Shareholder Agreements Contents Corporate Commercial Section 6
Transcription
Shareholder Agreements Contents Corporate Commercial Section 6
Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements Contents Introduction...........................................................................Corporate-6-1 Contents of a Unanimous Shareholders Agreement .............Corporate-6-1 Organizational Matters ...................................................Corporate-6-2 Control over Directors ....................................................Corporate-6-2 Power to Borrow and Give Security................................Corporate-6-4 Control over Type of Business in Which the Corporation is Engaged ..................................................Corporate-6-5 Fundamental Change......................................................Corporate-6-5 Financial Assistance.........................................................Corporate-6-6 Financing.........................................................................Corporate-6-7 Share Issues and Transfers ..............................................Corporate-6-8 General “Buy-Sell” and “Shotgun” Provisions ..............Corporate-6-8 Pre-emptive Rights..........................................................Corporate-6-9 Right of First Refusal ......................................................Corporate-6-9 Mandatory Transfers ......................................................Corporate-6-9 Shotgun Provisions....................................................... Corporate-6-10 “Piggyback” Offers....................................................... Corporate-6-10 Other Provisions............................................................Corporate-6-11 Parties to the Unanimous Shareholders Agreement New Subscribers and Transferees .......................................Corporate-6-12 Amending a Unanimous Shareholders Agreement.............Corporate-6-12 Incorporating the Unanimous Shareholders Agreement into the Bylaws or Articles ...................................................Corporate-6-13 Unanimous Shareholders Agreements under the Business Corporations Act (Canada) .................................Corporate-6-14 No part of this material may be reproduced, in whole or in part (in any manner), without the specific written permission of Saskatchewan Legal Education Society Inc. (2008 © SKLESI). Corporate–6–i Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Precedents: Notes on the Preparation of the Unanimous Shareholders Agreement ...................................................Corporate-P-6-1 Shareholders’ Agreement ..................................................Corporate-P-6-2 Checklist for a Unanimous Shareholders Agreement......Corporate-P-6-17 Corporate–6–ii Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Introduction One of the common tasks of a solicitor is the preparation of unanimous shareholders agreements (“USA”). These are sometimes also known as “shareholder agreements” or “buy-sell agreements”. These agreements are essential whether the client is involved in a small or large business, or organized as a corporation, partnership or joint venture (although the name, if not the form, of the agreement may change). A USA is essentially a constitutional document, setting out the fundamental governing principals of a corporation, and, to some extent, permitting shareholders to modify or supplement the articles of incorporation, bylaws and certain other rules that would otherwise be prescribed by The Business Corporations Act (Saskatchewan), (“SBCA”). Shareholders can eliminate or minimize the distinction in function between those responsible for corporate management (the directors) and its owners (the shareholders) by restricting in whole or in part the directors’ powers under the SBCA. Due to the broad wording of section 140(2) of the SBCA, the scope of a USA is virtually unlimited. To ensure validity, all parties to a USA should obtain independent legal advice concerning the terms and conditions of the proposed agreement. Shareholders may not wish to incur the additional cost, but this is essential to protecting their respective rights. For informational purposes only, some notes on the preparation of USA’s, a Checklist and a sample USA are included in the precedents. Contents of an Unanimous Shareholders Agreement Section 140(2) of the SBCA defines "unanimous shareholders agreement" as: An otherwise lawful written agreement among all the shareholders of a corporation, or among all the shareholders and a person who is not a shareholder, that restricts, in whole or in part, the powers of the directors to manage the business and affairs of the corporation is valid. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–6–1 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI While Section 140(2.1) of the SBCA provides: Where a person who is the beneficial owner of all the issued shares of a corporation makes a written declaration that restricts in whole or in part the powers of the directors to manage the business and affairs of a corporation, the declaration is deemed to be a unanimous shareholder agreement. It is possible that an agreement among all the shareholders made prior to incorporation or continuance under the SBCA is a "unanimous shareholders agreement" for the purpose of the SBCA, however, it is good practice to recommend the parties ratify the agreement after incorporation. Organizational Matters USA’s may deal with organizational matters which are not addressed in the corporation's articles or bylaws such as: • the identity of the directors; • the bank and location of bank accounts’ • signing officers for banking; • selection of auditors or accountants; and • selection of a corporate solicitor. Control Over Directors Section 97 of the SBCA vests management of the business and affairs of a corporation in the board of directors, "subject to any unanimous shareholders agreement". In the absence of a USA, a minority shareholder would have very little input into the day-today operation of the corporation. USA’s often deal with the following ongoing financial and operating concerns (which would otherwise be within the discretion of the board of directors): Corporate–6–2 • diverting the "business" or assets of the corporation to any other entity; • carrying on a new business or affiliation which was not intended in the USA • entering into any non-arm’s length transaction; Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI • entering into any agreement in excess of expenditure limits; • borrowing money; • encumbering assets; • paying dividends in excess of normal policy; • maintaining adequate internally generated working capital; • hiring or firing employees; • fixing remuneration to be paid; and • issuing treasury shares There are two mechanisms under which a USA can give shareholders control over the conduct of a corporation’s business: • It can vest in the shareholders some or all of the power to manage the business and affairs of the corporation. • It can recognize that the directors will manage the business and affairs of the corporation, but provide that the directors and the corporation cannot take certain actions specified in the USA (unless all or some specified majority of the corporation's shareholders agree). A corporation must have directors (section 97), but the directors may be divested of all powers and liabilities pursuant to a USA and by virtue of sections 97(1) and 140(4). Section 140(4) gives a shareholder exercising what would otherwise be the directors’ power to manage the business and affairs of the corporation the rights, duties and liabilities of a director. If the power to manage a corporation’s business and affairs is vested in the shareholders, there remains the problem of how decisions will be effected. This must be included in the USA. It is appropriate to include an indemnification provision in the USA for directors, if their discretion is fettered. They are liable for decisions made by the corporation but have little power to affect how the decisions are made. Section 140(4) provides that: A shareholder who is a party to a unanimous shareholder agreement has all the rights, powers and duties and incurs all the liabilities of a director of the corporation to which the agreement relates to the extent that the agreement restricts the discretion or powers of the directors to manage the business and affairs of the corporation, and the directors are hereby relieved of their duties and liabilities, including any liabilities under section 114, to the same extent. