How to Treat COPD: Choosing the Right Device for Maintenance
Transcription
How to Treat COPD: Choosing the Right Device for Maintenance
How to Treat COPD: Choosing the Right Device for Maintenance December 8, 2012 Baltimore, Maryland Educational Partner: Session 3: How to Treat COPD: Choosing the Right Device for Maintenance Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. Develop appropriate COPD management strategies for patients who have physical or mental comorbidities, as well as others who are difficult to manage. Compare the utility and effectiveness of the different types of inhalation devices used in COPD maintenance. Increase awareness, knowledge, and confidence in selecting nebulization maintenance therapy for COPD patients requiring or preferring this form of therapy. Faculty Amir Sharafkhaneh, MD, PhD, DABSM Associate Professor of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Dr Sharafkhaneh graduated from Tehran University of Medical Sciences. He completed residency training in internal medicine at Long Island College Hospital in Brooklyn, New York, and a pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine fellowship at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. During the fellowship, he was involved in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial, evaluating role of lung volume reduction surgery in management of patients with severe COPD. Currently an associate professor of medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, Dr Sharafkhaneh is a staff attending at Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, where he is in charge of the care coordination program for COPD. There he established a productive COPD clinical research operation and has led many observational, epidemiological, and clinical trials that have been reported in various peer-reviewed journals. He recently coauthored COPD: A Guide to Diagnosis and Clinical Management for primary care providers. As part of his interest in improving quality of life in patients with COPD, Dr Sharafkhaneh is actively engaged in investigating sleep problems in COPD patients. Stanley B. Fiel, MD, FACP, FCCP Professor of Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York Regional Chairman, Department of Medicine Atlantic Health System deNeufville Professor and Chairman Department of Medicine, Morristown Medical Center Morristown, New Jersey Dr Fiel graduated from the Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. He completed an internship and residency at Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia and a fellowship in the pulmonary disease section of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. A professor of medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Dr Fiel also has clinical appointments as regional chairman of the department of medicine for the Atlantic Health System and as deNeufville Professor and chairman of the department of medicine at Morristown Medial Center. His major research interests include therapeutic advances in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary disorders including asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Complementing his research endeavors, Dr Fiel writes for the medical literature and has more than 150 published articles to his credit. His work has appeared in such publications as The New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, and Chest. Dr Fiel is a fellow of the American College of Physicians and the American College of Chest Physicians. Session 3 Faculty Financial Disclosure Statements The presenting faculty report the following: Amir Sharafkhaneh, MD, PhD, DABSM, has served as a consultant on the advisory board of Mylan Inc. Stanley B. Fiel, MD, FACP, FCCP, has served as a consultant for PTC Therapeutics, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, and Pfizer; has received grant/research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, CFF, MPEX, Gilead, Transave, and Vertex; has served on the speakers bureau for Pfizer, Novartis, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, and Mylan Specialty. Education Partner Financial Disclosure Statement The content collaborators at Educational Concepts in Medicine report the following: Patrick J. Crowley, MBA, Managing Director; Cassie Rametta, BA, Senior Program Manager; Jeannette Fee, Director of Editorial Services; and Laurel Ranger, Medical Writer, have no financial relationships to disclose. Suggested Reading List Asche CV, Leader S, Plauschinat C, et al. Adherence to current guidelines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among patients treated with combination of long-acting bronchodilators or inhaled corticosteroids. Int J COPD. 2012;7:201-209. Barrons R, Pegram A, Borries A. Inhaler device selection: special considerations in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2011;68(13):1221-1232. Effing T, Monninkhof EM, van der Valk PD, et al. Self-management education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002990. Einarsdottir K, Preen DB, Emery JD, et al. Regular primary care lowers hospitalization risk and mortality in seniors with chronic respiratory diseases. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;25(8):766-773. Gelberg J, McIvor RA. Overcoming gaps in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in older patients. Drugs Aging. 2010;27(5):367-375. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (updated 2010). http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLDReport_April112011.pdf. Accessed July 4, 2012. Han MK, Agusti A, Calverley PM, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes: the future of COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(5):598-604. Hanania NA, Sharma G, Sharafkhaneh A. COPD in the elderly patient. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31(5):596-606. Melani AS. Inhalatory therapy training: a priority challenge for the physician. Acta Biomed. 2007;78(3):233-245. Nazir SA, Erbland ML. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an update on diagnosis and management issues in older adults. Drugs Aging. 