How to succeed@referencing HARVARD tutorial plagiarism
Transcription
How to succeed@referencing HARVARD tutorial plagiarism
How to succeed@referencing HARVARD tutorial This tutorial explains what plagiarism is and how to avoid it through correct Harvard referencing practice. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. Referencing Plagiarism Referencing Styles Harvard: quoting, paraphrasing and summarising Harvard: within the text Harvard: Reference list Related links Referencing What is referencing? Referencing is an important part of your coursework. It serves several key purposes: • • • • • Acknowledges the use of other people’s ideas and opinions within your work Demonstrates the depth of your research Gives authority to your words and arguments Allows others to follow up the resources you have used Prevents accusations of plagiarism Knowing how to incorporate the work of others into your assignments and reference your sources correctly is vital. 2. Plagiarism Plagiarism is taking the words, theories, creations or ideas of another person and passing them off as your own. Plagiarism can be deliberate – copying a passage from a book or journal or pasting something from the internet into an assignment without referencing the original source. It can also result from not referencing correctly. Plagiarism is a serious issue that can result in failing an assignment, failing the year or even having to leave the course. To avoid plagiarism, make sure you include references within your assignment to all sources you use and then include full details of all the sources in a reference list at the end of your assignment. 1 3. Referencing styles Referencing involves three stages: 1. Correctly quote, paraphrase or summarise your source. 2. Include brief details of the source in your assignment text. This is called a citation. 3. Include full details of each source cited in a reference list at the end of your assignment. There are several referencing styles with each one having set practices for setting out references within a piece of work and the reference list. ALWAYS check with your tutor which referencing style they want you to use. If no style is specified, Harvard is considered a default style. ALWAYS be consistent in how you reference in terms of punctuation and layout. 4. Harvard referencing: quoting, paraphrasing and summarising At University, you are expected to engage with the research and writings of others in your subject area. This can help you substantiate your own arguments in your course work and improve your understanding of your subject. However, you must indicate where you are referring to the work of another person. To do this without plagiarising, you must either quote, paraphrase or summarise the work you are referring to and give brief publication details for the work (also called citing). Full details are then given in your final reference list. Quoting: copying the words of another person into your assignment. Different formats are used for quoting depending on whether it is a short or long quote. Short quote: copying a few words or a sentence “a short quotation can be incorporated into the flow of a sentence” (Smith 2008, p.1). • • • Enclose in quotation marks (use either "double" or 'single' quotation marks - but be consistent) Use … to indicate where any words have been omitted from the quotation Use [ ] to show any words that you have changed or inserted into the quotation (e.g. to change the tense of the sentence) Long quote: copying a few sentences or a paragraph • • Start the quotation on a new line Indent the quotation and use single line spacing Smith (2008, p.1) has stressed the importance of quoting correctly: By indicating clearly where you are quoting from another source, you are less likely to be accused of plagiarism. You must also include the details of the source you are referring to. How you do this is determined by the referencing style you are using 2 such as Harvard or APA. * NB: Traditionally, double quotations are used when quoting direct speech - actual spoken words - and single quotation marks are used for written text. However, as the University now uses Turnitin for essay submission, it is important to note that this programme will only exclude quoted material from the similarity comparison if the quotes appear in double quotation marks, or in indented quotes. Paraphrasing: incorporating someone else’s ideas into your work but using your own words to express them. Put another person’s ideas into your own words but acknowledge the original source by including brief publication details e.g. Knowing how to avoid plagiarism though correct quoting and referencing is an important skill for students to acquire (Smith 2008, p.1) Summarising: summing up the main points in a long piece of work. Use your own words to condense and re-state someone’s ideas rather than include a very long quote or several short ones. If you are summarising an entire