National Medical Policy
Transcription
National Medical Policy
Posted: May 12, 2010 National Medical Policy Subject: Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty Policy Number: NMP488 Effective Date*: March 2005 Updated: January 2007, April 2008, May 2008, May 2010 This National Medical Policy is subject to the terms in the IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this document Current Policy Statement (Update May 2010 – A Medline search failed t reveal any studies that would cause Health Net, Inc. to change its current position) Health Net, Inc. considers septoplasty (submucous resection), and associated middle and inferior turbinate surgery with obstructive symptoms medically necessary to correct internal deformities of the nose when any of the following is met: 1. To correct a deviated septum that produces chronic nasal obstruction and results in significant medical disabilities from recurrent purulent sinusitis (more than 3 episodes per year), and both of the following: a. Must have radiologic evidence by CT scan of unremitting chronic or recurrent sinusitis (e.g., clouding of sinuses, opacification of a sinus, airfluid levels or mucosal thickening with significant narrowing or obstruction of the osteomeatal complexes); and b. Conservative therapy for a period of at least 3 months has failed to alleviate or prevent episodes of sinusitis, including any of the following: • • • 2. Appropriate antibiotics; and Nasal sprays, decongestants, antihistamines and/or topical intranasal steroids; and Specific documented attempts to discontinue nasal irritants, including smoking, occupational exposure, drugs, and inadequate humidification. Recurrent epistaxis related to a septal deformity (4 or more significant episodes per year) when conservative treatment measures have failed, such as avoidance of medications affecting coagulation, adding humidity to the environment, and cauterization; or Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 1 Posted: May 12, 2010 3. Nasal septum trauma/perforation (within the past 18 months) that resulted in new and significant functional abnormalities; or 4. Need for reconstruction after the removal of a benign or malignant tumor, or surgical removal of part of a structurally significant part of the nasal septum; or 5. When done in association with congenital malformations (e.g., cleft lip and/or palate or any craniofacial deformity associated with severe, documented functional impairment); or 6. Deviation is causing difficulty tolerating nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) used to treat documented obstructive sleep apnea, and is refractory to medical management; or 7. Treatment of atypical, unilateral facial pain (Sluder’s Syndrome) caused by septal contact points diagnosed by spray anesthesia of the nasal mucosa; or 8. Documentation that obstructed nasal breathing is due to septal deformity: a. Documentation of 75% obstruction, or b. Documentation of 50% obstruction with continued symptoms despite use of intranasal steroids for 6 weeks. Note: We consider laser-assisted septoplasty and radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction (RFVTR, Somnoplasty) of nasal turbinates (turbinate coblation) medically necessary as the turbinate mucosa can be measurably and reproducibly corrected using these tools instead of a knife. Contraindications to performing septoplasty include, but are not limited to: 1. Large septal perforation; 2. Cocaine abuse; 3. Wegener granulomatosis; 4. Malignant lymphomas or monoclonal T- or B-cell proliferations. We consider rhinoplasty not medically necessary because it is a cosmetic surgical procedure to shape the external contour of the nose (e.g., to correct the appearance of a bulbous tip, an obvious bump or hook, or flared nostrils, etc.) However, reconstructive rhinoplasty may be considered medically necessary to correct deformities for functional improvement in any of the following explicit situations: 1. Birth defects, e.g., congenital cleft lip and/or palate, and any other congenital craniofacial deformity, when associated with severe functional impairment 2. Significant, documented nasal trauma with distortion within the 3 months prior to surgery that significantly compromises the nasal airway and can only be corrected by combined septo-rhinoplasty as opposed to delayed open reduction of nasal and septal fracture, (CPT 21335). Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 2 Posted: May 12, 2010 3. Choanal atresia 4. Cancer 5. Septal infection with saddle deformity 6. When there is documentation that obstructed nasal breathing due to septal deformity is not amenable alone to septoplasty due to significant loss of structural integrity of the septum by external nasal traumatic deformity. 