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–6–3 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI This section could have the effect of imposing on shareholders (to the extent that powers have been removed from the directors) those duties otherwise imposed or which could be imposed on directors of a corporation under other provincial laws (such as the Employment Standards Code, R.S.A. 2000, c. E-9 and Workers' Compensation Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. W-15). Section 140(4) of the SBCA not only imposes on shareholders all duties and liabilities otherwise the responsibility of directors (to the extent that the USA provides). It also grants to a shareholder all the rights and powers of those directors. In light of sections 113, 114 and 118 of the SBCA, it is important that a shareholder of the corporation wishing to dissent from any action taken by other shareholders of the corporation, do so, and take such steps as are necessary to record that he or she did not consent to the resolution or action in question. Section 104 of the SBCA provides that directors can be removed by ordinary resolution of shareholders, but a USA may vary this requirement. Power to Borrow and Give Security Particular provisions of the SBCA give directors the power to borrow and give security (subject to the USA): 97(1) Subject to any unanimous shareholder agreement, the directors of a corporation shall: (a) exercise the powers of the corporation directly or indirectly through the employees and agents of the corporation; and (b) direct the management of the business and affairs of the corporation. 98(1) Unless the articles, bylaws or a unanimous shareholder agreement otherwise provide, the directors may, by resolution make, amend, or repeal any bylaws that regulate the business or affairs of the corporation. 16(1) It is not necessary for a bylaw to be passed in order to confer any particular power on the corporation or its directors. 183(1) Unless the articles or bylaws of, or a unanimous shareholder agreement relating to, a corporation otherwise provides, the articles of a corporation are deemed to state that the directors of a corporation may, without authorization of the shareholders: (a) borrow money upon the credit of the corporation; Corporate–6–4 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI (b) issue, reissue, sell or pledge debt obligations of the corporation; (c) subject to section 42, give a guarantee on behalf of the corporation to secure performance of an obligation of any person; and (d) mortgage, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise create a security interest in all or any property of the corporation, owned or subsequently acquired, to secure any debt obligation of the corporation. 183(1.1) Notwithstanding subsection 110(3) and clause 116(a), unless the articles or bylaws of, or a unanimous shareholder agreement relating to, a corporation otherwise provide, the directors may, by resolution, delegate the powers mentioned in subsection (1) to a director, a committee of directors or an officer. Control over Type of Business in Which the Corporation is Engaged Shareholders may wish to restrict the business of the corporation. Section 6 of the SBCA permits the articles to set out any restrictions on the business that a corporation may carry on. However, section 97 provides that the directors must manage the business and affairs of the corporation subject to any USA. Therefore, a USA may restrict the conduct of the business either by vesting the power to manage the business in the shareholders or by requiring a specified level of shareholder approval to certain business decisions. An amendment to the articles to add, change or remove a restriction on the business that the corporation may carry on gives rise to a right of dissent and appraisal under section 184 of the SBCA. If the restriction is included in the articles or in any USA, there will not be ultra vires problems, but in certain circumstances, this would permit certain actions to be set aside by the shareholders (see sections 15 to 18 of the SBCA). Fundamental Change The SBCA requires shareholder approval of certain "fundamental changes". Fundamental changes include: • amalgamation; • reorganization; • winding-up or dissolution of the corporation; Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–6–5 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI • amendment of the constating documents; and • continuance of the corporation to another jurisdiction. Most corporate law statutes do not call for shareholder approval of the making of a general assignment for the benefit of creditors, a voluntary assignment in bankruptcy or the appointment of a trustee in bankruptcy. In some corporations, these actions are considered "fundamental changes" calling for shareholder approval. A higher level of shareholder approval in respect of any or all such fundamental changes than that called for by the "special resolution" provisions of the SBCA or articles, or additional matters to be defined as “fundamental change” may be included in the USA. A USA should also address the question of bylaw amendments. Bylaws can be important when disputes arise, as they contain rules respecting the giving of notice of meetings, the quorum for meetings, and may confer a second or casting vote in the case of a "deadlocked" board or shareholder meeting. A covenant not to commence proceedings for the liquidation, winding-up or dissolution may be important in the context of enforcing any buy-sell provisions. Conversely, an agreement to commence liquidation proceedings on the failure to settle a dispute or the failure to agree on who is to buy out whom can also prove valuable. A USA can entitle a shareholder to demand dissolution on the occurrence of a specified event (SBCA, s. 207(1)). Financial Assistance Section 42 permits a corporation to give financial assistance to any shareholder, director, officer or employee of the corporation or an affiliate of the corporation or an associate of any of those persons, or to any person for the purpose of, or in connection with, a purchase of a share issued by the corporation or an affiliate of the corporation, provided disclosure of the financial assistance given is disclosed in accordance with sections 42(3) or 42(4) as the case may require. A USA may vary these provisions. Corporate–6–6 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Financing The conditions which apply to shareholder financing should also be included in the USA. The timing and amount of shareholder advances and terms for repayment of advances should be included in the agreement. Shareholders often have ongoing plans calling for the provision of additional capital, either by way of debt or equity. It is important to identify the extent to which: • additional capital will be needed; • it is to come from the shareholders; and • other lenders are to provide it. The USA may function as a loan or financing agreement. If additional funds are to come from a third-party lender, the USA will often address the question of whether the shareholders will provide joint or several guarantees of the obligations of the corporation to third parties. If shareholders are to give guarantees, the USA should provide that each shareholder has a right of contribution from other shareholders for losses in excess of the proportionate share of the liabilities. If the shareholders themselves will be responsible for providing the necessary additional financing, the USA should contain a covenant to subscribe for additional shares or to lend additional monies to the corporation, and would state the security granted (if any), the interest rate payable (if any), timing for repayment, as well as ensuring that if necessary, such loans are subordinated to those made by other creditors. In many cases, repayment terms for shareholder loans are left flexible (repayable at such time or times as the directors may determine), and often little or no corporate security is granted. Interest may or may not be charged on such shareholder loans – there is less of a rule of thumb regarding interest. A shareholder who will hold less than all shares will normally be reluctant to give a joint and several guarantee of all the obligations of the corporation to the bank. It may be possible to negotiate for “several” as opposed to “joint” liability which would not exceed the shareholders’ advances and equity in the corporation. This will be dependent moreso on the strength of the corporation, both from a financial standpoint, and the quality of its relationship with its bank, for regardless of what the shareholders may agree, it will be the bank that will make this determination. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–6–7 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Share Issue and Transfers Section 25(1) of the SBCA recognizes that the articles, bylaws or a USA can regulate the timing of share issues and the conditions or restrictions applying to the sale of shares. Section 28 permits the articles to provide for a pre-emptive right on the issue of shares. It restricts the scope of pre-emptive rights conferred by the articles if shares are to be issued for nonmonetary consideration, as a share dividend, or pursuant to conversion rights or options. The articles or a USA can set out restrictions on share transfers (section 6(2)), subject to transfer or pre-emptive rights which are included in the articles, an amendment to the articles to "add, remove or change prejudicially" transfer or pre-emptive rights gives rise to a right of dissent and appraisal (sections 170 and 184). Division XV of the SBCA gives a right of compulsory acquisition on a takeover bid. This is not restricted to "distributing corporations". A purchaser of 90 percent of the shares can force the acquisition of the remaining shares of a non-distributing corporation. However, the USA may provide for a higher percentage. Corporate repurchases are governed by section 32 of the SBCA. General “Buy-Sell” and “Shotgun” Provisions Often the most used provisions of a USA are the share transfer (or restrictions on share transfer) provisions. These can include many forms: • granting shareholders a pre-emptive right to acquire shares the corporation is issuing from treasury; • providing shareholders a right of first refusal to acquire shares being sold by an existing shareholder; • mandatory transfer provisions, forcing a shareholder to sell his or her shares on the occurrence of certain triggering events; • shot-gun clauses; and • other more complex share transfer rights including puts, calls, bring-along and tag-along rights. Each of these are discussed in more detail below. Corporate–6–8 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Pre-emptive Rights It is often a surprise that absent some pre-emtive rights in a USA, shareholders do not possess a right to purchase treasury shares being issued by the corporation. Generally, USA’s provide that shareholders have a pro rata pre-emptive right to acquire new shares being issued by the corporation from treasury, thus giving shareholders the right to preserve their relative proportion of equity in the corporation. In the event that not all shareholders exercise their pre-emptive rights, some USA’s allow shareholders to take up excess shares prior to such shares being offered to third parties. Right of First Refusal Many USA's provide that no shareholder may sell his or her shares without first offering them to existing shareholders and/or the corporation on a pro rata basis. The general rule is that shares will only be sold to outsiders if the existing shareholders (or the corporation) are unwilling to purchase the shares of the offeror. These provisions represent an attempt to balance the control of ownership desired in closely-held corporations with the desire to provide some market or liquidity to shareholders of such corporations. However, in general, for the vast majority of private corporations, there is very little, if any, market for these shares. Mandatory Transfers Often USAs will provide for a forced or automatic sale of a shareholder’s shares in the event one of a number of listed events occur. Among the more common events include the death, disability or bankruptcy of a shareholder, the institution of matrimonial proceedings by a shareholder or the spouse of a shareholder, the finding of mental incompetency of a shareholder, or the cessation of employment of a shareholder by with the corporation. Mandatory share transfers may also be triggered by a default by a shareholder in his or her obligations under the USA, such as complying with cash calls, guaranteeing debt of the corporation, or others. These clauses often go into considerable detail regarding the procedure and terms for the purchase and sale of shares in these instances, and terms such as share price and payment terms may differ depending on which event triggered the mandatory sale. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–6–9 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Shotgun Provisions Many parties see a "shotgun" buy-sell as a useful means of creating liquidity and resolving disputes. A "shotgun" is simply a device under which one shareholder (the "offering party") offers to purchase the interest of the other or others (the "notified party"). The notified party must either sell his or her interest to the offering party at the stipulated price or purchase the interest of the offering party at the stipulated price. As the party receiving the notice is put to the election of either selling his or her shares to the offering party or buying the offering party’s shares at the stipulated price, the price is generally fair. The offering party cannot set the price too high, as he or she may have to purchase the notice party’s shares at that price. Shotgun clauses generally work best when there are only two shareholders, and there is relative economic equality between them. Shareholders tend to like them because of their finality in resolving disputes. However shareholders should always be cautioned about their inclusion, as a shotgun clause (or the threat of its use) can be used as a bullying tool, especially where there is an economic disparity between the parties. Shotgun clauses can theoretically exist in USA’s with more than two shareholders, however they are not often used in such circumstances as they generally become too complex in operation. Examples of shotgun provisions are found in O'Brien's Forms and in Ward's Canadian Corporation Precedents. “Piggyback” Offers Another alternative is to allow a shareholder to "piggyback" on the sale of an interest. A buy-sell agreement may contain a right of first refusal in respect of bona fide arm’s length cash offers, but prohibit the sale of an interest to an outsider unless all shareholders (including those who have declined to exercise the right of purchase arising under the right of first refusal) have the opportunity to sell their interests to the outside purchaser for the same cash consideration. These are often known as bring-along or tag-along rights. Corporate–6–10 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Other Provisions: Liquidation A USA can provide for a forced winding up of the corporation if one of the shareholders offers the sale of his or her shares, but the other shareholders cannot purchase the shares within a reasonable period of time. Trustees and Attorneys It may be appropriate to appoint a trustee to hold share certificates and to appoint an attorney for the purpose of transferring shares. Trustees will require a written appointment, which clearly identifies the circumstances and the advice on which they may rely on delivering and releasing share certificates, with appropriate trustee indemnification provisions. Voting Trusts or Pooling Agreements Shareholders may wish to lodge their shares with an individual authorized and directed to vote the shares in such manner as will give effect to the terms of the agreement. Trustees holding the pooled shares will likely require the normal trustee protection provisions and appropriate indemnities allowing them to clearly identify the source of their instructions and to rely on the advice of certain individuals. The agreement should specifically deal with the question of share registration, the payment of dividends and voting. Confidential Information, Non-Competition Agreements and Non-Solicitation of Accounts Agreements A USA may incorporate non-competition or non-solicitation agreements entered into by employee shareholders. If shareholders are going to be employed by the corporation, reasonable non-competition and non-disclosure agreements should be part of the employment agreement. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–6–11 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Parties to the Unanimous Shareholders Agreement – New Subscribers and Transferees Generally, a non-party to an agreement cannot be bound by the agreement. However, section 140(3) of the SBCA deems subsequent subscribers or purchasers of shares of a corporation to be parties to an existing USA, and ostensibly imposes the rights and obligations of the USA on those subscribers or purchasers, whether or not they had actual knowledge of the USA at the time they acquired the shares in the corporation. Corporations whose shares are governed by a USA are to have a legend endorsed on their share certificates. A typical USA legend on a share certificate would read as follows: Shares evidenced by this certificate are subject to the terms and conditions of a (unanimous) shareholder agreement made the * day of * , 20 *, and may not be transferred or encumbered except in accordance with the provisions of that agreement. Purchasers who acquire shares of a corporation without knowledge of a USA may be entitled to rescind their purchase, or to compel the corporation to re-purchase the shares bought at their fair market value. By affixing the legend on all share certificates of a corporation subject to a USA, the risk of an argument that a purchaser of shares has no notice of the terms of a USA is minimized. Amending a Unanimous Shareholders Agreement One of the main features of any corporation is that of "majority rule". Flexibility should be built into the USA to allow the parties the opportunity to adapt the USA as the business progresses. Corporate–6–12 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Incorporating the Unanimous Shareholders Agreement into the Bylaws or Articles The SBCA contemplates that many of the terms of a USA can be incorporated into the articles or the bylaws. The mechanism for amending each of these documents differs. Flexibility is desirable in corporations with three or more shareholders. Provisions requiring unanimous consent or granting a “veto” may prevent the corporation from doing business. In preparing these documents it is important to determine whether or not any future change to a provision gives rise to a right of dissent and appraisal pursuant to section 184 and whether this is a desirable result. Action by directors is taken by resolution passed by majority vote at a meeting or by resolution signed by all directors. Action by shareholders is taken by ordinary or special resolution, that is, by a bare majority or a two-thirds majority vote at a meeting of shareholders or by resolution signed by all shareholders entitled to vote on the resolution. Bylaws may give the chairperson of a meeting (or some other person) a second or casting vote in the case of an equality of votes cast on a resolution. Section 6(3) of the SBCA permits the articles or a USA to require a greater number of votes of directors or shareholders than are required by the SBCA to effect any action. In a simple situation with two shareholders, each owning 50 percent of the shares, a "deadlock" or effective veto can be given if both are elected directors and if neither has a casting vote under the terms of the bylaws. The bylaws and articles cannot be changed unless the parties agree. This situation can cause significant problems in the business. A minority shareholder can be given a veto by ensuring that the shareholder has board representation, by requiring some higher majority than a bare majority to pass ordinary resolutions of directors, and by requiring some majority in excess of one-half and two-thirds to pass ordinary and special resolutions of shareholders. These provisions can be inserted into the articles or the USA. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–6–13 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI Bylaws are normally amended by ordinary resolution of directors and shareholders (SBCA, section 98); and the articles are normally amended by a two-third majority vote of shareholders (section 167 and 2(1)(ff)). Provisions of the articles or bylaws can be more entrenched by requiring some higher majority to effect an amendment or repeal, as contemplated by section 6(3). Unanimous Shareholders Agreements under the Business Corporations Act (Canada) Section 146 of the Business Corporations Act (Canada) (“CBCA”) authorizes the use of USA’s. This provision is not as detailed as the SBCA provisions, and is, in some ways, more limiting. The CBCA effectively requires the USA to restrict, in whole or in part, the powers of the directors or it will not be considered a USA under the CBCA. If the corporation is governed by the CBCA, it is important to familiarize yourself with this section and note any differences from section 140 of the SBCA. Corporate–6–14 Saskatchewan CPLED Program 2008 © SKLESI Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements NOTES ON UNANIMOUS SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENTS Under the Business Corporations Act (Saskatchewan) a Unanimous Shareholders Agreement may affect: (a) the pre-emptive rights of existing shareholders to acquire shares from the treasury of the corporation (section 25(1)); (b) the ability of personal representatives of a shareholder to deal with the shares of that shareholder (section 50(2)); (c) the amendment of the bylaws by the directors (section 98(1)); (d) the borrowing of money, the pledging of debt obligations, the giving of guarantees, the mortgaging or creation of security interests in the property of the corporation (section 183(1)); (e) the disclosure of a material interest in the contracts of the corporation by officers or directors (section 115(9)); (f) the designation of the officers of the corporation, the specifications of their duties, and the delegation to those officers of the power to manage the business and the affairs of the corporation (section 116); (g) the remuneration of officers, directors and employees of the corporation (section 120); (h) the contents of financial statements (section 149(1)(c)); and (i) the entitlement of shareholders to demand dissolution of the corporation (section 207(1)(b)(i)). Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–1 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI SHAREHOLDERS' AGREEMENT Disclaimer: This agreement is intended as a teaching vehicle for use only in the Saskatchewan CPLED Program. Certain key provisions have been omitted and other provisions are inconsistent. This document is not intended to be used as a precedent. THIS AGREEMENT made , 2005; BETWEEN: JUSTIN SMITH ("JS"), - andANNE CLARKE ("AC"), - and BRENT TAYLOR ("BT"), - and DIGITAL WIDGETS INC. ("the Corporation"), The Shareholders and the Corporation entered into this Agreement to provide for the operation of the Corporation; The authorized capital of the Corporation consists of an unlimited number of Class "A" Common voting shares, of which 300 are issued; and an unlimited number of Class "B" Preferred non-voting shares, of which 0 are issued; All of the issued shares of the corporation are owned by the Shareholders as follows: Shareholder Class “A” Common Voting Shares JS 100 AC 100 BT 100 Class “B” Preferred NonVoting Shares The parties agree as follows: Corporate–P–6–2 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI ARTICLE ONE - INTERPRETATION 1.01 1.02 Definitions (a) "Agreement" means this agreement and all written schedules and amendments made between the Shareholders and the Corporation; (b) "The Act" means The Business Corporations Act, as amended, reenacted or replaced; (c) "Business Day" means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday or a statutory holiday in Saskatchewan; (d) "Shares" means the shares of the Corporation that the Shareholders own; and (e) "Shareholders" means JS, AC and BT and any other person who may become parties to this Agreement and "Shareholder" means any one of these persons, individually. Sections and Headings The insertion of sections and headings are for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the construction or interpretation of this Agreement. 1.03 Unanimous Shareholders Agreement The discretion and powers of the directors to manage the affairs of the Corporation are restricted by this Agreement where it specifies that any matter requires action by or approval of the Shareholders. ARTICLE TWO - MANAGEMENT 2.01 Directors The board of directors of the Corporation shall consist of [ ] directors and [ ] and [ ] shall be the directors of the Corporation, unless all of the Shareholders elect or appoint another person to be a director or consent in writing to another person being elected or appointed and a copy of the consent is filed with the Corporation. 