work you can omit the page number in the reference. If summarising a chapter or section, include the page range. Ensure you don’t distort the author’s original meaning. Smith outlines Harvard, APA and Numeric as three referencing styles students could use (2008, pp.1-23) 5. Harvard references within your assignment References within an assignment indicate where your work is based on another source. This prevents accusations of plagiarism. It also provides the reader with brief details they can use to look up the full reference in the final reference list and then locate the original source. Harvard (also known as Name and Date) referencing involves entering several details in brackets alongside your quotation or where you have referred to someone else’s work: • • • Author’s surname. Year the work was published. Page number(s) - if relevant. These details can be provided in several ways: • Put all details in brackets at the end of the quotation or paraphrasing: It is clear that “referencing is a skill all students should develop” (Smith 2008, p.1) 3 • Incorporate the author’s name into your sentence and follow it with the year and page number in brackets: Smith (2008, p.2) highlights the importance of consistent referencing within an essay. • Incorporate the author’s name into your sentence and put the year and page number in brackets at the end of the quotation or paraphrase: As Smith has argued, teaching staff should introduce students to referencing as early as possible (2008, p.2) If a work does not have a named author, use Anon (Anon 2008, p.3) 6. Harvard references in the final reference list • • Include a list of all your references at the end of your work. This gives full details of each source so your reader can look them up. Include your references in alphabetical order of author surname and then by date if necessary. If an author has written more than one work in a year, add a,b,c… after the date to distinguish between them (both in your in-text references and your final reference list). Different sources are referenced in different ways. A book has different details to a journal article or a website so you need to know how to reference each type of source: The information below shows you how to reference some of the most commonly used sources: 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 Harvard references: book ..................................................................................................................... 5 Harvard references: ebook ................................................................................................................... 6 Harvard references: essay in an edited book ....................................................................................... 6 Harvard referencing: sources with no author ....................................................................................... 7 Harvard references: journal/magazine/newspaper article .................................................................... 7 Harvard references: article from an online database ........................................................................... 8 Harvard references: ejournal ................................................................................................................ 9 Harvard references: websites............................................................................................................... 9 Harvard referencing: market research reports ................................................................................... 10 Harvard referencing: FAME and OSIRIS references ......................................................................... 11 Harvard references: emails and blogs................................................................................................ 11 Harvard references: images ............................................................................................................... 12 Harvard references: conference papers ............................................................................................. 13 Harvard references: theses and dissertations.................................................................................... 13 Harvard references: DVD, video and film ........................................................................................... 13 Harvard references: command papers ............................................................................................... 14 Harvard references: legal cases......................................................................................................... 15 Harvard references: legislation........................................................................................................... 16 Harvard references: secondary references ........................................................................................ 