Literature Survey, Literature Comprehension, & Literature Review

Literature Survey,
Literature Comprehension, &
Literature Review
Literature Review Process
Literature
Comprehension
Formulating
Structuring
Exploring
Drafting
Contextualising
Developing
Clarifying
Identifying
Literature
Search
Justifying
Commenting
Literature
Review
Noting
Summarising
Reading Critically
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Comprehension
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Focus on understanding as reader intended
What it says
Critical Review
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Focus on interpreting
What it does
Recognition that text is one way of viewing subject
Reading Critically – Initial Steps
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Recognise a text as a presentation of a subject by the
Author(s)
Structured and presented in a particular way
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contains a beginning, middle, and end
uses illustrations to explain, clarify or expand on remarks
uses evidence to support remarks e.g. cites other sources,
presents results
uses particular language to portray topics
organises remarks in a logical sequence
Reading Critically – Description
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Describe the text from each of the perspectives on previous
slide
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Structure
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Examples
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what the examples are examples of
where are they from
Evidence
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what is included in the beginning, middle and end
why
nature of the evidence – sources used and how, types of result
Language and Style
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choice of language or terms– what types of terms are applied to what topics
What type of sequence is used
Reading Critically – Description
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What is achieved by the text?
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What is achieved by describing topics a certain way
What is assumed by selecting certain types of evidence
Is there a particular perspective
Reading Critically – Assessment
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Think critically
How well does the text do what it does?
All texts should
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Address a specific topic
Clearly define terms
Present evidence
Explain exceptions
Demonstrate clearly cause and effect
Present conclusions shown to follow logically from earlier
arguments and evidence
Reading Critically – Assessment
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Evaluate the text
Does it make sense?
How does it fit into the area?
Does it agree/disagree with other texts?
Does it offer new evidence? Or types of evidence?
Does the evidence support the arguments?
Are the conclusions logical?
Inference
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Readers construct meaning from a text by
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what they take the words to mean
how they process sentences to find meaning
drawing on their knowledge of the language and
of conventions of social communication.
Inference
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Other Factors
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Readers infer unstated meanings based on social
conventions, shared knowledge, shared experience, or
shared values.
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knowledge of the Author(s)
occasion or publication
the audience
make sense of remarks by recognizing implications and drawing
conclusions.
Readers read ideas more than words
Readers infer, rather than find, meaning.
Inference
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Consider the following statement:
The Senator admitted owning the gun that killed his wife.
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What can you infer from this statement?
Inference
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Consider the following statement from Robert Skoglund,
The Humble Farmer of Public Radio in Maine
(http//www.TheHumbleFarmer.com), as follows:
We had visitors a week or so ago. Houseguests. Six of them. One of them was
Oscar who teaches geology at the University in Utrecht. Now I love
houseguests. Usually. But when they arrived I discovered that two of them
couldn't even walk into the house. Had to be carried in. And then I found out
they couldn't talk, either. What would you have done if you'd been in my place?
How do you handle a situation like that?
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What can you infer from this statement?
The Literature Review
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Process of consolidating the various strands of past
research into a single narrative contextualizing your
research.
Combining separate elements to create a cohesive,
coherent whole
START WRITING NOW!
Literature Review
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Identify your themes
Create a map of based on your themes
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How do they link together ?
Where do they contribute to your work ?
What papers link to each theme?
Construct in the order the most clearly supports your
thinking.
Literature Review – How to?
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Consider each article that you have reviewed
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What does it do for you ?
Is it significant enough to go into the review ?
Does it provide context or background ?
Is it a quality source?
Does it identify issues or problems?
Does it help build towards the ‘gap’ in the research you
are identifying ?
Could you take this article out and it wouldn’t make any
difference ?
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Does it simply repeat something from another source?
Am I only including it to show how many papers I’ve read?
Literature Review Planning
Common Points Grid
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One planning technique – common points grid
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During your comprehension you will have
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noted of words or ideas that repeat themselves.
noted of conflicts or contradictions in the information
From this you can derive the main research questions texts
answer
And the way the research answers the question - Incorporating
your noted contradictions
Turn these answers into “categories.”
Create a grid using Author(s)’ names and categories as
organizing features.
Fill in the grid with details from source material.
Common Points Grid - example
Research Question: What coping strategies exist for legacy systems?
