10 The theorem of Pythagoras Opening problem

Transcription

10
The theorem of
Pythagoras
Contents:
A
B
C
Pythagoras’ theorem
Problem solving
Circle problems
[4.6]
[4.6]
[4.6, 4.7]
Opening problem
Water flows through a pipe of radius 35 cm. The water
has a maximum depth of 20 cm. What is the widest
object that can float down the pipe?
Right angles (90± angles) are used when constructing
buildings and dividing areas of land into rectangular
regions.
The ancient Egyptians used a rope with 12 equally
spaced knots to form a triangle with sides in the ratio
3 : 4 : 5.
This triangle has a right angle between the sides of
length 3 and 4 units.
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In fact, this is the simplest right angled triangle with
sides of integer length.
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The theorem of Pythagoras
(Chapter 10)
The Egyptians used this procedure to construct their right angles:
corner
take hold of knots at arrows
A
line of one side
of building
make rope taut
PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM
[4.6]
A right angled triangle is a triangle which has a right angle
as one of its angles.
e
nus
ote
hyp
The side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse
and is the longest side of the triangle.
The other two sides are called the legs of the triangle.
legs
Around 500 BC, the Greek mathematician Pythagoras
described a rule which connects the lengths of the sides
of all right angled triangles. It is thought that he discovered
the rule while studying tessellations of tiles on floors. Such
patterns, like the one illustrated, were common on interior
walls and floors in ancient Greece.
PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM
c
In a right angled triangle with
hypotenuse c and legs a and b,
c2 = a2 + b2 .
a
b
By looking at the
tile pattern above,
can you see how
Pythagoras may
have discovered
the rule?
In geometric form, Pythagoras’ theorem is:
In any right angled triangle, the area of the
square on the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the areas of the squares on the other
two sides.
c2
c
a
c
a a2
GEOMETRY
PACKAGE
b
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b2
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There are over 370 different proofs of Pythagoras’ theorem. Here is one of them:
a
On a square we draw 4 identical (congruent) right angled triangles,
as illustrated. A smaller square is formed in the centre.
Suppose the legs are of length a and b and the hypotenuse has
length c.
b
c
c
The total area of the large square
= 4 £ area of one triangle + area of smaller square
) (a + b)2 = 4( 12 ab) + c2
b
c
a
c
) a2 + 2ab + b2 = 2ab + c2
) a2 + b2 = c2
b
a
b
Example 1
a
Self Tutor
Find the length of the hypotenuse in:
x cm
2 cm
If x2 = k, then
p
x = § k, but
p
we reject ¡ k
as lengths must
be positive.
3 cm
The hypotenuse is opposite the right angle and has length x cm.
) x2 = 32 + 22
) x2 = 9 + 4
) x2 = 13
p
) x = 13
fas x > 0g
) the hypotenuse is about 3:61 cm long.
Example 2
Self Tutor
Find the length of the third side of this triangle:
6 cm
x cm
5 cm
The hypotenuse has length 6 cm.
x2 + 52 = 62
x2 + 25 = 36
) x2 = 11
p
) x = 11
)
)
fPythagorasg
fas x > 0g
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) the third side is about 3:32 cm long.
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Example 3
(Chapter 10)
Self Tutor
Find x:
a
~`1`0 cm
b
2 cm
x cm
2x m
xm
6m
a The hypotenuse has length x cm.
p
fPythagorasg
) x2 = 22 + ( 10)2
) x2 = 4 + 10
) x2 = 14
p
) x = 14
fas x > 0g
) x ¼ 3:74
b
(2x)2 = x2 + 62
) 4x2 = x2 + 36
) 3x2 = 36
) x2 = 12
p
) x = 12
) x ¼ 3:46
Example 4
fPythagorasg
fas x > 0g
Self Tutor
5 cm
A
Find the value of y, giving your answer
correct to 3 significant figures.
x cm
y cm
D
B
1 cm
C
6 cm
In triangle ABC, the hypotenuse is x cm.