7. To correct chronic non-septal nasal airway obstruction from vestibular stenosis (collapsed internal valves and/or nasal bone distortion significantly compromising the nasal airways) due to trauma, disease, or congenital defect, when all of the following are met: • Nasal airway obstruction is causing significant symptoms (e.g., chronic rhinosinusitis, difficulty breathing); and • Photos demonstrate clinically significant external nasal deformity; and • There is an average 50% or greater obstruction of nares (e.g., 50% obstruction of both nares, or 75% obstruction of one nare and 25% obstruction of other nare, or 100% obstruction of one nare), documented by endoscopy and/or appropriate imaging modality when necessary; and • Obstructive symptoms persist despite conservative management for three months or greater, which includes, where appropriate, nasal steroids or immunotherapy; and • Airway obstruction will not respond to septoplasty and turbinectomy alone. Note: Documentation of these criteria should include: Results of nasal endoscopy, CT or other appropriate imaging modality documenting degree of nasal obstruction; and If there is an external nasal deformity, preoperative photographs showing the standard 4-way view - base of nose, frontal view and right and left lateral views; and Relevant history of accidental or surgical trauma, congenital defect, or disease (e.g., choanal atresia, nasal malignancy, abscess, septal infection with saddle deformity, or congenital deformity); and Documentation of duration and degree of symptoms related to nasal obstruction, such as chronic rhinosinusitis, mouth breathing, etc.; and Documentation of results of conservative management of symptoms Note: Rhinoplasty is considered not medically necessary either alone or as an integral part of a septoplasty when performed solely for the purposes of changing appearance or in the primary treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, either performed Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 3 Posted: May 12, 2010 alone or routinely as part of another procedure such as uvulopalatopharyngo-plasty (UPPP). Codes Related To This Policy ICD-9 Codes 090.5 470 473.0 - 473.9 478.0 478.1 738.0 748.0 748.1 749.0 - 749.04 749.20-749.25 754.0 780.57 784.7 802.0 802.1 CPT Codes 30400 30410 30420 30430 30435 30450 30460 30462 30465 30520 HCPCS Codes Other late congenital syphilis, symptomatic Deviated nasal septum (deflected nasal septum, acquired) Chronic sinusitis Hypertrophy of nasal turbinates Other diseases of nasal cavity and sinuses Acquired deformity of nose Choanal atresia Other congenital anomalies of nose Cleft palate Cleft palate with cleft lip Certain congenital musculoskeletal deformities: of skull, face, and jaw Unspecified sleep apnea Epistaxis Fracture of nasal bones, closed Fracture of nasal bones, open Rhinoplasty primary; lateral and alar cartilages and/or elevation of nasal tip Rhinoplasty, primary; complete, external parts including bony pyramid, lateral and alar cartilages, and/or elevation of nasal tip Rhinoplasty, primary; including major septal repair Rhinoplasty, secondary; minor revision (small amount of nasal tip work) Rhinoplasty, secondary intermediate revision (bony work with ostomies Rhinoplasty, secondary major revision (nasal tip work and osteotomies) Rhinoplasty for nasal deformity secondary to congenital cleft lip and/or palate including columellar lengthening; tip only Rhinoplasty for nasal deformity secondary to congenital cleft lip and/or palate including columellar lengthening; tip, septum, osteotomies Repair of nasal vestibular stenosis (e.g., spreader grafting, lateral nasal wall reconstruction) Septoplasty or submucous resection, with or without cartilage scoring, contouring or replacement with graft No specific codes Scientific Rationale – Update April 2008 Septoplasty (2000) The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAOHNS) states: “Septoplasty or submuccous resection, with or without cartilage scoring, contouring or replacement with graft is indicated, with nasal airway Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 4 Posted: May 12, 2010 obstruction or difficult nasal breathing causing any of the following: mouth breathing; snoring, sleep apnea, or recurrent sinus infections”. This is listed as one of the clinical indicators for septoplasty. Per the AAO-HNS the ‘Clinical Indicators for Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery’ are guidelines only. In no sense do they represent a standard of care. The applicability of an indicator for a procedure, and/or of the process or outcome criteria, must be determined by the responsible physician in light of all the circumstances presented by the individual patient. Adherence to these guidelines will not ensure successful treatment in every situation. A deviated septum may cause one or more of