2009;26(10):813-831. Perez X, Wisnivesky JP, Lurslurchachai L, et al. Barriers to adherence to COPD guidelines among primary care providers. Respir Med. 2012;106(3):374-381. Sharafkhaneh A, Petersen NJ, Yu HJ, et al. Burden of COPD in a government health care system: a retrospective observational study using data from the US Veterans Affairs population. Int J COPD. 2010;5:125-132. Tashkin DP, Hanania NA, McGinty J, et al. Nebulized formoterol provides added benefits to tiotropium treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Adv Ther. 2009;26(11):1024-1034. Session 3 Presenter Disclosure Information Session 3 12:30 PM- 1:45 PM The following relationships exist related to this presentation: • Amir Sharafkhaneh, MD, PhD, DABSM, has served as a consultant on the advisory board of Mylan Inc. • Stanley B. Fiel, MD, has served as a consultant for PTC, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer; has received Grant/Research Support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, CFF, MPEX, Gilead, Transave, Vertex; has served on the Speakers Bureau for Pfizer, Novartis, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxsoSmithKline, Mylan Specialty. How to Treat COPD: Choosing the Right Device for Maintenance Speakers: Amir Sharafkhaneh, MD, PhD, DABSM Stanley B. Fiel, MD Off-Label/Investigational Discussion In accordance with pmiCME policy, faculty have been asked to disclose discussion of unlabeled or unapproved use(s) of drugs or devices during the course of their presentations. Drug List Drug List (cont) Generic Name Brand Name Generic Name Brand Name albuterol Various fluticasone propionate salmeterol Advair Diskus®, Advair® HFA aclidinium TudorzaTM PressairTM formoterol Foradil®, Perforomist® albuterol and ipratropium Various indacaterol ArcaptaTM NeohalerTM arformoterol Brovana® Inhalation Solution ipratropium Atrovent®, Atrovent® HFA beclomethasone dipropionate Beconase AQ®, QNASL® Nasal Aerosol, QVAR® Inhalation Aerosol levalbuterol Xopenex®, Xopenex® HFA levodopa Parcopa®, Sinemet®, Stalevo® budesonide Pulmicort®, Pulmicort Flexhaler®, Pulmicort Respules®, Rhinocort® Aqua® mometasone furoate Asmanex Twisthaler® budesonide/formoterol SymbicortTM pirbuterol Maxair® Autohaler® ciclesonide Alvesco® Inhalation Aerosol, Omnaris® Nasal Spray, ZetonnaTM Nasal Aerosol roflumilast Daliresp® Tablets fluticasone propionate Flonase®, Flovent®, Flovent® Diskus®, Flovent® HFA salmeterol Advair®, Serevent® Diskus® theophylline Various tiotropium Spiriva® HandiHaler® 6 7 Demographic Question Learning Objectives Relative to COPD: please indicate the approximate number of patients that you see each week with this condition. • Develop appropriate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management strategies for patients who have physical or mental comorbidities as well as others who are difficult to manage • Understand diagnosis and optimal management of COPD by discussing guideline updates • Compare the utility and effectiveness of the different types of inhalation devices used in COPD maintenance • Increase awareness, knowledge, and confidence in selecting nebulization maintenance therapy for COPD patients requiring or preferring this form of therapy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 8 1 None 1 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 51 to 60 > 60 ? ? Polling Question ? Polling Question Among your patients receiving maintenance therapy for COPD, how would you describe their level of adherence? How often do you prescribe long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABAs) for maintenance therapy for your COPD patients? 1. Excellent—almost all of my patients adhere to their prescribed regimen 2. Good—most of my patients adhere to their prescribed regimen 3. Fair—at least half of my patients adhere to their prescribed regimen 4. Poor—less than half of my patients adhere to their prescribed regimen 1. 2. 3. 4. Always Usually Sometimes Never 10 Polling Question 11 ? Polling Question How confident do you feel about selecting an appropriate LABA and delivery device for maintenance therapy for your patients based on their individual characteristics? How confident do you feel about your ability to instruct patients in the use of a dry powder inhaler (DPI) for maintenance therapy? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Very confident Somewhat confident Not very confident Not confident at all Very confident Somewhat confident Not very confident Not confident at all 12 Polling Question ? 13 ? Case Study 1 • George W., a 75-year-old retired office worker with a 10-year history of COPD recently has been experiencing more shortness of breath and difficulty helping his wife around the house. He also has required frequent SABA refills. • George smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for 50 years, but quit at diagnosis of COPD. He has osteoarthritis, particularly in the hands, and also suffers from type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). He has had several transient ischemic strokes over the last few years. • Medications: – LABA using a dry powder inhaler as COPD maintenance therapy, as well as a SABA for rescue therapy and an oral glucocorticoid for treatment of acute exacerbations – A sulfonylurea for glucose control – An antiplatelet agent to reduce the risk of stroke – A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for osteoarthritis 15 In elderly patients with cognitive problems and/or physical disabilities, what would you typically prescribe for maintenance therapy? 1. I don’t prescribe therapy for these patients 2. I prescribe a short‐acting beta2‐agonist (SABA) for rescue therapy as needed rather than a LABA for maintenance 3. I prescribe a LABA using a breath‐activated inhaler (ie, nebulizers that generate aerosol only on inspiration) for these patients and a SABA for rescue therapy as needed 4. I prescribe a LABA /inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) fixed dose combination 5. I prescribe a LABA using a nebulizer for these patients and a SABA for rescue therapy as needed 14 2 Case Study 1—Poor Disease Control Case Study 1—Course of Action • Signs of possible nonadherence – Frequent exacerbations – Patient is going through rescue medication too quickly – Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)% predicted has declined more than expected • George is asked about his use of LABA and SABA therapy, and he admits to inconsistent use of LABA maintenance therapy and difficulty in using his inhaler • An