Understanding HAPs and TAPs LDEQ Air Toxics Program Bliss M. Higgins, Principal
Transcription
Understanding HAPs and TAPs LDEQ Air Toxics Program Bliss M. Higgins, Principal
Understanding HAPs and TAPs LDEQ Air Toxics Program Bliss M. Higgins, Principal ENVIRON International Corporation October 27, 2010 Regulatory programs for stationary sources HAP hazardous air pollutants TAP toxic air pollutants Brief history, overview and recent developments Part 61 NESHAP program Part 63 NESHAP program Louisiana Toxic Air Pollutant program Pointers for complying and consulting Pre-Quiz Who was the US President in 1970? Who was the Governor of Louisiana in 1989? Who was the US President in 1990? When was the first Toxics Release Inventory report released to the public? What was the first MACT standard? What is the HON? Who was Gus Von Bodungen? What is an ample margin of safety? What is the TTN? What are NESHAP? National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 40 CFR Part 61 NESHAP Older standards, mostly pre-1990 Major vs. area source distinction NOT relevant 40 CFR Part 63 NESHAP Post-1990 Clean Air Act Amendments Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Generally Available Control Technology (GACT) Residual Risk Standards History of federal HAP program 1970 National Environmental Protection Act, January 1 First Earth Day, April 22 Creation of US EPA, December 2 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 First list pollutant as a HAP, then regulate emissions EPA successful at regulating 7 HAP in 20 years Radionuclides, inorganic arsenic, mercury, beryllium, asbestos, vinyl chloride, benzene Proliferation of State air toxics programs 1989 Benzene NESHAP ruling Ample margin of safety Part 61 NESHAP highlights Subpart F Vinyl chloride Covers EDC, VC and PVC plants 1976 rule later adopted as MACT Currently under review Subpart M Asbestos Subparts J and V Subparts Y and BB Subpart FF Equipment Leaks Benzene Storage and Transfer Benzene Waste Operations, 1990 History of federal HAP program 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments Title III, revised Section 112 of Title I of CAA 112(b) HAP List 189 HAP, now 187 112(d) Emission Standards Major and area sources Source categories MACT and GACT Much more Federal HAP List Section 112(b) List of 189 HAP EPA can add or delete Public can petition for revisions Revisions to the initial list H 2S Caprolactum delisted 1996 Glycol ethers category Redefined in 2000 (surfactant alcohol ethoxylates) Revised in 2004 (EGBE) Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) Now 187 HAP delisted in 2005 What is a HAP? A pollutant that presents, or may present a threat of adverse human health effects, including Carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, neurotoxic, reproductive dysfunction, acutely or chronically toxic Or adverse environmental effects by inhalation or other route of exposure by ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, deposition or otherwise Not a criteria pollutant, but can be a precursor or a pollutant in a class listed as criteria pollutant Federal HAP Sources Major source based on potential to emit 10 tpy single HAP or 25 tpy combined HAP Area source - 112(a) definition Source categories and subcategories Initial list in 1992 As listed by EPA, see http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/socatlst/socatpg.html Post-1990 Federal NESHAP Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Considering cost, non-air quality health and environmental impacts and energy requirements New source MACT not less stringent than Existing source MACT not less stringent than performing 12 percent (or 5 if <30) of the existing Post-1990 NESHAP MACT standard is required for all major source categories and subcategories Generally available control technology (GACT) An alternative to MACT, allowed for area sources only CAA required all 112(d) standards within 10 years 41 within 2 years 25% within 4 years + 25% within 7 years 100% within 10 years 112(j) MACT hammer If EPA fails to promulgate within 18 months of schedule All sources in the source category 112(f) Residual Risk Assess risk remaining after MACT must provide ample margin of safety if risk >10-6 112(k) Urban Air Toxics Strategy Address sources emitting 30 HAP creating greatest risk 112(d) Review and revise EPA must review standards every 8 years 112(g) Case-by-case MACT If construct a new major source and 112(d) MACT not established Part 63 NESHAP highlights Coke ovens first MACT, October 1993 Subpart A, General Provisions Hazardous Organic NESHAP (HON) SOCMI plus certain other processes Reg-neg for equipment leaks Subparts F, G, H and I Cluster Rule for Pulp and Paper Combined MACT and Effluent standards in one rulemaking MACT I, II and III Part 63 NESHAP Generic MACT An alternative methodology for making MACT determinations Subpart YY Carbon black, hydrogen flouride, ethylene production Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (MON) Many other MACT standards