Possible Answers: A range of solutions are adopted which have a range of impacts
on the system being considered
Initial Grid
Author(s)
Maintenance
Author(s) A
Outlines a case
study of
maintenance over
years – signals key
challenges for
redevelopment
Author(s) B
Outlines key
problems
experience by
ongoing
maintenance
Author(s) C
Wrapping
Migration
Redevelopme
nt
Leading researcher
in DB area –
proposes approach
most adopted in
area
Argues
redevelopment not
viable for 24/7
systems – provides
examples
Proposes new
approach –
challenges that
proposed by
Author(s) B
Argues
redevelopment not
viable for 24/7
systems – provides
examples
Literature Review
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You don’t have to do it all in one go
Write sections about what you know
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when you know it
If you are building summaries and commentaries as you
go you should be able to compile and edit these
You will have to draft and edit
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For the first draft include as much content as you want then
edit it down to be coherent and concise
Literature Review - Structure
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The beginning or introduction section
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Introduce the chapter or paper
Explain what you will be talking about and why
Literature Review - Structure
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The middle section
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Headings and sub-headings = map of your thinking
Introduce the main research topics and provide definitions for
key concepts that are important to your research
Discuss related research
Identify key researchers
Show gaps, issues or problems
Literature Review - Structure
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The end or conclusion section
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will be a summary of your critical thinking
Reiterate your arguments in a concise way
Using Sources in your work
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Provides evidence and examples to support your
arguments, propositions, opinions or findings
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Providing a map to reader of where your work fits
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And what its based on
Allows reader to locate, review and test evidence and
examples used
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Establishes credibility
Or to use it for their own purposes
Gives recognition to work which you’ve benefited from
Demonstrates that you have considered relevant work in
the area
Using Sources in Your Work
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To support what you are saying
Introduce someone’s work or opinion in order to discuss
Show differences between other peoples’ work or
opinions
Show differences between your own work and that of
others
Two Things You Need To Know
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Citing
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Acknowledging within the text/content of your work the
source or sources you are using to build an argument or
support an opinion.
It is ok to use someone else’s work in this way.
Do this when
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You want to take an section of a source.
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You want to paraphrase or present a summary of information taken
from a source(s).
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Make it clear why you are using it, put it in quotations and acknowledge
the source
Be careful! It is not ok simply to rewrite. You must also cite and reference.
You want to support your argument or opinion.
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Here you are simply saying ‘I have read respected sources in the area and
these guys agree with me’
Two Things You Need To Know
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Referencing
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When you cite someone’s work you must include the full detail
of where to find the original text.
You do this by including a reference list, usually at the end of
your submission.
Each reference details
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The Author(s) Name
The Year of Publication
The Correct Title
Where the source can be located – Details of Publication
This enables the reader of your work to locate any sources
and read them for themselves.
Citing and Referencing
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Performed as a pair
If you cite
You must include the full detail in your reference list
Handling Common Knowledge
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Any knowledge that is so well known that it can be found
in numerous sources does not have to be cited.
E.g.
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A large number of programming languages use compilers to
translate source code to machine executable code. However,
some are translated into a form which can be interpreted
when needed to form machine code.
If however you want to state something about what the
efficiency or effectiveness of this you will need to cite a
source to support your argument:
Using Sources in Your Work
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To report
Facts, figures, definitions etc
 E.g
Citation:
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2009 showed that only 32% of all software projects were deemed
successful (Standish 2009).
Reference:
Standish (2009), Standish Chaos Report 2009. Available:
http://www.standishgroup.com/, [Date Accessed: 1st October 2011]
Format for Website:
Author(s) (Year), Title of site in italics. Available: URI, [Accessed: date]
Using Sources in Your Work
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To acknowledge
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You are using some particular approach
E.g.
Citation:
The process of developing a literature review used in this lecture is that by
Diana Ridley (Ridley 2008).
Reference:
Ridley D (2008), The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students, Sage
Publications Ltd.
Format for Book:
Author(s) (Year), Name of Book in italics, edition if relevant, Publisher.
Using Sources in Your Work
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Support for your opinion - Quotation:
Citation:
The Waterfall model is still one of the most recognised models of software
development. However, as Boehm states, “by the end of the 1970’s,
problems were cropping up with formality and sequential waterfall
processes” (2006).
Reference:
Boehm, B (2006), ‘A View of 20th and 21st Century Software Engineering’,
In the Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software engineering
(ICSE’06), Shanghai International Convention Center, Shanghai, China May
20-28, ACM New York.
Format for conference paper:
Author(s) (Year), ‘Title of Paper in single quotation marks’, Title of Conference in italics,
edition if relevant, Location and date of conference, if known, Place of Publication if
known, page numbers if known.
Quoting
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Use if
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Use sparingly
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Literature review is about your thinking
Short quotes
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Author(s) is key researcher or Authoritative
You can’t think how you would paraphrase and retain the meaning
Run into your text with quotation marks and citation
Long quotes
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Start on separate line
Indent
Give citation
You can leave out words and replace with …
Quoting
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If you quote
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You need to comment
Don’t quote too much
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Are you really presenting your thoughts and opinions?
Summarise and Paraphrase
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Paraphrase
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Extract meaning of a short section or paragraph
Keep it short
Use your own words
Make it shorter than the original
Include the citation
Summarise
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State in short
Make sure you cover key points – leaves out detail
Use your own words
Include the citation
Using Sources in Your Work
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Support for your opinion – Paraphrase
Citation (multiple sources)
It is recognised that there are problems in using rigid, formal approaches
to software development such as the Waterfall model (Boehm 2006;
Green and DiCaterino 1998).