office demonstration of how he is using the LABA inhaler shows that his technique is poor, and, as a result, it is unlikely that much of the medication is reaching the lungs • George is prescribed a LABA using a nebulizer • He is educated on the need to use the maintenance therapy and to reserve rescue medication only for breakthrough episodes 16 17 Case Study 1—Follow-up COPD • At the next visit 3 months later, George expresses satisfaction with the nebulizer and its ease of use • He reports needing less rescue medication and having fewer symptoms. He is able to help around the house and has even begun taking a short walk every morning COPD—Overview 18 19 Epidemiology of COPD Epidemiology of COPD • ~14 million American adults have been diagnosed with COPD1 • COPD death rate increased 102.8% between 1970 and 2002 – The true prevalence is probably higher because many individuals with mild grade COPD remain asymptomatic2 • 63% of adults with expiratory airflow obstruction are not aware of their problem – Among the 6 leading causes of death, only COPD and DM had an increase in the death rate • Death rate in DM increased 3.2% during that time period – Death rates decreased in heart disease (-52.1%), cancer (-2.7%), accidents (-41%), and stroke (-63.1%) between 1970 and 2002 • Chronic and unspecified bronchitis accounts for 11.7 million visits to physicians’ offices, hospital outpatient clinics, and emergency departments (ED) annually1 – Other COPD accounts for 6.1 million visits • COPD is the third leading cause of death in the U.S.3 1. CDC. FastStats. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/copd.htm. Accessed July 4, 2012. 2. Mapel DW, et al. J Manag Care Pharm. 2006;12:458‐465. 3. CDC. National Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 60, No. 3. December 29, 2011. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr60/nvsr60_03.pdf. Accessed August 21, 2012. Jemal A, et al. JAMA. 2005;294:1255‐1259. 20 3 21 COPD—Disease Course COPD—Assessment • The natural course of COPD is variable • COPD is a progressive disease • COPD is a chronic, incurable disease, but treatment can reduce symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, improve quality of life (QOL), reduce exacerbations, and perhaps decrease mortality • Spirometric assessment – However, the correlation between FEV1, symptoms, and impairment of a patient’s health-related QOL is weak Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org. Accessed September 6, 2012. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org. Accessed September 6, 2012. 22 COPD—Assessment COPD—Classification • Symptom assessment • Revised 2011 GOLD Guidelines published in December presented a new system for classifying COPD – Modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC)1 questionnaire • Measures breathlessness • Score ranges from Grade 0 (only get breathless with strenuous exercise) to Grade 4 (too breathless to leave the house or breathless when dressing or undressing) – COPD Assessment Test (CAT)1 • 8-item unidimensional measure of health status impairment1 – Score for individual items ranges from 0 (best) to 5 (worst)2 • Designed to be relevant worldwide1 • Total score ranges from 0-401 1. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org. Accessed September 6, 2012. 2. COPD Assessment Test. Available at http://www.catestonline.org. – Change from stages I-IV to grades A-D – New system takes into account airflow limitation, exacerbations, and symptoms based on either mMRC or CAT score Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org. Accessed September 6, 2012. 24 COPD—Impact of Treatment Slows disease progression and decline in FEV1; decreases morbidity and reduces mortality Pulmonary Rehabilitation2 Immunization2 Low‐Flow Supplemental Oxygen2 25 COPD—Impact of Treatment (Cont.) Nonpharmacologic Interventions Smoking Cessation1 23 Pharmacologic Interventions Bronchodilators Includes respiratory muscle training, exercise training, strength and endurance training Include beta2‐agonists, anticholinergics, and methylxanthines; short acting reserved for rescue; long‐acting used for maintenance for moderate to severe COPD Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) Influenza and antipneumococcal vaccines may reduce hospitalization due to influenza and pneumonia Decreases exacerbation frequency in patients with an FEV1 < 60% predicted; does not modify long‐term decline of FEV1 Phosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE‐4) Inhibitors For patients with significant hypoxemia or evidence of pulmonary hypertension, peripheral edema, or polycythemia; has been shown to increase survival Improves FEV1 in patients treated with a bronchodilator; reduces moderate and severe exacerbations in patients treated with corticosteroids Combination Therapy Beta2‐agonists used with an anticholinergic or theophylline may improve lung function and health status; combining an ICS with a LABA may improve lung function, health status and reduce exacerbations 1. Stockley RA. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:1235‐1245. 2. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/. Accessed September 6, 2012. 1. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 27 (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/. Accessed September 6, 2012. 26 4 COPD—Impact of Treatment GOLD Guidelines on Management of Stable COPD • Regular and proactive maintenance in primary care rather than reactive care is beneficial to older patients with chronic respiratory diseases, reducing the risk of hospitalization and death GOLD Guidelines on the Management of Stable COPD, December 2011 • Overall approach to managing stable COPD should be individualized to address symptoms and improve QOL • Bronchodilator medications central to the symptomatic management of COPD (Evidence A) – Given on as needed basis or on regular basis to prevent or reduce symptoms and exacerbations • Principal bronchodilator treatments (Evidence A) – β2-agonists, – Anticholinergics – Methylxanthines, used singly or in combination • Theophylline is not recommended as first-line therapy Einarsdottir K, et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;25:766‐773. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Updated 2010). Available at 29 http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLDReport_April112011.pdf. Accessed July 4, 2012. 