the following: • Blockage of one or both nostrils; or • Nasal congestion, sometimes one-sided; or • Frequent nosebleeds; or • Frequent sinus infections; or • At times, facial pain, headaches, postnasal drip; or • Noisy breathing during sleep (in infants and young children). (2007) Per the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI), septoplasty is performed to straighten a deviated nasal septum, a cause of substantial nasal obstruction. This procedure has a very high rate of success in improving the nasal airway if the nasal septal deviation is the major etiology of the nasal obstruction. Septoplasty may be considered medically necessary when there is documentation that obstructed nasal breathing due to septal deformity or deviation is causing difficulty tolerating nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and it is refractory to medical management. Septoplasty for obstructive sleep apnea may be considered medically necessary when the medical criteria for septoplasty are met. Sinusitis Sinusitis represents one of the most common disorders in which antibiotic treatment is given to the adult population, including cases of acute sinusitis, which is most often initially viral. The emergence of bacteria highly resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics has forced a modification regarding the treatment of upper respiratory infections. Antibiotics should not be prescribed unless a bacterial infection is certain. The patient should be educated about the rationale for this. Most cases of sinusitis would most likely resolve with or without medical treatment. Sinusitis is usually treated, however, to avoid potential complications and hasten recovery. The proximity of the paranasal sinuses to the orbits and brain potentially allows infection to spread to these locations. (2001) Per the American Academy of Pediatrics, clinical practice guidelines for the management of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children were published. Changes in the antibiotic susceptibility patterns for the common pathogens causing both acute and chronic rhinosinusitis warrant a re-evaluation and update. However, they note Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 5 Posted: May 12, 2010 that there are still insufficient data in the literature to develop evidence-based clinical guidelines. The Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline on the ‘Management of Sinusitis’ for the diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis in children notes that areas for future research include the following: Determine the optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy for children with acute bacterial sinusitis. Determine the causes and treatment of subacute and recurrent acute bacterial sinusitis. Determine the efficacy of prophylaxis with antimicrobials to prevent recurrent acute bacterial sinusitis. Performance of prospective, randomized, clinical trials, to determine an outcome of treatment with antibiotics and adjuvant therapies (mucolytics, antibiotics, decongestants, antihistamines, etc) in patients with acute bacterial sinusitis. Determine the role of complementary and alternative medicine strategies in patients with acute bacterial sinusitis by performing systematic, prospective, randomized clinical trials. Assess the effect of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the epidemiology of acute bacterial sinusitis. Develop new bacterial and viral vaccines to reduce the incidence of acute bacterial sinusitis. (2006) There is an ongoing ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00132275 to determine the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment of children diagnosed to have acute sinusitis on clinical grounds alone without the performance of sinus images and to evaluate the response to antibiotic therapy or placebo. The estimated study completion date was scheduled for September 2007, but this Clinical Trial has not been completed at this time. There are also a number of other similar ongoing clinical trials. Scientific Rationale - Initial Nasal obstruction is one of the most common problems bringing a patient into a physician's office, and septal deviation is a frequent structural etiology. There are many potential causes for nasal obstruction. Blockage may occur when the lining of the nose swells, or when there is a deformity of the cartilaginous or bony structures that make up the framework of the nose. The two major components of the nasal passages are the septum and the turbinates. The nasal septum is the part of the nose that divides the right nasal cavity from the left nasal cavity and generally lies directly in the center of the nose. In the inside of each nostril there are bony projections called turbinates. Turbinates increase the surface area of the