17 Harvard references: authors with multiple publications...................................................................... 18 Harvard references: television and radio programmes ...................................................................... 18 Harvard references: interviews........................................................................................................... 19 Harvard references: CD-Roms ........................................................................................................... 19 Harvard references: sound recordings ............................................................................................... 19 4 6.25 Harvard references: published music ................................................................................................. 20 6.26 Harvard references: letters and telephone calls................................................................................. 20 6.27 Harvard references: Hansard: Parliamentary Debates ...................................................................... 21 6.28 Harvard references: maps .................................................................................................................. 21 6.29 Harvard references: podcasts ............................................................................................................. 21 6.30 Harvard references: missing details ................................................................................................... 22 6.31 Harvard references: useful abbreviations .......................................................................................... 22 6.1 Harvard references: book The format for creating a Harvard reference for a book is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title. Edition (if not the 1st). Place of publication: Publisher Examples Single author: In text Stevens (1996, p.2) pointed out that “referencing is a skill all students should develop”. Note that you give a page number for a quotation or a shorter idea that can be taken from a specific page (or perhaps crossing two pages). If you are summarising a general theory across a book or a chapter, you would not give a page number in the text Reference list STEVENS, M., 1996. How to be better at … giving presentations. London: Kogan Page Two or three authors: In text McCarthy and Hatcher (2002, p.78) suggested... Reference list Put initial before the surname for the second and third author: McCARTHY, P. and C. HATCHER, 2002. Presentation skills: the essential guide for students. London: Sage More than three authors: In text Mares et al. (2002, p.105) proposed... Reference list Always give the first author, with or without the others - use et al. if not giving the other names: 5 MARES, P. et al., 1995. Health care in multiracial Britain. Cambridge: Health Education Council Later editions of a book: In text Bell (2005, p.244) considered... Reference list BELL, J., 2005. Doing your research project: a guide for first time researchers in education, health and social science. 4th ed. Maidenhead: Open UP 6.2 Harvard references: ebook The format for creating a Harvard reference for an ebook (electronic book) is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title [online]. Place of publication: Publisher [viewed date]. Available from: URL Examples Ebook on the internet: In text Docking and Tuffin (2005, p.8) observed... Reference list DOCKING, M. and R. TUFFIN, 2005. Racist incidents: progress since the Lawrence Inquiry [online]. London: Home Office [viewed 9 May 2008]. Available from: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr4205.pdf Ebook from an online database - include the database name instead of the URL: In text Raisinghani (2002, p.235) gave the example of... Reference list RAISINGHANI, Mahesh S., 2002. Cases on worldwide e-commerce: theory in action [online]. Hershey: Idea Group [viewed 9 May 2008]. Available from: NetLibrary 6.3 Harvard references: essay in an edited book The format for creating a Harvard reference for an essay in an edited collection is: 6 AUTHOR(S) OF ESSAY, Year of publication. Title of essay. In: EDITOR(S) of book. Title of book. Edition (if not the 1st). Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers of essay Example In text Andrews (2002, p98.) put forward the idea that... Reference list ANDREWS, M., 2002. Using technology in your presentation. In: L.WHITE and E. DAVIDS, eds. Enhancing your presentation. London: Sage, pp.91-104 Note that the actual page where the quotation comes from is given in-text, while the page numbers for the whole chapter are given in the reference list. 6.4 Harvard referencing: sources with no author The format for creating a Harvard reference for a source with no author is: ANON., Year of publication. Title. Edition (if not the 1st). Place of publication: Publisher Example In text Records for intervention services are categorised in two types (Anon. 2004, p.2). Reference list ANON., 2004. Social