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Reference:
Boehm, B (2006), ‘A View of 20th and 21st Century Software Engineering’, In the
Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software engineering (ICSE’06),
Shanghai International Convention Center, Shanghai, China May 20-28, ACM New
York.
Green, D. and DiCaterino A. (1998), A Survey of System Development Process
Models, Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany, Available:
http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/reports/survey_of_sysdev/survey_of_sysdev.p
df, [Accessed: 24th February 2011]
Paraphrasing
Extract from Boehm 2006:
“The most widely adopted agile method has been XP, whose major technical premise in [14]
was that its combination of customer collocation, short development increments, simple design,
pair programming, refactoring, and continuous integration would flatten the cost-of change-vs.time curve in Figure 4. However, data reported so far indicate that this flattening does not take
place for larger projects. A good example was provided by a large Thought Works Lease
Management system presented at ICSE 2002 [62]. When the size of the project reached over
1000 stories, 500,000 lines of code, and 50 people, with some changes touching over 100
objects, the cost of change inevitably increased. This required the project to add some more
explicit plans, controls, and high-level architecture representations.”
[14] Beck, K. Extreme Programming Explained, Addison-Wesley, 2000
[62] Ehn, P. (ed.): Work-Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts, Lawrence Earlbaum Assoc. (1990)
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Good Paraphrasing:
Citation:
As Boehm points out the size of a project appears to have a significant impact
on the effectiveness of XP as a methodology (Boehm 2006).
Reference List:
Boehm, B (2006), ‘A View of 20th and 21st Century Software Engineering’, In the
Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software engineering (ICSE’06),
Shanghai International Convention Center, Shanghai, China May 20-28, ACM New York.
Paraphrasing
Citation:
XP does not appear to flatten the cost-of-change-vstime curve for large projects (Boehm 2006).
Reference List:
Boehm, B (2006), ‘A View of 20th and 21st Century
Software Engineering’, In the Proceedings of the 28th
international conference on Software engineering
(ICSE’06), Shanghai International Convention Center,
Shanghai, China May 20-28, ACM New York.
Bad Paraphrasing
HARVARD Referencing
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Name/Date system
http://www.dit.ie/study/mature/support/academic/citing/#
harvard
How to cite
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The correct way to cite
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Work by one Author is (Smith, 2005)
Work by two Author(s) is (Smith and Jones, 2005)
Work by multiple Author(s) is (Smith et al., 2005)
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Works by the same Author(s) in the same year
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Sometimes if there are three Author(s) – they can all be listed
Distinguish by adding a, b, c etc after the year
E.g. (Boehm 2006a; Boehm 2006b)
Please note:
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Since “et al.” is an abbreviation of the phrase “et alia” the full
stop is necessary.
Additionally as it is a foreign phrase it must always be in italics.
How to reference
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A Book
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Author(s) (Year), Name of Book in italics, edition if relevant, Publisher.
Include the edition if there are multiple editions – you must indicate the
one you used
Ridley D (2008), The Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Guide for Students,
Sage Publications Ltd.
A chapter in a book
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Author(s) (year), ‘Title of chapter in single quotes’, In plus
Author(s)/editors of book, Title of Book in Italics, Publisher, page numbers
if known.
McCann, J M (1994), ‘Generating, Managing and Communicating Insights.
In Blattberg’, In R C, Glazer, R and Little, J D C (Eds), The Marketing
Information Revolution, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
How to cite/reference
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A Journal Article
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Author(s) (year), ‘Title of article in single quotes’, Name of Journal in Italics,
Volume, Issue, Page Numbers
Bisbal J, Lawless D, Wu B and Grimson J (1999), ‘Legacy Information System
Migration: A Brief Review of Problems, Solutions and Research Issues’, IEEE
Software ,Vol. 16 (5).
A Conference Paper
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Author(s) (Year), ‘Title of Paper in single quotation marks’, Title of
Conference in italics, edition if relevant, Location and date of conference, if
known, Place of Publication if known, page numbers if known.
Boehm, B (2006), ‘A View of 20th and 21st Century Software Engineering’,
In the Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Software
engineering (ICSE’06), Shanghai International Convention Center, Shanghai,
China May 20-28, ACM New York.
How to cite/reference
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A report by a company where no Author(s) is listed
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Use the name of the company
Standish (2009), Standish Chaos Report 2009. Available:
http://www.standishgroup.com/, [Date Accessed: 1st October 2011]
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A website
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You must include the URI and the date accessed
Green, D. and DiCaterino A. (1998), A Survey of System Development Process Models,
Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany, Available:
http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/reports/survey_of_sysdev/survey_of_sysdev.pdf,
[Accessed: 24th February 2011]
How to cite/reference
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What if I read something which cites a source which I
haven’t read myself ? And I want to refer to it ?
E.g.
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X’s theory of y (X 1999) as cited in (Z 2000) states that….
Do not use this too often
Check this out of the library…