28 GOLD Guidelines on Management of Stable COPD GOLD Guidelines on Management of Stable COPD Most Recent Gold Guidelines—December 2011 Initial Pharmacologic Management of COPD GOLD Guidelines on the Management of Stable COPD, December 2011 • Regular treatment with long-acting inhaled bronchodilators is more effective and convenient than treatment with short-acting bronchodilators (Evidence A) • Regular treatment with long-acting inhaled bronchodilators is more effective and convenient than treatment with short-acting bronchodilators (Evidence A) • Chronic treatment with systemic glucocorticosteroids should be avoided because of an unfavorable benefit-to-risk ratio (Evidence A) Patient Group First Choice Second Choice A SAMA pm or SABA pm LAMA or LABA or SABA + SAMA Alternative Choice Theophylline B LAMA or LABA LAMA + LABA SABA and/or SAMA Theophylline C ICS + LABA or LAMA LAMA + LABA PDE‐4 inhibitor SABA and/or SAMA Theophylline D ICS + LABA or LAMA ICS + LAMA or ICS + LABA + LAMA or ICS + LABA + PDE‐4 inhibitor or LAMA + LABA or LAMA + PDE‐4 inhibitor SABA and/or SAMA Theophylline SAMA = short‐acting muscarinic antagonist. LAMA = long‐acting muscarinic antagonist. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Updated 2010). Available at 30 http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLDReport_April112011.pdf. Accessed July 4, 2012. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/. Accessed September 6, 2012. Brochodilator Agents for COPD ICSs for COPD Drug Class Agents Duration/Delivery device LABAs Formoterol 12 hrs; DPI, MDI, nebulizer, oral1‐3 Salmeterol 12 hrs; DPI1,4 Arformoterol 12 hrs; nebulizer1,5 Indacaterol 24 hrs; DPI1,6 LAMAs Long‐acting combination therapy SABAs 31 ICS Beclomethasone diproprionate Delivery Device1 pMDI Budesonide Nebulizer DPI Tiotropium 24 hrs; DPI1,7 Ciclesonide pMDI Aclidinium 12 hrs; DPI1,8 Fluticasone propionate DPI pMDI Budesonide/formeterol 12 hrs; pMDI1,9 Fluticasone propionate‐salmeterol 12 hrs; DPI, pMDI1,10 Mometasone furoate Albuterol 3‐6 hrs; pMDI, nebulizer1,11‐14 5‐6 hrs; nebulizer, pMDI1,15 • Use of ICSs can improve lung function and symptoms and decrease airway reactivity and frequency of Levalbuterol Pirbuterol 5 hrs; pMDI16 SAMAs Ipatropium 2‐4 hrs; nebulizer, pMDI1,17 Short‐acting combination therapy Albuterol + ipatropium 4‐5 hrs; pMDI, nebulizer11,18,19 1. Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1332. 2‐19. PDR.net website. Drug information, product labeling. www.pdr.net/drugpages/productlabelinglist.aspx. Accessed October 1, 2012. DPI exacerbations2 • Long‐term use in the elderly increases risk of cataract formation and glaucoma, decreases bone mineral density, and increases fracture rates2 • ICS monotherapy is not an FDA‐approved medication for COPD but is recommended by evidence‐ based COPD guidelines to be considered as an add‐on to long‐acting bronchodilators in patients with severe COPD and exacerbations 32 33 1. Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1232. 2. Nazir SA, et al. Drugs Aging. 2009;26:813‐831. 5 Adverse Effects of COPD Medication Adverse Effects of COPD Medication Selected Adverse Events Associated with COPD Medication Selected Adverse Events Associated with COPD Medication Drug Class Serious Adverse Effects Common Adverse Effects Anticholinergics •Anaphylaxis •Angioedema •Bronchospasm (paradoxical) •Glaucoma (narrow angle) •Hypersensitivity reaction •Laryngospasm •Cough •Dry mouth •Blurred vision •Urinary hesitancy or retention Beta2‐agonists •Asthma exacerbation •Death (asthma‐related) •Bronchospasm (paradoxical) •Laryngospasm •Angina, angioedema, arrhythmias, QT‐interval prolongation •Seizures •Urticaria, anaphylaxis •Nervousness •Tremor •Palpitations •Tachycardia 34 Grimes GC, et al. Am Fam Phys. 2007;76:1141‐1148, 1151‐1152. Drug Class Serious Adverse Effects Common Adverse Effects ICSs •Adrenal suppression •Anaphylactoid reactions •Angioedema •Bronchospasm •Churg‐Strauss syndrome •Cushingoid features •Glaucoma •Hyperglycemia •Osteoporosis •Vasculitis •Candidiasis (oral) •Cough •Throat irritation, hoarseness •Dysphonia •URTI Inhaled anticholinergics/ SABAs •Anaphylaxis •Angioedema •Arrhythmias •Bronchospasm (paradoxical) •Glaucoma (narrow angle) •Bronchitis •Cough •Dyspnea •Headache •Nausea •Pain •URTI Grimes GC, et al. Am Fam Phys. 2007;76:1141‐1148, 1151‐1152. Adverse Effects of COPD Medication 35 Other Agents for COPD • Theophylline1 – Narrow therapeutic window – Adverse events include nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures • These adverse effects limit its use in the elderly Selected Adverse Events Associated with COPD Medication Drug Class Serious Adverse Effects Common Adverse Effects ICSs/LABAs •Asthma exacerbation, death (asthma‐ related) •Adrenal suppression, •Angioedemia •Arrhythmia (ventricular) •Bronchospasm (paradoxical), laryngospasm •Churg‐Strauss syndrome •Cushingoid features •Glaucoma •Bronchitis, cough •Candidiasis (oral), URTI •Hoarseness, throat irritation •Dermatitis •Diarrhea •Dizziness •Headache •Nausea or vomiting •Palpitations •Tremor Grimes GC, et al. Am Fam Phys. 2007;76:1141‐1148, 1151‐1152. • Roflumilast – Selective PDE-4 inhibitor2 – Targets pulmonary and possibly systemic inflammation associated with COPD2 – Indicated as treatment to reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations in patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations3 – The most common adverse effects are weight loss (12%) and diarrhea (8%)2 1. Nazir SA, et al. Drugs Aging. 2009;26:813‐831. 2. Gross NJ, et al. COPD. 2010;7:141‐153. 3. PDR.net website. Roflumilast product labeling. http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/productlabeling.aspx?mpcode=30600260. Accessed October 1, 2012. 36 Case Study 2 Polling Question • Gayle H., a 63‐year‐old receptionist for a pediatrician has been controlled on her SABA rescue medication since being diagnosed with Grade B* COPD 3 years ago. She smoked half a pack of cigarettes for 35 years and quit at diagnosis. She also suffers from early stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) and hypertension. • Medications: – Levodopa for Parkinson’s Disease – Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor – SABA • She uses her SABA rescue medication more and more frequently. Recently, she has been unable to work in her garden, even for a short while, and says she sometimes gets breathless at work and has to take a break and use rescue medication. In elderly patients with cognitive problems and/or physical disabilities, what device would you typically prescribe for maintenance therapy? 