inside of the nose aiding its air-filtering functions. There are three turbinates (inferior, middle, and superior) on each side of the nose. The turbinates are lined with the nasal mucous membranes which can shrink and swell dramatically to regulate nasal air resistance, humidify the air and collect airborne particles on its surface to clean the air. Septoplasty is an operation that corrects any defects or deviations of the nasal septum. Rhinoplasty is surgery to reshape the nose to one that the patient finds more desirable. When the septum is off-center or misaligned, septoplasty (submucosal resection) is sometimes required to straightened the septum in order to correct the breathing impairment that results from the misalignment. The nasal passages can also be obstructed by enlarged turbinates. Chronic nasal obstruction Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 6 Posted: May 12, 2010 may also be associated with inferior nasal turbinate hypertrophy and turbinectomy is often performed at the time of nasal septal surgery by many otolaryngologists. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and the American Academy of Otolaryngology, rhinoplasty that is performed as an integral part of a medically necessary septoplasty is performed to improve nasal respiratory function and revise structural deformities caused by birth defects (e.g., cleft nasal deformity, which may be associated with cleft lip and/or cleft palate, oromaxillary fistulas, absent nose development and nasal duplication) or acquired conditions (trauma, disease, ablative surgery). Telescoping tearing and dislocation of the septum is a frequent occurrence in closed nasal injuries. Dislocations most frequently occur at the junction between the quadrangular cartilage and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. Failure to address a malpositioned septum in nasal fracture reduction may lead to eventual nasal obstruction. The decision for septoplasty is not typically based solely on the degree of deviation alone. It is the accompanying functional impairment in the form of obstructed nasal breathing and any resulting conditions, such as sinusitis. Deviations in the septum can alter normal airflow, which may result in mucosal changes. This interference in airflow may cause middle or inferior turbinate abnormalities. Sinus drainage may also be compromised by deviation of the septum and can result in recurrent or chronic sinusitis. Generally, a case is considered refractory to medical management when there has been a sufficient period of treatment with antibiotics for infections, intranasal steroids and decongestants. There may be situations when, although a septal deformity may not be causing specific symptoms, its presence is preventing surgical access to other intranasal or paranasal areas, such as the sinuses or turbinates. Septoplasty may be medically indicated when it is being performed to allow surgical access to these areas so that a medically appropriate surgery may be successfully performed. Septoplasty may be performed as part of cleft repair/reconstructive surgery or for other craniofacial anomalies. Septoplasty may be necessary in order to allow adequate access to a posterior vessel that is causing recurrent epistaxis. Also, where a septal deformity is causing abnormal air turbulence, severe mucosal drying and crusting may develop which can lead to recurrent nosebleeds. A review of the literature does not support the efficacy of rhinoplasty/septoplasty surgery in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, either performed alone or routinely as part of another procedure such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP). The surgical procedures have not been tested by appropriate randomized controlled trial methods. The limited number of studies contains biases related to small sample size as well as limited follow-up and patient selection. There is no convincing evidence that these procedures reduce the severity of sleep apnea, although there are anecdotal reports that compliance with CPAP may be improved when this therapy continues to be required post-operatively. Septoplasty may be considered medically necessary when there is documentation that obstructed nasal breathing due to septal deformity or deviation is causing difficulty tolerating nasal CPAP and is refractory to medical management. Review History March 2005 January 2007 Medical Advisory Council Update. No policy revisions. Coding Updates. Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 7 Posted: May 12, 2010 April 2008 May 2008 August 2008 May 2010 Update. Revised policy to include documentation of obstructed nasal breathing due to septal deformity or deviation, difficulty tolerating nasal CPAP and refractory to medical management. Reformatted policy statement to include a & b under #1. Further describes degree of nasal obstruction under #8. CA reconstructive surgery law added to Disclaimer. Update. No revisions. Codes updated. Patient Education Websites English 1. American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery. Fact Sheet: Deviated Septum. Available at: http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/sinus/deviated-septum.cfm 2. American Rhinologic Society. Septoplasty and Turbinate Reduction. Available at: http://american-rhinologic.org/patientinfo.septoplasty.phtml Spanish 1. Un servicio de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de ee.uu. y los Institutos Nacionales de la Salud. Enciclopedia médica en español. Septoplastia - Serie: Anatomía normal. Acesso en: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/ency/esp_presentations/100038_1 .htm 2. Medline Plus. Cirugía de la nariz. Acesso en: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/ency/article/002983.htm This policy is based on the following evidence-based guidelines: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. 2007 Mar. 55 p. Available at: http://www.guidelines.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=10809&nbr=00563 4&string=septoplasty American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Parameters for the diagnosis and management of sinusitis. 1998 Dec. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. Research. NOSE Study Results, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bulletin, 2003 September: 42-43. Accessed at: http://www.entlink.net/research/index.cfm American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. Rhinoplasty. 1999 Clinical Indicators Compendium. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. Septoplasty. 1999 Clinical Indicators. Accessed at: http://www.entlink.net/practice/products/indicators/septoplasty.html American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). Policy Statements. Nasal Surgery. Position Paper of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. February 2000: 1-3. Accessed at: http://www.plasticsurgery.org/medical_professionals/publications American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. Nasal Deformity. Sep 1993 (Reviewed 1997): 6 pages. American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). Nasal Surgery. Position Paper of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Sep 1994: 4 pages. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Sinusitis. Pediatrics. Volume 108, Number 3. September 2001, pp 798-808. Available at: http://www.aap.org/policy/0106.html Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 8 Posted: May 12, 2010 References – Update May 2010 1. 2. 3. Hwang PH, Getz A. Acute sinusitis and rhinosinusitis in Adults. UpToDate. January 7, 2010. Available at: http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=pc_id/5943&selecte dTitle=48%7E150&source=search_result Chaaban M, Shah AR. Open Septoplasty: Indications and Treatment. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. Available at: http://www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/1949401873/jorg=journal&source=MI&sp=22209147&sid=982737945/N/700721/1.html?is sn=0030-6665 Bloom JD, Kaplan SE, Bleier BS, et al. Septoplasty Complications: Avoidance and Management. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America - Volume 42, Issue 3 (June 2009). References – Update April 2008 1. 2. Norman D, Clin Geriatr Med. 01-FEB-2008; 24(1): 151-65, ix. Eisenberg G, Perez C, Hernando M, et al. Nasosinusal endoscopic surgery as major out-patient surgery. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2008 Feb;59(2):57-61. 3. Kappe T, Papp J, Rozsasi A, et al. Nasal conditioning after endonasal surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.Am J Rhinol. 2008 Jan-Feb;22(1):89-94. 4. Getz AE, Hwang PH. Endoscopic septoplasty. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008 Feb;16(1):26-31. 5. Ozlugedik S, Nakiboglu G, Sert C, et al. Numerical study of the aerodynamic effects of septoplasty and partial lateral turbinectomy. Laryngoscope. 2008 Feb; 118(2): 330-4. 6. Williamson IG, Rumsby K, Benge S, et al. Antibiotics and Topical Nasal Steroid for Treatment of Acute Maxillary Sinusitis. A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2007;298(21):2487-2496. 7. Lindbaek M. Acute Sinusitis. To Treat or Not to Treat? JAMA. Vol. 298 No. 21, December 5, 2007. 298(21):2543-2544. 8. Rakel: Textbook of Family Medicine. 7th Edition. 2007 9. Current Allergy and Asthma Group. 1529-7322. 1534-6315. Issue Volume 6, Number 6 / November, 2006, DOI 10.1007/s11882-006-0029-0, Pages 508-512 10. Clinical Trials. Gov. A Service of the US National Institute of Health. Guidelines for Acute Sinusitis. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00132275?term=%22antibiotic+resistance %22&recr=open&rank=14&show_desc=Y#desc References – Initial 1. 