Respiratory Therapy Consult Service Handbook 2012
Transcription
Respiratory Therapy Consult Service Handbook 2012
Respiratory Therapy Consult Service Handbook 2012 1 Respiratory Therapy Consult Service Handbook 2012 Respiratory Therapy Consult Service A survey conducted at Cleveland Clinic in 1987 demonstrated that approximately 25% of Respiratory Therapy treatments were ordered inappropriately, that is, either there were no indications for therapy or the wrong therapy was selected. In an attempt to remedy this situation and improve patient care, the Respiratory Therapy Consult Service has been created to assist the physician with evaluating patients’ respiratory care needs, determining the indications for respiratory therapy, and selecting the appropriate modalities. This booklet is designed to inform you about the procedure for ordering a Respiratory Therapy Consult, the process (algorithms) used to determine specific therapies, and the evaluation process. If you have any questions regarding this service please feel free to ask any of the therapists or call Respiratory Therapy at 45797 and talk with a Supervisor or the Education Coordinator. Table of Contents Ordering a Respiratory Therapy Consult 1 Care Plan Process2 Patient Evaluation Form3 Predicted Minimal Vital Capacities 4 Indication Guidelines for Respiratory Therapy Modalities 5, 6 Standard Treatment Frequencies 7, 8 Care Plan Form9 Common Respiratory Therapy Medication Guidelines 10 Algorithms for Respiratory Therapy Treatment Modalities 11-20 ICU Algorithms Ventilator Management21 Ventilator Weaning22, 23 Noninvasive Positive Pressure Breathing (NIPPV) 25, 26 Home Oxygen Qualification 26, 27 New Evaluations A. B. C. A physician may write an order for a Respiratory Therapy Consult by: 1. Using the Computer Physician Order Entry (CPOE) system (indications for therapy should be included) Respiratory Therapy Consults are provided for all patients for whom respiratory therapy consult orders are written with the exceptions of: 1. Pediatric Patients 2. Patients admitted to the short stay unit, unless they are admitted to the hospital. When a physician writes an order for a Respiratory Therapy Consult: 1. An evaluation will be performed according to the Respiratory Therapy Consult Service (RTCS) standardized evaluation guidelines and a care plan documented. 2. Discussion between the physician and a Respiratory Therapist concerning the rationale for therapy is encouraged. 3. The RTCS care plan (which will include physician orders for specific medications) will be followed until the indications for therapy are resolved. 4. During the course of therapy, the physician will be notified if the patient’s clinical status worsens, or if an adverse event occurs. 5. Physician written medication orders will be followed for 24 hours and the patient reassessed. If therapy is not indicated at this time, the physician will be notified to discontinue treatment. 6. Short-term orders (orders <24 hour duration) for a single modality (e.g., oxygen, aerosol) will be followed without generating a Respiratory Therapy Consult Service (RTCS) evaluation. For questions: Please PAGE #23406 or call ext. 45797 1 Re-Evaluations A. B. Daily assessment will be made by the Therapist treating the patient and if changes are indicated, they will be presented during Consult Rounds with a Supervisor or a Clinical Specialist. If the changes are in accordance with the Consult Service guidelines/algorithms, they will be instituted at this time. Changes will be recorded in our management information system (MediServe) and will be available for review in the hospital EPIC system. Care Plan Process STEP I Perform patient evaluation using evaluation guidelines. Determine appropriate Triage number. STEP II Determine indications and related therapy using indication guideline sheet. STEP III Follow appropriate therapy flow sheet (algorithm): a.aerosol therapy b.hyperinflation c.bronchopulmonary hygiene d.oxygen therapy STEP IV Write care plan to include: a.therapy b.frequency c.indications 2 Respiratory Therapy Evaluation Name ____________________________ Med Record # ________________ Date _______________ Time _____________ Age __________ Height _________ Diagnosis ___________________________ CHART REVIEW Clinical Finding 0 1 2 Pulmonary Status (-) History (-) Smoking Smoking history <1 pk a day Smoking history 1 pk a day Surgical Status No surgery General surgery Lower abdominal Chest x-ray Clear Unavailable Lab Results Vital signs Infiltrates, atelectasis, or pleural effusion PaO2 3 Pulmomary impairment acute or chronic Thoracic or upper abdominal 4 Points Severe or chronic with exacerbation Thoracic with pulmonary disease Infiltrates in Infiltrate + more than atelectasis and/or one lobe pleural effusion Date PH PaCO2 HCO3 SaO2/FIO2 SaO2/FIO2 WBC Hb Platelet Ct. HR_____RR_____BP_____ Min. Pred. VC ______ Actual VC ______ TEMP (F) Peak Flow ______ PATIENT ASSESSMENT Points 0 1 2 3 4 Points Dyspnea on Use of accessory Severe S.O.B. Respiratory Increased exertion, irregular muscles, pro- accessory muscle Pattern RR 21-25 pattern RR longed expiration use 26-30 RR 31-35 RR >35 Alert, Lethargic, Confused, does Mental Status oriented, follows com- not follow comObtunded Comatose cooperative mands mands Decreased Decreased Crackles in the Wheezing and or Breath Sound Clear unilaterally bilaterally base rhonchi Strong, No spont. cough Strong, Weak, nonCough spontaneous, Weak, productive may require productive productive non-prod. suction Ambulatory w/ Temporarily Non Bed rest, able to Bed rest, unable Level of activity Ambulatory assistance ambulatory position self to position self Oxygen 1-3 Liters 4-6 Liters >50% required for No Oxygen 100% (25%-35%) (>35%-<50%) <100% Sp02≥ 92% Non-invasive Continuous Ventilation No ventilatory Nocturnal ventilation, mechanical Status assist CPAP/BiPAP High flow nasal ventilation cannula Regular pattern RR 12-20 Predicted Ideal Body Weight (kg) (males: 50 + (2.54 x inches >60) (females: 45 + (2.54 x inches >60) Multiply ideal body weight x 15 cc for minimal pred. VC Triage 1 >24 Triage 2 (20-24) Triage 3 (13-19) Triage 4 (7-12) Triage 5 (0-6) 3 TOTAL POINTS TRIAGE SCORE Predicted Minimum Vital Capacities HGT 4´9˝ 4´10˝ 4´11˝ 5´0˝ 5´1˝ 5´2˝ 5´3˝ 5´4˝ 5´5˝ 5´6˝ 5´7˝ 5´8˝ 5´9˝ 5´10˝ 5´11˝ 6´0˝ HGT 5´5˝ 5´6˝ 5´7˝ 5´8˝ 5´9˝ 5´10˝ 5´11˝ 6´0˝ 6´1˝ 6´2˝ 6´3˝ 6´4˝ 6´5˝ 6´6˝ 6´7˝ 6´8˝ Women IBW Kg 38 40.4 42.6 45 47.4 49.8 52.2 54.6 57 59.4 61.8 64.2 66.6 70 72.4 74.8 Men IBW 62 64.4 66.8 69.2 71.6 74 76.4 78.8 81.2 83.6 86 88.4 90.8 93.2 95.6 98 4 PRED L .570 .606 .639 .675 .711 .747 .783 .819 .855 .891 .927 .963 .999 1.05 1.08 1.12 PRED .930 .968 1.00 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.22 1.25 1.29 1.32 1.36 1.40 1.43 1.47 Indication Guidelines Indications A. Aerosol Therapy 1. bronchospasm (bronchodilator) 2. history of bronchospasm (beta agonist, anti-cholinergic, steroid) 3. home regimen 4. physician order 5. proteinaceous secretions (mucolytic) 6. inflammation, mucosal edema (steroid, vasoconstrictor) B. Bronchopulmonary Hygiene 1. productive cough 2. history of mucus producing disease 3. rhonchi on auscultation 4. patient is unable to deep breathe and cough spontaneously C. Hyperinflation Therapy 1. atelectasis 2. upper abdominal or thoracic surgery, or COPD & surgery 3. restrictive disease associated with quadriplegia and, or dysfunctional diaphragm D. Oxygen Therapy 1. PaO2 < 65 torr on room air 2. SpO2 < 92% on room air 3. clinical signs of hypoxemia* 4. chest pain with cardiac history 5. home O2 6. post-op care 7. O2 requirement > 6 lpm, patient unable to tolerate a mask — high flow nasal cannula indicated. *Increased respiratory rate, increased pulse rate, diaphoresis, confusion, cyanosis 5 E. Respiratory Monitoring 1. Pulse Oximetry a. O2 titration b. PRN treatment order c. unstable respiratory status 2. ABGs (SpO2 <92% on room air or 4 lpm O2 ) a. SpO2 < 92% RA b. SpO2 < 92% on > 4 lpm 3. Continuous pulse oximetery a. tracheal decannulation (continuous pulse oximetry for 12 hours) b. non-invasive ventilation (NPPV) c. ICU patients F. Suctioning 1. presence of copious secretions not cleared by cough 2. patient unable to cough 3. artificial airway