37 ? 1. MDI 2. DPI 3. Nebulizer 39 40 *Grade B, typically GOLD 1 or GOLD 2 and/or 0‐1 exacerbation per year and mMRC grade ≥ 2 or CAT score ≥ 10. 6 Case Study 2—Course of Action Case Study 2—Follow-up • Gayle has hand control issues due to the PD, and, therefore, a LABA using a nebulizer is prescribed • At a follow-up visit 3 months later, Gayle reports fewer symptoms of COPD and less use of rescue medication – Due to PD, she experienced specific problems with activation, coordinating activation with inhalation, and positioning her SABA inhaler • Nebulizers require minimal patient cooperation and coordination • Two major issues in Gayle’s stable COPD management: – General Issue: Under use of maintenance therapy – Gayle Specific issue: Delivery of the medication • She is educated on the need to use the LABA regularly, as prescribed, and to reserve the SABA as rescue medication for acute symptoms 41 Dolovich MB et al. Chest. 2005;127:335‐371. 42 COPD—Maintenance Therapy Is Underused COPD—Maintenance Therapy Is Underused • Retrospective medical record review of over 50,000 COPD patients – Found that 66.3% of managed care patients are not prescribed any maintenance therapy for COPD • 59.1% receive no therapy • 7.2% are prescribed an inhaled SABA only – In the Medicare population, 70.9% of COPD patients are not prescribed maintenance therapy • 66% receive no therapy • 4.9% are prescribed a SABA only Make B, et al. Int J COPD. 2012;7:1‐9. Baseline Respiratory Pharmacotherapy Use Among US Veterans Affairs Population n Treated 36,285 60.6 100.0 ICS + LABA combination 449 0.7 1.2 ICS + LABA combination 250/50 261 0.4 0.7 ICS 11,177 18.6 30.8 SABA 32,629 54.5 89.9 LABA 2176 3.6 6.0 Short‐ or long‐acting anticholinergic 13,493 22.5 37.2 Untreated 23,621 39.4 na Sharafkhaneh A, et al. Int J COPD. 2010;5:125‐132. 43 LABAs and LAMAs • Should be used regularly in moderate COPD (Grade B) if symptoms are not well controlled with as needed SABA, and for severe to very severe COPD (Grades C & D)1,2 • Yet, one study found only 54% of patients were using long-acting bronchodilators when FEV1 was < 80% predicted3 • Poor familiarity with recommendations, low self-efficacy, and time constraints identified as barriers to adherence to COPD guidelines3 % of total % of treated 59,906 36,285 44 LABAs and LAMAs (cont) • Another study found that SABAs were used without concomitant long-acting bronchodilators for 20% of moderate, 14% of severe, and 8% of very severe COPD patients Patients with FEV1 < 80% Predicted Who Use Long‐acting Bronchodilators – Long-acting bronchodilators + ICS used in 12% of patients with moderate COPD, 19% with severe COPD, and 2% with very severe COPD 60% 50% 54% 20% 40% 30% 15% 20% 10% 10% 0% COPD Severity Moderate Severe 5% % of Patients Using Long‐acting Bronchodilators 1. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/. Accessed September 6, 2012. 2. Asche CV, et al. Int J COPD. 2012;7:201‐209. 3. Perez X, et al. Respir Med. 2012;106:374‐381. Very Severe 0% SABAs Only ICS + LABA or LAMA Fitch K, et al. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:1425‐1429. 45 7 46 COPD—Adherence to Maintenance LABAs and LAMAs (cont) • Fear of complications may prevent greater use of long-acting bronchodilators • Adherence to maintenance regimens is also poor – Among patients prescribed long-term therapy with LAMA, LABA, or fixed-dose combinations of ICS and LABA, a substantial proportion switch therapy • Persistence, even including those who switch, is low – Persistence rates with any long-acting drug at 1, 2, and 3 years has been found to be 36%, 23%, and 17%, respectively, in an analysis of a large pharmaceutical database – There was a small but significant increase in asthma-related deaths with salmeterol in asthma patients, raising concerns about LABA monotherapy in asthma patients1 – This increase was not noted in children and adolescents using formoterol along with concomitant ICS or other LABA/ICS combinations2,3 • However, COPD is a different disease, occurring in a different population1 – Safety of LABAs is well-established in the COPD population1,4 – Some increased risk is associated with beta2-agonists in patients with COPD and concomitant congestive heart failure,1 particularly if they are not treated with a cardioselective betaantagonist Penning‐van Beest F, et al. Respir Med. 2011;105:259‐265. 47 1. Tashkin DP, et al. Respir Res. 2010;11:149. 2. Price JF, et al. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:1047‐1053. 3. Jacobs TS, et al. J Asthma. 48 2012;49:450‐455. 4. Calverly PMA, et al. NEJM. 2007;356:775‐789. Complications From Poor Maintenance Therapy Rescue Therapy—SABAs and SAMAs • Appropriate use of SABAs and SAMAs – These agents act more quickly than the LABA salmeterol and LAMAs, and, therefore, are appropriate as symptom-driven rescue therapy1 • Inappropriate use – Frequent use of SABAs or SAMAs is a sign of poorly controlled disease – SABAs and SAMAS do not provide long-acting relief of symptoms; in patients with moderate to severe COPD, they should be used solely as rescue medication in conjunction with maintenance therapy with long-acting bronchodilators2 • Failure to adhere to GOLD Guidelines results in – More frequent exacerbations – More frequent hospitalizations Asche CV, et al. Int J COPD. 2012;7:201‐209. 1. Ohar JA, et al. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31:321‐333. 2. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/. Accessed 49 September 6, 2012. 50 Identifying Patients Exhibiting Signs of Poor Control or Nonadherence COPD—Cost Savings of Adherence • Clinical symptoms and signs1 – Frequent exacerbations – Increased use of rescue medications – Declining lung function (FEV1) – Increased disability (greater difficulty with performing activities of daily living [ADLs]) – Reduced ability to exercise • Maintenance therapy in COPD decreases hospitalizations and expenditures Cost Savings of Adherence to GOLD Guidelines vs. Nonadherence* Therapy Cost Savings LAMA+ LABA $5889 LABA + ICS $3330 LAMA + LABA/ICS $10,217 *Adherent versus nonadherent: LAMA + LABA, n=25 and n=39, respectively; LABA + ICS, n=74 and n=180, respectively; LAMA + LABA/ICS, n=21 and n=25, respectively. Asche CV, et al. Int J COPD. 2012;7:201‐209. 