services year book 2004. Pearson Education 32nd ed. Harlow: ANON can be used instead of the author in the reference for any type of source. However, note that for websites, rather than use ANON, we generally give the institution or organisation that produced the webpage as the author. This is also true for brochures, leaflets and pamphlets which have a clear corporate producer, but no named author - give the company name as the author in this case. 6.5 Harvard references: journal/magazine/newspaper article The format for creating a Harvard reference for an article is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(part number), pages Examples Journal: In text 7 Wilson and Till (2008, p.60) discovered that... Reference list WILSON, R.T. and B.D. TILL, 2008. Airport advertising effectiveness: an exploratory field study. Journal of advertising, 37(1), 59-72 Newspaper: include the newspaper title and the date of publication In text Foreman (2005, p.1) described... Reference list FOREMAN, J., 2005. Olympic cities brought to their knees by the games. Daily mail, 7 July, 1-2 Magazine: include the magazine title and the date of publication In text Whitfield (2008, p.35) stated... Reference list WHITFIELD, N., 2008. The evolution of broadband. Personal computer world, June 2008, 30-7 6.6 Harvard references: article from an online database The format for creating a Harvard reference for an article from an online database is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication of article. Title of article. Title of journal [online], volume number(part number), pages (if known) [viewed date]. Available from: Database name Examples In text Fitch and Butler (2008, p.331) attempted to prove... Reference list FITCH, R. and Z. BUTLER, 2008. Million module march: scalable locomotion for large self-reconfiguring robots. International journal of advanced robotics research [online], 27(3-4), 331-343 [viewed 28 May 2008]. Available from: Academic OneFile If the journal does not have a volume and part number, use the publication date instead MESSMER, M., 2003. Public speaking success strategies. The 8 national public accountant [online], Nov 2003, 26 [viewed 6 May 2008]. Available from: ABI Inform 6.7 Harvard references: ejournal The format for creating a Harvard reference for an ejournal article (electronic journal) is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title of article. Title of journal [online], volume number(issue or part number), page(s) if available [viewed date]. Available from: URL Examples Ejournal article available on the internet: In text Poole (2007, p.45) described how... Reference list POOLE, N., 2007. Activating laboratories using Visual Basic for Applications. Engineering education [online], 2(2), 44-53 [viewed 9 May 2008]. Available from: http://www.engsc.ac.uk/journal/index.php/ee/issue/view/22 Ejournal article available from a database - give the database name instead of the URL: In text In Williamson (2007, p.9) there is a description of... Reference list WILLIAMSON, H., 2007. Disconnected youth?: Growing up in Britain's poor neighbourhoods. Journal of social policy [online], 36(2), 356-7 [viewed 9 May 2008]. Available from: ABI Inform 6.8 Harvard references: websites The format for creating a Harvard reference for a website is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication or last update. Title of page [online] [viewed date]. Available from: URL Examples In text Williams (2010) described how... Note that no page number is given because this comes from an online source. Reference list 9 WILLIAMS, R., 2010. Universities and colleges hit by industrial action [online] [viewed 6 May 2010]. Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/may/06/cutsandclosuresmiddlesexuniversity Some websites don't provide all the details you may need - include as much information as you can. If no author is given, use the provider of the website as the author (this may be the name of a University, a company, a newspaper, or just the website name). In text Figures provided by Deakin University (2010)... Reference list DEAKIN UNIVERSITY, 2010. The literature review [online] [viewed 6 May 2008]. Available from: http://www.deakin.edu.au/library/findout/research/litrev.php Often the date that the webpage was published is not available. You may find at the bottom of the page a note of when it was last updated – give this as the date (as we have done in the Deakin University example above). If no date is provided then you should put n.d. 6.9 Harvard references: market research reports The format for creating a Harvard reference for a printed market research report is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Report title including series and date if available. Edition (if not the 1st). Place of publication: Publisher Example In text Mintel (2001, p.9) found that... Reference list MINTEL, 2001. Women’s accessories: Mintel market intelligence; August 2001. London: Mintel The format for creating a Harvard reference for an electronic market research report is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Report title including series and date if available [online]. Edition (if not the 1st). Place of publication: Publisher [viewed date]. Available from: database name Example In text Mintel (2008, p.9) found that... Reference list 10 MINTEL, 2008. Clothing retailing – UK – September 2008 [online]. London: Mintel [viewed 26 January 2009]. Available from: Mintel 6.10 Harvard references: FAME and OSIRIS references The format for creating a Harvard reference for FAME or OSIRIS is: CONTENT PROVIDER, year. Title of report [online]. Place of publication: Publisher [viewed date]. Available from: database name Examples In text Top Shop had a good profit margin in 2009(FAME 2010)... Reference list FAME, 2010. Company report: Top Shop (UK) Limited [online]. Brussels: Bureau van Dijk [viewed 17 August 2010]. Available from: FAME In text Abercrombie & Fitch had an annual turnover of…(OSIRIS 2010) Reference list OSIRIS, 2009. Company report: Abercrombie & Fitch Co[online]. Brussels: Bureau van Dijk [viewed 12 August 2009]. Available from: OSIRIS 6.11 Harvard references: emails and blogs The format for creating a Harvard reference for an email is: SENDER'S NAME (sender's email address), date. Subject of message. Email to RECIPIENT'S NAME (recipient's email address) Example In text Jones (2008) stated... Note that no page number is necessary when citing from an email. Reference list JONES, A., ([email protected]), 4 May 2008. Email to D. BROWN ([email protected]) Writing essays. The format for creating a Harvard reference for a blog is: 11 AUTHOR(S), Year. Title of blog entry. In: Blog title [online]. Full date of blog entry [viewed date]. Available from: URL Example In text Bradley (2008) explained... As web pages, blogs do not have page numbers. Reference list BRADLEY, P., 2008. Word of the day is 'exaflood'. In: Phil Bradley's weblog [online]. 29 April 2008 [viewed 9 May 2008]. Available from: http://philbradley.typepad.com/phil_bradleys_weblog/ The format for creating a Harvard reference for an electronic discussion list is: AUTHOR(S), year. Subject of message. In: Discussion list [online]. Full date of message [viewed date]. Available from: URL of archive or individual message or email address of list Example In text Jones (2008) stated... Reference list JONES, A., 2008. Citing standards. In: Lis-link [online]. 16 June 2008 [viewed 20 June 2008]. Available from: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/LIS-LINK.html 6.12 Harvard references: images The format for creating a Harvard reference for an artistic image is: ARTIST(S), Year. Title of work [material designation]. At: Location Example In text As can be seen in the painting Dancing lesson (Degas 1880). Reference list DEGAS, E., 1880. Dancing lesson [oil on canvas]. At: Williamstown, Massachusetts: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute (no.562) The format for creating a Harvard reference for an electronic image is: ORIGINATOR(S), Year. Title of image or a description [digital image] [viewed date]. Available from: URL Filename including extension 12 Example In text In Iman and Bowie (Malafronte 1999), the photographer captured... Reference list MALAFRONTE, V., 1999. Iman and Bowie [digital image] [viewed 23 June 2005]. Available from: http://edina.ac.uk/eig/ jk8490001.jpg 6.13 Harvard references: conference papers The format for creating a Harvard reference for a conference paper is: AUTHOR(S) OF PAPER, Year of publication. Title of paper. In: EDITOR(S). Title of conference including the date and location. Place of publication: Publisher, pages Example In text Hummel and Atkinson (2007, p.18) gave the proposal... Reference list HUMMEL, O. and C. ATKINSON, 2007. Supporting agile reuse through extreme harvesting. In: G. CONCAS et al., eds. Agile processes in software engineering and extreme programming: 8th international conference, XP 2007, Como, Italy, June 18-22, 2007, Proceedings. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp.28-37 6.14 Harvard references: theses and dissertations The format for creating a Harvard reference for a thesis or dissertation is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title. Type of qualification, Academic institution Example In text Davis (2006, p.24) explained that... Reference list DAVIS, L., 2006. British travellers and the rediscovery of Sicily: 16th-19th century. PhD Thesis, Southampton Solent University 6.15 Harvard references: DVD, video and film The format for creating a Harvard reference for DVD, video or film is: 13 Title, year [material designation]. Subsidiary originator (if applicable e.g. Director). Production details Examples Film: In text This can be seen in Welles' version of Macbeth (1948). When referencing films or DVDs, you only need to give the film title and the year of production the first time