Document 6504441
Transcription
Document 6504441
PROPAGATIONOF THE VINE. :OW VINEYARDS REGULATE TO SEEDLINGS. OF SUPERIORITY THE ILLUSTRATING TREATISE A BY USE OF THE i CONSTITUTIONALLY ROOTS. PERFECT ALSO .N ESSAY ON THE AND PHYSICAL OF THE MORAL INFLUENCE VINE. BY CHARLES Second by the SAN FEANCISCO E T M O R E Appendix. With Edition, SAN iblished W A. FRANCISCO. MERCHANT, 1880. A. D. Bell, Proprietor, 323 Front Street. PROPAGATION OF THE VINE. VINEYARDS REGULATE TO HOW SEEDLINGS. BY OF THE CONSTITUTIONALLY OF SUPERIORITY USE ILLUSTRATING TREATISE A THE ROOTS. PERFECT ALSO AN ESSAY ON THE PHYSICAL OF AND THE MORAL INFLUENCE VINE. BY CHARL-ES Price (INCLUDING SAN Published by the SAN FRA*. WETMORE. A. Cisco LITHOGRAPH) 25 Cents* FRANCISCO: MKECHANT, 1880. A. D. Bell, Proprietor, 323 Front Street, TO THE This and of the the rapid creation of pet of this agriculture own vine and and the work theory, but to to California, of industry and viticulturists the for our in intelligentexertions to stimulate induce March people, ascertaining of agriculture. practical possibilities is not the create controversy, in experiment wanderer to the settle 1st, 1880. 301839 A. to good society, and or field The maintain to of down fig tree. GAL., desire all who homes CHAS. OAKLAND, to whom to -comfortable and for continued demonstrating object of advancement happy earnestlyappeal and respectfullydedicated State CALIFOENIA. OF FAEMEES OTHER AND is pamphlet farmers witness the VITICULTURISTS WETMORE. a scientific under his PROPAGATIONOF THE VINE. PRINCIPLESOF VITICULTURERELATING TO DEVELOPMENT DISCUSSED, IjOOTS OF PERFECT THE WILD FOR A VINE GRAFTING ON CHAPTER OR ORIGIN" the During FROM period attracted view the the restoration ease the opinion of exhausted had soils regeneration of the constitutions in and of cultivated vines. I found favor of that the weight the of evidence in was they use of great expense and their failures might be restored favoring to must be no would Some, roots, being impervious insect regeneration enable them however, ascribed of the that European to with and resist there vines the which plague. apparently good rapid progress of to could the sons, rea- dis- stitutional con- would the seed, which to It was therefore, disappear. necessary, the phylloxera as an ordinary paraconsider site tions into an epidemic by condideveloped structure of the vine of degree better a regeneration from the cause plague to progress and that of their to These European the that thought cause beout vigor through provide radical and permanent cures. The resistance found only permanent was where constitutional were changes wrought in vineyards. French viticulturists scientists and Many to and adhered insisted upon the theory that the resistance of the American plants was to the solely due peculiar constitutional attacks and also the resisted vines stocks, not worn pure cultivation. vicious were by excessive pean Euro- held soils; these of American the latter of nitrogenous potash manures and of American to the vines, as near wild state as possible, for grafting stock. All specifics, to be used cides, as simple insectifound to be impracticable were on count ac- the that of by over-production and vines, increased impoverishment remedies SYLVAN constitutions impaired the to OF MERCHANT. FRANCISCO the concerning attention was ally especiwhich VINES FRANCE. SAN THE and 1878, to those IN OF observations of my France, in phylloxera plague, my in studies COLUMNS MAKING. EUROPEAN ZIERFAHNLS" PHYLLOXERA THE VALUE WINE AND STOCK SILVANERS REPRINTED CALIFORNIA-ITS OF this that which vines spread the true, were the of be remembered from produced that a few the insect pure (with American original wild varieties some the completely vines improved by simple reproduction, or hybridization. that from mented experi- but it in name, all been they have either resist the soils destroying vines, of certain numerous remained retarded American The were -to varieties European stayed the evil. with in insect substitution the for the fact exhausted been it had potash of addition the er Wheth- disease. of not, the or were doubt ties, varie- processes It Was able of served obto concerning the labruseas),and failed. of the were No with wild vines (vitisCalifor nica vitis then vine sure aestivalis and been This reform in would cause grape each wild to in wild if the tings. cut- have constitutionallyperfect in all their parts undiminished vigor of an original sound plant, I thought to be based upon ture. principles everywhere recognized in horticulIt occurred that if cuttings were to me good to graft upon, seedlings, well selected, would be better, because their vitalitywould be the their and unimpaired root system first idea criticised hearing it, because had seedlings shown inferior were This been has however that the due wholly plete. com- was answered fact raising they in many cases to their parents. that strength failures in at by once probably were that only the saying almost seeds of been or hybridized varieties had varieties Such not only experimented with. generally fail to reproduce themselves through seedlings, but also fail to produce vigorous offspring. The experiment of reproducing improved, varieties, unaffected by crossed and if ever high cultivation, had seldom the aim had tried, because been, in the simple, pure saps been past, when raising seedling grapes, to procure varieties by hybridization, or the reproduction of such as had already been hybridized. Seedlings had therefore ally genereither new shown I feel law seed constitutional quite of safe that nature produces in soil natural and healthful roadway a the growth, that unless wood sometimes as rapidly in most of this cases, yards vine- and of vines insect, disturbed the are obstacle an proves plague the of by ing: follow- to the vance ad- and generally the vinos next to the hard ground last longest; a vine of Mr. Attila Harazthy's residence in the rear in the Sonoma Valley, has survived, while the surrounding vineyard has been destroyed the soil about it is tramped hard and pact comand is not old disturbed; vineyards, after abandoned, being attacked severely by become with phylloxera, have overgrown " soil the been in air follow to is It work the to open hardened, noted. cannot and resuscitation probable soils that that by cultivation,leaving and room respiration. If this be true, the where can only be fairly tested wild cultivated and to enter loosened. preferable for vineyards ; does not spread in them, do they passage-ways, there is wild vine when not, such good as the for vine soil the is are phylloxera cause be- probably leave loosened, soils clay do. to believe reason ices crev- soils Sandy sect in- the thrown not are and ever Howthat our resist the will phylloxera ; if so, I should seedlings to graft prefer to use They may be produced in nurseries upon. old an opporby the million, and at one year tunity will be had for selecting only those of the most vigorous growth. the general each kind, produces after its own simple reproduction has suffered some violence rendering seeds unreliable. There be some doubt as to might however the vigor or rapidity of the growth of a seedling wild with a cutting : vine',as compared but I found in that France seedlings produced and wild of the from is not roots Instances SELECTING from that midst varieties saved ara their near weakness. relying upon propagation the European places cultivation. has many,upon experience in to the by that infected weeds, This Valley in have been destroyed by the be genthat would proof is one erally accepted as sufficient,but it is not by which I will explain. I have a reason for me new roots with Sonoma I do This ascertained culture, which vine the Missouri, find by of Texas. which somewhat attention to a riparia. I called of proposition, viz: the use seedling vines for grafting purposes in place of of vines and flourishing are pest. the of resembles the as Carolinas examination viticulturists our well as the Ohio, Arizona the if successful equally vines made or virtues once ally gener- Arizonica). that try the of this State, which at hybrids considered California of and I recommended should the varieties cordifolM, riparia had experiments types. the that The Last which August intention I not was two in grow of SEEDS. I examined the Sonoma having satisfied seeds with because wild the collected what the I vines with Valley the there. found, for berries appeared I was afraid imperfect, they might have been the impregnated from surrounding follow to vineyards. I intended carefully the lings seedtheory that hybridizatim renders reasons ; and constitutionallyweak, seeds from the most and also that prolific vines, bearing would germinate, grapes, of cuttings. I was perfect bunches termined with the best results. vine, and deconduct I to that the wild some vines experiments. By inquiry I learned offer in the vicinity of Harbin's shall viticulturists all that to our now Springs, in Lake I have been able to learn the subject. the most on County, were luxuriant,prolificand bore the best of fruit. developed bunches EESISTANCE THE PHYLLOXERA. TO At that time, I assumed, others as do, that I can find that our there onls one to suppose no reason was variety of wild vine in the will State the vitis Californica,first described resist not phylloxera indigenous vine hopeful more also of rapidly than the California " seeds procure found. I I wild I needed best that of the an be to quite numerous, though to observer alike. the casual they all appear I succeeded in engaging Mr. C. Mattier, who mit's lives a heran intelligentFrenchman, life in the valley adjacent to Harbins I found Springs, to collect seeds for me. that he had to already commenced ment experi- On wild the the 7th of broadcast he had I as the had he April, 1879, in his full of oyster-can which vine had seeds of He saved. tered scat- wild the had in But further of this vine on of for its value on for seeds of The hundred three me twenty-five pounds skins. feature I when noticing the value its own merits, independently grafting stock. collected dried being large this of ing. mak- measured berries the length, wine for found had matured. write He he and including " the according method, to my bunches, to to select matured directions, was the berries,without injuring the seeds, to press out the juice carefully by hand as so crush mended. recom- vegetable garden well shall are with bunch eight inches and our producing fruit for One for error, of varieties stock, but .to was specimens convinced now sure vines all the from am quite am that and by Bcntham, to prevent vine expected only fermentation in an He shady a from dry to the mainder re- ' also conducted wine and place. experiments portions of the in making which grapes, first that there demonstrated several soon ties variegerminate ; but thousands were peared apof which he of these above destroyed wild grapes. ground, most in There On the in noticeable colors different cultivating his garden. were 2d June of he these when transplanted a few, as he picked, but this had gengrapes erally would with have done tomato been attributed to different degrees of plants. These he took of and In the month watered. care maturity. I have, however, sampled three of October, at my made from these different wines request, he dug up two of grapes, these which in general characteristics months old seedlings, less than seven vary so much from them I am the seed, and that sent to convinced gether that tothey are the prome, ducts few a to with the branches of kind, which same One of the They The broken stem feet off in just and the the of of fruit. il and of them 3 had The was the oped devel- longest point where wood of the three-eighths of growth three feet high. Subsequently I had a collection of the had not been cultivated and seedlings, which had had to no me. advantage of water, sent of them Most too small to graft,though were some were quite well developed. It is probable that and if the well seeds plants. far as 2 half one Mr. Mr. have been more Mattier's the natural to that varieties he qualities in Bordeaux among had them and that had character he them produce similar grapes. the vines Springs,which to discovered had He When claret to found growing those of accidentally developed to such conceived a degree the by cultivation,not the of idea for in tion perfecof proving im- grafting brilliant a claret color. it to Mr. million!" Mr. Mattier distinct thinks varieties he distinguishfive can the among vines in his vicinity. The seeds which I marked, notwithstanding a peculiarities, type prevails grayish colored, dull coffee brown, common Some them. among tion, examina- have, upon distinctive disclose are bright reddish, others these. with between The varying shades dark from the dark seeds, coming grapes, Some predominate. are also, no doubt, same and immature worthless. TO HOW grafting stock, no All excepting trees and them are by a as may wild such the that produce have a be can of these district happened vines of fifty to at value from in which remarkable luxuriance from the seedlingsfor there un- possible hybridization, from vines exhibit gathered SEEDS. THE producing I of among The nature. as of presume difference in material well USE the purpose contarninated Harbin's near a " by seeds. best of was Arpad Haraszthy for his opinion he pronounced it,without hesitation, a fine claret wine, and remarked, They will plant that vine yet in Bordeaux wines, bunches impart to vinous the certain One varieties. brown I submitted For remarkable distinct reddish color, another port like, another The last had violet purple. such an of abundance that a small coloring matter addition of it to a glass of white wine was size. the wild used says that he had mix with the and Mission other cultivated size ground, a produced vigorous Mattier grapes and favorable have would earlier sown experiment, it shows the vigor of these seedlings. in the accompanying plate represents seedling photographed a little less the than been Nothing [could satisfactorythan as in cultivated large percentage Figure had of light companying sufficient ac- the on roots, the to the soil. sc inch in diameter an and