1. Gross NJ. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2:267‐271. 51 52 8 Identifying Patients Exhibiting Signs of Poor Control or Nonadherence Identifying Patients Exhibiting Signs of Poor Control or Nonadherence • Biomarkers • Evaluating the frequency, severity, and duration of exacerbations – The only accepted biomarker in COPD is FEV1; however, this proves less than optimal in many cases for monitoring response to treatment1 – Exacerbations begin to occur in more severe disease (Grades C & D)1 • Consider re-evaluation of current treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations (i.e. 2 or more per year) – COPD Assessment Test—8 items, scored from 0 to 52 • Covers the domains of cough, phlegm, chest tightness, exercise limitations, limitations of ADLs, sense of confidence, sleep disturbances, level of energy • Score of 10 or more indicates a level of symptoms warranting more aggressive management – Markers of exacerbation severity3 • Arterial carbon dioxide tension and breathing rate associated with the severity of COPD exacerbations – Some promising biomarkers are on the horizon, but clinical data are not consistent1 • Serum PARC/CCL-18 independently associated with health outcomes2 • ECLIPSE cohort3 – Fibrinogen, surfactant protein D, and CC-16 may be useful – More research is needed to determine if these can provide information about disease phenotype, severity, and/or progression • Phenotypes—COPD is a complex and heterogeneous disease4 – In some cases, phenotype may help predict response to treatment5 1. Yoon HI, et al. Drugs. 2011;71:1821‐1837. 2. Sin DD, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:1187‐1192. 3. Dickens JA, et al. Respir Res. 2011;12:146‐156. 4. Han MK, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:598‐604. 5. Agusti A, et al. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:749‐751. 1. Jones PW, et al. Chest. 2011;139:1388‐1394. 2. Mackay AJ, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;184:1218‐1224. 3. Franciosi LG, et al. Respir Res. 2006;7:74. 53 54 COPD—Difficult-to-Treat Patients COPD—Difficult-to-Treat Patients • Disabilities may be a barrier to adherence and disease control1 • Subpopulations of difficult-to-treat COPD patients make disease management a challenge – Elderly patients may have cognitive deficits that make adhering to medication regimens more difficult1 – They may have physical disabilities, such as poor vision or osteoarthritis, that may make opening medication packages, reading directions, or effectively operating medication delivery devices difficult1 – The presence of comorbidities may increase cognitive effects and physical difficulties as well as require multiple medications that may decrease adherence1 – COPD itself may affect cognition negatively, particularly in the elderly2,3 – Elderly1 • Have more comorbidities • Disorders such as those of the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems (cachexia, muscle dysfunction, osteoporosis) and psychological disorders (depression and/or anxiety) are common in COPD patients, and can complicate treatment – Twenty-five percent of those over age 65 years suffer from 2 of the 5 most common chronic diseases (including COPD) and 10% have 3 or more; in those 75 years and older, those figures rise to 40% and 25%, respectively2 1. Hanania NA, et al. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31:596‐606. 2. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Updated 2010). Available at http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLDReport_April112011.pdf. Accessed July 4, 2012. 1. Hanania NA, et al. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31:596‐606. 2. Dodd JW, et al. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:913‐922. 3. Zhou G, et al. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2012;2:219‐228. 55 COPD Medication Delivery Devices COPD Medication Delivery Devices • • DPI Number of different types of devices available • Pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) – Breath-actuated device designed to reduce difficulty encountered with pMDIs; convenient, compact, portable device providing rapid medication delivery; has dose counter, indicating amount of medication remaining; some DPIs emit inspiratory-flow signals to prompt proper technique and adherence • Single- and multi-dose devices – Requires the patient to generate sufficient inspiratory force in order to deaggregate the powdered medication formulation • The rate of ineffective inhalation due to inadequate peak inspiratory flow (PIF) correlates with patient age and severity of airflow obstruction – Elderly patients with severe COPD may not be able to achieve adequate inspiratory flow against the resistance of the device – Requires PIF rate >30 L/min through the device – Humidity or inappropriately blowing into the device may cause clumping of powdered medication, resulting in ineffective delivery of medication • Advantages include multiple dosing (≥100 doses/canister), shorter administration time, compactness and portability of the device • An important disadvantage is the requirement of a specific inhalation technique, which requires adequate patient coordination – Multiple steps involved – Most common error is the failure to synchronize inhalation with pMDI actuation – 26% of patients demonstrate inadequate breath holding – 19% have overly rapid inspiration leading to oropharyngeal deposition instead of pulmonary delivery • Even with proper technique, pMDIs deposit only 10%-20% of labeled dose to the lungs, while much of the medication remains in the mouth and oropharynx – This can lead to adverse events • Use of spacer devices eliminates need to coordinate inhalation with actuation, but spacers are bulky and increase time for medication delivery Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1232. 56 57 Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1232. 