2.02 Auditor The Shareholders shall appoint the auditor of the Corporation annually. The directors shall fix the remuneration of the auditor. OR Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–3 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI [2.02 Dispensing with Auditor The Shareholders shall in each financial year of the Corporation resolve not to appoint an auditor of the Corporation pursuant to the provisions of The Business Corporations Act.] 2.03 Approval of Matters None of the following actions: (a) changing the articles or bylaws of the Corporation; (b) changing the authorized or issued capital of the Corporation; (c) entering into any agreement or making any offer or granting any right capable of becoming an agreement to allot or issue any shares of the Corporation; (d) taking any action which may lead to or result in a material change in the nature of the business of the Corporation; (e) entering into any agreement other than in the ordinary course of the Corporation's business; (f) borrowing any money, giving any security or making or incurring any single capital expenditure in excess of $10,000 or any capital expenditures in excess of $100,000 in any financial year of the Corporation; (g) taking any steps to wind-up or terminate the corporate existence of the Corporation; (h) selling, leasing, exchanging or disposing of all or any substantial part of the undertaking, property or assets of the Corporation; (i) making, directly or indirectly, loans or advances to, or giving security for or guaranteeing the debts of, any person; (j) declaring or paying any dividend; (k) taking, holding, subscribing for or agreeing to purchase or acquire shares in the capital of any corporate body; (l) entering into a partnership or any arrangement for the sharing of profits, union of interests, joint venture or reciprocal concession with any person; and (m) entering into an amalgamation, merger or consolidation with any other corporate body Corporate–P–6–4 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI shall be taken by the Corporation unless: (A) in the case of an action that by law requires the approval of the directors only: (1) all of the directors at a properly constituted meeting of directors give their approval to such action by resolution; or (2) all of the directors consent in writing to the action; and (B) in the case of an action that by law requires the approval of the Shareholders; (1) the action is approved by a resolution passed by a majority of not less than 80 per cent of the votes cast by the Shareholders who voted in respect thereof at a properly constituted meeting; or (2) all of the Shareholders consent in writing to the action. ARTICLE THREE - DEALING WITH SHARES 3.01 Transfer of Shares Except as provided for in this Article Three, Shareholders can only sell, transfer, dispose of or encumber their Shares if they first obtain the written consent of all the other Shareholders to such disposition or encumbrance. 3.02 Endorsement of Certificates Share certificates shall state the following: "The shares represented by this certificate are subject to all the terms and conditions of an agreement dated, 20* , and filed at the registered office of the Corporation." 3.03 Issue of Additional Shares If any additional shares are to be issued from treasury, the Corporation shall first offer such shares to the Shareholders by giving them notice of the Corporation's intention to issue additional shares and the number and class to be issued. The Shareholders shall have the right to purchase the offered shares pro rata based upon the number of Shares beneficially owned by each Shareholder at the date notice is given of the offer. The Shareholders shall have 20 Business Days from the date of the notice to take up and pay for all or any of the offered shares. The shares that have not been taken up and paid for within the 20 Business Days may be offered and issued to such persons as the directors in their discretion determine, provided that such persons agree to be bound by and to become parties to this Agreement. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–5 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 3.04 2008 © SKLESI Sale of Shares - Right of First Refusal (a) Any Shareholder (the "Offeror") who wants to sell all or any Shares shall give notice of such proposed sale ("Notice") to the Corporation and to the other Shareholders and shall set out in the Notice the number of Shares that are offered for sale ("Offered Shares") and the terms and the price for the Offered Shares ("Purchase Price"). (b) Upon the Notice being given, the other Shareholders (the "Offerees" and individually, an "Offeree") shall have the right to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Offered Shares for the Purchase Price. The Offerees shall be entitled to purchase the Offered Shares pro rata based upon the number of Shares beneficially owned by the Offerees or to purchase in such other proportion as the Offerees may agree in writing. (c) Within 10 Business Days of receiving the Notice, each Offeree who desires to purchase all of the Offered Shares that such Offeree is entitled to purchase according to Section 3.04(b) shall give notice to the Offeror, to the Corporation and to the other Offerees. If any Offeree does not give such notice, the Offered Shares that such Offeree had been entitled to purchase ("Rejected Shares") may instead be purchased by the Offerees who did give notice, pro rata based upon the number of Shares beneficially owned by such Offerees or in such other proportion as the Offerees may agree in writing, and within 5 Business Days of the expiry of the 10 Business Day period specified in this Section, each Offeree who desires to purchase all of the Rejected Shares that such Offeree is entitled to purchase according to this Section shall give an additional notice to the Offeror, to the Corporation and to the other Offerees. If any Offeree entitled to give this additional notice does not do so, the Rejected Shares that such Offeree had been entitled to purchase may instead be purchased by the Offerees who did give notice, and so on from time to time until the Offerees are willing to purchase all of the Offered Shares or until they are not willing to purchase any more. If the Offerees are willing to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Offered Shares, the transaction of purchase and sale shall be completed in accordance with the terms of the Notice. (d) If the Offeror makes default in transferring the Offered Shares to the Offerees according to the terms of the Notice, the Secretary of the Corporation is authorized and directed to receive the purchase money and enter the names of the Offerees in the registers of the Corporation as the holders of the Shares. The purchase money shall be held in trust by the Corporation on behalf of the Offeror and shall not be mixed with the Corporation's assets. The receipt by the Secretary of the Corporation for the purchase money shall be a good discharge to the Offerees and, after their names have been entered in the registers of Corporate–P–6–6 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI the Corporation, the validity of the proceedings shall not be questioned by any person. Once the shares are registered to the Offerees, the Offeror ceases to have any right to the Offered Shares except the right to receive the Purchase Price received by the Secretary of the Corporation. (e) If the Offerees do not give notice according to Section 3.04(c) that they are willing to purchase all of the Offered Shares, the rights of the Offerees to purchase the Offered Shares shall end and the Offeror may sell the Offered Shares to any person within four months after the expiry of the 10 Business Day period or 5 Business Day period specified in Section 3.04(c), for a price not less than the Purchase Price and on other terms no more favourable to such person than those set forth in the Notice, provided that the person to whom the Shares are to be sold agrees prior to such transaction to be bound by and to become a party to this Agreement in place of the Offeror. If the Offered Shares are not sold within the four month period, the rights of the Offerees pursuant to this Section 3.04 shall again take effect and so on from time to time. OR [3.04 Sale of Shares – Shotgun (a) Any Shareholder ("Offeror") has the right at any time to give notice ("Notice") to the other Shareholders (the "Offerees" and individually, an "Offeree") and to the Corporation. The Notice shall contain the following: i. an offer by the Offeror to purchase all of the Shares beneficially owned by the Offerees ("Offer to Purchase"); ii. an offer by the Offeror to sell all of the Shares beneficially owned by the Offeror to the Offerees pro rata based upon the number of Shares beneficially owned by the Offerees ("Offer to Sell"); and iii. the price to be paid for each Share pursuant to the Offer to Purchase and the Offer to Sell, which shall be the same for both offers ("Purchase Price"). (b) Within 10 Business Days of Notice being given, each Offeree is entitled to accept either the Offer to Purchase or the Offer to Sell by giving notice of such acceptance to the Offeror, to the other Offerees and to the Corporation. (c) If the Offerees accept the Offer to Purchase, the Offerees shall sell and the Offeror shall purchase all of the Shares beneficially owned by each Offeree at the Purchase Price and the transaction of purchase and sale shall be completed within 20 Business Days of the expiry of the 10 Business Day period specified