half a deep above 2 seedling perfect system three I make which use figures are plate. a vine with seedlings, together with age averwild fruit,I photographed for the to preserve being wild loaded of the samples now. old an were least the ally naturstate Some growth. seventy-five feet one of they were fecundity as hundred and cover high, fifty when that vines these seeds The light sandy loam, suitable for obtain best method, the germinated value order be to start would ary glass, in Februboxes, or under that manner or March, in the same the tomato as plants are raised; then as soon be determined, plants can vigorous young which would be within two plant months, to transthem carefully into the vineyards where the roots In this way remain. to they are the in seeds suffered be may plants undisturbed to grow the grafted in place be may and their places old seedlings one year the and the at same grafted nursery in the The time. seedling ^fig.2) shown carefully taken plate, was accompanying and old. from the a half ground, six months of its roots would In ordinary work, most have been shortened, and its perfection when be impaired, although in transplant 3d would be superior to a cutting. it would event any In filled with be In failed to grow have some case may from the most slow to boxes a process their will farmers of plants the growers, Common and to manage in seeds a rows indicate beet the If seeds. sowing plants come the year, on all if not are alternate the leaving ample At acre. one room the required end for seeds France have sick A if great task taken I MANY It is the vines about acres would In practice in one BE MAY SEEDLINGS this thousand taken require forty vantage ad- rot car- up one them. Thousands of new would of be a cuttings from they might be easily while an small and find acre of three lots of the seeds. be needed for in boxes, or be saved that they the pound, collected 2,500,000 year among for seeds average crushed and them. The contains me about I should expect to waste at least one-half the seeds in sowing them, because of them stick together, glued to many the stances, skins, and, under ordinary circumany fall unequally in sowing. they would A great many plants would require to be and thinned out destroyed. The immature seeds would mate, estiI should not germinate. would therefore, that twenty pounds seeds in an hot would best to starting I a first under sow If started nursery. first beds, suffice. when even acre they might nearly half transplanting, and one think should that be transplant as they are soon as all the it might nursery, glass and only the most vigorous, developed sufficiently. WHAT BEQUIKED. to acre. thousand acres It that are plant Forty plants. to WILL BE DONE THIS YEAB. up, have acres valley six hundred quire redestroyed by phylloxera; it would thousand six hundred plants to replace be Napa and other counties. them To against the future attacks of ensure advise the dreaded plague, prudence would of sound viticulturists to put a foundation planted in Sonoma, in tops nursery. have, lot years 100,000 to the the Sonoma been obtain counted I I have State to the in have whole four or of state. quarter of a old vines and cuttings, seedlings, which wild vines, from which for three abundance an the to wild the in State. billion destroyed in in great trees for found this more than way be from plants preference to profitably obtained at the by seeking them be seeds HOW furnish required, could have impossible may of cultivated also stocked. over- replace. to nursery would no foresight to plant for seedlings. demand three now vines be the market millions for They had the supply doubt, a become experiments probably have to No cultivation. for who few of is and have we years, French have discovered the will there three or what out already, it using ing, transplant- be may rows of two should the as remaining be irregularly a little labor can profitably in used redistributing them by removing the crowded from places to the spare some If the are rows eighteen inches spaces. four to six inches apart, and the plants from may apart in the rows, about sixtythousand be raised progressed soon 8,000 how of manner nurseries skins from the lest It is of millions that and required As the vines. principle seedlings prevails, be will found their this about " after vine if dried I should the sow nursery. say, in loose, deep soil moist, but drained, or will sense wild plants danger under roots that see too vigorous planting. before graft them can farmers' to sidered con- prefer year's one in nursery. They will have of selecting only the most growth well Most hotbeds. obtain to as seedlings transplanted the use or it will be however, cases, impracticableand perfect plain the spring. next and to perfect roots, of doubt, no in be would In purposes. complete and improve. be soil which any or nursery the will easily may expected cultivated are fruit the properly pruned, is to be It each. fruit of pounds already distributed collected Sonoma; Valley; to Mr. portions Chas. of the Kohler, of G. Groeziuger, of the Napa Prof. sity, Hilgard, of the State Univerand Mr. John L. Beard, of Centerville, of the Regents of the University,and a one Mr. skillful farmer. About an at and more use next The me of will be cultivated in will do and my has not as lings seedmuch personal year. question in this such acre Berkeley. Mr. Beard to provide for his of expense matter, because vast importance I deem to the troubled this reform future of our to have vineyards that I am only anxious experiments started as extensively as be a large number that there so may plants for sale or distribution, as soon as farmers become have with satisfied the I have will to whomsoever this State, distribute them in appealing and farmers Mr. and for half which prietor pro- the qualities to the produce grapes of famous most clarets. Figure 4. Illustration a foreign cutting two a French produce work. lateral only lack of developed roots of systems copied cuttings " and roots by reason constitutionally perfect inherent an of old years that It shows from the them has kindly agreed to I feel no hesitation me. vinous tributionexhibits dis- Bell, the A. D. MERCHANT of the demand in Medoc, from of the pound Similar the our theory advanced. therefore hundred one put up for and fifty pound packages soundness in the possible, of a weakness of root the main trunk of The is a root system. above portion of wood ground, which grown It never partakes of a true root's character. be liable to disease, and, if affected by may intelligent viticulturists lower and in making the upper these exme periments worms, or rot, between lateral roots ing the lower ly necessarias general as possible, and in asksystem must be The those who the off from cut are willing to do so to write to plant above. Mr. Bell for seeds. I only ask that the seeds of any of the seedling roots, destruction one be and that fall all not wasted next however, need not affect the others, which may will all tend them to strike deep into the soil. parties having germinated notify the of the section President State Yiticultural Figure 5. Illustration of a short of a cutting, full bud, Society Mr. Arpad Hararzthy, or his successor size, with only one in office of a results intended to be planted in the manner stating what they have of soil in which This of propagation has been seed. method obtained, kind plants what sire are growing, and experimented with, but has not obtained any disposition they deof the intend to make or seedlings they general use. the tion, have, so that, if offered for sale or distribuFigure 6. Illustrates development of those know where a bud desiring them cutting, one year old planted after the ma}7 be obtained. pellier. of figure 5, at the manner they may College at MontI shall send It is copied one-sixth k) the Viticulto France tural natural size some of the and Union shows that the thrown where roots down are Entre-Deux-Mers, been The of a seedling. French similar to those to the desired, and they have some call it bouture semis Agricultural College at Montpellier, in the (cutting-seedling). In this than thrown the root Department of the Herault, where more was particular case, two down the wood hundred varieties of American vines are made fifty-four inches and above now growing. ground was thirty-seveninches. The superiority of the roots of the seedling to our to assist " " DESCRIPTION In THE OF order ACCOMPANYING illustrate to PLATE. the different be manifest must ciples prin- I believe that propagating vines, I have prepared the plate, lithographed by accompanying Edward Bosqui " Co., the explanation of pertaining to which roots of is Figure vine follows: as Seed 1. the of Harbin's from California vicious the vine for 7th, 1879, size; seed Harbin's diseases the vines owing are propagating the by cuttings only. of constitutionallydefective WILD I think vine practice all of observer. casual a if not roots centuries are THE six times. wild the even and to same Their weak. wild Springs, magnified Figure 2. California natural nearly one-half to most, seedling, April sown native our for wild this purpose AS be can A WINE GRAPE. doubt no of value the vine for grafting stock and I' do not hesitate to recommend taken 2, and Mattier, transplanted June up in figure,in October, being finallyas shown its general use, either by cuttings,or for nie seedlings. But the experiments made by Mr. Mattier during the past grape season, then have It less near than shows seedling,and Californica. fail to Springs by months seven the system the of leaf The of attention. attract at the the the Lake may not to of of States any value should not County plant fruit. wild of grapes from east of similar the to Kocky wild grapes Mountains. well as me, the for making hesitate, if I as I in desideratum in this State it will believe the claret had It famous. of potash, sufficientlyneutral tartrate taste to whatever. no and has wines. central the the produces has The make are I vineyard a or who this vine of supply making wine our future others virtue crowning in any of our northern, to cultivate this vine for more same flavor convinced experts, that is its vitis place, nearly one-half natural size. dark Perfectly matured; very or shining black; taste agreeable acid; no trace a cannot the to plant C. seed. peculiar If what can old vines from roots peculiar vigor produce this much favorable places do? Figure 3. Bunches Mr. of GRAPE there sake the to ties, coun- of its greatest and is destined clarets tannin of and is striking aroma, no disagreeable viticulturist who plants fear not vines, need by experimenting, because, with the fruit of finally satisfied the vines when cultivated, he can graft them be whenever that he has he pleases and sure for his vineyard. a superior foundation of my I have ascertained by examination vineyard a seeds that come from these with serious any if he is not loss dark the darkest the light colored, be are of maturity, but so, different are the for propagate ones and desire the that fruit and the darkest ones is the for to ing graft- stock. SEEDLINGS I OF EUROPEAN by the convinced am I have in consulted State, that the by grapes selection of seeds hybridized European they could our among I believe without this is to me and making, a study of the table I have wine known original wild The stock. pure goes grapes tradition and man back the Roman so; them many the vines of found varieties the is country reproduced themselves are things to eat poor than our wild that a not of They of that haps Perof that to Yet grapes. they Zinfaudel came grape, from des which origin the up Ampelographie Cepages les plus of been have we I fell upon Count I consulted Hungary, information, work, Traite trace to some (Mart's the as he refuses vine with is for these this are the admit to Muskateller, Gueuche the or The done. had Silvaner, and fertile,ripens early enough, propertieshe Its vinous to eat. It will be that seen Rhine the to be the of Hungary. or Zierfahnl" Zierfahnl he finds same as Next he " Szirifandl Rouge" (Red Zinfandl concerning which he says: Red or " Silvaner Silvaner), It is under the received I it, and that it is a variety would to decide not dare what the of preceding, notwithstanding Babo and Baron AmpeloMetzger, German graphists, say of it. It is always represented to be a very as good grape to eat and good first the dans its cellar, I have according to those that not in Vienna saw aptitude it was to make the renowned berries have enough plants to make it separately, but the excellent Mr. another German Ampeiographist, I The Kirchen. very I wine of whom well that name wine told tous names that the Picarneau some agreeable classes me then this Meslier, the Universelle, ou Estimes and already have ' ' Blanche, says, to seems Odart Count then ebrated cel- I other several it identity of our curious As Traube. even sufficient. Burger, fine Muskateller Grim of name are They palatable m^.ke SZIRIFANDL. "This " of its trying the to enough of that variety, I pass Silvaners, or Szirifandls. Griin (along the Silvaner, or Salviner Rhine), Oestricher, Schwabler, Griin Frankisch; Griin Szirifandl or Zierfahnl (Hungary); authors. wine. In under written grapes seed. more work, other for the from and the "Roth part claret the in chapter entitled, OK Manhard Green indigenous were under Griin the belief The Zin- corrupted Zierfahnl. or Odart's a says: is to the gaining ground. Bordeaux at only might many such, poor. Silvaner of says Greece. Orient. called the Tradition from signified we tribe,if it may composed, in distinction from have, for the others, of subjects which most themselves, affinity among part, no and have nothing in common except their sylvan origin. For instance, I have received from collection one the Luxembourg variety Gleb the of the of great value, under name from Mr. time at the same Szirifandl, and the collection same variety Demermety's be writer considers time the at Count best memory facts. quote however, the from the Medoc came perhaps, came I to conquests. French the cease in the cultivated were where Szirifaudl, Austria," " were been has SILVANER Bordeaux the of The is consequently of to will the nearest