2 Grammar explained Definite and indefinite articles
Transcription
2 Grammar explained Definite and indefinite articles
UNIT 2 Definite and indefinite articles Name Class Due date Grammar explained Articles are made up of just three little words: a, an and the. They are the most commonly used adjectives in English as they modify nouns and adjectives. ✱ We use the when we are talking about a specific person, place or thing. You had better do it or the teacher will get mad. In this example, we are talking about a specific teacher. Using the is called using the definite article. ✱ When we are talking about a general member of a group or no single thing in particular, we use either a or an. These are called the indefinite articles. You had better do it or a teacher might come. ge s In this example, it doesn’t matter which teacher is coming, you’re still going to get into trouble! ✱ When do I use a or an? pa Similarly, in the example, ‘I would like an apple’, it doesn’t matter which particular apple it is. As long as you get one, you are going to be happy. We use a for all the consonant letters. pl e a bicycle, a kangaroo, a jug, a zombie We use an for all the words beginning with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o). an aardvark, an egg, an igloo, an octopus The vowel u is a special case. m ✱ If the letter sounds like ‘you’, choose a. Sa a utility truck, a unique idea If the letter sounds like ‘uh’, chose an. an umbrella, an underground garage ✱ The letter h is a tricky letter as well. It all depends on whether the first sound you hear is a hard sound or a silent letter. For instance, in these examples we pronounce the h; that is, the h is a hard sound: a hospital, a hippopotamus However, in the following examples, the first sound that we hear is a vowel sound and therefore we use an and do not pronounce the h: an honour, an honest mistake Writer’s Toolbox Is it an historic event or a historic event? The truth is, it can be either. It all depends on how you pronounce the second word. If you say ’istoric then you use an; if, however, you say historic then you will use a. If you’re unsure about whether to use a or an, practise saying the word aloud to check how you pronounce the h in the word. Modern usage firmly leans towards a historic. Most people now pronounce the h in historic, so the use of an is redundant. 3 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 3 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT 2 Definite and indefinite articles Language in use 1 Decide which of the articles (a, an or the) should be used to complete the text. I woke with start. What was that noise? I listened keenly. There it was again, unmistakable growl of thunder. I looked at my watch: 3 pm. I had been asleep for and half. I leapt to my feet and looked out rain began to fall. clouds above were black and ominous and first drops of eerie light lay over driveway for signs of my parents’ car but there was nothing there. I knew what I had to do. Quickly, I threw on threw my boots on. It was time to get door. pair of jeans, wrestled into my jacket and animals inside. wind slapped me in face and sting of it made ge s fields. I scanned I opened window, just as my eyes water. I gritted my teeth, bowed my head and stepped purposefully into Just above roaring wind I could hear horrific screams of cold. horses in distance as they tore up and down pa fields. I could barely make out their silhouettes in pasture. rain began to fall harder, its icy hands falling relentlessly around me. In all my years on as hour farm, I had never seen storm like it. I stopped dead in my tracks was nowhere safe to run to. pl e hailstone whipped past me. Frantically, I looked for somewhere to shelter but there frightened horses began smashing their bodies against their enclosures. As I neared them I could see bared and their hooves pounded m earth. For knew that it would take madness in their eyes. Their teeth were moment I was afraid to move but I Sa heroic act to enter their enclosure. I climbed cautiously onto wooden fence. horses seemed to be aware of my presence. All three of them stopped and looked suspiciously at me. Suddenly, bolt of lightning lit startled largest of sky. It horses and Milly, horses, reared in fright. I watched in terror as her gigantic legs came tumbling down against wooden palings. I landed with and became aware of thud unusual sensation of pain shooting through my arm. Without even looking, I knew that it was bad break. 4 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 4 29/04/10 3:55 PM UNIT 2 Definite and indefinite articles Name Class I staggered to my feet, fearing that Due date horses would trod on me in their terror. Desperately, I held my injured arm against my body, my eyes never leaving Milly. She whinnied loudly and her frothing mouth looked alarming. I spoke softly to her hoping that my familiar voice would soothe her. I stepped cautiously towards her, but she snorted with such force that I began to have second thoughts. Blindly, I reached behind me, feeling for knew must be somewhere behind me. I stumbled over seemed to throw horses into fence that I rock and my jerking movement panic. I knew that I needed new idea and I knew I needed it quickly. ge s Decide whether each statement is definitely true (T), definitely false (F) or requires more information (R). The young person is home alone. b The story is set on a farm. c A boy is narrating the story. d The parents have been delayed because of the storm. e The horses were the only animals on the farm that required moving. f Milly is a stallion (a male horse). g The narrator’s arm is broken. h The narrator’s injury was caused by the horse landing on him or her. i The narrator is anxious about approaching the horses because they are pl e pa a terrified. The storm is actually a cyclone. Sa j m 2 Vocabulary builder 3 Each word below hides one or two words of three letters. List the words as you find them, and use the new word (or words) in a sentence. Circle the subject and underline the verb in each sentence. a scandal b demand c dental d carrot e mink f coil g chair h salad can, and — Can we have fish and chips for dinner? 5 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 5 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT Definite and indefinite articles 2 5 weather j tracery Put the following words into alphabetical order. Then choose a word from each line and use it in a sentence that defines its meaning. object, verb, adjective, homonym b rhyme, comma, inflection, vocabulary, dictation, modify c cathedral, architecture, archaeology, abbey, chivalry d legionnaire, legion, excavation, industrial, friar, legend, independence pa ge s a pl e 4 i Find the missing word in the puzzle below. T I m E Sa S M T R A N T Y T H E R L A T E A S S E N E S S E N T I B E L U R T R I L O W E N T V A L S L A D a The missing word is b The missing word means c Use the missing word in a sentence. 