9 58 COPD Medication Delivery Devices COPD Medication Delivery Devices • Soft Mist Inhaler • Nebulizers – Easiest for patients to use, requires minimal cognitive ability and no hand-breath coordination, manual dexterity, or hand strength; visible mist may give patients confidence in medication delivery • Three types—compressor-driven jet nebulizer, conventional ultrasonic nebulizer, and high efficiency vibrating mesh nebulizer (quieter and allows for faster medication delivery) • However, conventional ultrasonic nebulizers do not readily aerosolize drug suspensions – Relatively long duration of medication delivery, poor portability, need for daily cleaning, and trouble and cost associated with proper maintenance and replacement of nebulizers • Cleaning requires disassembling nebulizer and soaking all components in warm soapy water, rinsing, and air drying before next use • Device can last 6 months with proper care, while disposable units last 2 weeks – Advantages • Compact1, portable1, multiple dosing2 • Propellant-free2 • Does not require high generation of inspiratory flow3 • High fine particle fraction2 • High lung deposition (reduced oropharyngeal deposition)2 – Disadvantages • Requires coordination between actuation and inhalation2 • Requires a slow deep breath and a 10-second breath hold is recommended2 1. Newman S. Eur Respir Rev. 2005;14:96, 102–108. 2. Hodder R. et al. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:381‐90. 3. Anderson P. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2006;1(3):251‐9. 59 Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1232. COPD Medication Delivery Devices COPD Medication Delivery Devices ACCP/ACAAI Guidelines • Vibrating mesh or vibrating plate nebulizers • Summary of Randomized Controlled Trial Results 60 – Outpatient management of COPD with bronchodilators shows no difference in pulmonary function response between delivery devices – Increases in heart rate greater after administration of albuterol by nebulizer than after administration by MDI – – – – – – Higher lung deposition Negligible residual volumes Faster rate of nebulization Battery operated More portable than ultrasonic or jet nebulizers Cost is comparable to ultrasonic nebulizers but much higher than conventional jet nebulizers – Must be cleaned regularly to prevent build-up of deposit and blockage of apertures; can be challenging to disassemble and re-assemble for cleaning – Risk of overdosing using doses approved for use with jet nebulizers (due to more efficient delivery of medication to the lung) • Recommendations – MDI (with or without spacer/holding chamber), nebulizer, and DPI are all appropriate for delivery of inhaled bronchodilators. Quality of evidence: good; net benefit: substantial; strength of recommendation: A – Selection of an appropriate aerosol delivery device for inhaled bronchodilators includes the patient’s ability to use the device correctly, patient preference, the availability of the drug/device combination, compatibility between the drug and the delivery device, the lack of time or skills to properly instruct the patient in the use of the device or to monitor its appropriate use, the cost of therapy, and the potential for reimbursement. Quality of evidence: good; net benefit: substantial; strength of recommendation: B Dolovich MB, et al. Lancet. 2011;377:1032‐1042. Dolovich MB, et al. Chest. 2005;127:335‐371. 61 62 Delivery Device Problems in Select Populations Delivery Device Problems in Select Populations • Physical issues (eg, arthritis, visual problems), the presence of multiple comorbidities, and cognitive issues may compromise a patient’s ability to use a delivery device effectively1 • Deficiencies in inhaler device technique and adherence to treatment regimen may lead to suboptimal health outcomes in COPD patients2 • DPIs require less coordination, but the patient must be able to generate a certain minimum PIF rate (> 30 L/min) through the resistance of the device that some older patients may not be able to achieve1,2 – PIF rates decline with age1 – Evidence also suggests that up to 40% of patients aged > 65 years do not use DPIs correctly3 – Effects of incorrect use of DPIs • Chronic cough, wheezing, and poorer health-related QOL associated with incorrect inhalation technique in patients with asthma4 – User technique, particle size, and type of delivery device affect the efficacy of inhaled medications1 – Evidence indicates that only 36% of elderly patients use an MDI properly1 • Technique is affected by cognitive impairment and physical disability1 • Can be difficult to coordinate actuation and inhalation3 • Use of a large volume spacer (LVS) can improve the patient’s ability to use this device1 1. Nazir, SA, et al. Drugs Aging. 2009;26:813‐831. 2. Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1232. 3. Gelberg J, et al. Drugs Aging. 2010;27:367‐375. 4. Lavorini F, et al. Respir Med. 2008;102:593‐604. 64 1. Nazir, SA, et al. Drugs Aging. 2009;26:813‐831. 2. Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1232. 3. Lavorini F, et al. Respir Med. 2008;102:593‐604. 63 10 Use of Nebulizers in Subgroups of Patients Efficacy and Safety of Maintenance Therapy • Nebulizers may be preferable in certain subgroups of patients – Elderly1 – Those with severe disease and frequent exacerbations1 – Those with physical and/or cognitive limitations1 – Those who fail to respond satisfactorily to treatment with hand-held inhalers despite adequate instruction2,3 – Financial issues and patient preferences that enhance adherence may favor nebulized therapy over other inhaler devices4 • Nebulized medications are a good option for sicker, frailer elderly patients, and those with cognitive problems1 1. Nazir SA, et al. Drugs Aging. 2009;26:813‐831. 2. British Thoracic Society Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Thorax. 1997; 52(Suppl.5): S1‐S26. 3. NICE Guidelines 2010. Available at http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/13029/49425/49425.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2012. 4. Dhand R, et al. COPD. 2012;9:58‐72. • Nebulized formoterol vs placebo as add-on therapy to tiotropium bromide in COPD patients – At 6 weeks, FEV1 AUC significantly greater in formoterol group than placebo (1.57 vs 1.38 L [P<.0001])1 – Other lung function measures also improved—FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), and post-dose IC at day 1; these were maintained through week 61 – Dyspnea also improved after 6 weeks to both a statistically and clinically significant extent2,3 – AEs occurred in 37% of formoterol group vs 51% of placebo group; the most common AEs in the formoterol group were acute bronchitis (3.8%), COPD exacerbation (2.6%), and dyspnea (2.6%)1 1. Hanania NA, et al. Drugs. 