and history The these that the are grapes condition in I found head word from variety, but considerable has The fandels. there seedlings. itself upon, word while ing, dry- one. and in that the As to appear natural state the which theory a to base raisin or however, that simply loild vine, and have variety, there only one produced re- wine for easy which probably respond favorably evidence stocks, and seed. an hybridizing, or tell which the use, is problem those are grapes least perverted from cultivation reproduce owing to improved, or grapes wine be the by from this are could failure in to choice we those also and are pure grapes be propagated for not I think best of If grapes. of testimony general failures seedlings varieties of the VINES. France described found, to object not quelque renom, published in I expected to find the Zindistinct variety of vine. a as ture imma- and who I de 1873. in faiidel the grayish valuable, if the most that Paris California ones ceive resamples- they may It may following this rule. due only to different degrees rieties opinion is that the vamy any do may the colors are and grapes Those grapes. separate colored yellowish and light colored from come brown coffee Vignobtes les are sweet advantages, 1839, has vineyard bunches round, and in of very I must boasted good wine; he told plant most used in Gumboldt large, the color light red, juice are a of me the not agreeable. I have not keep silent told upon defect,which its great is sensitive very diminishes the to it and spring the them; winter and frosts. only Burgunder (Upper much " the of Blau in Jungholz, Silva- Blauer or it well, refused I will Silvaners. admit to remark here the therefore woods; this and name there which be might be not may If of same family. The in Riesler, is also found in less degree than Kiesling, or vineyards, but " these on Khine. the The " called of wine is Baden, made Margrave, from Woelsch. in or other of the Duchy or kinds three of fact I the which Chasselas, that they the Switzerland, of La wine of sells Vaux, which, even of yard vine- 500 francs these told that they mix are Mpsler, which is the Furmint and the Verbouschegg, Hungarian, giving any descriptionof these two the with without are Maerisch "The is served the table in upon and its maturity is Baden, the is also Portugieser, which much for cultivated for the table, as well as wine making. They tell us nothing about the not Maerisch, and I am acquainted with will it; but I cultivate the Portugieser, which have its the table. chapter under in head for of grapes Elbling, Facun Allemand, I " first editions, this variety in my the of its of consideration little value omitted vinous qualities; but. small by the Rhine, I have as it is very tivated cul- much \ineyardists on to give it a place decided the here. Its product is abundant, doubt, but it is no its only advantage, and its bunches of round and without berries, being of a flat sweetness vinosity,give only these are of since them, a red This that very tradition made have a tribe several are has means that many I could left to varieties,especially which I possess." one only imperfect chapter proves varieties How that sure experiments that of practicability the test best wine our be the varieties find we seeds. from grapes when regularly reproduce themselves, sound stocks, and that pure, the best way to plant a vineyard will be to convinced I am This their seedlings. use Zinfandel. In with our ought to be done found have we viticulture way would instead progress it is doing as throughout now caused of the exhaustion the world by reason should by using cuttings only. If any farmer be dissatisfied Zinfandel with a vineyard of be and easily graft them seedlings, he can his of good roots to maintain vineyard. sure searched have books ON AUTHORITIES FEENCH I the on vine SEEDLINGS. everywhere among the something about lings, seed- for little. There and what I find is very the little known on subject, and the very is full of discovery. future the attached Burgers more to say, certain to well sylvan origin. It Zinfandels, Rieslings, Gut- of vines there but a wild are cultivated. vines might be probabty found the de la vigne, by B. interesting chapter. The the work antedates phylloxera epidemic. be exceedingly should the writer says What the object interesting in California, where In and new Mons. de la culture I find an from the to suit seed conditions Lenoir to the vines, native to obtain be should modified of a new soil, climate growth. promptest means We ties of a vegetable. proofs of it, and yet we is the seed "The says: of and obtaining have est sur- vari- thousand a scarcely tried the vine. with this method Although I have this subject, I know made on great researches only four facts relative to seedlings of the have vine. "The the by first is cited complete cours 'M. " is impossible Bordeaux traite the A. Lenoir, in fine, be should which there known edels and wine; mediocre a varieties neighbors, for our and is "Burger, had the to of retrograding of duchy early, like study pure to be in this State prove therefore be made may that plants. the a which believe at the to up this indicate grapes. recommend We our Fendants from gather them than deteriorate ing by plantresult seedlings, and that the average lings seedof a vineyard planted with Zinfandel be an corrobwould In improvement. oration of this, Mr. G. Groesinger tells me that he knows of Zinfandel seedlings in the made wine he has Napa Valley from which the identical with ZinfandeJ. so commonly I We barrel. per grapes of the principally the are Zinfan- a and Zinfandel, Eiesling, Gutedel prove stock, we expect to immay pure reproducing are nia Califor- our as rather parts of Germany author, says that these but I have to good reason in view, classed known. grapes, GUTEDEL, German vines the should The might be important Burger in others of the distinction vine best wine our these that this simple sylvan origin tribe Silvaner, Szirifandl, signify found names The is that under in the under come del. near Wurtumberg would grapes head. wild Bodensee knew of the ing Traube, accordBabo, although even he, who Baron to of Khine), cultivated name be remembered to cause vineyard " Guebviller ner Burgundy With I shall " the same a Van grape Mons, d' by ot seedling, M. Bosc, art. vigne of Ayrwulttire : a Brussels, has variety as obtained large as a 8 strong Heine-Claude, which ripens, at the latest, in the first half of August, and which fails to never and situated ' sweet. What the same in means second "The espece, of 'A person Art. " grapes made happier climate? is reported by Kozier, a fact Cours his (I do of them d' Agriculture: has planted seeds know not of what kind) vineyard, and a ; he wine the produces is not subjectto the malady afflicted the preceding vines.' which "Rozier about it. How says nothing more it which it that was fact a * vine? "The who could all that care this make method article vigne,in the raised yet produced not place fruit after twelve years of culture.' fact in "However mentioned a that article,proves conclusion from the sole the obtain coming the by for furnished and especially by the to which by seed, seasons, would owe they well under the to whether vines. make, and let remark me after emulation have and yet are quite content Europe, which never wines in different have the of advantage variety of culture subjected.Here is the the we must be consulted it needs with to have reference support, allier du ground. fruit of which a variety the comes perfect maturity. Its shoots push out extreme with an vigor, and cover already a The fruit of this great part of the walls. knows variety is excellent; it bears, no one of the vigne aspirante.' why, the name "A varietywhich, in the climate of Paris, In. 1867, before produced to a which yieldsgrapes in the flavor, has ripen,or never warmest produced years in the only same a which quire acsweetish climate, by best, has bears in itself the of however, germ will break revolution, which out habituate or later in Further our on an tire en- sooner vineyards." I find a passage com- pruning. growth the wild grow low phylloxera will state, to the had tracted at- new most life,that which should longest time superiorqualities. multiplication by The to the for the subjects more seeds yields robust, varieties less rebellious climates to which one wishes to Again he says, as if in era, predictionof the present questionof phylloxthe seedlings are also excellent to regenerate of vines exhausted by a long a race " which the to its ' ' the preserve a try now entitled public attention,in a work La Vigne, by Romualdo Dejernon, published the Pyrenees (Auguste Lafon, at Pau, near Henri No. 3 Rue IV.), there is an interesting paragraph he chapter on seedlings. In one suggests the increased vigor of the naturally reproduced plant : The plant, issue of the seed, is always variety the fruit of which attains complete maturity and is excellent. And in the vine, where such a long article on a fact induction is drawn is cited,no ! This fact, the seed, should them indicate it. Some vines, in tall trees ; others climb over Jansens, at we the of growth through seedlings, and possiblyto regenerate and improve them. in The principal thing to remember ing growof the plant seedlings is that the nature acclimate If (the verjus) planted garden of the ChevChaillot,near Paris, has same California In passage: 'A seed of this grape several years ago in the " the produce places. culture, varieties borrow to superiorEuropean vines; stances, circum- to vine everythingfavorable who to the wild vines, the with progress spirit by their examples some the people of California, among to excite ought of States, Southern and cultivating the European made repeated efforts, have wonderful such viticulturists the that in failing who, The vines. our all are the Eastern, Western of nicate, commu- graft,their the dioiques;it is a question they would support the graft of It is an experiment very easy to merits being made." vines our of means temperament American which to species would hemisphere. These perhaps,by robust kinds the their origin support very variable climate of our most be the mode plant had been which plant, local the essays There these wild state. a might counted ac- as several, especially in America, which vation, yield fruit sufficiently good, which, by cultiThese would kinds, yield better. multipliedby seeds, would produce, perhaps, it not only on very interestingvarieties, were perate of the property of resisting intemaccount from same It is vines. from still in are of the of nature the any any experience of ; the non-fructification from the seed with him, Duhamel which cannot we the from his at Bu- slow. too exclude not varieties the seeds; but of use appears vine a that asserts had the in 1802, says: latter seed of the idea the inventing American upon Alia, letter to the a of glory are Here also may hamel greatest Dictionaryof Rozier, printed at Montardier "One the relate to the culture of the of do all the attention attract sought with in to the : "I * * author edition fertile extraordinary,so so did not in consequences, of the man follows Lyons near referred specieswhich seedling has produced a variety,of which maturity is precocious and complete. might not one expect, after that, from The the has * field. open I claiming grafting as of cultivate the vine in the of sistent con- fact is very remarkable. Brussels is in a part of Belgium where they can "This not pletely Its juice is very produce. supersede the Montpelliergentleman whom them." succession They multiplicationsby of much furnish, also, more, vigorous those which other way." But it is for the and of cuttings. obtain possibleto in Mr. eties varidanger of losing many counting the decay, without effects of phylloxera. Mr. Dejernon : says have We no longer the varieties which yielded the great wines of antiquity; the/wrttiint of Tokai, the sirrah of the Hermitage, have lost their force and vitality; therefore, Whether same. Leuoir, whose whether or it I work it obtained " was have its name fruit,I do not know it is singular that the great ; but writer's be first verified predictions should with a plant bearing his own name. (le noir) from natural the to be after mentioned, any in are we by considered named graft, subjects longer life than its dark-colored THE PHYLLOXEKA FRANCE. IN " varieties Cato ; neither honor in have lost than more La by The and cutting. healthy, vigorous a ; each developed, is bud, in of the invention which has the idea In or that eye, Winter, vine well the Saut of Third dew; of season the side of each on the the these buds are planted just as seeds light soil,about an inch and a half or result is claimed to The inches two deep be a vigorous plant,partaking of the unity and between roots growth that the upper time preat the same serving seedling exhibits, and the exact type or variety of vine. the vine, comDr. mends on Duyot, in his work Spring in are, . plan of reproduction. He calls it a seedling accomplished at the It is worthy of experiment in this a and graft time. same California. Mr. has Payen with experimented a fication modi- kind a and Medoc, this the fungus, it before year, the in and crop, the ernes of rots dew this results The Hudelot system of comparison second Are to be a in which of the work by vines of *Mr. and letter Trimoulet on quotes M. Bulletin Industrial of the Society of of a not at this Garonne, on and fact -the cuttings of vine Jacquez the remark of worthy " Lenoir now that the being obtained variety of Texas, is vorite fain cultivated But from seems now have down to Gironde, Department, of a tained is ob- crop side of west the great Medoc, fected vineyards, is also afof the places,but here the progress rapid. richness the there the bottom soil is very there The and north the this third poverty of soil nor close connection any In the and Charente palus, the the vintage. the edges Sauternes Rhone poor; a numerous Neither and of than more to the extend Garonne soil is in what of lands 'rich and seem with we phylloxera the thriftily, American France- the region ravages four-fifths covering the / of the the ravages is country, which Cognac this