in Section 3.04(b). The transaction shall Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–7 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI be completed at the Corporation's registered office where the Offerees shall deliver the Shares with good, free and clear title and shall receive payment by certified cheque from the Offeror. (d) If the Offerees accept the Offer to Sell, the Offerees shall purchase pro rata, based upon the number of Shares beneficially owned by the Offerees, and the Offeror shall sell all of the Shares beneficially owned by the Offeror at the Purchase Price and the transaction of purchase and sale shall be completed within 20 Business Days of the expiry of the 10 Business Day period specified in Section 3.04(b). The transaction shall be completed at the Corporation's registered office where the Offeror shall deliver the Shares with good, free and clear title and shall receive payment by certified cheque from the Offerees. (e) If any Offeree does not accept either the Offer to Purchase or the Offer to Sell within the 10 Business Day period specified in Section 3.04(b), that Offeree shall be deemed to have accepted the Offer to Purchase of the Offeror and to have given notice of such acceptance pursuant to the provisions of Section 3.04(b) on the last Business Day upon which such notice may have been given. (f) If one Offeree accepts or is deemed to have accepted the Offer to Purchase pursuant to the provisions of Section 3.04(c) or Section 3.04(e), respectively, ("Selling Offeree") and another Offeree accepts the Offer to Sell of the Offeror pursuant to the provisions of Section 3.04(b) ("Purchasing Offeree"), the Purchasing Offeree shall be entitled to purchase the Shares beneficially owned by the Offeror and the Shares beneficially owned by the Selling Offeree by giving notice of the exercise of that right to the Offeror, the Selling Offeree and to the Corporation within 10 Business Days of the expiry of the 10 Business Day period specified in Section 3.04(b) and, if the Purchasing Offeree gives notice pursuant to the provisions of Section 3.04(f), the Offeror and the Selling Offeree shall sell the Shares beneficially owned by them to the Purchasing Offeree and such transaction of purchase and sale shall be completed within 20 Business Days of the date upon which the Corporation was given such notice by the Purchasing Offeree. The transaction shall be completed at the Corporation's registered office where the Offeror and the Selling Offeree shall deliver the Shares with good, free and clear title and shall receive payment by certified cheque from the Purchasing Offeree. (g) If the Purchasing Offeree fails to give notice under Section 3.04(f) within the 10 Business Day period, the Purchasing Offeree shall be deemed to have accepted the Offer to Purchase, and not accepted the Offer to Sell, and the provisions of Section 3.04(c) shall apply to both Offerees except that the transaction of purchase and sale shall be completed with 15 Business Days of the expiry of the 10 Business Day period specified in Section 3.04(f). Corporate–P–6–8 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI 3.05 (h) If any Shareholder obliged to sell under Section 3.04 ("Selling Shareholder") makes default in transferring all or any of the Shares to a Shareholder obliged to purchase under Section 3.04 ("Purchasing Shareholder"), the Secretary of the Corporation is directed to receive the purchase money and enter the name of the Purchasing Shareholder in the registers of the Corporation as the holder of the Shares. The purchase money shall be held in trust by the Corporation on behalf of the Selling Shareholder and shall not be mixed with the Corporation's assets. The receipt by the Secretary for the purchase money shall be a good discharge to the Purchasing Shareholder and, after the name has been entered in the registers of the Corporation, the validity of the proceedings shall not be questioned by any person. On the registration, the Selling Shareholder ceases to have any right to the Shares except the right to receive the Purchase Price received by the Secretary of the Corporation. (i) Two of the Shareholders may jointly give a Notice to another Shareholder under Section 3.04(a) and, in such event, the further provisions of Section 3.04 shall apply except that any Shares purchased by them under Section 3.04 shall be pro rata based upon the number of Shares beneficially owned by the Shareholders who gave the Notice. (j) Two of the Shareholders may jointly accept the Offer to Sell under Section 3.04(b) and, in such event, the further provisions of Section 3.04 shall apply except that the number of Shares to be purchased by each of them under Section 3.04 may be set out in the notice given by them under Section 3.04(b) and Section 3.04(i) provided that the aggregate of such numbers equals the number of Shares beneficially owned by the Offeror.] Insolvency of a Shareholder (a) If any Shareholder makes as assignment for the benefit of creditors or is the subject of any proceedings under any bankruptcy or insolvency law (the "Offeror"), the other Shareholders (the "Offerees" and individually, an "Offeree") shall have the right to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Shares beneficially owned by the Offeror ("Offered Shares"). (b) The Offerees shall be entitled to purchase the Offered Shares pro rata based upon the number of Shares beneficially owned by the Offerees or to purchase in such other proportion as the Offerees agree in writing, at the price to be determined according to the provisions of Section 3.05(c). Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–9 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI (c) The price of the Offered Shares shall be the fair value of such Shares as determined by an accountant, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, at the end of the fiscal quarter of the Corporation immediately preceding the fiscal quarter in which the event referred to in Section 3.05(a) occurred. Such determination shall be in writing and shall be given to all of the Shareholders and to the Corporation within 20 Business Days of the date of the event referred to in Section 3.05(a) or as soon thereafter as possible. (d) For the purpose of determining such fair value, the accountant may appoint, at the expense of the Corporation, an independent appraiser to assist the accountant. The report of the accountant, when delivered to the Shareholders and to the Corporation, shall be conclusive and binding upon all parties. (e) Within 10 Business Days of having been given the accountant's report of the fair value of the Offered Shares, each Offeree who desires to purchase all of the Offered Shares that such Offeree is entitled to purchase according to Section 3.05(b) shall give notice to the Offeror, to the Corporation and to the other Offerees. If any Offeree does not give such notice, the Offered Shares that such Offeree had been entitled to purchase ("Rejected Shares") may instead be purchased by the Offerees who did give such notice, pro rata based upon the number of Shares beneficially owned by such Offerees as between themselves or in such other proportion as these Offerees agree in writing. Within 5 Business Days of the expiry of the 10 Business Day period specified in Section 3.05(e), each Offeree who desires to purchase all of the Rejected Shares that such Offeree is entitled to purchase according to Section 3.05(e) shall give an additional notice to the Offeror, to the Corporation and to the other Offerees. If any Offeree entitled to give the additional notice does not do so, the Rejected Shares that such Offeree had been entitled to purchase may instead be purchased by the Offerees who did give such notice, and so on from time to time until the Offerees are willing to purchase all of the Offered Shares or until they are not willing to purchase any more. If the Offerees are willing to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Offered Shares, the transaction of purchase and sale shall be completed within 20 Business Days of the expiry of the 10 Business Day period or 5 Business Day period specified in Section 3.05(e). The transaction shall be completed at the Corporation's registered office where the Offeror shall deliver the Shares with good, free and clear title and shall receive payment by certified cheque from the Offeree. Corporate–P–6–10 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI 3.06 (f) If the Offeror defaults in transferring the Offered Shares to the Offerees as provided for in Section 3.05, the Secretary of the Corporation is authorized and directed to receive the purchase money and enter the names of the Offerees in the registers of the Corporation