you reference it. After the first mention, you can just use the film title. Reference list Macbeth, 1948 [film]. Directed by Orson WELLES. USA: Republic Pictures DVD/Video: In text Cross Cultural Communication Skills (2005) illustrates... Reference list Cross cultural communication skills, 2005 [DVD]. Gower The format for creating a Harvard reference for a digital video is: Title, year [material designation]. Subsidiary originator (if applicable e.g. Director). Production details [viewed date]. Available from: URL Example In text Mark Herman, in his film Brassed Off (1996), attempted to show... Reference list Brassed off, 1996 [online video]. Directed by Mark HERMAN. UK: Film4 [viewed 11 August 2009]. Available from: mms://mavis.solent.ac.uk/ContentLocal/200209-0542-20575.wmv 6.16 Harvard references: command papers The format for creating a Harvard reference for a Command Paper is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title (Command paper number). Place of publication: Publisher. Example 14 In text The Law Commission (2006, p.11) reported... Reference list LAW COMMISSION, 2006. Parliamentary costs bill: report on the consolidation of legislation relating to parliamentary costs (Cm 6846). Norwich: TSO The author can be an organization, government department or institution. Enter the details as given on the publication. 6.17 Harvard references: legal cases The basic format for creating a Harvard reference for a UK case is: Names of the parties [Year of publication] Volume number (if available) Abbreviated Reference for the Law Report Series Start page The first time you refer to a case in your assignment, include the case reference in full. You can generally use the first party name for any subsequent references if it is clear to which case you are referring. In text ...as documented in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130 and subsequently: ...also in Central London Property Trust Ltd. Examples UK Case in a law report: Macfarlane v EE Caledonia Ltd [1994] 2 All ER 1 Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart [1993] A.C. 593 If you wish to refer to specific pages within a judgment, then include these after the reference: Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart [1993] A.C. 593, 594 Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart [1993] A.C. 593 at 594 Neutral Citations: High Court and Court of Appeal cases from 2001 onwards have neutral citations. A neutral citation includes the year of the judgment, the Court abbreviation (e.g. UKHL=UK House of Lords, EWCA=England and Wales Court of Appeal) and the case number. This can be included before a law report citation, or where a case is otherwise unreported: R v Rezvi [2002] UKHL 1 15 If you wish to refer to specific paragraphs within a judgment, then include these after the reference as above. Cases only available electronically Where a case is only available electronically you should indicate that you looked at it online and include after your reference: [online] [viewed date]. Available from: internet address or database name R v Rezvi [2002] UKHL 1 [online] [viewed 16 June 2008]. Available from: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2002/1.html R v Greet [2005] EWCA Crim 205 [online] [viewed 16 June 2008]. Available from: Westlaw Unreported cases: Some unreported cases can be found as transcripts or via the legal databases. A neutral citation should be given where possible. Cases prior to 2001 should include: Names of the Parties. Court. Date of Judgment (Unreported) Hare v Pollard. Court of Appeal Civil Division. 16 June 1997 (Unreported) Use of Round or Square brackets Round brackets should be used instead of square where the date is not essential for locating the case - e.g. where a volume number is provided and the date referred to is the year of judgment (rather than publication date): Holdom v Kidd and Others (1986) 61 P&CR 456 6.18 Harvard references: legislation The name and date of the legislation should be included within the text of your assignment, with additional information in the reference list. UK Acts (Statutes): Title of legislation, including year Examples In text This is governed by the Environment Act 1995. Reference list Environment Act 1995 Each Act has a chapter number which you can also include: 16 Environment Act 1995, Ch 25 If you are referring to a particular part of an Act, then include the section (s. or ss.), schedule (sch.) or paragraph (para) reference: Environment Act 1995, Ch 25, ss.5-11 Environment Act 1995, Ch 25, sch. 1, para 2 Statutory Instruments (Orders, Rules and Regulations): Title and year of Statutory Instrument (number) Example In text Cite the title and year and number of the SI in italics – after the first mention you can refer to them by title/year or SI number. ...as stated in the Insolvency Rules 1986 (SI 1986/925). SIs are divided into articles (art.), rules (r. or rr.) or regulations (reg or regs): ...with