These banks Angers." It is of northeast. "The the the subject to the only another is their weakness. extension to have Trimou- A. H. still are phylloxera phylloxera in American the experiment with, is cornsulphur, but the results already described is not Vibert, pepinierist,of Angers, appeared in the thirteenth year, No. 1, of The I have Graves Lenoir, of Mr. (Eleventh Bordeaux " of the proof SEEDS PLANTING the pamphlet Phylloxera)." method means disease. the introducing to by in FOB found recent let,of show " that batted year. INSTRUCTIONS in in fruit produced has of into France vines where larger stronger other produces more insures gion re- much I have occasion the and pivotal roots, while the numerous rootlets,and the the that are oidrum the done has tacks at- turity. ma- to-day learned that the product is only this year Yquem fiftv-five tonneaus 13,200 gallons instead of the average yield of 28,800 gallons; this is caused decrease by dew principally. The of years most aloidium, which, for a number wine interest, destroyed the French was completely destroyed the Madeira, and the plan by taking the bud, or and the adjacent bark a portion of eye, with in bud used than ing. graftwood, scarcely more of der ten- flowers of Chateau of In eye. " loxera. phyl- the and " inch an season kills warm sun-rays, of the berries and reduces oidium, the damage. stem eighth an In year, the " fallingupon greatlyreduced has each the germs the the affects buds dew, fruit,shrivels the lected se- are appears about section a a of season time by of the seedling a or the of canes of Fall the the First are: the " succeeded the crop; proved which frost The many as several have through pass all the and oidium, leaves; separated by cutting leaving across, those and I wrote in 1878 Gironde the to among frost; Second varieties the describes It combines success. notably SEEDLING. BUD peasant, Hudelot, a of of periods of ourselves we in Bordeaux was vines The critical no Quintinie." author same half the Serres de I : time the ; and Pliny of THE of Olivier could time the described in plants cultivated the longer find could Pliny disappear. While follows should In revels. this the this tion. questhe valley of call the legion,where vines grow parently aprevels. phylloxera also vines produce the finest wines, slowly and phylloxera advances The checked. regions of poor wines where the the been devastated. No great vineyards 10 have yet been such the ruined, unless we count in of Frontignan, vineyards Midi, where I know when in have virts de as great deal a than I fact and theories I wrote at first I should first of The of reason natural some Much that principle,which intact " I all the in I at the condition, which has The plague surrounds Vins Blancs, except escaped yet been the so special or explained. Medoc, Graves and and west south, It has been for several vines grow. no but does not in spots in these districts, to spread seriously. It is not a tion ques- where years seem variety of vines, because the same in other parts. The varieties have succumbed of the it success, , It to jumped district into Burgundy first demonstrated continues pest has The ground. the vine that where fact remains hold the over Switzerland the fine many. Ger- and gundy BurIt is working only slowly into vineyards. is impossible to draw clusions satisfactoryconfrom committees various France, the official reports of the in different parts of even of which each friend especiallythe is fail in All remedies of some singleremedy. general,and all succeed in particular. Such I reach after reading is the general conclusion of pamphlets. scores of opinclasses There two prominent are ions. in solvingthe problem, Those eng'aged such as scientists and men speciallyengaged by official relations connected or with advocate practicalvine-growers, wine merchants and common people generally,unite in one refrain, "Iln 'y a rien afaire," ("There is of successful Scores nothing to do.") The remedies, well few, except the attested, announced; are but experimenters, practice any This of who is chiefly due to the want conduct the those who confusion harmony between experiments. the Government have offer of The the and nostrums spiritof rivalry and for the prizemore to a cupidity of many begotten a sell,have contention for the ; some of honor tend con- covery, dis- in part for the apathy of the people, in succeed manures can best attested soil is treated all insecticides said that the Only exceptional plague. in and nitrogeniousmanures; but Good of results fail these and the been have obtained of result obtained was the Department by chiffon, the fine debris cuttings and trimmings and nitrogenous manure. it be by to the potash, wood potash. The of in this Let enough of potash and presence vine to resist the disease. sulfo-carbonate remarkable where irresistible. the carbonate simple and potash of plague is worst, and appears often They succeed, however, nitrogen assist the where are compounds the that rich cultivation. successes with demonstrate either accompanied by are improved or The be checking in part places which use from remembered of simple factory, animal vines extract " that Keole an wool of most near hat a use ashes, is not returned, soil, which and that vinyards are well seldom manured, and soils. For a long are generally in poor time there existed a law in France, prohibiting the manuring of vineyards. Lands able suit- potash from the for vines resting,for suited such to been have centuries; " The culture. be vital is the at study of Every ordinary manures themical in violated known all to of rule of crops another. the vine. What is is vines, is the true of law for its end the face of has evil as of of the the to no for. been It is "f also not it is trict dis- one been done over-crowding. is true communities men, the nature, but breed may violation of which seems of of tagious consome to have preservationof equilibrium earth. a preserve from kind, human diseases, by hidden vine. the necessary Over-crowded well as has nature of This there vegetation. which account can that, not only agriculturists to Again, that principle,which and health, vegetable fertility seed desirable to change the with What will, and culture the un- sequence con- easily determined, all speculations of renewed cannot soils. of underneath chemistry,there lands natural be is,cannot because cultivated, without also have so exhaustion is exhaustion great prize by to maintain still more hastily-formed early in the strife, and opinions uttered in methods which to advertise more many This may they have a speculative interest. account those rotation them. of disagree how doctors vine. fail cultural agri- believe in committees, this,that, or the other remedy. societies and and of the far, the on the it may Practically, immunity, not all they believe in medicine? The first cause of apathy the on part of all provine-growers is,probably, because posed remedies penses contemplate either great exradical or changes in their vineyards. The remedies all be grouped under may two heads directed : are First, those which simply against the phylloxera ; second, those which to the support of, or come tion regenera- tion ques- especialprecautions,but by of reason of modify; but, now vitalityof the vine. finest vineyards have by not this question rounds" remains pointed out, duced, pro- study it. to experiments. essential the main, the about began the various were liqueurs. more first "gone . wines muscat sweet famous for when as the on 12 advocates ous advance, all Nearly who but have the not in profit only its advocates of making large profitsby are theory a to American the sale plants astonish my readers cuttings. I could if I should of the passages reproduce some in the books numerous pamphlets and on American the merits vines, extolling even of the wines produced from them. Many of them assert positively that the wines, for the instance, from Mustang grape of Texas are superior to the finest French wines, and the at time same such of sugar and describe wines alcohol witty opponent of the method American vines But nevertheless in the American more in than each America. has that to the cultivated In this reasonable so men I I could I find authorities European cuttings, through sound a vines, the original planted centuries ago. were doctrine exhausted become may of be may in that these vines the some of termed satisfaction what the theory it does of than disease, rather phylloxera, as theory true, true think I natural the this holds If establish to the the as found of disease. Having original cause of the that support, through amelioration soil,aids the plant to resist,if amelioration of the fconstitution of the plant by natural also adds to the resistance,the probmeans lem solved. practically is But there of method went, asking where found consideration properly propagation. much in perpetuated forever. however, be are know for reasons seed, which vine-growers the The considered. by seedlings the that the oppositionto from regeneration first be must inquired everywhere same. the centuries, from have, here force. some of conditions the that old, of roots The been not product which of not I it with upon the are vine France effort,however, I dwelt have still remains Prof. that microscope with vines. European fact of resistance vitalityby such methods k follows of multipiication, then that the primal law of nature has exceptions, and that, without regeneration by seed, the the wildest are purpose, It will,therefore,become that American young If it is do the The here sagely remarks the compared under successive original varieties. a question of supplying grafting stock. soon here But we reach a new question which I have already touched in Paris, When upon. before studying the question in the vineyards, I happened to fall upon the mere suggestion of the idea of regeneratingthe vineyards by of means seedlings. It appeared to me to be roots observation germs advocating the varietythat sell, while the experiments prove the of vines is best,for roots The will be in has of of vine there soon Foex interestingtheory of tution physical constiaffording protection on But a distinguished viz: structure. exhausted suggests American very vines merchant he the lead, and the of naturalist that equal results can be obtained by taking barrel of river water, adding sugar and alcohol. are of an cause vines, account requiring the addition to give them body. A as the American and making advanced concerning vines of Foex Prof. advancement. character of the be less more or subject. It yield of the vines may He he He fears changes. thinks surprised me that I was everywhere repulsed. changed. vine of the American knows that the roots People, interested nominally in the problem of fightiug the he vancing will resist and will support grafts; hence phylloxera, but really in adthe remedy. is satisfied with some pet notion, which promised, if Every one can vantage adto popular, to become profitable, seemed plant seeds; hence there is not so much consider the idea as heretical in the extreme. in that method to the promoters, who At of seedlings of Montpellier,I saw rows try to monopolize the field in selling new well French American I could vines. as as cuttings and plants. Phylloxera is, in all see difference no in the on results, but the told curtly, without explanation that the European seedlings would It was true, no doubt, tha: many would succumb equally of five true the to of offending the American quack not resist. of them vines; plants was vines, for out the latter,only attack severe inquiries,at most savans, to Mr. Bouschet, the noted propagates by seeds so positivelythat that I lost the nearly Since then I have trader in American of vines, I American risk the whom was referred He seedlings were all learned vines. one told ures fail- he, also, is million a afford We of old afford well ifornia Caldead of million can create, instead to vineyards we subject. the on is full of In acres thousand three or country dead to have be new ones to begin principlesof multiplication and hence sound reproduction. wines to we can We have no traditional hence preserve; to we need vines not indeed, hope for changes. We may, improved improvements, for the vine has ern during past ages; the viticulturists of EastStates have improved the wild vines, and the superdo something, also, with we ior may fear faith in the idea. that not replace; hence less excitable and were as pepirderlst, is called. two the patent medicine. and have to restore; of disease, and a doctors we with my the speculatorsin me events, pest. Persistingin who was proof, plylloxera; it of varieties of hundreds six are proof against the or of the I or a vines But I that am are happy suited to to say our that climate. the question 13 is not It was, at first, entirely theoretical. accidental growths of seedlings in infected places that attracted attention to their standing Since then, notwithsuperior constitutions. the opposition of quacks in phylloxera have medicines, the real scientists been making progress by beginning with natural reproduction. There have learu, several been, I now experimental vineyards of seedlings commenced. certain But exceptionsdo no of its kind, it throws root. This, alone, is a continue central tap weakness, without of vitalityby with two me such I methods. of seedlings a Each has two old. old; another years strong tap root, heavier, longer and thicker than the root, even wood made if the above phylloxera Such ground. is not to be a sidered con- of exhausted a consequence vines, easily be attacked by the insect. be the best stock to Hence, seedlings may to replenish a vineyard, without recourse cuttings,just as fine fruit trees are grafted as cannot on seedlings. have led the vines, and methods to protect old of the Union of of from Such vines vine. experiment analagous to vine. Cuttings were wild vines growing in this district. American the made considered were The unfruitful in the vines young Medoc. conclusions drawn are First,that is an grape be true in Montpellierhas operationsseriously outside this. But this may ferent dif- greater or less degree with ties varieties,in proportion as such varieare more or