as the holders of the Shares. The purchase money shall be held in trust by the Corporation on behalf of the Offeror and shall not be mixed with the Corporation's assets. The receipt by the Secretary for the purchase money shall be a good discharge to the Offerees and, after their names have been entered in the registers of the Corporation, the validity of the proceedings shall not be questioned by any person. On such registration, the Offeror ceases to have any right to the Offered Shares except the right to receive the Purchase Price received by the Secretary. (g) If the Offerees do not give notice under Section 3.05(e) that they are willing to purchase all of the Offered Shares, the rights of the Offerees to purchase the Offered Shares shall end and the Offeror may sell the Offered Shares to any person within four months after the expiry of the 10 Business Day period or 5 Business Day period specified in Section 3.05(e), for a price not less than the price that would have been payable by the Offerees and on terms no more favourable to such person than those that would have been applicable had the Offerees agreed to purchase the Offered Shares under Section 3.05, provided that the person to whom the Shares are to be sold agrees prior to such transaction to be bound by and to become a party to this Agreement in place of the Offeror. If the Offered Shares are not sold within the four month period on such terms, the rights of the Offerees pursuant to this Section 3.05 shall again take effect and so on from time to time. Termination of Employment If either JS, AC or BT ceases to be an employee of the Corporation, voluntarily or otherwise, except by reason of death, the other Shareholders shall have the right to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Shares beneficially owned by such Shareholder, in the proportions and for the price and upon the terms and conditions determined in accordance with Section 3.05. 3.07 Disability If any of the Shareholders is incapacitated from performing such Shareholder's duties as an employee of the Corporation for a period of six consecutive months by reason of illness or mental or physical disability, or if such Shareholder shall be incapacitated at different times for six months in any 24 month period, then in either case the incapacitated party shall cease to be an employee of the Corporation. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–11 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 3.08 2008 © SKLESI Death of an Individual Shareholder If any Shareholder dies, the surviving Shareholders shall purchase, and the personal representative of the deceased Shareholder shall sell, all, but not less than all, of the Shares beneficially owned by the deceased Shareholder immediately prior to death, in the proportions and for the price and upon the terms and conditions determined in accordance with Section 3.05. ARTICLE FOUR – GENERAL 4.01 Non-Competition (a) None of the Shareholders will, without the prior written consent of the other Shareholders, at any time while a Shareholder of the Corporation and for a period of three years after ceasing to be a Shareholder of the Corporation, either individually or in partnership or jointly or in conjunction with any person as principal, agent, employee, shareholder (other than a holding of shares listed on a Canadian or United States stock exchange that does not exceed 5 per cent of the outstanding shares so listed) or in any other manner whatsoever carry on or be engaged in or be concerned with or interested in or advise, lend money to, guarantee the debts or obligations of or permit such Shareholder's name or any part thereof to be used or employed by any person engaged in or concerned with or interested in any business similar to or competitive with the business carried on by the Corporation within the Province of Saskatchewan or, if such Shareholder has ceased to be a Shareholder of the Corporation, any business similar to or competitive with the business carried on by the Corporation at the time such Shareholder ceased to be a Shareholder of the Corporation. [(a) None of the Shareholders will carry on any business similar to or competitive with the business carried on by the Corporation for a period of three years after ceasing to be a Shareholder of the Corporation without the prior written consent of the other Shareholders. "Carry on business" means: OR Corporate–P–6–12 — either individually or — in partnership or — jointly or Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI — in conjunction with any person as principal, agent, employee, shareholder (other than a holding of shares listed on a Canadian or United States stock exchange that does not exceed 5 per cent of the outstanding shares so listed) or — in any other manner whatsoever to — carry on or — be engaged in or — be concerned with or — interested in or — advise or — lend money to or — guarantee the debts or obligations of or — permit his/her name or part of his/her name to be used or employed by any person engaged in or — concerned with or — interested in any business similar to or competitive with the business carried on by the Corporation within the Provinceof Saskatchewan.] (b) 4.02 Each of the Shareholders confirms that all the restrictions in Section 4.01(a) are reasonable and valid and all defences to the strict enforcement of this non-competition section are waived by each Shareholder. Insurance (a) The Corporation shall, if reasonably obtainable, acquire and maintain insurance on the life of each of JS, AC and BT [or the Shareholders] in amounts reasonably satisfactory to fulfil the purchase obligations contained in this Section. (b) Additional insurance shall, if reasonably obtainable, be acquired by the Corporation on the life of each of JS, AC and BT [or the Shareholders] in such amounts as may be specified by notice to the Corporation by all of such Shareholders. (c) The Corporation shall maintain in good standing at all times the insurance policies on the lives of these [or the] Shareholders and shall not deal in any manner with these policies or in any way encumber these policies. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–13 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements (d) 4.03 2008 © SKLESI If upon the death of any Shareholder the Corporation receives the proceeds of any insurance held by the Corporation on the life of the deceased Shareholder and, under this Agreement, the other Shareholders are or have been required to purchase the Shares beneficially owned by the deceased Shareholder immediately prior to such Shareholder's death, the directors of the Corporation and the representatives of the deceased Shareholder shall agree upon a procedure whereby either the Corporation fulfils such obligation to purchase by using the proceeds of insurance or, the proceeds are distributed or otherwise dealt with so as to enable the surviving Shareholders to fulfil the obligation to purchase. Benefit of the Agreement This Agreement shall enure to the benefit of and be binding upon the respective heirs, executors, administrators, successors and assigns of the parties. 4.04 Entire Agreement This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and cancels and supersedes any prior understandings and agreements between the parties. There are no representations, warranties, terms, conditions, undertakings or collateral agreements, express, implied or statutory, between the parties other than expressly set forth in this Agreement. 4.05 Amendments and Waivers All amendments to this Agreement shall be valid or binding if they are in writing and executed by all the parties. Any waiver of any breach of any provision of this Agreement shall be effective or binding if it is in writing and signed by the party giving the waiver and, unless otherwise provided in the written waiver, shall be limited to the specific breach waived. 4.06 Assignment Except as may be expressly provided in this Agreement, none of the parties may assign their respective rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of all of the other parties. 4.07 Termination This Agreement shall terminate upon: (a) the written agreement of all of the Shareholders; Corporate–P–6–14 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI 4.08 (b) the dissolution or bankruptcy of the Corporation or the making by the Corporation of an assignment under the provisions of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act; or (c) one Shareholder becoming the beneficial owner of all of the Shares. Severability If any provision of this Agreement is found to be invalid or unenforceable in whole or in part, such invalidity or unenforceability shall attach only to such provision or part thereof and the remaining part of such provision and all other provisions of the Agreement shall continue in full force and effect. 