G. CPAP 1. oxygen desaturation 2. atelectasis 3. obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) H. BiPAP 1. augment ventilation a. neuromuscular disease b. diaphragmatic paralysis c. central hypoventilation d. severe OSA I. Flolan (epoprostenol) 1. severe pulmonary hypertension 2. cardiac assist device surgery with ® ventricular dysfunction 3. severe hypoxemia (PaO2 /FiO2 <200 mmHg) NOTE: For acute symptoms of hypoxemia or bronchospasm associated with tachycardia, tachypnea, or decreased oxygen saturation, treat the patient with the appropriate oxygen device or a bronchodilator via a SVN first, before completing the entire evaluation process. Bronchodilators may be given q2-q4, ATC and PRN x 24 hours until symptoms subside. In such an acute situation, any immediate physician orders will be followed until a complete RTCS evaluation has been made. 6 Frequencies Guidelines A. Bronchopulmonary Hygiene 1. Q4 ATC Copious secretions, SOB, unable to sleep, suspect mucus plug 2. QID & PRN at night Moderate amounts of secretions 3. TID Small amounts of secretions + poor cough, history of secretions 4. Q shift WA Patient unable to deep breathe & cough spontaneously B. Hyperinflation Techniques** 1. Q4 WA & PRN Patients with severe atelectasis, + low PaO2 2. QID Patients at high risk for, or with persistent atelectasis 3. TID Patients at risk for developing atelectasis 4. Q shift, WA Prevention of atelectasis 5. Instruct, D/C Patients able to perform well on their own C. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 Pulse Oximetry *** 1. Continuous until Unstable patients, 1 stable then Q4 + continuous NPPV PRN in between 2. QID, + PRN in Low PaO2 with variances 2 between 3. PRN To titrate FiO2 3, 4, or 5 4. Daily x 2 days If, after titration, 4 or 5 SpO2 remains at least 92%, D/C pulse oximetry (Continued on page 8) 7 D. (Respiratory Monitoring) and E. (Suctioning) are performed PRN Note: *If patient requires more frequent aerosols, please contact supervisor or work leader. **IS and PEP must be performed by patient on their own Q 1 hr WA. ***Patients not on O2, with SpO2 > 92% should have pulse oximetry DC’d and restarted only when clinical signs indicate a need for O2. PRN orders (except for oximetry or suctioning) must always include a frequency - e.g. Aerosol Q4 WA and PRN Q4 8 CLEVELAND CLINIC DEPARTMENT OF PULMONARY DISEASE RESPIRATORY THERAPY CONSULT/EVALUATION Your patient has been evaluated by the Respiratory Therapy Consult Service. Based on the patient’s clinical indicators, the Care Plan designated below will be implemented. Date of Evaluation_____/_____/_____ Allergies____________________________________________ Time of Evaluation ____:____ Diagnosis(es)___________________________________________ CLINICAL INDICATIONS Aerosol Therapy Broncho/Pulm Hyperinflation Hygiene qatelectasis q bronchospasm qproductive cough qhistory of bronchospasm qrhonchi on auscultation qhome regimen qphysician order qhistory of mucous qproteinaceous prod. disease secretions qpatient unable q inflammation/ to deep breath mucosal and cough edemaedema spontaneously Oxygen Therapy qupper abdominal q SpO2 < 92% or thoracic or Pa02 <65 on room air torr surgery, or COPD & surgery qclinical signs of Respiratory Monitoring qO2 titration (pulse ox.) qContinuous pulse oximetry (nstable resp. status) Suctioning q presence of secretions q unable to cough effectively hypoxemia q artificial qrestrictive disease associated with qchest pain airway quadraplegia and, with cardiac qABGs (SpO2< or dysfunctional history 92%on room diaphragm air or 4 lpm O2) q home 02 q post op care Oximetry Sat / FiO2 ________________ Vital Capacity _____________________ CARE PLAN Aerosol TherapyFrequency q DPI q Neb q MDI q DPI q Neb q MDI q DPI q Neb q MDI Broncho/Pulmonary q pos. drainage Hygiene q percussion/vibration q coughing techniques Hyperinflation q incen. spiro. q PAP device Oxygen Therapy q FiO2 % _____ q liters / minute _____ q Device _______ Monitoring q pulse oximetry q ABGsq resp. mechanics Suctioning q nasal tracheal q tracheal Comments PRINT NAME: ______________________________________________________________________________________ SIGNATURE:____________________________________________________ BEEPER NO: _______________________ Care plan modifications, made in response to changes in the patients’ condition, are available for your review through the computerized order entry system. 