less true to their parent plants Seedlings, also, do not grow with equal others. delicate than vigor; some are more The child This is true of all reproduction. is generally, but not always, destined to outlive the parent, and the hybrids of races are friend A that writes me generally weak. that seedling theory won't hold," because the Catawba and Isabella yield to the disease, and varieties, and, consequently, yet are new In answer those varieties to this, first, young. of be said to are hybrids American witfc vines, and, European that weak account; on perhaps, proved second, it is not to be expected that all imvarieties shall be vigorous, healthy in the instances are plants; third, there a " Bordeaux vicinityof succeeded but no in wine the where midst of has merchant these infected them varieties districts, for sale; all,the superiority of in the original a plant, and seedling consists in the after-reproductions not by cuttings, fourth, perhaps, after such and as all the recent Isabellas are. plantationsof Catawbas and plants succeed, resist the phylloxera equally with the American vines, and this year, -the third of their growth, have yielded abundantly not wild grapes, but fine bunches, similar to the product of the useless. the Experience is doubtful on subjectof It is, reproduction of varieties by seeds. no doubt, true that there are varieties which be seldom Delaware can reproduced. The of which among soil,overproduction,and of the the result of Is the First, there that chief combined, causes vines, that of seedlings, and to declare epidemic, is the phylloxera, as an favor exhaustion failures positivelyin decide to lings seed- of results wild generally Two instance Eutre-deux- the The varieties. exhaustion have year a all and are one " of is experimenting Department remedies. all the with proposed The annual results of report gives the insecticides,potash, and all kinds of manure, cuttings and also seedlings. There are, side by side, cuttings of the wild vines of France, lings seedwell as of the vines of America, and as several source tion exhaus- consideringthe samples down only they this of rather, to make, Union Viticultural in mers To of the begin with, I will explain some fundamental principles. A cane, cut from a to be hollow within. vine, is well known When planted, to reproduce its kind, or, not rules. prove The the the partake of in recent College this fact: vital same vines, which made from vines, being seedlings, wild can vigor as the Ameriseedlings, or cuttings from seedlings. The are years at extended not the its of the range of vine is no speculators. There sample of the wild vine of California (vitis standing Californica) in the collection there, notwith- stocks it is the climate California from the have promised The from sometimes, of The wild have vines If the this cuttings is that wild good vines, when at least. The demonstrated I fruit tivated, cul- American the improving;the product of only accidental vines. procuring to forward. obtained vine-growers the of the Entre- Union of of vine, seeds, etc., which conclusion second be The is desirous deux-mers whose of a country constitution the varieties. European may vine with agrees wild bility possivines. this region are, perhaps, seedlings of the cultivated of be true, the possibilityof result strates demon- reproduction by For I have this reason, seed. arranged to procure seeds of the principal varieties grown After all,it may be that these Medoc here. vines are native Their history goes grapes. back to the days of the Romans, and they in the patois of the country. bear local names reproduced by cuttings so They have been long that longevity is certain, and it is a rule to select seeds of vines from plants, the vari- 14 eties of which the this the one of have been demonstrated Having the thus longest known. the ority superi- far of cuttings of different vines to near original seedling, the next question in direction is that of simple seedlings. At experimental vineyard of the Union tioned, menthere are of seedlings,from thousands to three years old, the products of seeds all the well-known well as of as vines. These condition. varieties American of and seedlings wild nourishing a had several long consultations with of the Triinoulet, the Vice President and Union the especial advocate of the seedling theory. He has given me copies of his He pamphlets and reports of the Union. thinks that generally, when seeds taken are from the varieties are not mixed, vines, where the new plants will reproduce the original. But here he stops, and, as it appears to me, suggests a plan very much superior to that of American the planting from fruit has easilyas seeds carrot the same suggested seed-gardener. light and well select only The soil At the and and to can then select the sake of one first in the set the second is that American roots, or time the fourth those he he them leave can of fruiting, which or fifth wishes retain for fruit, and graft the rest. From vigorous productive vines he can have Or he may superiorgrafting material. graft the young plants in the second year, from the immediately upon removing them and fruit obtain in the third or nursery, fourth year. This a method, if pursued, would in ation generthe complete regeneration of vineyards. cause The as reader best ^for grapes is accustomed he stalls. to Hence, The judged by In the to best wine the the should remember wine-making see are in California grapes are not seldom to palate, and product of a seedlingmust the that not first appearance of of the French may be obtained he the used to cheaper than the in the vine, two years English graft, "a says, seed, may, grafted upon the by bear will Spring, and tings. just as vines from cutIndeed, this operation of grafting in next year, Spring, which the the to be seedlings may to necessary answer vines. from fruit follows plantationin the is place of young seedlings of one year, practiced by Mons. Duclaux, pepiuieristat constant success. Draguignan, with almost As to the resistance of the seedlings to phylloxera, is the here interesting experiment, is due to Doctor which Dugat, of Orange: "His field of experiments, surrounded by attacked divided vines by phylloxera, was into four parts in 1872. ".The first, planted in vines of the district (cuttings),perfectlyhealthy. "The second, with cuttings of wild vines collected on banks tue "The third with "The fourth of the Khone. seedlings. with (cuttingsrooted sarments before the vine) from the separation from hillsides of the Hermitage. "In 1877, the first portion had a mortalityof 1 plant in 8; the second, lini; the third, 1 in 50; the fourth, 1 in 10. He year. to be fected. disin- spring, the and seedlings have is The strongest. "However," old all it vigor, and same select "The to the only strong and the the first is that the to answer fected in- graft these seedlings, red preserved on kind- year, the on of varieties healthy develop takes place to be vine-grower can, old be to end the vigorous plants and vineyard, which, if once second have so to done needs the by phylloxera,should The be be planted, and Improved methods careful and enced experi- drained. in the out after exposed can can way. for the be year, them been not advises to select care hybridization. This in about may He seeds, taking which accidental as vine .advocates. of sections. different " Mr. the, the reporter in this instance refers to two classes of objectors first, those who say that resist vines do not seedlings of European phylloxera better than the vines from which the seeds come; second, those who complain that seedlings are slow in fructification. The graft upon, I have all The not try, coun- French in are this from statements after victoryremains, then, show seedlings,which two cent." per It is perhaps true that by from European vines we obtain plants thoroughly to California. What we may the seed propagating from cuttings bear in our I have suggested seed to to Mr. cannot tings cut- expect acclimated not in by European expect which idea the who seeds with California. of means climate? Trimoulet, experiment in six years, of mortality a Our of is of a now change European climate of anxious has vines had such grown fruit the eggs of silk worms; good effects upon juvenation reperhaps it may produce a constitutional of the vine through the seeds. tive attracthe eye. not be IN its fruit. CONCLUSION. opinions expressed in the foregoing Department of Agriculture for July of this year, on the paragraphs relatingtothe phylloxera I have others, although I might to change now, subject of phylloxera, I find, among no reason which in part of seedlings, as extreats one perimented easily modify them, as I have done in the with in another them this article. I submit first part of district. These vitireports of the Department contain epitomized altogetherfor the careful study of our reports The , 15 culturists, hoping only of the argument that the in be may general line the of vines HOW TO SEPARATE DEFECTIVE found that about one-half the which have been collected for These be dead. or sound in seeds may thrown the bottom. that acre is seeds for a an of seeds, need nursery be not seedlings the together one added. of seeds off sink thousand careful to the changed. The the "lights" include coffee-brown, reddish and yellowish seeds, having less distinctive seeds the sound to judge peculiaritiesamong varieties by. CHAS. A. WETMORE. woody involves Hilgard Propagation on Wild of in Feb. EDITOR MERCHANT: interest,in article your Mr. by CALIFORNIA, or the behavior under consider 23, 1880. I have issue of of native the shall consider with are C. A. with as the on of the able propagation of rendering vine, and the question vineyards proof against the attacks of the phylloxera. Mr. Wetmore grapples with the problem from a point of view which has been too much neglected in the eager of the search for a remedy allopathic sort, would French the secure possible causes kinds, has been of prize while Government; the offered the I and urated inaugexperiments, now kindly supplied by Mr. Wetthe most important on our seed Unfortunately, we to fruit any vine at Berkeley in air; hence the question of the quality unable fruit produced careful be must and reliable where, else- tested viticulturists tributed. seedlings will ultimately be dis- the I have heretofore repeatedly urged of the Sonoma the afflicted wine growers by the of the study exemption of upon ley, Val- importance of using the native vine ture. graftingstock for the vineyards of the fuI can tion but emphasize that recommendathe as our that California of obvious, these among to whom great inst., the Wetmore, vine J read 20th bility possi- the cultivated cultivation, becomes by i possible seedlings of the cover are we quite as likely to dischoice wine grafts as among those from the Norton, Taylor and which Isabella were selected, th*eimportance of testingthoroughly of UNIVERSITY to every propagation several the by addition, we that among California vine, the open Vine. principle a of the business experimental grounds. the stronger reasonable seem plants When, more, Professor have will cuttings, and offer greater resistance kinds, will with by Mr. modes. to count, found familiar rule a other on than alone of all priori a as roots that account that pound; hence by of twenty pounds estimate healthier from taken four that and on grafted point made additional W., to attacks been be can average to the the sowing and have "lights," all them sound The away. I have, by careful there sound vine are salt has some "lights" will float and wild me separated by immersing water, to which The SEEDS. writing the foregoing article,I in the propagation use to be intended The roots. Since for their recommendation tion. right direc- at this will aid time, with the hope that all who in carrying out several in the sections of the State, the important experiments suggested by Mr. Wetmore. can E. HILGARD. W. certain attempted only by the least the microscope. promising line of approach Of Mr. the main which two points upon Wetmore bases his recommendations, one, viz: the resistance of vaof wild vines, and rieties Arpad Haraszthy on Wild the Vine, " not far removed and for the from is the cornerstone regeneration of the them, of is the devastated testable, incon- plan yards vine- now being rapidly put into country. His identification of the "Zinfandels" as essentially "sylvan" varieties,is most interesting and important. by that Although the grape variety known name^ in California is not proof against the it is certainly not attacks of the parasite, as over, susceptible as the Mission and Muscat; moreitself be not it may altogether a pure, uiihybridized stock. dency tenHowever this may be, the well-known of seedlings to revert the origtoward inal alone serve wild stock, would as a strong of France, practice in that SAN CHAS. FRANCISCO, March A. ESQ. WETMORE, have read with great interest the vine emanating from you, in the of San which office. for The the so of matter seedlings phyollxera, is viticulture. And or even would as of one our the unhappy neighbors in their restrict seem that the I and on published 20th the on executed plate growth between showing also wild up a vine in my seedlings, and pecially es- vines, in view of the greatest importance wild interest to all interested from upon Sir: article an seedling of a long a time hung well French in of the as based well cuttings,and of of very differences the illustrating seedlings and splendid cut a 3, 1880. Dear MERCHANT Francisco February, with " in present knowledge, experiences of our effort to exterminate of this insect,it ravages in view of the high cost of 16 remedies there preventatives, and is but lastingsensation one left to feasible, practicalmethod secure of the phylloxourselves against the ravages era, and that is by the planting of seedlings from the of utmost the wild be made throughout Sonoma It grape. interest that in this the is therefore, ments experipossible more especiallyin phylloxera is now quietly and slowly, as many direction State, and valley, where the as its ravages, carrying on I consider that but surely. And you have that will accomplished a great good, and one