4.09 Notices Any communication to be given in connection with this Agreement shall be in writing and may be by personal delivery or by registered mail addressed to the recipient as follows: TO JS: TO AC: TO BT: TO THE CORPORATION: or to any address or individual that one party may designate to the others. Any communication given by personal delivery shall be deemed to have been given on the day of actual delivery and, if given by registered mail, on the second Business Day following the deposit in the mail. If the party giving any communication knows or ought reasonably to know of any difficulties with the postal system which might affect the delivery of mail, any such communication shall not be mailed but shall be given by personal delivery. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–15 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 4.10 2008 © SKLESI Governing Law This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the Province of Saskatchewan and the applicable laws of Canada. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties have executed this Agreement. SIGNED, SEALED AND DELIVERED in the presence of: ______________________________ Witness ) ) _____________________________ JUSTIN SMITH _______________________________ ) Witness ) _____________________________ ANNE CLARKE _______________________________ ) Witness ) _____________________________ BRENT TAYLOR DIGITAL WIDGETS INC. Corporate–P–6–16 Per: ____________________________________ President c/s Per: ____________________________________ Secretary Saskatchewan CPLED Program 2008 © SKLESI Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements CHECKLIST FOR A UNANIMOUS SHAREHOLDERS AGREEMENT (“USA”) 1. PARTIES Should the corporation be a party - any positive obligations under the USA? Other possible parties: recipient of powers to manage; principals of shareholder holding companies. 2. RECITALS Identify corporation by name, date and jurisdiction of incorporation; Reasons behind inclusion of certain persons as parties; Purpose for which USA has been entered into; Shareholders to agree upon respective rights and obligations and rules governing management and conduct of corporation. 3. IMPLEMENTATION OF USA Agreement to vote to implement the USA and remove any director who does not comply with USA; Conflict provision – USA prevails over Articles and Bylaws. 4. FINANCING Shareholders' general intention as to source of funds; Obligation of shareholders to provide shareholder loans and terms and conditions relating thereto - interest, security, repayment; Obligation of shareholders to provide guarantees and on what basis - joint and several or several only; Mutual indemnification to ensure right of contribution if loss of shareholder is in excess of proportionate share; Subordination of shareholder loans; Policy relating to payment of dividends. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–17 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 5. 2008 © SKLESI DEFAULT Results of failure of shareholder to advance monies or provide guarantees; Right to acquire all or only a portion of defaulting shareholder's shares and/or shareholder loans; Release of defaulting shareholder's outstanding guarantee; Provide that contractual rights are additional to other rights at law or in equity. 6. DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS Fixed number of directors or not? Composition of Board - current directors and right of shareholders or groups of shareholders to nominate directors; Quorum requirement - tie to composition of Board; Proportion of votes required to decide matters before directors - vary numbers according to nature of issue? Desirability of casting vote provision? Manner of filling vacancies on Board; Remuneration of directors, officers and employees if power removed from directors; Method of removal of director; for officers and employees who are shareholders outline function, extent of time to be devoted to business, remuneration and other terms and conditions of employment; Whether limitations on powers of directors to borrow should be imposed; Description of offices and duties of officers - if not specified in Bylaws; Any special conflict of interest provisions contrary to Act. Corporate–P–6–18 Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI 7. SHAREHOLDERS Shareholders' meetings - if outside Saskatchewan, requires unanimous consent; Quorum for decision of shareholders - to be determined by number and/or shareholdings or any special class requirements; Casting vote provision - is it desirable? Telephone meeting - is this desired? 8. CONDUCT OF BUSINESS OF CORPORATION Unanimous consent of shareholders - under what circumstances: for example: (a) Changing the articles or bylaws of the corporation. (b) Changing the authorized or issued capital (shares) of the corporation. (c) Entering into any agreement or making any offer or granting any right capable of becoming an agreement to allot or issue any shares of the corporation. (d) Taking any action which may lead to or result in a material change in the nature of the business of the corporation. (e) Entering into any agreement other than in the ordinary course of the corporation's business. (f) Borrowing any money, giving any security on behalf of the corporation, or incurring any single expenditure in excess of $________ in any financial year of the corporation. (g) Taking any steps to wind up or terminate the corporate existence of the corporation. (h) Selling, leasing, exchanging or disposing of all or a substantial part of the property or assets of the corporation. (i) Making, directly or indirectly, loans or advances to, or giving security for or guaranteeing the debts of any person. (j) Declaring or paying any dividend. (k) Taking, holding, subscribing for or agreeing to purchase or acquire shares of another corporation. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–19 Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements 2008 © SKLESI (l) Entering into a partnership or arrangement for the sharing of profits, interest, joint venture or other type of reciprocal agreement with any person. (m) Amalgamating, merging, or consolidating with any other corporate body. (n) Signing authority on cheques. (o) Binding the corporation to contracts; Limitations on business carried on by corporation; Other matters requiring the approval of the shareholders by less than a unanimous vote; Any matter requiring prior notification to shareholders by directors or which must be referred by directors to shareholders for approval. 9. ALLOTMENT OF ADDITIONAL SHARES Issuance of further shares - unanimity of shareholders or not? All classes or certain ones only? Procedure for giving notice of proposed issue; Procedure for subscription by shareholders; Address over-subscription and under-subscription. 10. RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL Consider whether right of first refusal is desirable; Consider including shotgun buy/sell if shareholder finds third party willing to purchase all shares of corporation. 11. SHARES AND ADVANCES General prohibition on the transfer, assignment or pledge without unanimous consent of all shareholders except in accordance with USA; Define change of control of corporate shareholder, if desired; Right of shareholder to assign interest in outstanding shareholder loans/whether permitted. Corporate–P–6–20 Saskatchewan CPLED Program 2008 © SKLESI 12. Corporate Commercial Section 6 Shareholder Agreements TRANSFER BY OPERATION OF LAW Define "disposition" for purposes of this article (e.g., petitioning into bankruptcy, seizure of shares, judgment of incompetency); Outline method of determination of purchase price and related procedural matters option period, acceptance, closing, over-acceptance, under-acceptance. 13. BUY/SELL ON DEATH Consider present provisions of Income Tax Act - corporate owned life insurance or criss-cross insurance amongst shareholders - and without insurance; Consider whether individual shareholders or corporate shareholders - will affect structuring of buy/sell provisions; Consider whether corporate repurchase or criss-cross buy/sell is desirable and all related procedural matters - closing, purchase price, effect of delays in payment of purchase price, interest, repurchase rights. 14. GENERAL PROVISIONS Duration of agreement; Endorsement of share certificate; Arbitration provision; Mutual indemnification provision; Time of the essence; Non-waiver provision; Notice provision; Enurement provision; Execution in counterpart; Non-competition clause. Saskatchewan CPLED Program Corporate–P–6–21