2. 3. 4. Masdon JL, Magnuson JS, Youngblood G. The effects of upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea on nasal continuous positive airway pressure settings. Laryngoscope 2004 Feb;114(2):205-207. Van Cauwenberge P, Sys L, De Belder T, Watelet JB. Anatomy and physiology of the nose and the paranasal sinuses. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 2004 Feb;24(1):1-17. Witterick I, Kolenda J. Surgical management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 2004 Feb;24(1):119-134. Stewart MG, Smith TL, Weaver EM, et al. Outcomes after nasal septoplasty: results from the Nasal Obstruction Septoplasty Effectiveness (NOSE) study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Mar;130(3):283-90. Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 9 Posted: May 12, 2010 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Marshall AH, Johnston MN, Jones NS. Principles of septal correction. J Laryngol Otol. 2004 Feb;118(2):129-34. Rhee SC, Kim YK, Cha JH, Kang SR, Park HS. Septal fracture in simple nasal bone fracture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004 Jan;113(1):45-52. Chen W, Kushida CA. Nasal obstruction in sleep-disordered breathing. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 2003 Jun:36(3):437-460. Kim D, Toriumi DM. What’s new in otolaryngology: head and neck surgery. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2003 Jul;197(1):97-114. Muhammad IA, Nabil-ur Rahman. Complications of the surgery for deviated nasal septum. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 Oct;13(10):565-8. Sindwani R, Wright ED. Role of endoscopic septoplasty in the treatment of atypical facial pain. J Otolaryngol. 2003 Apr;32(2):77-80. Nowak C, Bourgin P, Portier F, et al. Nasal obstruction and compliance to nasal positive airway pressure. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac. 2003 Jun;120(3):161-6. Durr DG. Endoscopic septoplasty: technique and outcomes. J Otolaryngol. 2003 Feb;32(1):6-11. Rautio J, Vento S, Malmberg H. Rhinoplasty and nasal function in patients with cleft lips. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2002;36(5):268-72. Dinis PB, Haider H. Septoplasty: long-term evaluation of results. Am J Otolaryngol. 2002 Mar-Apr;23(2):85-90. Collet S, Bertrand B, Cornu S, Eloy P, Rombaux P. Is septal deviation a risk factor for chronic sinusitis? Review of literature. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg. 2001;55(4):299-304. Gonzalez R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Hickner JM, Hoffman JR, Sande MA. Principles of Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults: Background, Specific Aims, and Methods. Ann Intern Med 2001 Mar;134(6):479-86. Hickner JM, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Gonzales R, Hoffman JR, Sande MA. Principles of Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Rhinosinusitis in Adults: Background. Ann Intern Med 2001 Mar;134(6):498-505. Meyers S, Rohrer T, Grande D. Use of Dermal Grafts in Reconstructing Deep Nasal Defects and Shaping the Ala Nasi. Dermatol Surg 2001 Mar;27(3):300-5. Mulliken JB, Burvin R, Farkas LG. Repair of Bilateral Complete Cleft Lip: Intraoperative Nasolabial Anthropometry. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001 Feb;107(2):307-14. Park SS. Treatment of the internal nasal valve. Otolaryngological Clinics of North America 2001 Aug;34(4):805. Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Hickner JM. Principles of Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Sinusitis in Adults. Ann Intern Med 2001 Mar;134(6):495-7. Bateman N, Jones NS. Retrospective Review of Augmentation Rhinoplasties Using Autologous Cartilage Grafts. J Laryngol Otol 2000 Jul;114(7):514-8. Berger G, Hammel I, Berger R, Avraham s, Ophir D. Histopathology of the Inferior Turbinate with Compensatory Hypertrophy in Patients with Deviated Nasal Septum. Laryngoscope 2000 Dec;110(12):2100-5. Boenisch Mink A. Clinical and Histological Results of Septoplasty with a Resorbable Implant. Arch Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg 2000 Nov;126(11):1373-7. Fedok FG, Ferraro RE, Kingsley CP, Fornadley JA. Operative Times, Postanesthesia Recovery Times, and Complications during Sinonasal Surgery Using General Anesthesia and Local Anesthesia with Sedation. Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg 2000 Apr;122(4):560-6. Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 10 Posted: May 12, 2010 26. Foda HM, Bassyouni K. Rhinoplasty in Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity. J Laryngol Otol 2000 Mar;114(3):189-93. 27. Mamikoglu B, Houser S, Akbar I, Ng B, Corey JP. Acoustic Rhinometry and Computed Tomography Scans for the Diagnosis of Nasal Septal Deviation, with Clinical Correlation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000 Jul;123(1 Pt 1):61-8. 