reference to the Insolvency Rules 1986 (SI 1986/925) r.15(2). Reference list Insolvency Rules 1986 (SI 1986/925) Insolvency Rules 1986 (SI 1986/925) r.15(2) Bills (proposals for legislation) Short title (Parliamentary Session) Serial Number Example In text ...as described in the Harbours Bill HL Bill (2002-03). Reference list The serial number changes every time the Bill is reprinted. Include [ ] for House of Commons bill numbers. Health and Safety at Work (Offences Bill) HC Bill (2002-03) [38] Harbours Bill HL Bill (2002-03) 24 6.19 Harvard references: secondary references 17 If you have not read an original source but have read about it through another source and want to discuss it, you must reference the source you have actually viewed. If possible, try and locate the original source yourself so you can refer to it directly. If not, the format for creating a Harvard reference for secondary references is: In your assignment text: As Smith (cited in Jones 2007, p.4) has suggested... (Smith cited in Jones 2007, p.4) In your reference list: Fully reference the source you have actually read (e.g. Jones in this example) 'Cited' is another term for 'referenced' - when you refer to another's work, you are citing them Example In text Shuell (cited in Biggs and Tang 2007) puts forward the idea that… Reference list BIGGS, J. and C. TANG, 2007. Teaching for Quality Learning at University. 3rd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press 6.20 Harvard references: authors with multiple publications If an author has written more than one work in a year, add a,b,c, etc after the date to distinguish between them. Examples In text Smith (2007a, p.22) suggested… Further, Smith (2007b, p.3) explained… Reference list SMITH, A., 2007a. How to cite references. Southampton: Solent Publishing SMITH, A., 2007b. Avoiding plagiarism. Southampton: Solent Publishing This system applies no matter what format the source material is in, e.g. if one author published a book, a podcast and a journal article all in 2010, they would still be given as 2010a, 2010b and 2010c. 6.21 Harvard references: television and radio programmes The format for creating a Harvard reference for a television or radio programme is: Programme title, Year [medium]. Channel. Date. Time 18 Examples In text This event was reported on television the same day (News at Ten, 2008). Reference list News at ten, 2008 [TV]. ITV1. 16th June. 22:00 Woman's hour, 2008 [radio]. BBC Radio 4. 4th June. 19:00 6.22 Harvard references: interviews The format for creating a Harvard reference for an interview is: INTERVIEWEE., Year. Interview. In: Programme title. Medium, Channel. Date. Time Example In text Blair (1997) made the claim that… Reference list BLAIR, T., 1997. Interview. In: Six o'clock news. TV, BBC1. 15 August. 18:00 6.23 Harvard references: CD-Roms The format for creating a Harvard reference for a CD-Rom is: AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title [type of medium]. Place of publication: Publisher Example In text The Story of Glass CD-Rom (Victoria and Albert Museum and the Corning Museum of Glass, 1995) provides interactive information on… Note that no page number can be given for a CD-Rom. Reference list VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM AND THE CORNING MUSEUM OF GLASS, 1995. The story of glass [CD-Rom]. London: Reed Interactive This information may be found on the introductory screens as the CD-Rom loads, on screens about the CD-Rom or on the Library Catalogue. 6.24 Harvard references: sound recordings The format for creating a Harvard reference for a sound recording is: 19 ORIGINATOR(S), Year. Title of piece. In: Title of source. Medium. Production details, numeration. Distributor Example In text Gordon (1976) gave the example of… Note that no page number can be given for a sound recording. Reference list GORDON, D., 1976. Settin' the pace. In: Long tall Dexter, the Savoy sessions. Stereo sound disk. New York: Savoy, SIL 221, side B, track 5. Distributed by Arista Records Inc 6.25 Harvard references: published music The format for creating a Harvard reference for published music is: ORIGINATOR(S), Year. Title. Subsidiary ORIGINATOR (e.g. editor). Place of publication: Publisher Example In text ...as seen in the influence of folk music (Britten 1980). Reference list BRITTEN, B., 1980. Eight folk song arrangements, for high voice and harp. Osian ELLIS, ed. London: Faber Music 6.26 Harvard references: letters and telephone calls It is generally accepted that personal communications such as letters and phone calls do not need to be included in the final reference list. However, you can refer to them in an assignment and include full details in your text. You should get permission to refer to the communication before using it. Examples In text J. Brown outlined this idea in a telephone call on 10th August 2008. As stated in a letter from D. White on 21st July 2007, it is... Reference list If