have made last,in the successful efforts you of our wild vine for public to gather seeds As distribution. far I as I concerned am entire convert having become an of to the value that of cuttings seedlings over in the planting of new vineyards, and districts. especiallyin phylloxera infected that And to demonstrate everything tends wild vine is not injured by the phylloxera. our In the valley of Sonoma, as we together had confess to occasion last observe to Fall, the wild luxuriance right cultivated the its of article the utmost of its branches cultivated this, in alongside entwining Though instances numerous grows the as and with noble this of discoveringa vine to the wild vine, by convinced soon as from made the grapes of oughly thorMr. C. Mattier, I am that this will be plished accom- as the seeds distributed the Of product. dark to me, brown good clear will three of two have you itously gratu- bring forth samples you red the them, their that of gem beautiful rich This have had pure the the three was the In conclusion in you ever tasted, of its age, in any a resemblance remarkable red last wines of the Medoc at the freshness to their taste, and the It me it had will deavor en- tb assist power made in this truly, very HAKASZTHY, a State Vinicultural The We Wild Society. Vine. hardly need call attention to the we lithograph which present this week's The exhaustive MERCHANT to subscribers. our article by Charles propagation of the magnificent with Wet- A. more, Esq., on which valuable accompanies it, is the most this gentleman has to yet made the vine, contribution the literature in viticulture of United the States, and will be immensely appreciated in hundreds of costly volumes France, where have been It is the published on the vine. extended notice California that in any country. The the now most California,is entirely our the woods has gathered some of seed of Central the of the of been the lished pub- at wild it in is that of a it wa,s wild Europe. our packages, a of California hands, in for distribution. in that wild first obtained found grape Mr. great expense vine the chapter on popular grape new. tradition The from has It appears is of comparatively recent Zinfandel origin. seed illustration or of vine Zinfandel, in Wetmore quantity of and placed half On and one cation appli- will be sent to this office a package to address, express by express any charges collectable on delivery. Any farmer in any part of the State who will send for a free giving latter I that say in my experiments President pound new, similar a them. them Like age as I remember subacid a fine free and flavor,the first a the " country. to let manner having Yours wild violet,purple colored sample. the very prettiest clarets I one the vine wild its or upon not say anything further on I advocated that plan in an cle arti- need in every first of was discovery. head. the excellent red, have an body, a mild subastringence, a very acid and a strongly marked port taste. I think if after cultivation they retain these qualities, valuable for the they will become duction pronative of sherry wines. port and But the Overland published in the Monthly in the of securing a 1871-1872, with purpose still retaining the greater production and quality desired. mitted sub- and vated, is culti- grafting seedlings,I resist through propagation from the wild is a vine, there of discovering new and very great likelihood valuable And qualities for wine-making. from the three samples of red wine you have me, vine entirelyto think and claret grape, inestimable an vice ser- ABPAD scourge, of the seeds to the California your that may after attribute a as done in its As terrible submitted I Zinfandel have you propagation of the vine, not be positive proof against the may of the phylloxera, still it has a ravages But outside of the strong leaning that way. chances exist not which great proportion which the seeds occupied in the fermenting mass. I think this vine will in the future be placed side by side with the the on " direction. those in would and neighbors. dying mentioned you believe fected in- varieties,not only along also fences, along the but creeks, almost in vine the body justlightenough strong but agreeable astringency which always assures great keeping and good traveling qualities. The color was identical, tones like the only several deeper. And when wines the flavor was good medoc new, almost neutral. There ful appeared after carethat tastingbut one difference,and was the faintest suspicion of a porty taste, which I fine a " 17 distribute and package a few seeds his among consumption and neighbors for planting,will do himself his section of the country a great benefit. Subscribers should the plate, as it preserve measure will prove to the of great vines cultivating value and pretentious works. those a who number off address, of have we had ies Coppaper. by mail, postage sent pasteboard cone, receipt of fifty cents in on a The wine demands the of and Influence Moral the vine whose is limited capacityin in the Old fullest degree. there We What and are commerce? annual average a influences upon We first estimate must industry this try indusbe Kussia and Greece and before we can That its the to which extent be profitablydeveloped its social results. speculate upon it will be developed to a great may extent, if profitable,we have American do we need not question to might become which we our rival for the desire to may in all parts of flourishes markets new The supply. our perfection throughout country from San Diego on the to matures of Shasta on to the Kange tural that north, Sierra been been are from south The ties possibili- incalculable. almost our viticul- figures,as being equal about six million This cultivated. to acres however, guess, only upon rough estimates of choice for If, however, the demand is based vineyard lands. the culture should of the vine be increased in mand relativelyin proportion to the dein France, where lands are pressed into this service without regard to their especial lion fitness for it,we could easilyselect thirtymil- State this acres crops average billion one had would than produce produced are during the Fiance an which decade better in of 1868-77 we It is impossible to estimate the Gallons. probable this markets their principallyamong neighbors. The rapidity with home markets increase in ing consum- indicates, possibly,the power with which wine supplants it wherever rapidity all other becomes ages, bever- abundant and eheap. There small may ratio be several that for the reasons increase the very in exportation consumption. to the increase in home of transportation must be considered; expense this does but not appear to be the controllingobstacle to exportation. Nations bears The national generally prefer some beverage which is produced at home. Wine to appears be the most popular, where it can be obtained in sufficient quantitiesto satisfy mands. popular deThe home market, therefore, monopolizes in a its use great degree, and the home wherever demand equals the supply, there is little inducement popular of obstacle the at There to an cating edu- foreign lands. Wine cle home, and a staple arti- diet,is suffered luxury abroad. toward in tastes is ordinaire which for exhausting might produce, before soils,eight or ten billion gallons of wine our annually. wine, the which age aver- produced demands Wine exported to countries not producing Wine to velop deproducers appear their France. of wine amounting to crop million gallons. If we five hundred population and is wine. annual sufficient lows: fol- as comparativelysmall portion of a product to Coast the to estimate common area, in rough of France, where have and Nevada. production of It has the vine extent an in wine ago 3,836,200,000 immediate Its fruit State. 0 Total of producing grapes dantly, abunpracticability and as cheaply as in any country that the : Switzerland . if 1,505,000,000 810,650,000 575,300,000 523,000,000 156,900,000 130,750,000 52,300,000 26,150,000 15,690,000 10,460,000 Turkey Cyprus Eoumania Only doubt. Fortunately, much to reason no of years , Spain Germany Portugal people? our few be, the production. production estimated was to in become might Austro-Hungary Californian.] to be its effects upon What to are countries, tell how cannot largelyincreased a equal culture appears France in of viniculture California progress to consider two us important questions: The to certain consumption were The measures is not of Vine. the it in the now tested World, practically the greater world not The this direction Italy [From the whole consumers. Countries. Physical invites of Consumption is probable demand; of Europe postage stamps. of future. only present production, which of more convenience one, paid, securely packed in to any are superior on will be latter to access no the to frame struck of the have For desire who to persons the to remain is another increased of non-transportability the an article of very tant impor- exportation " greater portion of the of European wines. Only a few products of France, Spain, Portugal and Italy can be transported,through changes of 18 and temperature alcohol. impossible is It determine, to what to France extent them in abundant an upon that if there to show were goes manner, be would there wine more more subject,it should would consumers. be the, decade wine average an 1829-38, France duced proannually of crop in increased 890,000,300 gallons. This was forty years to 1,505,000,000 gallons, or nearly quantity. The enormous consumption was in doubled in home increase - equal to 740,of 18,500,000 " 000,000 gallons, or at the rate successive year. gallons increase for each from 33,000,000 gallons Exportations increased the 68,000,000 gallons, or at less than 1,000,000 gallons for to the Meanwhile, year. increased 56,800 from each converted vinegar decreased times greater than two may The the least to viniculture. been favor as the for it. exportaincreased also how rapidlywine popular beverage. markets for wine been have is view has we to what Spain find They Paris can natural been been only, with light wines few exceptions,send market a other and sufficiently wines for show to become daily use, and we anything from the the possiblelimit natural that of Spain of spirituousever table wines. it becomes France. at the in the We popular, and wine a time few -is consumed in holized alco- in them commerce of natural same The Portugal are too popular beverages duce cannot, therefore, de- the consumption We in have here so by that a seen California, has consumption years, to exportationof observe, however, wine is plentiful generallyequals the supply. the supply becoming abundant and north. winter and pure whenever the during the parts More now creased inmore population of making acquired. always brandy if there France, have wine land. The popular article We time may These Surely there is Our people rush the distanced by god in the rush did the vines of our grapes. the this,and 1849 will be of the shrine to the future. near this in our development agricultural industrial amazing. build not portation trans- over-production. of Argonauts the of fresh realize soon results which Sierra for danger no will of wine citizens a things promise to the vineyards. Kapid promises a great market among tellow of possiblycome juice will be increase Eastern ficiently, suf- abundance grape diet. iii can cultivate if we an the distilled be have from of of cers. produ- to spare. to spare we made syrup would wine were because suitable fold hundred one note have, however, taken no that will be required by raisin life will be extent Our to the farmer. safety, provided reasonable the be pursued, and quisite re- skill in wine We vines try indus- tance impor- future culture have, had toward of markets find of increased be will show abundant. her her abundance as and ideas our really have might markets vinicultural our encouraging with methods The supply the least at of to flattering and of French progress demand to indicate foreign markets of half a fast in abundance This into and supply, and the facts developed if vast home The no a foreign of cause greater than therefore, wine of facts show steadily. These grow in demands increase the price The tions. extent an to production her as on fornia Cali- if that annually, themselves merchandise 40,000,000 gallons; to bearing facts California ready to supply them. wines have value. a superior commercial They are transportable into and through all climates, without requiring adulteration with We alcohol. therefore, produce the can, when sive succes- importations have also, the quantitydistilled and to of rate the increase open The France. probable gallons vineyards may During all seems 1,000,000,000 into the imported is the educator. of study a is from was popular in everyday use, it must cease to be an pen exceptional luxury, which can hapually only when enough is furnished to effectsupplant other beverages. The increased consumption of beer in America- illustrates be plenthis principle. Popular things must tiful. To this than States supply From might if she wine, for million a United abundant proximately, ap- even and consumed less; but the produced more become rapiditywith which cheap table wines the supcountries, whenever ply popular in new is forced less than whole foreign markets her increase without varying climates, fortification with cities its foothills. and as One mercial com- gold of surely as The million the will lies, fami- proprietors of vineyards,will produce million billion gallons of wine. Another one families will obtain support in the industries and mercantile pursuits which will rest on of ships will come this production. Fleets culture Vitiand go, and add spirit to the busy scene. will increase the population of the as cities around souls. the Most Golden notable Gate will be million one effect upon makes homes the The vine country towns. the develops country attractive, and villagegrowth. Already we see this tendency in our State. Los Angeles, San Gabriel, new San Anaheim, Sonoma, St. Helena, Mission how Jose beautifully they grow! Village life is the secret of French prosperity. The country is all utilized and labor