28. No authors listed. What’s a Deviated Nasal Septum? Does It Need to Be Corrected. Mayo Clin Health Lett 2000 Apr;18(4):8. 29. Siegel NS, Gliklich RE, Taghizadeh F, Chang Y: Outcomes of septoplasty. Otolaryngol 30. Head Neck Surg 2000 Feb; 122(2): 228-32 31. Hwang PH, McLaughlin RB, Lanza DC, Kennedy DW: Endoscopic septoplasty: indications, technique, and results. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999 May; 120(5): 678-82 32. Reber M, Rahm F, Monnier P: The role of acoustic rhinometry in the pre- and postoperative evaluation of surgery for nasal obstruction. Rhinology 1998 Dec; 36(4): 184-7. 33. Clement PA, Bluestone CD, Gordts F, Lusk RP, Otten FW, Goossens H, et al. Management of Rhinosinusitis in Children: Consensus Meeting, Brussels, Belgium, September 13, 1996. Archives of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg 1998 Jan;124(1):31-4. 34. Kaliner M. Medical Management of Sinusitis. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1998 Jul;316(1):21-8. 35. Orlandi RR, Kennedy DW. Surgical Management of Rhinosinusitis. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1998 Jul;316 (1):29-38. 36. Elahi MM, Frenkiel S, Fageeh N. Paraseptal Structural Changes and Chronic Sinus Disease in Relation to the Deviated Septum. The Journal of Otolaryngology 1997 Aug;26(4):236-40. 37. Kamami YV: Laser-assisted outpatient septoplasty results on 120 patients. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1997; 15(3): 123-9 38. Manoukian PD, Wyatt JR, Leopold DA, Bass EB: Recent trends in utilization of procedures in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Laryngoscope 1997 Apr; 107(4): 472-7 39. Yanagisawa E, Joe J: Endoscopic septoplasty. Ear Nose Throat J 1997 Sep; 76(9): 622-3. 40. Sher AE, Schechtman KB, Piccirillo JF. The efficacy of surgical modification of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 1996 Feb;19(2):156-157. 41. Giles WC, Gross CW, Abram AC, et al: Endoscopic septoplasty. Laryngoscope 1994 Dec; 104(12): 1507-9 42. Godley FA, Nemeroff RF, Josephson JS. Current trends in rhinoplasty and the nasal airway. Med Clin North Am. 1993;77(3):643-656. 43. Lund VJ. Office Evaluation of Nasal Obstruction. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 1992 Aug;25(4):803-15. 44. Series F, St Pierre S, Carrier G. Effects of surgical correction of nasal obstruction in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir. Dis.1992 Nov;146(5 Pt 1):1261-1265. 45. Huerter JV. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery and allergy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1992;25(1):231-238. 46. Clarke RW, Jones AS: Nasal airflow receptors: the relative importance of temperature and tactile stimulation. Clin Otolaryngol 1992 Oct; 17(5): 388-92 47. Samad I, Stevens HE, Maloney A: The efficacy of nasal septal surgery. J Otolaryngol 1992 Apr; 21(2): 88-91 Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 11 Posted: May 12, 2010 Important Notice General Purpose. Health Net's National Medical Policies (the "Policies") are developed to assist Health Net in administering plan benefits and determining whether a particular procedure, drug, service or supply is medically necessary. The Policies are based upon a review of the available clinical information including clinical outcome studies in the peer-reviewed published medical literature, regulatory status of the drug or device, evidence-based guidelines of governmental bodies, and evidence-based guidelines and positions of select national health professional organizations. Coverage determinations are made on a case-by-case basis and are subject to all of the terms, conditions, limitations, and exclusions of the member's contract, including medical necessity requirements. Health Net may use the Policies to determine whether under the facts and circumstances of a particular case, the proposed procedure, drug, service or supply is medically necessary. The conclusion that a procedure, drug, service or supply is medically necessary does not constitute coverage. The member's contract defines which procedure, drug, service or supply is covered, excluded, limited, or subject to dollar caps. The policy provides for clearly written, reasonable and current criteria that have been approved by Health Net’s National Medical Advisory Council (MAC). The clinical criteria and medical policies provide guidelines for determining the medical necessity criteria for specific procedures, equipment, and services. In order to be eligible, all services must be medically necessary and otherwise defined in the member's benefits contract as described this "Important Notice" disclaimer. In all cases, final benefit determinations are based on the