) x2 = 52 + 12
) x2 = 26
p
) x = 26
fPythagorasg
Since we must find the
value of y, we leave x in
square root form. Rounding
it will reduce the accuracy
of our value for y.
fas x > 0g
In triangle ACD, the hypotenuse is 6 cm.
p
fPythagorasg
) y2 + ( 26)2 = 62
2
) y + 26 = 36
) y2 = 10
p
fas y > 0g
) y = 10
) y ¼ 3:16
EXERCISE 10A.1
1 Find the length of the hypotenuse in the following triangles, giving your answers correct to 3 significant
figures:
4 cm
a
b
c
x km
7 cm
x cm
x cm
8 km
5 cm
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13 km
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2 Find the length of the third side of these triangles, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures:
a
b
c
x km
11 cm
6 cm
x cm
1.9 km
2.8 km
x cm
9.5 cm
3 Find x in the following:
a
b
3 cm
c
~`7 cm
x cm
x cm
~`2 cm
x cm
~`1`0 cm
~`5 cm
4 Solve for x:
a
b
c
1 cm
Qw cm
Qw cm
]m
x cm
x cm
xm
1m
Ew cm
5 Find the values of x, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures:
a
b
c
2x m
9 cm
26 cm
2x cm
x cm
2x cm
~`2`0 m
3x m
3x cm
6 Find the values of any unknowns:
a
b
c
1 cm
2 cm
x cm
y cm
7 cm
4 cm
3 cm
3 cm
y cm
x cm
y cm
2 cm
x cm
7 Find x, correct to 3 significant figures:
a
2 cm
b
(x - 2)¡cm
4 cm
3 cm
5 cm
13 cm
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x cm
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A
8 Find the length of side AC correct
to 3 significant figures:
9m
5m
B
c
C
B
4m
1m
M
3 cm
4 cm
D
C
9 Find the distance AB in the following:
a
b
D
(Chapter 10)
N
5m
7m
6m
3m
B
A
B
A
A
Challenge
10 In 1876, President Garfield of the USA published a proof of
the theorem of Pythagoras. Alongside is the figure he used.
Write out the proof.
Hint: Use the area of a trapezium formula to find the area
of ABED.
B
E
c
a
A
b
c
b
D
a
C
PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES
The simplest right angled triangle with sides of integer length is the
3-4-5 triangle.
5
The numbers 3, 4, and 5 satisfy the rule 32 + 42 = 52 .
3
4
The set of positive integers fa, b, cg is a Pythagorean triple if it obeys the rule
a2 + b2 = c2 .
Other examples are: f5, 12, 13g, f7, 24, 25g, f8, 15, 17g.
Example 5
Self Tutor
Show that f5, 12, 13g is a Pythagorean triple.
We find the square of the largest number first.
132 = 169
and 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169
) 52 + 122 = 132
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So, f5, 12, 13g is a Pythagorean triple.
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Example 6
Self Tutor
Find k if f9, k, 15g is a Pythagorean triple.
Let 92 + k 2
) 81 + k 2
) k2
) k
) k
= 152
fPythagorasg
= 225
= 144
p
= 144 fas k > 0g
= 12
EXERCISE 10A.2
1 Determine if the following are Pythagorean triples:
a f8, 15, 17g
b f6, 8, 10g
c f5, 6, 7g
d f14, 48, 50g
e f1, 2, 3g
f f20, 48, 52g
2 Find k if the following are Pythagorean triples:
a f8, 15, kg
b fk, 24, 26g
c f14, k, 50g
d f15, 20, kg
e fk, 45, 51g
f f11, k, 61g
3 Explain why there are infinitely many Pythagorean triples of the form f3k, 4k, 5kg where k 2 Z + .
Discovery
Pythagorean triples spreadsheet
#endboxedheading
Well known Pythagorean triples include f3, 4, 5g, f5, 12, 13g, f7, 24, 25g
and f8, 15, 17g.