economized. wherever and The vine industry intertwine the in " the people are industrious. The one nour- 20 began ninth on the list of large importersinto garian HunEngland and last year stood the second. and gratified. This pride was touched is wine become merchant He patriot. "Golden In Cross 1875, the him upon Order considered was honored was of Merit title of the with of Emperor of Franz as a with the order means time of social conferred of the And the of the the Crown." Austria "Knight Josef." great becoming This still a a when community great deal. We foresee can natural will light wines pure, of the daily food of the majority part people. How dispositions and prepared statistics a will our toward Imperial drinkers. wine of this affect their their habits show alcoholic that fully Care- ? the sition dispo- and excesses, the further, he dyspeptic predisposition to dipsomania, are raised to the nobility,with rank scend was to descarcely appreciable in places where pure The to his children. natural wine Crown Prince of particularly red wine, of the claret or Burgundy Austria, in 1878, when as visiting England, types are substituted the notable found structedpopular other stimulants. places he was inbeverages for among to visit, the cellars of Mr. Max liver troubles Greare Dyspepsia and scarcely he inspected in a public manner which known wine ger, regular drinkers, while among most the most gratifyingto his countrymen. even ful carethey are common among No other industrybegets so much teetotalers. Where local and wine is produced, the national pride. It inspires laudable tion, ambipeople know pounds, comenough to avoid alcoholic rather than avarice. We have such as seen port and sherry, as prepared much of this industry among the pioneers in for foreign markets. clude Pure wine does not inState. our own to us, for Agoston Haraszthy began to port and sherry, as known of it,and think the he of distilled addition more an they contain its. spirthought the did his self-interest sink out of sight in more American Old fashioned English and the grand idea to be the promoter of viniculture. physicians prescribe port and sherry; a He traveled throughout Europe, nomFrench better; he inally physician knows cribes presfrom California as a StateCommissioner a ripened, pure, dry claret, as a tonic but in fact at his own and gathered beverage and regulator of the digestive and expense, not but thousands of vines manufactures France only information assimilating organs. of many hundred vated sherries, but varieties,wiiich he cultigreat quantities of ports and at Sonoma, and the of Our them. she refuses to drink success people, upon has been based which the of pure table with an abundance wine, will experiments many have which and club so successfullyproved the value rejectheavy beer, whisky, bar-room of our his of comnew industry. Among greatest pounded tippling, and all the abominations " successes the was culture of the Zinfandel, heretofore little known in grape to lift California viniculture,but which is destined with wine cellars into the boasted cellars son, Arpad Haraszthy, successful of was rivalry Bordeaux. educated His to pursue this work. The father realized how much there was to learn; his son caught the spirit and several devoted to study in the years Civil Polytechnic School at Paris, to apprenticeship in the and to district, champagne vineyards and cellars of Bordeaux. Our pioneer vineyardists risked everything,and struggled for years against shy capital,creditors and a prejudiced public; practicalwork few very of in the them lost their faith, even when The vine is oppressed by disaster and debt. a spring of hope, promising gladness. Now the has been battle won against capital, the of mistakes against inexperience and judgment and against popular prejudice. It is pleasant to know that of the pioneers in this industryfewer their inexperience than of other Such in the are and not as the distant to the the hazards in the this State promise of grand of used A proper, habitually as an rapidly exhausts meals, stimulant, which a thirst for common is frequent tippling. The "pint" of pure wine is grape-juice,in which has been converted into its sugar fermented, certain not distilled,spirit,and in which etherial ripened into natural parts become which bring quiet to bouquets and aromas, the now -nerves contains also and content to the acids natural the mind. the of larly regu- at his and his stomach his liver. The wine the world looks health, and he is not "bilious." him, because it wretched France are not fruit The wine lutionists revo- ers; drink- absinthe, beet-root spirits,and adulterations, that give life to the is restless,complaining, and A the with brings bright to him of It fruit. drinker, therefore, eats fruit trouble meals, and has no wine The of cause restless diet, such as wine brutal commune. drinkers ably reason- regularly indulge in, cures sia dyspeplittle ot exand bilious perimenting, a They need temper. fresh fruit; they take it bottled, as some take history habitable. and it canned. California sides habit of wine drinking at meals, beaction conducing to a general healthful the digestive and assimilatingorgans of The successes future. consequences. wine, accompaniment the wines. alcoholized well-fermented ing failed, notwithstand- recorded efforts to make is vitality Now, have and a Hungarian of 21 life, and producing cheerful a temper, motes prosocial reforms. After hard bor, la- many man's tent, seeks relaxation, restoration exhaustion, and a pleasurable It is useless reward. about to moralize it, unless of his system. we recognize this want have We two of moralists antagonistic schools who the subject of intempertreat upon ance. results Intemperance simply from illtimed,excessive, careless, unreasonable, or of habits one compulsory dieting. What drinks is part of his diet. There those are nature from docrine whose the is, that should man obtain possiblephysical enjoyment Others greatest possibleexertion. think possible resonable and least the that the sane enjoyment greatest The labor. latter do in five cents The digestion. is He selects inventor an cost, but tender with wines, the limited water-cress, and and who greatestamount eclectic;he an young dry tonic is in comfort greater a and given radishes, rank and sation agreeable sen- more cook true a do is Wine his know what He eventful, and prolongs its period and wife into It brings man enjoyment. into the full sympathy, and lets the woman He does man's not most entertaining moods. his wit and It and invites to evening. every in close communion are women then begin kinds, and women's Wine than club any seek such does not club homes need become is better bachelors the Pater familias bachelor the seek in economical hospitable. the at luxuries his Moreover, and cheap he becomes the makes and visit. to to saloon. the or and bar-room, or this way, of table cheerful; the tired and about what over-anxious wife is not troubled she has to offer her guest. tables offer Such wine no apologies,and need Wine man is not and sing if stimulus screeens. timid. jealous,nor wife, and sing; they results. the are It their unites hearts of particular. in right. it all make "wine women," and all rights of of rights too think to no more than excesses rarely as dangerous condition Avoid societywill be has been has "the and yet been the effect of it man;" of friend a The happy. friend mutual anti-divorce an and adulterers, and the never observe to no safe called It is wife. There intelligently prescribed; wines and heavy perance. danger of intem- strain specific dangers, and resale of drugs is restricted. very called be should and the as adulterations Punish The liver reform prohibitorylegislation out them, vine will be there Seek when alcoholized Let itself. coffee, and or stomach. and stomach useful avoid beers; and tea to the rules the distilled spirits, regardingthem the of drugs, as of man prescription. nity good opportuhabitual wine- Anglo-Saxon community. of Anglo-SaxNo country mainly composed ons tent has yet been a wine producer, to the exof providing sufficient to supplant spirits We to test the question are as a beverage. in this State, and perhaps in the United ever, The States. studenj; of temperaments, how- drinking has upon an much to and Frenchman on base the opinions Irishman, upon. when The judged its, terms, differ mainly in their habcontrol thought and sentiment. might not wine have done for Ireland? equal which What none. these Wein, weib, gesang; to ceases only of champagne and hilarity. This is not what we mean by wine drinking. is an Champagne exceptionalluxury; but natural wines, such as sound dry Zinfandel, boisterous. They lead or Riesling, are never bottle The talk we many are freedom, He think to table would at the When ments enjoy- with congeniality. Home and frankness not families Their divorced not and repose, drinking Wine and satisfaction, peace of sense and comfort, to excitement. bar-room for the smiles brings a places and houses control. drinks, and is imposed upon. relaxed, perhaps jolly; he home goes other his of to control then ceases seach in wander He forgets that his wife has not had the same relaxation, and his jolly temper is turned acid by her habitual tired expressionsand Women coolness. partly fight the saloons itual from fear, partly from jealousy; neither habfear nor habitual ers jealousy are promotThe of peace, good will and contentment. make that digested and dinner, to he complaint. joyed poorly en- and discord to ill under not of save an actions,because are head. the dinner club. lead silent heavy wines, esculents, and bouquets and leaves relaxation. some are the glass. before they touch civilizer in the family. It makes a man expenditure. rejectswoody lipssmack the A as the to procure at unlimited endeavors, not of enjoyment greatest from of consider dignity to discuss joice critics;they rewhich causes twenty- produce a palate and to to the reward degrading; they drink, invention an from their and eat they the affect to not as it beneath think what be should physical enjoyment not the divorce family relations,destroy sonable, unreaill-timed and society, become home might What There France? (not the for done have whisky men wine-drinking Englishport and sherry drinkers), not are serve, Oband Americans. Germans, Irishmen, and then, their family life,their gentleness from behind doors comes their affections, and their unity. ashamed of itself. and gentility, It is secretive and their voices Whisky, and cannot. even Without beer, to a wine, great ex- American topers go to France and come back 22 cured" back come gentlemen, makes as a polite the whisky ideas when gentleman with is Man while unteachable, flow and he How relaxed. who gets receives can his a a it relaxation all that that its State our up people. our change hearth, with goes surrounds build will comfort broken machine will temper, relieve sur- enrich and Wine bilious a and consumer, cure repair lonesome- woman's " at work ness, become in a grog? and drink mend our plant Moral: impressions man and dyspepsia, served; all means it" vine The with is it foul- a carries which likewise. does unimpressible, his Wine "Grog" rounds Wine makes whisky tongue; associations brutes. makes blackguard. mouthed makes Wine gentlemen. grog wine, and manners, vines, become and a CHARLES make a gentleman, A. WETMOBE. home; a Since the publication of the first edition I have received ters letpamphlet, numerous the wild vine California in concerning I take in pleasure (vitis Californica) now addition those of as to publishing them an Prof. Hilgard and Mr. Arpad Hararzthy. . Professor HUSUIIUD Missouri wrote of me University of the CHAS. A. are seeds Agriculture varieties Professor and Agriculture Agriculture School have San of the Francisco a just recived copy MEKCHANT of February 20th, containing your illustration and lings, seedof interesting paper of Vitis Calif ornica. we., Permit " in kindness your sponded re- Commerce, Montpellier of Station. SIR DEAR of kindly follows: as Department I Sir" to Prof institution known Apiil 6, 1880. MONTPELLIER, Dear : me which at The vines. 