158974 Rev. 7/04 9 Common Respiratory Therapy Medication Guidelines MED NAME Abelcet Advair Fluticasone/Salmeterol Aerobid Albuterol Amphotericin Atrovent Azmacort Colymycin Combivent Albuterol/Ipratropium Cromolyn Sodium Flovent Foradil Mucomyst Pentamidine Pulmicort Pulmozyme Qvar Racemic Epinephrine Ribavirin Serevent Spiriva (tiotropium) Symbicort Formoterol/Budesonide Tobramycin Ventavis Xopenex (see CCF pharmacy policy) DELIVERY FORM* SVN DPI (1 inhalation) MDI (2 puffs) MDI (2 puffs) SVN (unit dose) MDI (2 puffs) SVN SVN (unit dose) MDI (2 puffs) MDI (2 puffs) SVN DOSAGE 50 mg 100/50, 200/50, 500/50 mcg 115/21, 230/21, 450’21 mcg 250 mcg 2.5 mg, 5.0 mg 90 mcg 10 mg, 40 mg 0.5 mg 17 mcg 100 mcg 75 mg, 150 mg MDI SVN MDI DPI MDI DPI SVN SVN SVN DPI SVN MDI SVN SPAG DPI DPI (2 puffs) (unit dose) (2 puffs) (I inhalation) (2 puffs) (1 inhalation) 103/16 mcg 20 mg 800 mg 50, 100, 500 mcg 44,110,220 mcg 12 mcg 10%, 20% 300 mg 0.25, 0.5, mg 90, 180 mcg 2.5 mg 40, 80 mcg 0.5 cc of 2.25% solution 6 grams 50 mcg 18 mcg MDI SVN SVN SVN MDI (2 puffs) (unit dose) (1 inhalation) (2 puffs) (1 inhalation) (1 inhalation) (unit dose) (2 puffs) 80/4.5, 160/4.5 mcg 200, 300 mg 10, 20 mcg 0.63, 1.25 mg 45 mcg * Delivery Device SVN MDI DPI SPAG Small volume nebulizer Metered dose inhaler Dry powdered inhaler Small particle aerosol generator ** Frequency table (from least frequent on left to most frequent) PRN1 WA2 ATC3 1 As needed Daily Q shift Q shift 2 While awake BID Q 6 hrs Q 6 hrs 3 TID Q 4 hrs Q 4 hrs Around the clock 10 QID Q 2 hrs Q 2 hrs Aerosol Therapy* Indications: Current, or history of bronchospasm Inflammation, mucosal edema Proteinaceous secretions Type of Medication: Bronchodilator Steroid, vasoconstrictor Mucolytic Patient alert? No No Small volume nebulizer with mask Yes Yes Shallow breathing? Can patient take a deep breath? Yes PAP device** with mask VC > minimal predicted? No PAP device** with mouthpiece Yes MDI criterial met? No *Physician must be notified prior to discontinuing medications. Small volume nebulizer with mouthpiece • Bronchodilators – If the patient lacks a prior history of lung disease, is not using bronchodilators at home, and has no wheezing when receiving the bronchodilator less often that q 4 hours, the bronchodilator may be discontinued. • Acetylcysteine – If secretions have lessened to the point that the patient is able to clear them with a cough, the mucolytic may be discontinued. • Anti-inflammatory Medications – If the patient lacks any prior history of lung disease, is not using and inhaled anti-inflammatory medication at home, and lacks wheezing by examination or by history for at least 24 hours, the anti-inflammatory medication may be discontinued. (Discontinuation requires a physician order.) Yes MDI with a spacer **Appropriate PAP devices: • PEP (i.e. Thera-PEP) • Measured PEP (i.e. EZ-PAP) • Oscillatory device (i.e. Acapella) • Intermittent CPAP 11 Bland Aerosol (Thick Secretions) No VC > minimal predicted? Shallow breathing? No Continuous by mask, PRN suction Yes Patient alert? Yes No Continuous by mask with PAP device treatments, PRN suction Oscillatory PAP device before bph **Appropriate PAP devices: • PEP (i.e. Thera-PEP) • Measured PEP (i.e. EZ-PAP) • Oscillatory device (i.e. Acapella) • Intermittent CPAP 12 Yes 20 minutes by mask before bph Suggestions for Asthma Medications No Is patient on therapy at home? Yes Follow home regimen Is the patient admitted for asthma exacerbation? Is patient symptomatic?