applicable contract language. To the extent there are any conflicts between medical policy guidelines and applicable contract language, the contract language prevails. Medical policy is not intended to override the policy that defines the member’s benefits, nor is it intended to dictate to providers how to practice medicine. Policy Effective Date and Defined Terms. The date of posting is not the effective date of the Policy. The Policy is effective as of the date determined by Health Net. All policies are subject to applicable legal and regulatory mandates and requirements for prior notification. If there is a discrepancy between the policy effective date and legal mandates and regulatory requirements, the requirements of law and regulation shall govern. * In some states, new or revised policies require prior notice or posting on the website before a policy is deemed effective. For information regarding the effective dates of Policies, contact your provider representative. The Policies do not include definitions. All terms are defined by Health Net. For information regarding the definitions of terms used in the Policies, contact your provider representative. Policy Amendment without Notice. Health Net reserves the right to amend the Policies without notice to providers or Members. In some states, new or revised policies require prior notice or website posting before an amendment is deemed effective. No Medical Advice. The Policies do not constitute medical advice. Health Net does not provide or recommend treatment to members. Members should consult with their treating physician in connection with diagnosis and treatment decisions. No Authorization or Guarantee of Coverage. The Policies do not constitute authorization or guarantee of coverage of particular procedure, drug, service or supply. Members and providers should refer to the Member contract to determine if exclusions, limitations, and dollar caps apply to a particular procedure, drug, service or supply. Policy Limitation: Member’s Contract Controls Coverage Determinations. The determination of coverage for a particular procedure, drug, service or supply is not based upon the Policies, but rather is subject to the facts of the individual clinical case, terms and conditions of the member’s contract, and requirements of applicable laws and regulations. The contract language contains specific terms and conditions, including pre-existing conditions, limitations, exclusions, benefit maximums, eligibility, and other relevant terms and conditions of coverage. In the event the Member’s contract (also known as the benefit contract, coverage document, or evidence of coverage) conflicts with the Policies, the Member’s contract shall govern. Coverage decisions are the result of the terms and conditions of the Member’s benefit contract. The Policies do not replace or amend the Member’s contract. If there is a discrepancy between the Policies and the Member’s contract, the Member’s contract shall govern. Policy Limitation: Legal and Regulatory Mandates and Requirements. The determinations of coverage for a particular procedure, drug, service or supply is subject to applicable legal and regulatory mandates and requirements. If there is a discrepancy between the Policies and legal mandates and regulatory requirements, the requirements of law and regulation shall govern. Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 12 Posted: May 12, 2010 Reconstructive Surgery California Health and Safety Code 1367.63 requires health care service plans to cover reconstructive surgery. “Reconstructive surgery” means surgery performed to correct or repair abnormal structures of the body caused by congenital defects, developmental abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors, or disease to do either of the following: (1) To improve function or (2) To create a normal appearance, to the extent possible. Reconstructive surgery does not mean “cosmetic surgery," which is surgery performed to alter or reshape normal structures of the body in order to improve appearance. Requests for reconstructive surgery may be denied, if the proposed procedure offers only a minimal improvement in the appearance of the enrollee, in accordance with the standard of care as practiced by physicians specializing in reconstructive surgery. Policy Limitations: Medicare and Medicaid. Policies specifically developed to assist Health Net in administering Medicare or Medicaid plan benefits and determining coverage for a particular procedure, drug, service or supply for Medicare or Medicaid members shall not be construed to apply to any other Health Net plans and members. The Policies shall not be interpreted to limit the benefits afforded Medicare and Medicaid members by law and regulation. Septoplasty, Turbinoplasty and Rhinoplasty May 10 13