SPREADSHEET
Formulae can be used to generate Pythagorean triples.
An example is 2n + 1, 2n2 + 2n, 2n2 + 2n + 1 where n is a positive integer.
A spreadsheet can quickly generate sets of Pythagorean triples using such formulae.
What to do:
1 Open a new spreadsheet and enter the following:
a in column A, the values of n for n = 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, ....
b in column B, the values of 2n + 1
fill down
c in column C, the values of 2n2 + 2n
d in column D, the values of 2n2 + 2n + 1.
2 Highlight the appropriate formulae and fill down to Row 11
to generate the first 10 sets of triples.
3 Check that each set of numbers is indeed a triple by adding columns to find a2 + b2 and c2 .
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4 Research some other formulae that generate Pythagorean triples.
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B
PROBLEM SOLVING
(Chapter 10)
[4.6]
Many practical problems involve triangles. We can apply Pythagoras’ theorem to any triangle that is right
angled.
SPECIAL GEOMETRICAL FIGURES
The following special figures contain right angled triangles:
In a rectangle, right angles exist between adjacent sides.
l
na
Construct a diagonal to form a right angled triangle.
go
dia
rectangle
In a square and a rhombus, the diagonals bisect each
other at right angles.
rhombus
square
altitude
In an isosceles triangle and an equilateral triangle, the
altitude bisects the base at right angles.
isosceles triangle
equilateral triangle
Things to remember
²
²
²
²
²
²
Draw a neat, clear diagram of the situation.
Mark on known lengths and right angles.
Use a symbol such as x to represent the unknown length.
Write down Pythagoras’ theorem for the given information.
Solve the equation.
Where necessary, write your answer in sentence form.
Example 7
Self Tutor
A rectangular gate is 3 m wide and has a 3:5 m diagonal. How high is the gate?
Let the height of the gate be x m.
Now (3:5)2 = x2 + 32
) 12:25 = x2 + 9
) 3:25 = x2
p
) x = 3:25
) x ¼ 1:80
3m
fPythagorasg
3.5 m
fas x > 0g
xm
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The gate is approximately 1:80 m high.
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Example 8
Self Tutor
A rhombus has diagonals of length 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the length of its sides.
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles.
Let each side of the rhombus have length x cm.
x cm
3 cm
) x2 = 32 + 42
) x2 = 25
p
) x = 25
) x=5
4 cm
fPythagorasg
fas x > 0g
The sides are 5 cm in length.
Example 9
Self Tutor
Two towns A and B are illustrated on a grid which
has grid lines 5 km apart. How far is it from A
to B?
A
B
5 km
fPythagorasg
AB2 = 152 + 102
2
) AB = 225 + 100 = 325
p
fas AB > 0g
) AB = 325
) AB ¼ 18:0
15 km
A
10 km
A and B are about 18:0 km apart.
B
Example 10
Self Tutor
An equilateral triangle has sides of length 6 cm. Find its area.
The altitude bisects the base at right angles.
fPythagorasg
) a2 + 32 = 62
2
) a + 9 = 36
) a2 = 27
p
) a = 27 fas a > 0g
Now, area =
6 cm
a cm
1
2
1
2
£ base £ height
p
= £ 6 £ 27
p
= 3 27 cm2
¼ 15:6 cm2
3 cm
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So, the area is about 15:6 cm2 .
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Example 11
(Chapter 10)
Self Tutor
A helicopter travels from base station S for 112 km to outpost A. It then turns 90± to the right
and travels 134 km to outpost B. How far is outpost B from base station S?
Let SB be x km.
A
112 km
b = 90± .
We are given that SAB
Now x2 = 1122 + 1342
) x2 = 30 500
p
) x = 30 500
) x ¼ 175
S
fPythagorasg
134 km
fas x > 0g
x km
So, outpost B is 175 km from base station S.