** No Continue inhaled steroid if patient uses it at home Yes Albuterol PRN QID Does patient require treatments > QID? Does patient demonstrate proper MDI technique? Reinstruct or change SVN Albuterol* 4 puffs QID - Q4 No No therapy needed No Yes Yes No Add: steroid Yes Continue MDI therapy Continue therapy x 24 hrs. then reassess*** Is patient still symptomatic**? Yes No Notify physician Continue therapy All medications require a physician order for the drug, dose and frequency * Albuterol may be given up to every 1-2 hours if needed. If the patient is unable to use an MDI effectively, use a small volume nebulizer. ** Symptomatic = wheezing, SOB, cough, exercise intolerance, RR > 21. *** If wheezing subsides and respiratory rate is < 21, decrease Albuterol to 2 puffs QID. 13 Guidelines for Priming Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs) Proventil HFA (albuterol) ProAir HFA (albuterol) Ventolin HFA (albuterol) Atrovent HFA (ipratropium) Flovent HFA (fluticasone) Advair HFA (fluticasone/salmeterol) Xopenex HFA (levalbuterol) Symbicort (formoterol/budesonide) Qvar HFA (beclomethasone) Combivent (ipratropium/albuterol) Azmacort (triamcinolone) Maxair (pirbuterol) Alvesco (ciclesonide) Aerospan HFA (flunisolide) # OF SPRAYS WHEN TO REPRIME TO PRIME 4 after 2 wks of no use 3 after 2 wks of no use 4 2 4 4 4 2 after 2 wks of no use, or if dropped after 3 days of no use after 7 days of no use, or if dropped after 4 wks of no use, if dropped only 2 sprays to reprime after 3 days of no use after 7 days of no use, or if dropped 2 3 after 7 days of no use after 24 hrs of no use 2 2 3 2 after after after after 14 3 days of no use 48 hrs of no use 10 days of no use 2 wks of no use RECOMMENDED INSTRUCTIONS FOR DRY POWDERED INHALER USE Pulmicort Flexhaler – (budesonide) Must be primed before 1st use. To prime, twist the brown grip in one direction & fully back in the opposite direction. Repeat once more. When loading a dose, flexhaler must be in the upright position (mouthpiece up). Spiriva – (tiotropium) Do not press green piercing button more than once. Pierce with mouthpiece pointing up. Breathe in medication with the handihaler in the horizontal position. Asmanex – (mometasone) No need to prime it. Hold inhaler in the upright (pink on bottom) position, twist cap off in counterclockwise direction. Inhale medication with inhaler in the horizontal position. Cap must be replaced to load the next dose. Cap will not come off if medication is gone. Advair (fluticasone/salmeterol), Flovent (fluticasone), Serevent (salmeterol) (Diskus) – Place Diskus in horizontal position. Slide lever away until it clicks. Inhale the medication with the Diskus in the horizontal position. Tilting the Diskus will cause the medication to fall out. (the patient will not get any medication) Foradil – (formoterol) Hold Aerolizer in the upright position. Push both buttons at the same time and only once. With the buttons facing left and right and the aerolizer in the horizontal position, inhale medication. 15 Bronchopulmonary Hygiene (bph) Productive Cough No Yes Copious secretions? (> 30 cc per day) Strong cough? Strong cough? No Yes Percussion, vibration, suction PRN** No instruct deep breathing and cough Yes Postural drainage, percussion, vibration*, suction PRN** bhp will be discontinued when secretions are no longer present (for 2 consecutive scheduled treatments) or when secretions and/or rhonchi can be cleared with cough. Do rhonchi persist after patient coughs? No Yes Instruct deep breathing and cough Percussion, vibration*, deep breath and cough Non-Productive Cough Rhonchi? No History of mucus producing disease? No Yes Yes Is patient able to deep breathe and cough spontaneously? No additional therapy needed No Yes No Effective cough and rhonchi clear with cough? Percussion, vibration*, suction PRN** Strong cough? No Percussion, vibration*, and suction** x24 hrs; then reassess Percussion, vibration*, deep breath and cough suction PRN** Yes Instruct deep breathing and cough Yes Instruct deep breathing and cough * Oscillatory device ** Do not perform nasotracheal suctioning on a patient with a platelet count < 50,000 or neutropenia. 