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OCR Raspberry Pi
Getting Started Tutorials
January 2013
OCR Raspberry Pi Getting Started Tutorials
Contents
1 What is the Raspberry Pi?
3
2 Hardware
5
3 Ingredients
7
4 Preparing the Raspberry Pi
8
5 Connecting the Raspberry Pi
10
6 Raspberry Pi Desktop
13
7 Basic Networking
17
8 Internet Overview
19
9 Shutting Down
20
1
What is the Raspberry Pi?
The Raspberry Pi is a small computer about the size of a credit card and costs
approximately £25. It was developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation
with the hope of inspiring a generation of learners to be creative and to
discover how computers are programmed and how they function.
This small computer features amazing HD (high-definition) quality video
playback, sports high quality audio and has the ability to play 3D games. The
device uses the ARM processor which does most of the hard work in order to
run the Raspberry Pi.
ARM processors can be thought of as the brains of the device.
These processors are mainly used in small devices such as mobile phones, hand
held mobile gaming devices and other small digital devices. The reason for
this is that ARM processors are extremely efficient and fast when used in small
devices. This makes the ARM processor the obvious choice for the Raspberry Pi.
3
1
What is the Raspberry Pi?
Even though the Raspberry Pi is a computer it does not have a hard drive like
traditional computers, instead it relies on the SD card for the starting up and
storing of information. For the Raspberry Pi the SD card does the same job as a
hard drive does in a traditional computer.
The SD card must contain the operating system, programs and the data needed
to run the Raspberry Pi. The operating system tells the Raspberry Pi how to
function, how to handle any input from the user and how to manage programs
when they are running.
4
2
Hardware
Hardware is a physical device that can be touched or held, like a hard drive or
a mobile phone. Software can be thought of as a program or a collection of
programs that instruct a computer on what to do and how to do it. Below is an
image of the Raspberry Pi which describes some of the components that make
up the hardware.
RCA video output for
analogue television
GPIO headers
Audio output
2 x USB
ports
Micro USB
power port
ARM processor
HDMI port for
video output
5
Ethernet port
for a network
connection
2
Hardware
Micro USB power port
The micro USB power port is used to power the Raspberry Pi device.
HDMI port
The HDMI output is used to plug into a modern television or monitor.
Ethernet port
The Ethernet port is used to connect the Raspberry Pi to the internet or a local
network.
USB ports
USB 2.0 ports are used to plug in a keyboard, mouse, web cam, external hubs etc.
Audio output
The audio output can be used to plug into an external amplifier or an audio
docking station.
GPIO headers
The GPIO headers are used to connect the Raspberry Pi to other hardware
devices. For example, they can be used to connect to LEDs, motors and other
electronic components.
RCA video output
The video output is used to connect to an older type television.
ARM processor
The ARM processor can be thought of as the brains of the Raspberry Pi.
6
3
Ingredients
1 x SD Card - 4GB or above
1 x Monitor or TV with a HDMI cable
(or RCA cable if it is an analogue TV)
Note: Some monitors do
not have HDMI ports – in
this situation you will need
to have an adapter – you
can get a HDMI to DVI or a
HDMI to VGA.
1 x Mouse
1 x Keyboard
1 x Ethernet LAN cable
(optional - needed if you require a
network connection)
1 x Micro USB power supply
(many mobile phone chargers will
work but it must supply 5V and have
at least 700mA)
7
4
Preparing the Raspberry Pi
Before you can connect and power up the Raspberry Pi you will have to create a
working operating system. In order to install the operating system you will need
a blank SD card. It is recommended that the SD is at least 4 GB in size. You can
also use a larger SD card if you intend to store a lot of data. If you will be using a
pre-loaded SD card then you can skip over this tutorial.
Installing Raspberry Pi using Windows XP / Vista / 7 / 8
You can download an operating system from the official Raspberry Pi website
www.raspberrypi.org/downloads - the recommended operating system is
Raspbian “wheezy”.
If you are using Microsoft Windows you will need to save your downloaded
operating system image to a folder and extract the contents. This will create a
file that ends with a ‘xxxx.img’ file extension. The file name may vary depending
on which version is available at the time. The main point is that you have a file
ending in ‘img’.
In order to write this image (.img) file to the SD card you will need a program to
do this. Download the following program called ‘Win32 Disk Imager’ and extract
it. The download can be found by visiting www.raspberryshake.com/preparingraspberry-pi and clicking the ‘Download here’ link.
Warning! When you write the Raspberry Pi image to your SD
card you will lose all of the data that was on the card so make
sure you save anything you want to keep somewhere else!
8
4
Preparing the Raspberry Pi
When the program is opened it will be expecting the image file which is the
operating system image. It also requires a device to write to. You can ignore the
MD5 hash check box as we want to concentrate on making this installation as
easy as possible.
1. Browse to the operating
system image.
2. Select the drive
that matches the
SD card icon in
‘My Computer’.
Ignore this!
3. Click here to write to
the SD card.
Click on the blue folder icon and browse to the image file. Select your SD card
device letter by clicking on the device drop down. Check that you are writing to
the SD card device. If you have any doubt you can double click on My Computer
and see that the drive letter that has the SD icon next to it.
When you are sure that you have selected the correct image file and the correct
device to write to, click on the write button and wait for the progress bar to
reach 100%.
When this has completed, safely eject your SD card. Make sure your Raspberry
Pi is powered off and plug your SD card into it.
9
5
Connecting the Raspberry Pi
DO NOT plug in your power adapter until the final step. There is no on and off
switch on your Raspberry Pi and it can only be powered on by inserting the
power adapter.
Step 1
Pay attention to the gold connectors on the SD card. These gold connectors
must make contact with the gold connectors on the Raspberry Pi.
Step 2
Plug in your mouse and keyboard into the USB ports.
10
5
Step 3