you do wish to include full details in your reference list, you could follow this example: NAME(S), Year. [Outline of topic discussed] (personal communication, date) 20 Examples BROWN, J., 2008. [Telephone conversation on study skills] (personal communication, 10 August) WHITE, D., 2007. [Letter on the history of education in Southampton] (personal communication, 21 July) 6.27 Harvard references: Hansard: Parliamentary Debates A Harvard reference to Hansard should be constructed as follows: House abbreviation Deb (Parliamentary Session) Volume number col. column number Abbreviations: use HL for House of Lords and HC for House of Commons Deb stands for Debate and col. stands for column Example: HC Deb (2001-02) 391 col. 982 HL Deb (2005-06) 685 col. 767 6.28 Harvard references: maps The format for creating a Harvard reference for a map is: AUTHOR, Year of publication. Title of map, scale. Place of publication: Publisher Example In text On examination of the Ordnance Survey (2002) map of the Isle of Wight, it can be seen… Reference list ORDNANCE SURVEY, 2002. Hampshire and the Isle of Wight: for touring and local route planning, 1:100000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey 6.29 Harvard references: podcasts The format for creating a Harvard reference for podcasts is: BROADCASTER (if available), Year. Title of podcast [podcast]. Date of podcast [accessed date]. Available from: URL Example In text 21 Riddoch (2008) described... Note that you cannot give a page number for an audio recording. Reference list RIDDOCH, L., 2008. Harnessing Scotland’s energy [podcast]. 29 December [accessed 9 February 2009]. Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/audio/2008/dec/29/scotlandenergy-lesley-riddoch 6.30 Harvard references: missing details You may not be able to find all the details you need for some references. If some elements are missing, indicate this in your reference using the following notes: Examples 6.31 Date unknown n.d. Place of publication unknown s.l. Publisher unknown s.n. Harvard referencing: useful abbreviations You can use a number of abbreviations within your references: Examples anon. anonymous ed(s). editor(s) or edition et al. and others (for multiple authors) dir. director wr. writer prod. producer p. page pp. pages op. cit. in the work already quoted ibid. in the same book or article etc as just quoted Be CONSISTENT in the way you write the references (e.g. use of punctuation and layout). If your tutors give you specific instructions on how they want references laid out, follow these. You may be asked to provide either a: 22 • • reference list: gives full details only for the sources you have directly referred to in your assignment bibliography: gives full details for all sources used during your research as well as the ones directly referred to Here is an example of a final reference list: List all your sources in alphabetical order of author. Reference List ANDREWS, M., 2002. Using technology in your presentation. In: L.WHITE and E. DAVIDS, eds. Enhancing your presentation. London: Sage, pp.91-104 BELL, J., 2005. Doing your research project: a guide for first time researchers in education, health and social science. 4th ed. Maidenhead: Open UP BRADLEY, P., 2008. Word of the day is 'exaflood'. In: Phil Bradley's weblog [online]. 29 April 2008 [viewed 9 May 2008]. Available from: http://philbradley.typepad.com/phil_bradleys_weblog/ DEAKIN UNIVERSITY, 2006. The literature review [online] [viewed 6 May 2008]. Available from: http://www.deakin.edu.au/library/findout/research/litrev.php Macbeth, 1948 [film]. Directed by Orson WELLES. USA: Republic Pictures MESSMER, M., 2003. Public speaking success strategies. The national public accountant [online], Nov 2003, 26 [viewed 6 May 2008]. Available from: ABI Inform POOLE, N., 2007. Activating laboratories using Visual Basic for Applications. Engineering education [online], 2(2), 44-53 [viewed 9 May 2008]. Available from: http://www.engsc.ac.uk/journal/index.php/ee/issue/view/22 STEVENS, M., 1996. How to be better at … giving presentations. London: Kogan Page WHITFIELD, N., 2008. The evolution of broadband. Personal computer world, June 2008, 30-7 WILLIAMSON, H., 2007. Disconnected youth?: Growing up in Britain's poor neighbourhoods. Journal of social policy [online], 36(2), 356-7 [viewed 9 May 2008]. Available from: ABI Inform 7. Related links Southampton Solent University’s academic misconduct procedures Library referencing guides Refworks: online software to help you store, manage and use your references in assignments BU guide to citation in the Harvard style - guidance produced by Bournemouth University PEARS, R. and G. SHIELDS, 2010. Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 8th ed. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books (shelved at 029.65 PEA) For additional tutorials see succeed@research on myCourse: http://mycourse.solent.ac.uk/succeed/research Last update: Sept 2010 23