16 Lung Expansion Therapy Indications: 1.Atelectasis 2.Upper abdominal or thoracic surgery, or COPD and surgery 3.Restrictive disease associated with quadriplegia or dysfunctional diaphragmn No No Emerging from anesthesia or sedation? BS clear and RR ≤28 and RA Sp02 ≥92% ALERT PATIENT? No Yes Defer eval to next shift Yes Yes Can patient perform a VC maneuver? BS clear & RR < 28 & RA Sp02 ≥92% Yes Is VC > minimal predicted? No Yes No No Yes Yes Defer PAP therapy; reassess in 24 hrs. Persistant atelectasis? No CPAP or appropriate PAP device* Appropriate PAP device* Defer PAP therapy; reassess in 24 hr. Incentive spirometry, therapist follow-up *Appropriate PAP devices: • PEP (i.e. Thera-PEP) • Measured PEP (i.e. EZ-PAP) • Oscillatory device (i.e. Acapella) • Intermittent CPAP Hyperinflation therapy will be discontinued when atelectasis has been resolved as evidences by chest x-ray, and/or when the patient’s SpO2 and respiratory rate return to normal (SpO2 ≥92% on room air) or baseline values for 2 consecutive treatments and breath sounds are clear. 17 Oxygen Therapy Indications: • Pa02 < 65 on RA • Sp02 < 92% on RA • Clinical signs* ABG available? Yes No Yes Pa02 < 65 mmHg on room air? Chest pain and cardiac history? Yes No Use 02 device appropriate for degree of distress Continue current 02 3 Pa02 < 92% on room air 02 > 4 Lpm2, (no ABG available)? Yes No Check Sp02, use appropriate 02 device Does Sp02 correlate with ABG sat?1 No Yes Repeat ABG after instituting 02 therapy Check Sp02 after instituting 02 therapy Check ABG,** then use appropriate 02 device Does Sp02 correlate with ABG sat?1 No Repeat ABG after instituting 02 therapy Clinical signs* of hypoxemia? No Yes Yes Repeat Sp02 after instituting 02 therapy No * SOB, tachycardia, diaphoresis, confusion, chest pain, cardiac Hx. ** If patient’s platelet count is <50,000 notify the physician before the ABG draw. *** See RT 02 procedure #704 1. 2. 3. Positive correlation exists if Sa02 & Sp02 demonstrate ± 3% agreement within the 90% to 100% range. If either Sp02 or Sa02 is less than 90%, titrate therapy using Sa02. (May use Sp02 if Sa02 = Sp02). Patients on less than 4 Lpm, 02, increase 02 as needed to achieve a Sp02 ≥ 92% (max. 4Lpm). If patient requires > 4 Lpm, go to Yes in this portion of algorithm and check on ABG. Or no 02 if saturation is adequate on room air. Note: Patient’s that require greater than 6 Lpm O2 on a nasal cannula and cannot tolerate a mask, will be put on a high flow nasal cannula 18 Continue current 02 3 Use 02 device appropriate for degree of distress, then check ABG*** Does Sp02 correlate with ABG sat?1 Yes Check Sp02 after instituting 02 therapy Titrating Oxygen Therapy for Discontinuation Does patient have clinical signs of hypoxemia? 1 Yes No Delay O2 titration, see O2 algorithm No Is patient’s SpO2 or SaO2 ≥ 92%? 2 Yes Is SpO2 < 92% Yes No O2 to achieve an SpO2 ≥ 92%. Re-check 3 Continue present O2 therapy O2 to maintain SpO2 ≥ 92%. Recheck 3 Does patient require O2 to maintain SpO2 ≥ 92% Yes Check SpO2 on next shift (while awake) 1. 2. 3. SOB, tachycardia, diaphoresis, confusion. SpO2, criteria may be modified with documented evidence of pre-exsisting chronic hypoxemia. Appropriate time lapse for recheck: 10 minutes for patients without pulmonary history 20 minutes for patients with a pulmonary history No Re-start O2 Maintain SpO2 ≥ 92% Re-check 3 Note: O2 concentration should not be decreased more than once per shift. 19 No Is SpO2 > 92% on room air? No Re-check on next shift (while awake) Is SpO2 ≥ 92% on room air? Yes D/C O2 Yes D/C Arterial Blood Gas Monitoring Standard ABG Criteria • • • • • • • • • • • • New admission with no prior baseline data* Initiation of HFO or APRV Initiation of nitric oxide (obtain ABG Q 6hr during treatment) Sepsis management (obtain 2 ABG samples Q 4hr for lactate) pH <7.28 or >7.50 Cyanaosis Unexpected dysrhythmias Unexpected change in mental status Unexpected respiratory rate <8 or >32 for >5 min, or paradoxical breathing Acute change in breath sounds Acute onset of hemodynamic instability Non-intubated patient with nasal cannula O2 > 4 L/min or mask >35% Evaluate patient Standard ABG criteria met Yes No Mechanical ventilation Yes No Monitor Sp02 Yes Reliable Sp02 data available Minute ventilation setting change Yes No * All ReSCU patients require an ABG on admission 20 Draw ABG sample 21 