29, 1880. ESQ. School Montpellier, France, growing all the well American by of sent was National the Viticultural Missouri. of March MX, WETMOKE, of National State Columbia, at of package Foex, U diversity of the follows: as A of this thank to me sending for you seeds me the of Vitis Calif ornica. ultimately lead to two results, viz : 1st, establishing of a race phylloxeraproof vines enough ; 2d, obtaining fruit with of coloring matter and tannin make to good I am infinitely obliged to having remembered request, for we my and (Prof. Planchon myself) have had a great desire this variety, which has to possess not before into this been imported Europe. Thanks to your kindness, we are going to have to study it. opportunity an The the toward plantation of tendency old American believe I with advise you that you such a as course will wines. I of from know,, leading your desideratum a is has grape growers, of primary long been overlooked thought that so would have attention phylloxera with him, of am it in Grape in time book my Growing contains and also I some Gundlach " Co. interested in this, to hardly did of not fruit. for I did I had the finding in in as see " shipped State. your all well as I a small it be produced much very of seeds, of a few of for The a types of I gave Agriculture. dear sir, my month a kindest at the ago regards, etc., G. A. 3an Wetmore, gratis packages of you if yet in that FOEX. Cal. Francisco, I had and the and made was the in the E. Professor Co; Alameda lach " Co, whom W. Chas. of dred hun- seeds, from a have half pound complete a these names Beard, Kohler, sent were are bered; remem- California Hilgard, L. John Sonoma; collection three to Accidentally, following University; SAN the entire parcels to names lost, but State The amounting five pounds weight upwards. list of in " twenty distributed been in of paper notice a offering to distribute seed itor brought to the edto myself a great number applications. of which of MERCHANT FRANCISCO lating re- to publication The to and also, package as desirable vacuttiugs of some rities for grafting, to be tried in mental experiour desire it I can If you vineyard here. with reciprocate some cuttings of Newton which Pearl, Black Taylor and Transparent, will find described in our catalogue, which you I send, and be glad to with shall correspond hear from time. at any to Hoping you you I remain GEO. HUSMANN. truly, soon, yours a time, been have by phylloxera. which vines, College valuable obliged tablished es- failure great questions any which more the we Accept, deeply am attacked of sake for the of their prefer are, Jacquez (or Ohio, Cigar-box, etc.), Black Herbemont and the (or Warren), "[uly For Lenoir). grafting stock we (or Devereux Vitis Riparia, which is sent to prefer the wild Iowa and and from the Missouri, Kansas, us Texa*. Vitis Rupestris, from I take the liberty in addressing to by you mail this same containing a little pamphlet a in grafting American of practical lessons resume which CHAS Dresel Messrs. in and more reason which cuttings and by places us, fruits, the communications vines time long American " Making, but so far, knew culture, grape and existence Vitis Calif ornica, of suppose I should insecticides your extract an press, have to not embody Wine phylloxera-proof France, which of several California. many tracted atthe W. Crabb, experimenting here, to now and already from have before H. purpose that sorrow very would grape. communication from the latter the even vines our for wine red true I has varieties send to it once, friend, My long been raid. Oakville, of at that becomes vines with several I importance. Vitis Calif orthe nica, such superior fruit, and I ignored. how see, however, if it really produces cannot with correspondence for you Centerville, Sonora; Gund- Krug, St. Helena, S. C. Hastings, Kutherfor Los T. Hopkins, C. Chas. Hon. Napa County; County; ford, Napa Jas. Angeles County; H. Drummond, Glen 24 Ellen, Sonoma Connty; Oliver Halden, Fresno; J. A. Drinkhouse, Sacramento; H. E. Hitchcock, Oakland; geles; M. Keller, Los AnMrs. W. B. Bourne, St. Helena; Miss Lulu Littleton, Alameda; E. H. Bifford,San " Hall, San Francisco; Mr. Francisco;Howe W. M. Hillon, Sec'y,Natoma Co., Folsom; J. B. Whitney, San Jose; J. B. Pierce, Santa Clara; Wellman, Peck " Co, San Francisco; Dr. F. Wrightson, Napa; Hon. H. M. Streeter, Biverside; E. Brierly, Biverside; Fred. I. Huse, San Diego; Miss Hannah Millard, Lake County. Packages have been sent to the following: Professor of this State sity Husmann, Univerout Missouri; Leonard Casper, Saratoga Commercial York; Hawaiian Sprints,New Professor Co, Honolulu; National Foex, School of Agriculture,Montpellier, France; of A. H. Trimoulet, Vice President Viticultural of the Entre-deux-Mers, Bordeaux; Italyby the Italian Consul; to Spain by Mess. Hellman Bros " Co. I have recentlyreceived letters from Win. C. Mattier,of Harbins Springs,Lake County, who is pursuing his studies of this vine with great zeal and will be two in bark, vines,as well from him of which " will hip year seedlings 'findsdifferences in the wine. as samples last year me This care. He years old. and leaves roots the wild among I have ed receiv- wine he made be soon for examined by experts At to It is now old enough to study. suggestion he has waived his right these seedlingsand has adopted the my name I mentioned name seedlingor to he as him, which it in his uses Matilda guage native lanis la Matilde. For convenience in referwill differ in to these seedlings, which ing respects some doubt no other wild vines of this request that this name come, shall seeds. By carefullysowing of the been and and generations name to it bears have left this world in which she has fruitful in all that is good of love strong in her womanly power kindness. a true vine PKOGREtS The have " OF THE seeds, which MATILDA have been distributed in half one of the of the seeds, I found have grapes by insects they grew among which dense were common that between seen be plantscan to be These which were tacked atmany to the places where are generallyin creek bottoms foliage of oaks and and other and the numbers small pots, I found three and four from obtained and thousof pound a seed. observations, and My Mattier Harbin's at also buds, germinating or those of Mr. that Springs,prove Vitis Californicais very late in the from the its bursting seed. though Al- I sowed seeds early in March, and April,none germinated before the 1st of May, and from that tirna until the first week in June they came rapidly. It up probably, that experiencewill prove seems, that the proper time to sow them is in April. in others of my Most seeds first soaked were twenty- hours, and this probablywould usually for field sowing; but I have be best observed four when especialadvantage no Shallow late. were Spring rains the better is sowing than well otherwise. They have succeeded very with when with me lightly covered sandy Manured soils breed loam. insects, which trouble the young plants. Mr. C. Mattier phmted seeds in April. One of his seedlings,six months and a half from illustrated that was the seed, is the same by the MEKCHANT" his seedlings one year coming into leaf,but amazingly in the grown " of have had them On burst. old some long. feet of vine is The growth. young vines in their wild state small; but their second inches five across these the since of June this the leaves the of the wild late already feature wild the time 4th cones new have short the the that me very were " they remarkable of writes he year in buds one-half little less than a This size. natural are erally gen- seedlings have, year, leaves that bj six inches in on four measure length. It is that the fruit will correspondingly presume of ateness increase in size. The them their growth will to escape enable spring frosts. Mr. Mattier is constantlypursuing these safe to of roots finds that wood and distinct varieties are by I dead, killed mostly by a small worm. dead seeds were easilyseparated by floating off in water. them Counting samples of the sound that seeds, I found they averaged about four thousand to the pound. Among the wild in boxes seeds the half one Oakland, even during the past unfavorable spring,that about ninrty per cent, germinated successfully. It is evident from what I investigations.He SEEDLINGS. been germinated parts many State,with varying results. At Oakland, have experimented with them for * he purpose of ascertaining their germinating power. About sound in at seedlingsof The most State, I respectfully culture be generally vigor of may of my mother in after she whose beloved probably produced found vere from adoptedby those who have used the seeds, I have which I feel assured distributed. that this promising plant will honor the memory insects which Union to These trees. worms, other of by his examination an opinionthat the wild vine there is supported proofs. Boots, barks, color, etc., vary. The me, and and samples of which were referred are now examined wine, which tasted by he for Haraszthy heretofore lished, pub- to in his letter older, and will and made Mr. analyzed. soon When report will be made be fully care- that is public. Enough, however, has been learned already these seedlingsare that dowed ento demonstrate and vigor; that with superior vitality they grow rapidlyin the open field;and that they take the graft easily.The bark is tough done a further 25 and probablyas useful, if not the Since the above Thus the result of cultivation would probably be a wine of similar parts as the ordinary grape vines of the state contain, and the wine be then one between cold and hot wines. The flavor of a fruit like raspberry,with I have of acids,would proportioning other American wild more stocks so, for as defense againstthe phylloxera. ADDENDA. had was put in type : opportunityto obtain scientific of the samples of wine of the an proper form indicate a which might come to that of an ordinary near but Bordeaux; deal a of cultivation good wild grape which fermented last Fall by were would be required for this object. Mr. C. Mattier at Harbins Springs. "Would it be rightto advise the propagation UnfortunatelyMr. Mattier had no facilities and cultivation of the wild edly to ferment than very small grape? Undoubtmore quantities, it Would that a sound and in keeping them be, for the reason he was obligedto mix wine, however the best claret-like sample with the brownish from ordinary,can be made it that from the wine. standpoint of protecting nobler vines from the inroads of the Professor Federico era, phylloxPohndorff,of this city, it is useful, hence that no advisable and Monsieur A. de Lacretelle, of the French harm but only good can result from planting the wine Societyof Agriculturists, examined even largertracts of land with it,as there is it was also examined together. Subsequently value rendered,for the wine, if fective, by itself deby Dr. John I. Bleasdale, Secretaryof the be employed anyhow, either for can Board of State Viticultural Commissioners. examination " " Prof. Pohndorff agreed and it Monsieur de telle Lacre- important to experiment this vine,for the ascertainingits value for grafting with the of purpose stock. that was seedlingsof blendingor decidedlyof the was that the wine of the wild vine ound to be a useful addition to product. He "Samples has given me of red wine the made arnica) grape (vitisCalif "Oolor brownish hue, ion opin- would our be wine report: following from the wild . livelyand tinting " color for a red wine. making the wine not having been stated,it is difficultto guess the reason of the brownish color,but the sample grapes will allow me seen to infer that green, unripe not a power; The mode of well- a F. POHNDOKFF. ones in the press in San p. s. sylvan state of the which has not the Vinous, resembling the flavor raspberries, beingfor the comparative want " character as a wine in its taste,rather alcoholic. Strengthtest of example, 10.9 per cent. "Acids Free acids of nounced pro- tested the samples predominant. considerably. "Is it probable that by cultivating the vine these wines made were of, a more perfect wine would result? Certainly. "Will the improved wine be of the nature of " 9.7 per thousand. Tannin still united of one of one of Fruit acids ^ lightwines? show No; a the of amount of about proportion saccharine; the acids are alcohol 22 per considerable. " alcoholic strengthsurprised me; such of sugar the wild grape has, would indicate that by ennobling it through cultivation an amount it might be brought to a level with the grapes in the state. de Lacretelle supposed phenic acid to sweetest "Mr. overrule An the acids analysisof of one of the examples. that part of the composition of the acids of the wine, which be found can by reagents, will show if this supposition is right. My alkali " "Aroma Francisco,June 18, 1880. "The coloringmatter grape be of a composition effect of communicating a more perfecttinge of wine-red to the juice. A surplus tannin in the seeds may likewise have affected the color, turning it. The soil it grew in finally may have influenced it. "Taste Of a dry wine, well fermented of a fruitynondescriptbut vinous, astringent, liquid,very acid, but certainlynot in any way acetic,hence sound; nearest fruit analogy in taste to currants. of into " correct grapes joined to the mature have caused it in part; the the ripe grapes may in the cent blended " " Prof. Pohndorff would by being that it will present an tasting wine object for practically in the studying how itomake a press good wine, rightlyproportionedof it that even if no wine of any quality will be rendered by the grape, it yields its rich content of alcohol,which for distilling it into will always pay the investment Brandy or Spirit, in wild vines in a plantation and that the brandy distilled from it, lastly having, as shown both the taste by a test distillate, and flavor of fruit of grape, will form probably a good type of brandy. wine with tic caus- The hasty superficialone. certainlysusceptibleof being rightly is trained test of the free acids was and showing us a after a a few of years distinct form, cultivation perfected and of the vineyard valuable. Soil and situation will influence this greatly. June 19th. F. POHNDOBFF. "Dr. Bleasdale has ysis completed a partialanalsample with the followingresult: "Vitis Calif ornica;produced at Harbins Springs,Lake county, Cal.; specificgravity of wine, 1.0840; temperature,60" F.; specific of one .98495; percentage grayityof distillate, of B 20.003; alcohol, 11.428; tannin, proof spirit, per cent, 0;812; extractive matters, 0.2134. "N. B. Tannic acid determined cording acJ. J. B." CHAS. A. WETMOEE. Ill Leidesdorff street,San Francisco, June 9, " was to Wittstein's formula. 1880. TO VINICULTURISTS. THE SAN FRANCISCO MERCHANT, A TRADE WEEKLY PUBLISHED EVERY DEVOTED TO PAPER. FJK IDA ENCOURAGEMENT THE MORNING, Y OF THE Manufacturesand Commerce ofthe Pacific Coast Productions, ESPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO INTERESTS OF CIUFOIIU, TIEHITICUL1UUL ORGAN OF ABLE comments business. the year, in Post on United States. advance Francisco to trade entertaining Subscription, included). Merchant, 323 lished pub- Dollars to A. St., D. San Cat. SAMPLE COPIES OF THE MAILED MERCHANT Of UNIVPDQITV THE a remitted be Should Front reports paper Three stamps, and finance market reliable most (postage Office orders, note or postage officeSan TOPICS. LIVE ALL affairs appertaining The fullest and liveliest and most in the in ON SOCIETY VINICULTURAL STATE CALIFORNIA -EDITORIALS Newsy and THE FREE. Bellf cisco, Fran- Charles A. Wetmore, 111 LEIDESDORFF STREET. ^A / . London Adjoining Choice Lands Vineyard Vintages made S. F. and sold selected, bought, commission. on and and Seeds planted Special attention settlement turists in given of land and the for to sale. \ exchanged selections employed. Seedlings Vineyards- legal practice to the viniculturists Department and CaL "' beginners. new of in the- Washington, N. B. No lands offered for not recommended Vines, titles,and at sold Experts Rooted for Francisco, Choicest cellars. for private Cuttings San Brink, business this U. connection in State of with viticul- and ment S. GovernD. C. vineyard purposes which are by well-known and experienced experts.