas.
In your view, what would be the most
important steps to achieve the goal of
ensuring food security?
To me, food security issues should be
tackled at the country or regional level
as tremendous differences exist from
one region to another. However, in African countries these steps are quite
similar. First, policy-makers should give
more importance to local food crops
instead of cash crops. Second, researchers should be empowered so that they
are able to deliver appropriate technologies. Third, these technologies should
be made available to all actors in the
food crops value chains. Fourth, farmers
should gain access to markets and sell
their products at affordable prices.
Fifth, investments in infrastructure for
(food) crop processing and for distribution is needed.
In Africa, a key step for each country is
to concentrate on crops or livestock in
which it has comparative advantages
instead of trying to be self-sufficient
in everything.
On the global scale, the main step is to
limit the subsidies provided to farmers
in developed countries because these
subsidies allow to sell products at very
competitive prices on markets in developing countries. This is hindering the
agricultural production in low-income
countries. Progress at the country level
cannot be achieved unless these subsidies issues are solved.
No. 1 | March 2010
PERSPECTIVES
5
Research
Using genetic approaches to improve
cassava and rice
Research in the group of plant biotechnology of the ETH Zurich is using genetic engineering to
improve rice and cassava, two important staple crops of developing countries. Recently, these
efforts resulted in virus-resistant cassava and in high-iron rice.
Cassava is a major staple food for 600
million people, but the crop suffers
from many diseases and the root is
of poor nutritional quality. Recent
outbreaks of viral diseases have dramatically reduced the yield and in the
context of climate change, abiotic
stresses such as drought and salinity
will also have an increasing impact on
cassava production.
Improving cassava
In the group of plant biotechnology,
we have produced transgenic plants
that silence virus genes and are therefore immune to infection. After the
first successful phenotypic field trials,
the next trials will take place in Africa
where the cassava virus is prevalent.
To address the impact of drought, the
plant biotechnology lab is collaborating
with scientists in Kenya to understand
the molecular mechanisms of drought
tolerance in cassava. As this is a complex
trait, the identification of the responsible genes using innovative approaches
based on proteomics and transcriptomics is the key to this project.
Iron rice
According to the World Health Organization approximately two billion people
suffer from iron deficiency. Using
anemia as an indicator, most preschool children and pregnant women
are suffering, particularly in developing
countries where rice is the major staple
food. Rice contains sufficient iron for
human nutrition in the bran, but the
coat has to be removed for storage, as
it contains lipid which rapidly turns
rancid under tropical or subtropical
climates. Iron cannot be supplemented
via food fortification, since the iron
compounds are either non-soluble or
unpalatable. The new rice developed in
the group of plant biotechnology
contains additional genes, resulting in
six times more available iron in the kernel. The genetically engineered rice
plants express the genes to produce
nicotianamin synthase, which mobilises iron, and ferritin, which stores
iron. Their synergistic action allows
the rice plant to accumulate more iron
in the rice kernel. These genetically
engineered rice plants contain about 7
micrograms iron per gram, which is
nutritionally relevant.
Distribution to farmers still many
years away
Before these improved plants can be
released, they must be tested extensively in the field for their agronomic
performance, trait stability and biosafety and, in collaboration with local
scientists, the traits need to be transferred to widely used varieties. In addition, appropriate seed distribution
channels and agricultural production
systems must be established before
the improved plants can be made
available to small-scale farmers free
of charge.
Wilhelm Gruissem, Christof Sautter and
Herve Vanderschuren
Wilhelm Gruissem has been full Professor
of Plant Biotechnology since 2000, and is
Head of the Department of Biology.
Further reading: Vanderschuren, H., et al,
2009: Dose-dependent RNAi-mediated
geminivirus resistance in the tropical root
crop cassava. Plant Mol Biol, 70: 265-272.
Wirth, J., et al, 2009: Rice endosperm
biofortification by targeted and synergistic
action of nicotianamine synthase and
ferritin. Plant Biotech, J 7: 631-644.
www.pb.ethz.ch
µg Fe per g dry weight (ppm)
8.0
7.0
6.0
Fe iron
WT wild type
NAS with
nicotianamin
synthase
NFP with NAS,
ferritin and
phytase
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
WT
NAS
ferritin
NFP
Iron concentration in polished rice seeds
wild type
NFP
scale
Fe low
Localisation of iron in rice grains
Field experiments of virus-resistant cassava
in Puerto Rico
high
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PERSPECTIVES
No. 1 | March 2010
Portfolio
Foreign agricultural
investments
The recent food crisis has triggered a rush for agricultural land
overseas – A challenge to be debated at the next North-South
Forum, organised jointly with the NCCR North-South.
International investment in agriculture
is not new. Foreign owned plantations
and land lease have existed for long. In
2008, however, the food crisis with its
enormous increase in commodity prices
brought the rush for land to a new dimension, driven by the demand for
food, water and energy security.