1. Considerations for Ventilatory Assistance • Tachypnea/bradypnea • Increasing oxygen need • Increasing PaCO2 • Altered mental status Initial Assessment 2. Considerations for Non invasive Ventilation • COPD with initial respiratory failure • Congestive heart failure 3. Criteria to Pass Wean Screen • Reversal of underlying causes • Presence of spontaneous breaths • PaO2 > 60 torr or SaO2 > 90% on FiO2 ≤ 40% • pH > 7.30 • PEEP ≤ 8 cm H2O • RR < 35 bpm • Not in shock requiring high dose vasopressons All criteria must be met to pass Yes Extubate Notify fellow Yes 6 Pass Extubation Screen? No Consider tracheostomy 6. Criteria for Extubation • Suctioning less frequently than Q2 hourly • Adequate cough • Follows commands (eg 5. Criteria to pass SBT “close eyes”) • RR < 40 bpm for > 50 minutes All criteria must be met • Systolic BP > 90 torr to pass Both criteria must be met to pass 5 Pass SBT? No Consider gradual wean 4. Conditions for SBT • PEEP ≈ 5 cm H2O • Pressure support ≈ 5 cm H2O • Trial to last 60 minutes 4 Perform SBT Perform daily wean screen 3 Pass Wean Screen? Consider noninvasive ventilation Select mode of ventilation Reassess as needed Yes Yes 2 Intubate? Trached? No Yes No Reassess Q 24 hours No 1 Need to Ventilate? Ventilator Management Algorithm NIPPV (BiPAP) Therapy Assessment and Management Indications: • Thoracic cage deformities • Neuromuscular disease • Idiopathic hypoventilation • Respiratory distress • Hypercapnic COPD • Obstructive sleep apnea • Obesity hypoventilation Exclusion Criteria: • Respiratory arrest • Cardiorespiratory instability • Uncooperative patient • Recent facial, esophageal, or gastric surgery • High aspiration risk • Inability to protect airway • Fixed anatomic abnormalities of the nasopharynx • Copious secretions Assessment: 1. Cause of respiratory distress 2. Hemodynamically stable (systolic >90 mmHg) 3. pH ≥ 7.28 4. Assess level of consciousness 5. Protect airway 6. Secretions Critical Factors for Success of NIPPV: 1. Cooperative patient 2. Hemodynamically stable 3. Ability to protect the airway 4. No excessive secretions Advantages of NIPPV: 1. Patient comfort 2. Airway defense maintained 3. Ability to eat and speak 4. Endotracheal intubation complications avoided 5. Lower risk of nosocomial pneumonia Disadvantages of NIPPV: 1. Need cooperative patient 2. Inability to suction airway 3. Facial trauma 4. Gastric distention 22 NIPPV (BiPAP) Therapy Management See NIPPV (BiPAP) Therapy Assessment and Management algorithm NIPPV indicated Initial settings: Mode: Spont/Timed IPAP: 10-15cm H20 EPAP: 5-7cm H20 FiO2 to achieve SaO2 ≥ 92% Increase O2 appropriate for degree of distress Clinical signs of hypoxia? Re-evaluate ABGs in 1-2 hours. No Is PaO2 > 60 torr or SaO2 > 82%? Yes Yes Recheck Yes Does patient SaO2 in require O2 to 4 hours maintain SaO2 ≥ 92%? No Is SaO2 ≥ 92% on room air? Yes D/C O2 Is PaCO2 and pH When NIPPV as Yes improving? appropriate. Decrease O2 to maintain SaO2 ≥ 92% Consult physician immediately. Is pH > 7.28? Consider transfer to ICU No Yes ASAP. No Is an uncompensated or partially compensated respiratory acidosis present? Yes Increase settings to deliver more minute ventilation. Increase IPAP or increase mandatory respiratory rate. 23 Yes Consider other therapy. General Weaning Protocol *Weaning Start Criteria: • Presence of spontaneous breathing • FiO2 ≤ 0.40 • pH > 7.30 • PEEP ≤ 8 cmH2O • Respiratory rate ≤ 35/min • Hemodynamically stable Presence of all criteria required to pass Assess patient Weaning Stop Criteria: • SaO2 < 90% • PaCO2 increase > 8 mmHg • pH < 7.30 • Respiratory rate > 35 breaths/min • Heart rate > 120 beats/min • Systolic blood pressure < 90 or > 160 mmHg Weaning criteria met* Reassess 4-6 hours Yes Use Pressure Support Algorithm SmartCare available No Yes Start SmartCare mode Set Night Reset option to activate between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. Set Automatic Tube Compensation 100% -set apnea delay to 60 seconds Decrease PEEP to 5 cmH2O Decrease FiO2 by 0.10 No Reassess in 24 hours Yes Yes FiO2 > 0.30 Reassess Q 2 hours No PEEP > 5 cmH2O Any weaning stop