B
EXERCISE 10B
1 How high does a child on this seesaw go?
8m
7.8 m
A stage carpenter designs a tree supported by a wooden strut. The vertical
plank is 1:8 m long, and the base is 45 cm long. How long is the strut?
2
1.6 m
3 A large boat has its deck 1:6 m above a pier. Its
gangplank is 7 m long. How close to the pier
must the boat get for passengers to disembark?
7m
4 A rectangle has sides of length 8 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of its diagonals.
5 The longer side of a rectangle is three times the length of the shorter side. If the length of the diagonal
is 10 cm, find the dimensions of the rectangle.
6 A rectangle with diagonals of length 20 cm has sides in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the:
a perimeter
b area of the rectangle.
7 A rhombus has sides of length 6 cm. One of its diagonals is 10 cm long. Find the length of the other
diagonal.
8 A square has diagonals of length 10 cm. Find the length of its sides.
9 A rhombus has diagonals of length 8 cm and 10 cm. Find its perimeter.
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10 A yacht sails 5 km due west and then 8 km due south.
How far is it from its starting point?
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11 On the grid there are four towns A, B, C and D. The grid
lines are 5 km apart. How far is it from:
a A to B
b B to C
c C to D
d D to A
e A to C
f B to D?
A
D
B
Give all answers correct to 3 significant figures.
C
12 A street is 8 m wide, and there are street lights positioned either side of the street every 20 m.
How far is street light X from street light:
a A
b B
c C
d D?
A
B
C
D
X
13
An archaeological team mark out a grid with grid
lines 2 m apart. During the dig they find the objects
shown. How far is:
a the pot from the spoon
b the coin from the spoon
c the bracelet from the pot?
spoon
pot
coin
bracelet
14 An equilateral triangle has sides of length 12 cm. Find the length of one of its altitudes.
15 The area of a triangle is given by the formula A = 12 bh.
An isosceles triangle has equal sides of length 8 cm and a base
of length 6 cm. Find the area of the triangle.
h
8 cm
b
6 cm
16
Heather wants to hang a 7 m long banner
from the roof of her shop. The hooks for
the strings are 10 m apart, and Heather
wants the top of the banner to hang 1 m
below the roof. How long should each of
the strings be?
10 m
1m
string
string
7m
17 Two bushwalkers set off from base camp at the same time, walking at right angles to one another. One
walks at an average speed of 5 km/h, and the other at an average speed of 4 km/h. Find their distance
apart after 3 hours.
18 To get to school from her house, Ella walks down Bernard Street, then turns 90± and walks down
Thompson Road until she reaches her school gate. She walks twice as far along Bernard Street as she
does along Thompson Road. If Ella’s house is 2:5 km in a straight line from her school gate, how far
does Ella walk along Bernard Street?
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19 Boat A is 10 km east of boat B. Boat A travels 6 km north, and boat B travels 2 km west. How far
apart are the boats now?
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C
CIRCLE PROBLEMS
[4.6, 4.7]
There are several properties of circles which involve right angles. In these situations we can apply Pythagoras’
theorem. The properties themselves will be examined in more detail in Chapter 27.
ANGLE IN A SEMI-CIRCLE
C
The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
b is always a right angle.
No matter where C is placed on the arc AB, ACB
B
A
O
Example 12
Self Tutor
A circle has diameter XY of length 13 cm. Z is a point on the circle such that XZ
is 5 cm. Find the length YZ.
b is a right angle.
From the angle in a semi-circle theorem, we know XZY
Let the length YZ be x cm.
Z
2
)
2
2
5 + x = 13
) x2 = 169 ¡ 25 = 144
p
) x = 144
) x = 12
fPythagorasg
x cm
5 cm
fas x > 0g
X
O
13 cm
Y
So, YZ has length 12 cm.