Transnational agricultural investment, in
recent debates also referred to as “land
grab”, is taking place on all continents,
Flow of resources and know-how:
A potentially beneficial impact of foreign
agricultural investments
North-South Forum on
foreign agricultural investments
at different scales
Tuesday, May 18, 2010
9:00 – 12:30 h
ETH Zurich, Semperaula, HG G.60
www.northsouth.ethz.ch
with the bulk of these deals made in
Africa. Net food importers are anxious
to secure their long-term food needs
through agreements. These agreements are entered predominantly
with poor and food insecure countries
– countries with a seemingly large
proportion of unutilised or underutilised land.
Risks and potentials
In conditions where property rights are
not guaranteed, the disadvantages of
such land deals are evident: Farmers
are rarely compensated when ownership shifts to foreign land holders, and
local food security is further threatened.
So far, negative economic and social
implications have dominated the debate, but ecological consequences of
an intensified use of natural resources
are prone to arise. On the other hand,
foreign investment in agriculture does
have substantial potential: A flow of
resources and know-how, the creation
of employment, an improved infrastructure, and increased agricultural
productivity could certainly benefit
countries seeking solutions going beyond development aid.
To ensure that agricultural investments
provide broad benefits and effectively
contribute to development, actors at
different levels have acknowledged the
need for action – for example through
the elaboration of a code of conduct
for land deals. Yet, the knowledge base
is still rather weak and mostly focused
on case studies. The recent World Bank
survey of 30 countries is therefore the
first of its kind. It will be presented at
the North-South Forum, complemented
with perspectives of the Swiss research
and development community.
Publications
Clément, C., Diaz, D., Manrique, I.,
Avula, B., Khan, I.A., Ponce Aguirre,
D.D., Kunz, C., Mayer, A.C., Kreuzer, M.,
2010: Secondary metabolites in maca
as affected by hypocotyl color, cultivation history, and site. Agronomy
Journal, 102: 431-439.
Ghazoul, J., Koh, L.P., 2010: Food security not (yet) threatened by declining
pollination. Frontiers in Ecology and
the Environment, 8: 9-10.
Hgaza, V. K., Diby, L. N., Assa A., Aké S.,
2010: Leaf growth and photosynthetic capacity as affected by leaf position,
plant nutritional status and growth
stage in Dioscorea alata L. African
Journal of Plant Sciences, 4(3): 53-60.
Kastner, S., Kandler, H., Hotz, K.,
Bleisch, M., Lacroix, C., Meile, L., 2010:
Screening for mycotoxins in the inoculum used for production of attiéké,
a traditional Ivorian cassava product.
LWT – Food Science and Technology,
doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2010.01.023.
Louw-Gaume, A., Rao, I., Gaume, A.,
Frossard, E., 2010: A comparative study
on plant growth and root plasticity
responses of two Brachiaria forage
grasses grown in nutrient solution
at low and high phosphorus supply.
Plant Soil, 328 (1-2): 155-164.
Milzow, C., Burg, V., Kinzelbach, W.,
2010: Estimating future ecoregion
distributions within the Okavango
Delta Wetlands based on hydrological simulations and future climate
and development scenarios. Journal
of Hydrology, Vol. 381: 89-100.
Roberts, L.C., Hug, S.J., Dittmar, J.,
Voegelin, A., Kretzschmar, R., Wehrli,
B., Cirpka, O., Saha, G.C., Ali, M.A.,
Badruzzaman, A.B.M., 2010: Arsenic
release from paddy soils during
monsoon flooding. Nature Geoscience, 3(1): 53-59.
No. 1 | March 2010
PERSPECTIVES
Newsflash
Book launch: Tropical Rain Forest.
Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation
Rain forests are the world‘s richest repository of terrestrial biodiversity. Rain forests contribute
to regulating global climate, and support the livelihoods of a large proportion of the world’s
population. They also remain vulnerable to degradation and clearance.
“Tropical Rain Forest. Ecology, Diversity,
and Conservation” explores what rain
forests are, how they arose, how they
function, and how we use them. The
book emphasises the spectacular species diversity that is the motivation for
rain forest conservation, before going
on to describe the origins of rain forests,
their many formations, and their ecology and dynamics. The final chapters
explore historical and current interactions of humans with rain forests, including conservation and livelihood security
– inextricable issues that represent
urgent priorities for conservationists
and policy-makers.
Tropical Rain Forest.
Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation
Jaboury Ghazoul and Douglas Sheil
Oxford University Press, April 2010
ISBN13: 978-0-19-928588-4
ISBN10: 0-19-928588-8
Announcements
The challenge of climate change for
agriculture and food security_Symposium of the “Dialogue on agriculture and food security” – A joint
initiative of the Swiss Agency for
Development and Cooperation and
the Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture_Berne, 16 April 2010.
www.world-food-dialogue.ch
Master of Advanced Studies in Sustainable Water Resources – Focus on
Latin America_Upon request, applications are accepted until 30 April
2010. Two full scholarships for the
MAS can be offered_Please contact
the Darcy Molnar directly.
www.ifu.ethz.ch/MAS_SWR
Josef G. Knoll Science Award and
Hans H. Ruthenberg Award for
Graduates_ The Josef G. Knoll Award
honours graduates whose work
focuses on helping to reduce hunger and malnutrition in developing
countries. The Hans H. Ruthenberg
Award honours graduates who intensively deal with the reduction of
hunger in the world_Deadlines for
application are 30 April 2010.
www.eiselen-stiftung.de
Launch of a new SNSF funding instrument: International Exploratory
Workshops_The main aim of the
International Exploratory Workshops,
which are open to all fields of research, is to allow researchers working on similar research questions to
meet and advance their knowledge
on the issue.
www.snf.ch
Advance notice for two NADEL
events_The NADEL Forum on climate
change and development cooperation on 20 May 2010, and the 40th
NADEL anniversary celebration /
alumni gathering on 29 October
2010_More information to follow.
www.nadel.ethz.ch
Conference:
Tropentag 2010
World food system –
A contribution from Europe
ETH Zurich, September 14 – 16, 2010
“Tropentag” is an international conference on tropical and subtropical agricultural research and natural resource
management. This year’s topic is the
world food system, which encompasses
all the natural resources involved in the
production of food, as well as food
distribution and consumption. It is the
foundation for the nutrition of humankind and includes ecological, economic,
health and social aspects.
Confirmed plenary speakers are:
 Paul Collier, Oxford University
 Angela Cropper, UNEP
 Timothy Hall, European Commission

Hans Herren, Millenium Institute

Jimmy Smith, World Bank
www.tropentag.de
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PERSPECTIVES
No. 1 | March 2010
Spotlight
Strategy 2010 – 2016
In 2008, it became apparent that the North-South Centre needed a mid- to long-term planning.
Consequently, a strategy process was started. The Steering Committee approved the resulting
Strategy 2010 – 2016 in November 2009.
The Strategy 2010 – 2016 positions the
North-South Centre within the ETH
Zurich by relating it to the ETH strategy,
making reference to its international
strategy as well as to the strategies of
individual departments.
The strategy is very explicit on the intended future research portfolio. First,
it lays out the conceptual approach of
“research for development”. It defines
“sustainable development for human
well-being” as overall goal, and identifies four thematic research areas:
 Food security

Natural resource management

Urban and rural transformation
 Technology and infrastructure
Stem rust-resistant wheat production, Kenya
Impressum
In addition, it alerts to three transversal
topics, which cut across the four topics
– gender, good governance, and impact
generation.
With regard to capacity development,
the strategy highlights the importance
of individual capacity development as
task of the North-South Centre. We serve
our target groups through a variety of
instruments such as grants or scholarships, support to visiting scientists or
for teaching stays, through summer
schools, and a colloquium for doctoral
candidates.
At present, we are in the initial phase
of implementing the new strategy.
While the two topics “food security”
and “natural resource management”
build on our past programmes and
achievements, we are gradually developing new activities on “urban and rural
transformation” and on “technology
and infrastructure”.
In the area of networking and communication, strengthening the networks
Children carrying fuelwood to their home, Ethiopia
Interface of rural and urban livelihoods, Ethiopia
ETH Zurich
Publisher ETH Zurich, North-South Centre, HCW, Hochstrasse 60a, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
North-South
Tel
+41 44 632 Centre
79 35, Fax +41 44 632 15 89, [email protected], www.northsouth.ethz.ch
Editor Ursula60a
Gugger Suter, Communication Manager, North-South Centre
Hochstrasse
Design concept Art Direction Stacy Müller, Zurich
8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Layout Ursula Gugger Suter, Communication Manager, North-South Centre
Reproduction With permission of the North-South Centre
Tel +41 44 632 79 35
Photos Cover: M. Zoss (Traditional wholesale market in Morogoro, Tanzania), p. 2: FAO/
Fax
+41 44p.632
89 p.4: L. Diby, p. 5: (from top) B. Drosse, B. Aeschlimann/D. Günther,
R. Kappel,
3: M.15Zoss,
W. Gruissem, p. 6: Unica, Brazil, p. 8: (left to right) P. Njau, D. Rustagi, A. Jenet, A. Wüest
[email protected]
with our partner institutions in developing countries is one of the key tasks.
Within Switzerland, our priority lies on
the new national institutional landscape after the NCCR North-South.
Spillway of the Itezhi-Tezhi dam, Zambia