criteria met Yes Stop weaning, Start CMV+AutoFlow or VC+A/C No *Trach Collar Procedure: • Reassess Q 2 hours • Stop if RR > 35/min or dyspneic • If stopped, rest on PS 15 cmH2O • Try trach collar again 4-6 hours First day: continue 8 hours as tolerated Second day: continue 16 hours Third day: continue 24 hours with end tidal PCO2 check Q 4 hrs Rest on full support when not on trach collar No 24 vent message: Consider Separation Yes Stop ventilation Start trach collar* Pressure Support Weaning Protocol for ReSCU *Weaning Start Criteria: • Presence of spontaneous breathing • FiO2 ≤ 0.40 • pH > 7.30 • PEEP ≤ 8 cmH2O • Respiratory rate ≤ 35/min • Hemodynamically stable Presence of all criteria required to pass Assess patient Weaning Stop Criteria: • SaO2 < 90% • PaCO2 increase > 8 mmHg • pH < 7.30 • Respiratory rate > 35 breaths/min • Heart rate > 120 beats/min • Systolic blood pressure < 90 or > 160 mmHg Weaning criteria met* Reassess 4-6 hours No Yes Start Pressure Support mode Set Automatic Tube Compensation to 100% Set Inspiratory Pressure to keep: -respiratory rate 15-30 breaths/min -tidal volume > 300 mL -PetCO2 < 55 mmHg Set Apnea Ventilation parameters -set apnea delay to 60 seconds rapid/shallow breathing pattern Increase PS by 3 cmH2O Yes f/VT > 105* Decrease PS by 3 cmH2O No Decrease PEEP to 5 cmH2O Decrease FiO2 by 0.10 No Reassess in 24 hours Yes Yes FiO2 > 0.30 Reassess Q 2 hours No PEEP > 5 cmH2O Any weaning stop criteria met Yes Stop weaning, Start CMV+AutoFlow or VC+A/C No *Trach Collar Procedure: • Reassess Q 2 hours • Stop if RR > 35/min or dyspneic • If stopped, rest on PS 15 cmH2O • Try trach collar again 4-6 hours First day: continue 8 hours as tolerated Second day: continue 16 hours Third day: continue 24 hours with end tidal PCO2 check Q 4 hrs Rest on full support when not on trach collar No 25 PS = 5 cmH20 for > 1 hr Yes Stop ventilation Start trach collar* Home O2 Qualification I. Qualifying Conditions A. Chronic Cardio – Pulmonary Diagnosis 1. Example: COPD/ Asthma/ Lung Cancer/IPF/CHF/ Pulmonary hypertension B. Hypoxemia as defined by: 1. ABG results: PaO2 < 56 torr, and/or, SaO2 <89% on room air. 2. Pulse oximetry results: SpO2 <89% on room air. II. Medicare/Private Insurance Carrier A. Home O2 qualification 1. SpO2, at rest, of <89% a. always check more than one site b. check a manual pulse c. document on desaturation study form 2. ABG at rest with PaO2 of <56 torr and /or SaO2 of <89% on room air a. SpO2 may be used to determine O2 requirements 3. Either ABG or Pulse oximetry results may be used for qualification a. qualifying studies must be done within 48 hours of discharge home b. patients going to another facility after leaving the hospital must be qualified for home oxygen at that facility before discharge home. B. Determining needed O2 requirement 1. Determine lowest O2 level that will maintain an SpO2 of ≥ 92% (not to exceed 94%) at rest. 2. Ambulate patient on resting O2 requirement for six minutes or as tolerated. a. SpO2 on exertion should be > 90% b. document the SpO2, the required liter flow and the distance traveled before desaturation. c. also document the resting SpO2 on the liter flow required to maintain an SpO2 of > 90% on exertion 26 C. Exertional Home O2 1. Patients with a chronic pulmonary diagnosis whose resting SpO2 is >88% but desaturate to < 89% with exertion 2. A desaturation study is required a. ambulate patient at a normal pace for six minutes or as tolerated 3. Determine lowest O2 level required to maintain an SpO2 of >88% to <93% with exertion a. document exertional SpO2 and liter flow required b. document a resting liter flow on the exertional liter flow III. Medicaid (Ohio Department of Welfare) Patients A. Follow Medicare guidelines IV. Documentation for all patients A. Fill out Desaturation Study Form a. white copy goes in patient’s chart b. yellow copy goes to the department c. document all patient education on this form B. Follow Respiratory Therapy Section documentation procedure 27 NOTES 28 NOTES 29 NOTES 30 © The Cleveland Clinic Foundation 1992-2012 All rights reserved. PWO 3027 Rev. 1/12