A CHORD OF A CIRCLE
The line drawn from the centre of a circle at right angles to a
chord bisects the chord.
centre
This follows from the isosceles triangle theorem.
O
radius
The construction of radii from the centre of the circle to the end
points of the chord produces two right angled triangles.
chord
Example 13
Self Tutor
A circle has a chord of length 10 cm. If the radius of the circle is 8 cm, find the shortest
distance from the centre of the circle to the chord.
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The shortest distance is the ‘perpendicular distance’. The line drawn from the centre of a circle,
perpendicular to a chord, bisects the chord.
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) AB = BC = 5 cm
fPythagorasg
In 4AOB, 52 + x2 = 82
) x2 = 64 ¡ 25 = 39
p
fas x > 0g
) x = 39
) x ¼ 6:24
A
8 cm
O
5 cm
10 cm
x cm B
So, the shortest distance is about 6:24 cm.
C
TANGENT-RADIUS PROPERTY
centre
A tangent to a circle and a radius at the point of
contact meet at right angles.
O
radius
Notice that we can now form a right angled triangle.
tangent
point of contact
Example 14
Self Tutor
A tangent of length 10 cm is drawn to a circle with radius 7 cm. How far is the centre of the circle
from the end point of the tangent?
Let the distance be d cm.
) d2 = 72 + 102
) d2 = 149
p
) d = 149
) d ¼ 12:2
10 cm
fPythagorasg
7 cm
fas d > 0g
d cm
O
So, the centre is 12:2 cm from the end point of the tangent.
Example 15
Self Tutor
Two circles have a common tangent with points of contact at A and B. The radii are 4 cm and 2 cm
respectively. Find the distance between the centres given that AB is 7 cm.
7 cm
A
2 cm
E
2 cm
D
For centres C and D, we draw BC, AD, and CD.
B
We draw CE parallel to AB, so ABCE is a rectangle.
2 cm
C
7 cm
)
and
Now
)
)
x cm
CE = 7 cm
fas CE = ABg
DE = 4 ¡ 2 = 2 cm
x2 = 22 + 72
fPythagoras in 4DECg
x2 = 53
x ¼ 7:28
fas x > 0g
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) the distance between the centres is about 7:28 cm.
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EXERCISE 10C
A circle has diameter AB of length 16 cm. C is a point on
the circle such that BC = 7 cm. Find the length of AC.
1
C
A
O
16 cm
7 cm
B
T
2 AT is a tangent to a circle with centre O. The circle has radius
5 cm and AB = 7 cm. Find the length of the tangent.
5 cm
A
O
A circle has centre O and a radius of 8 cm. Chord AB is
13 cm long. Find the shortest distance from the chord to the
centre of the circle.
3
O
A
B
B
4 A rectangle with side lengths 11 cm and 6 cm is inscribed in a circle.
Find the radius of the circle.
11 cm
6 cm
5 A circle has diameter AB of length 10 cm. C is a point on the circle such that AC is 8 cm. Find the
length BC.
A square is inscribed in a circle of radius 6 cm. Find the length
of the sides of the square, correct to 3 significant figures.
6
6 cm
7 A chord of a circle has length 3 cm. If the circle has radius 4 cm, find the shortest distance from the
centre of the circle to the chord.
8 A chord of length 6 cm is 3 cm from the centre of a circle. Find the length of the circle’s radius.
9 A chord is 5 cm from the centre of a circle of radius 8 cm. Find the length of the chord.
10 A circle has radius 3 cm. A tangent is drawn to the circle from point P which is 9 cm from O, the
circle’s centre. How long is the tangent?
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11 Find the radius of a circle if a tangent of length 12 cm has its end point 16 cm from the circle’s centre.
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AB is a diameter of a circle and AC is half the length of AB.
If BC is 12 cm long, what is the radius of the circle?
12
O
A
B
C
13 Two circular plates of radius 15 cm are placed in
opposite corners of a rectangular table as shown.
Find the distance between the centres of the plates.