http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/mactfnlalph.html ~ 70 area source categories http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/area/arearules.html Residual Risk and Technology Reviews Completed 16 reviews October 2010 Proposal Chromium Electroplating and Chromium Anodizing; Group I Polymers and Resins; Marine Tank Vessel Loading Operations; Pharmaceuticals Production; The Printing and Publishing Industry; and Steel Pickling--HCl Process Facilities and Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plants Residual Risk and Technology Reviews September 2010 Consent Decree schedule 7 Bins, 2010 - 2018 EPA uses National Emissions Inventory (NEI) to model risk Section 114 ICRs precede RR&T review Errors or misinformation in NEI and ICR responses carry over to risk analysis and MACT review http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html Louisiana Air Toxics Program History Act 184 of 1989 Louisiana Comprehensive Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Control Program Spurred by release of first TRI report release Goal of 50% reduction in toxics statewide from 1987 levels by December 31, 1994 LDEQ formed Advisory Committee for rule development Industry, small business, environmental groups Initial rule proposal November 1990 Led to statutory revisions and reproposal Chapter 51 LAC 33:III.Chapter 51 adopted December 1991 Applies to new and existing major sources Major source Tracks federal definition Emits or has potential to emit 10 tpy single TAP or 25 tpy combined TAPs Chapter 51 List of TAP ~100 pollutants on initial list (1991) Covered >99% of Louisiana TRI emissions Established Ambient Air Standard for each TAP 3 Classes based on toxic effects Class I known and probable human carcinogens Class II suspected human carcinogens and known or suspected human reproductive toxins Class III acute and chronic (non-carcinogenic) toxins Included 13 TAPs not on HAP list Now 14 with MEK TAPs not on HAP list Ammonia Hydrogen sulfide Barium and compounds Methyl ethyl ketone N-butyl alcohol Nitric acid Chlorine dioxide Pyridine Copper and compounds Sulfuric acid Diaminotoluene Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate 2,6-dinitrotoluene Zinc and compounds Chapter 51 List of TAP Adopted supplemental list in 1992 to include all federal HAP No MER or Ambient Air Standards Reporting only LDEQ required to review list and AAS every three years and revise list as needed Substantive Requirements Annual emissions reporting and fees TEDI not incorporated in ERIC Case-by-case MACT determinations for all Class I and Class II TAP Compliance with AAS for all TAP Initial compliance certifications or compliance plans were submitted December 20, 1992 Note HON proposed December 31, 1992 Compliance reviews through permitting for ongoing construction and modifications Public notice and comment Chapter 51 Applicability Triggers Applies on a pollutant basis Different from federal source category approach Minimum Emission Rate (MER) for each TAP Pounds per year, facility wide Triggers applicability of MACT and AAS Set by worst case modeling at 1 in a Million risk levels If PTE >MER, must meet MACT and AAS Ambient Air Standards set at 1 in 10,000 risk level MER and AAS mirror federal ample margin of safety Chapter 51 Compliance Each existing major source required to submit certification of compliance or compliance plan and schedule for MACT and AAS Case-by-case MACT determinations Some negotiated MACT by category Non-HON Equipment Leaks LA Refinery MACT LDEQ review and approval, public notice Compliance required by December 1996 Significant differences in state and federal program Louisiana Program: EPA Program: Pollutant specific, case- Source category MACT by-case review by rule Technology and risk review combined Risk review follows MACT by 8 years Promulgated AAS No AAS Incorporation by Reference Chapter 51 Subchapters B and C Part 61 NESHAP Part 63 NESHAP as applicable to major sources Updated annually Modifications and exceptions noted Chapter 53 Subchapter B Part 63 NESHAP as applicable to area sources Updated annually Modifications and exceptions noted See also Chapter 53 Subchapter A Annual emissions reporting for area sources December 2007 Updates to Louisiana Air Toxics Program Deletion of obsolete language from initial program implementation Compliance with applicable Part 63 standard constitutes compliance with MACT Exemption from SOP requirement if complying with Part 63 MACT Clarification/expansion of exemption for virgin fossil fuel combustion Unqualified exemption for electric utilities Act 103 of 2010 Updates Compliance with Part 61 or Part 63 standard constitutes compliance with Louisiana air toxics program for the NESHAP affected source Ambient air standards still apply do not apply to roads, railroads, or water bodies where activities are transient in nature and long-term exposure is not reasonably anticipated do not apply to adjacent or impacted industrial sources, provided not causing OSHA standard exceedance Emissions reporting and fees still apply Questions?