2009;69:1205‐1216. 2. Tashkin DP, et al. Respir Med. 2008;102:479‐487. 3. Tashkin DP, et al. Adv Ther. 66 2009;26:1024‐1034. 65 Efficacy and Safety of Maintenance Therapy Safety of Long-Term Use of LABAs in COPD • Nebulized formoterol, 12-month open-label trial • Review of clinical efficacy and safety of nebulized formoterol in COPD1,2 – 569 subjects with COPD received twice daily 20 μg formoterol inhalation solution for nebulization or 12 μg formoterol fumarate DPI for 52 weeks – Adverse effects (AEs) and safety profile similar between treatment groups • AEs experienced by 73% in nebulizer group and 78% in DPI group – Majority of AEs were mild to moderate in severity and unrelated to treatment • Exacerbation experienced by 15.8% of nebulizer group and 17.9% of DPI group • No clinically important changes in vital signs and no treatment-related increases in cardiac arrhythmias, heart rate, or QTc prolongation • Death occurred in 1.3% and more than 1 serious AE occurred in 16.2% of nebulizer group, compared with 1.9% and 17.9% of DPI group, respectively – 12-week and 1-year studies reveal AEs similar to placebo and formoterol DPI • Indacaterol vs formoterol + budesonide or salmeterol + fluticasone3 – Meta-analysis indicated indacaterol 150 ug* and 300 ug* were comparable to formoterol + budesonide and salmeterol + fluticasone for measures of lung function health status and to salmeterol + fluticasone for breathlessness *FDA‐approved indacaterol dose is 75 ug once daily for COPD; 150 ug and 300 ug doses are Donohue JF, et al. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2008;2:199‐208. not approved in the United States. 67 68 1. Gross NJ, et al. Respir Med. 2008;102:189‐197. 2. Gross NJ, et al. Int J COPD. 2010;5:223‐232. 3. Cope S, et al. Int J COPD. 2011;6:329‐344. Patient and Caregiver Training and Education Strategies for Improving Adherence and Disease Control • • Critical factor in appropriate use of inhalers1,2,3 – Evidence indicates that teaching interventions substantially increase the likelihood of proper inhaler use4 – Physicians should review patients’ inhaler technique regularly to ensure that adequate amounts of medication are being received2,5,6 – Education of caregivers is important as well, as many patients rely on caregivers – Self-management education has been associated with a reduction in hospital admission, with no indication of adverse effects7 • Odds ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.89 – Training of the patient in the use of inhaler devices often is poorly addressed8 Use of the appropriate device tailored to the needs of the individual patient – Improves patient adherence and ability of patient to use the inhaler correctly, thereby increasing the likelihood of achieving optimal outcomes1 – Cost considerations may play a role as well1 • Medications administered using pMDI or DPI devices require Medicare Part D • Medicare Part B covers 80% of the cost of nebulizer equipment and medication, which may make it the more affordable option – Patient preference should be considered as well1,2 • Survey of 82 patients using nebulizers found that adherence was high, and reported adverse effects minor and infrequent; patients felt the benefits of the nebulizer outweighed the disadvantages3 1. Fromer L, et al. Postgrad Med. 2010;122:83‐93. 2. Gelberg J, et al. Drugs Aging. 2010;27:367‐375. 3. Lareau SC, et al. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2012;24:113‐120. 4. Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1232. 5. Broeders MEAC, et al. Prim Care Respir J. 2009;18:76‐82. 6. Melani AS. Acta Biomed. 2007;78:233‐245. 7. Effing T, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4): CD002990. 8. Lavorini FM et al. Prim Care Respir J. 2010;19:335‐341. 1. Barrons R, et al. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011;68:1221‐1232. 2. Leidy NK, et al. Value Health. 2006;9:394‐401. 3. Barta SK, et 69 al. Respir Med. 2002;96:375‐381. 11 70 ? Polling Question Conclusions • COPD is a chronic, progressive disease • Proper management of the disease can reduce acute exacerbations, hospitalizations, and symptoms, and improve QOL for patients • Maintenance therapy is underutilized overall • Some populations of patients, such as the elderly, cognitively impaired, or physically disabled, may have difficulty using maintenance medication delivery devices, even when maintenance therapy is prescribed, and thus may receive less than optimal amounts of medication • Failure to use maintenance therapy appropriately may result in increased acute exacerbations, hospitalizations, and costs • Careful consideration of patient factors in selecting medication and delivery devices can improve patient outcomes In the future, how often will you prescribe LABAs for maintenance therapy for your COPD patients? 1. 2. 3. 4. Always Usually Sometimes Never 71 Polling Question 72 ? ? Polling Question How confident do you feel about selecting an appropriate LABA and delivery device for maintenance therapy for your patients based on their individual characteristics? How confident do you feel about your ability to instruct patients in the use of a dry powder inhaler (DPI) for maintenance therapy? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Very confident Somewhat confident Not very confident Not confident at all Very confident Somewhat confident Not very confident Not confident at all 73 Polling Question 74 ? Questions & Answers In the future, in elderly patients with cognitive problems and/or physical disabilities, what will you prescribe for maintenance therapy? ? 1. I will not prescribe therapy for these patients 2. I will have them use a SABA for rescue therapy as needed rather than a LABA for maintenance 3. I will prescribe a LABA using a breath‐activated inhaler for these patients and a SABA for rescue therapy as needed 4. I will prescribe a LABA / ICS fixed dose combination 5. I will prescribe a LABA using a nebulizer for these patients and a SABA for rescue therapy as needed 75 12