80 cm
1.5 m
10 m
14
A and B are the centres of two circles with radii 4 m
and 3 m respectively. The illustrated common tangent
has length 10 m. Find the distance between the centres
correct to 2 decimal places.
B
A
10 cm
15 Two circles are drawn so they do not intersect. The larger
circle has radius 6 cm. A common tangent is 10 cm long
and the centres are 11 cm apart. Find the radius of the
smaller circle, correct to 3 significant figures.
16 Answer the Opening Problem on page 195.
Review set 10A
#endboxedheading
1 Find the lengths of the unknown sides in the following triangles. Give your answers correct to
3 significant figures.
2 cm
4 cm
a
b
c
5 cm
x cm
x cm
8 cm
7 cm
2x cm
x cm
2 Amber is furnishing her new apartment. She buys a TV cabinet with a widescreen TV compartment
measuring 100 cm by 65 cm. Will her 115 cm widescreen TV fit in the compartment?
(Hint: TVs are measured on the diagonal.)
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3 Show that f5, 11, 13g is not a Pythagorean triple.
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4
Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the distance from:
a A to B
b B to C
c A to C.
A
B
4 km
C
5 A rhombus has diagonals of length 12 cm and 18 cm. Find the length of its sides.
6 A circle has a chord of length 10 cm. The shortest distance from the circle’s centre to the chord is
5 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
7 Kay is making a new window for her house. The window will be a regular octagon with sides
20 cm long. To make it, Kay plans to buy a square piece of glass and then cut the corners off, as
shown.
a Find x.
x
b Hence find the dimensions of the piece of glass
that Kay needs to buy (to the nearest cm).
24 cm
8 Find the values of the unknowns:
x cm
y cm
7 cm
20 cm
9 Find x, correct to 3 significant figures:
a
2x cm
b
x cm
x cm
tangent
9 cm
O
5 cm
10 cm
Review set 10B
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1 Find the value of x:
a
x cm
b
xm
~`7 cm
5 cm
2x
c
5m
~`4`2
5x
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6m
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2 Paulo’s high school is 6 km west and 3:5 km north of his home. What is the straight line distance
from Paulo’s house to school?
3 Find k if f20, k, 29g is a Pythagorean triple.
4
The grid lines on the map are 3 km apart. A, B and C
are farm houses. How far is it from:
a A to B
b B to C
c C to A?
B
A
C
5 If the diameter of a circle is 20 cm, find the shortest distance from a chord of length 16 cm to the
centre of the circle.
6 Find the length of plastic coated
wire required to make this clothes
line:
3m
3m
7
The circles illustrated have radii of length 5 cm and 7 cm
respectively.
Their centres are 18 cm apart. Find the length of the
common tangent AB.
B
A
The WM Keck Observatory at Mauna Kea, Hawaii, has
a spherical dome with the cross-section shown. Find the
width w of the floor.
8
30 m
36 m
wm
9 Find y in the following, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures:
a
b
y cm
8 cm
y cm
tangent
10 cm
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(y - 6) cm
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Challenge
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A cubic die has sides of length 2 cm. Find the distance between
opposite corners of the die.
Leave your answer in surd form.
1
2 cm
2 A room is 5 m by 4 m and has a height of 3 m. Find the
distance from a corner point on the floor to the opposite
corner of the ceiling.
3m
5m
4m
3 Marvin the Magnificent is attempting to
walk a tightrope across an intersection from
one building to another as illustrated. Using
the dimensions given, find the length of the
tightrope.
18 m
12 m
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6m
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18 m
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4m
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A 6 m by 18 m by 4 m hall is to be decorated with
streamers for a party.
4 streamers are attached to the corners of the floor, and
4 streamers are attached to the centres of the walls as
illustrated.
All 8 streamers are then attached to the centre of the
ceiling.
Find the total length of streamers required.
4
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10 The theorem of Pythagoras Opening problem

Transcription

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