If you want to connect your Raspberry Pi to the internet or a network you will
need to plug in the Ethernet cable.
Step 4
If you have a HDMI TV or monitor then you can plug in your HDMI cable into the
Raspberry Pi and plug the other end into your TV. If you have a composite video
connection on your TV then go to step 5. (If your TV/monitor does not have a
HDMI port you will need to use an adapter - this will either be a HDMI to DVI or
a HDMI to VGA.)
11
5
Step 5
Insert the composite video connection if you are using a TV that does not
support HDMI and plug it into your television.
Step 6
Insert your power cable into the Raspberry Pi power connector.
Your Raspberry Pi will now boot up. If you are using a TV make sure you have the
correct channel selected.
12
6
Raspberry Pi Desktop
When the Raspberry Pi powers up, your screen will display a spectrum of
colours. These colours are only displayed for a very short time and then the
screen will be filled with scrolling messages. The pre-loaded SD card image uses
the LXDE window manager for the desktop.
The desktop is used to make the user experience more intuitive by providing
visual buttons, menus, icons and windows. The desktop removes the complexity
of manually entering commands in a terminal. LXDE has been selected for the
Raspberry Pi because it is light weight, uses less processing power than most
window managers and does not require 3D acceleration to complete graphic
tasks. LXDE can be customised for your own desktop preferences. It also uses
very low memory making it ideal for the Raspberry Pi and other small low
powered devices.
13
6
Some features of the desktop are:
File manager
The file manager is used to manage files by providing an easy interface to
display, copy, delete and edit a file. It also provides a way of navigating through
the Raspberry Pi file system.
Menu
The menu provides a way of organising related programs and provides easy
access to applications.
14
6
Icons
Icons allow for a quick visual reference for accessing a program.
Window
A window is central to most desktops because it maintains user focus on the
program they are using. A window has a frame with a title bar, close, minimise
and maximise buttons and other elements which allow you to manipulate the
window in other ways.
15
6
The LXPanel/task bar
The LXPanel or task bar provides a user friendly desktop panel which manages
open programs and allows access to the application menu. It can be configured
to your personal preference using preferences.
16
7
Basic Networking
Computer networks are made up of a group of computers or devices. Each
computer requires a unique address in order to know where to send data to.
When a letter is sent in the post it will contain the name of the person, the
house number and the area they are located in. This is the same when data is
sent over the internet. An example of an address looks like this:
192.168.100.1
This type of internet addressing is called IPv4 and stands for Internet Protocol
version 4. The problem with IPv4 has become clear since more and more
devices are being connected to the internet. Each device that connects to the
internet needs an address and IPv4 has a limited amount of addresses available.
The answer to this was to create a new version called IPv6 which allows for more
devices to be connected. An example of IPv6 looks like this:
2001:0db8:85a3:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
A network consists of client computers and servers each having a unique
internet address. Clients will request information from the server and the server
returns this information. When you are visiting a web site your web browser is
the client and the web site host is the server. When a client asks the server for
this information it is called a client request.
17
7
Basic Networking
Servers listen for client requests using a port. A port is like a door waiting for
someone to knock on it. When it receives a request from a client the server will
respond with the information. Each port has a number which determines the
type of data to be sent. Some ports are reserved so that when a client sends
a request for information, it always uses the same port number. For example
when you enter an address into your Raspberry Pi’s web browser, it will connect
to port 80 which is reserved for delivering web pages. The browser takes care of
which port number to use so that you don’t have to concern yourself with this.
You can view the following file which lists your network interfaces:
/etc/network/interfaces
A snippet of the file looks like this:
iface eth0 inet dhcp
The word iface is referring to an interface and eth0 is referring to the Ethernet
port. Eth0 is the only Ethernet interface on the Raspberry Pi. The rest of the line
uses something called DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) a protocol
used to configure network devices. DHCP is used to automatically obtain a
unique IP address which allows your Raspberry Pi to be connected to a network.
18
8
Internet Overview
You can connect your Raspberry Pi to the internet by using a network cable
plugged into your school/home network - your Raspberry Pi will automatically
detect the settings. You can also use a Wi-Fi device to connect to a wireless
network. To connect your wireless network you will need a wireless SSID and the
password.
To browse the internet you can use a number of web browsers. The Midori web
browser can be used which is a light weight and low memory web browser. This
web browser is found in most Raspberry Pi distributions along with the Dillo
web browser. A number of other web browsers are available including Iceweasel
and NetSurf. Web browsers can be found in the Internet menu.
19
9
Shutting Down
Before you can power off the Raspberry Pi you will have to first shut it down
safely.
To shutdown the Raspberry Pi using the desktop simply left click the mouse
button on the red power icon at the bottom right hand corner of your desktop.
The next window will display a number of options including rebooting the
Raspberry Pi. Click on the shutdown button to shutdown the device.
When the Raspberry Pi has shutdown the screen will turn black. Wait at least 5
seconds before you power off the Raspberry Pi from the mains.
© OCR 2013 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a
Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England.
Registered office 1 Hills Road, Cambridge CB1 2EU.
Registered company number 3484466. OCR is an exempt charity.
www.ocr.org.uk
2793898245
20

e tion understanding ills

Transcription

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