6 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 6 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT 3 Verbs (Revision) Name Class Due date Grammar explained 1 See what you can remember about verbs from Year 7 by using the words from the box to complete the following passage. A verb is a word that expresses an or a . Every , even the shortest, contains a call verbs the ‘ . Generally we ’ words of the English language; however, they are more than this. They can also be ‘having’ words, ‘ ‘ ’ words, ’ words or ‘saying’ words. Whenever you wish to tell your ge s reader about when an action is taking place you will adjust the tense that you are using. Verbs have principal parts: the base form, the participle, the past and the past verbs follow the same pattern. Irregular pa are changing tenses, verbs do follow the standard rules for making their past and pl e past participle forms. four not participle present regular sentence m action being doing Sa Language in use 2 . When we Writer’s Match the verb on the left with its meaning on the right by drawing a line between them. Toolbox state of being thinking verb Some regular verbs double the final consonant before adding –ing. a fit raise up or aloft b hector supply or equip c prize move or force out of place or position d uplift sail around something, especially the world e wheeze break into fragments f dislodge enlarge, extend or increase g disintegrate be or make the right shape or size for h furnish treat in a bullying, domineering way i circumnavigate value highly j amplify breathe with difficulty 7 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 7 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT 3 3 Verbs (Revision) Fill in the gaps in the table with the correct form of the verb. Base form Present Past a distract distracting distracted b intone c authorise d yodel f remembering g trade h listen i sobering ge s e mumbled Spelling practice broadcast deride differentiate discern familiarise forego implore incriminate pa Find the meaning of the following words to improve your spelling and writing. justify misspell overcome overthrow pl e 4 prognosticate shine shrink smoulder thrive transcribe understand validate Each word in question 4 is a verb. Fill in the present and past forms of the base verb in the table and indicate whether it is a regular or irregular verb. Sa 5 m Building on language Base form a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Present Past Regular or irregular? broadcast deride differentiate familiarise forego implore incriminate justify misspell overcome overthrow shine shrink transcribe validate 8 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 8 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT 4 Subject–verb agreements Name Class Due date Grammar explained A verb is a ‘doing’ word. A subject is the person or thing to whom or which the verb refers. In English, it is important that the subject and the verb agree so that a sentence is correct. The following rules will help you to write clear sentences. ✱ If the subject is singular (refers to one person or thing), the verb will have an –s ending. Writer’s The kettle boils madly on the stove. Toolbox The elephant trumpets in the jungle. The teacher corrects the assignments. If the subject is plural (refers to more than one person or thing), the verb will not end in –s. The students write in their diaries. The butterflies flap their wings. The waves crash upon the shore. Singular pronouns require an –s verb ending, plural pronouns do not. Singular pronouns pa ✱ ge s ✱ Did you notice that plural nouns add an s but plural verbs drop the s? pl e anybody, anyone, each, either, everybody, everyone, much, neither, no-one, nobody, one, someone Plural pronouns both, few, many, others, several Everybody enjoys watching the Oscars. 1 Sa m Many of my friends play sport on the weekend. Write five sentences using words from the boxed list of pronouns. Writer’s Toolbox These pronouns can be either singular or plural: some, any, none, all, most. 9 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 9 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT Subject–verb agreements 4 ✱ When a sentence has two or more subjects joined by and, a verb without an –s is needed. Boys and girls play in the local park. Zebras, lions, cheetahs and hippopotamuses roam the plain. ✱ Collective nouns such as team, bunch, class, faculty and constellation are singular when considered as a unit. These will take a verb with an –s ending. A bunch of flowers sits on the windowsill. The tennis team plays in the finals this week. Language in use Circle the correct verb in the following sentences. a The artist (arrange / arranges) his paintbrushes, oils, varnishes and easels. b The farmer (harvest / harvests) the grains from the field. c Some students (write / writes) with their left hand, but (play / plays) tennis with ge s 2 d Your baby daughter (have / has) a beautiful smile, even though her two front teeth (is / are) missing. Have you ever wondered where some of our English words come from? Select the verb or subject so that the sentences in each paragraph make sense. a sandwich pl e 3 pa their right hand. ? Sa m It (is / are) 1762. In the County of Kent, England, a (man Did you know? / men) with a terrible gambling addiction is reluctant to When Captain Cook first landed (leave / leaves) the gambling tables. His name is John at Hawaii, he named the island Montagu and he is a nobleman; in fact, he (is / are) the ‘Sandwich Isles’. This was 4th Earl of Sandwich. The earl (stop / stops) neither for in honour of the 4th Earl of food nor rest and continues gambling. Growing hungrier Sandwich who had helped to by the minute, the earl (asks / ask) for cold meat to be finance his voyage. served to him between slices of bread and, thus, the sandwich (is / was) born. (Nobody / Everyone) there on that day could have known that sandwiches would (become / becomes) so popular! b 10 chocolate Many people (cite / cites) this food as their favourite! The Aztecs had many (use / uses) for it in their society, including for trade, religious rituals and for pleasure. The Spanish conquistador, Hernán Cortés, (is / was) one of the first Europeans to (taste / tastes) what the Aztecs called xocolatl meaning ‘bitter water’. The Aztecs would (grind / grinds) cocoa beans into a paste and (mix / mixes) it with honey, vanilla, spices and water and (enjoy / enjoys) it as a drink. Cortés’ (return / returns) to Spain ensured that the recipe was introduced to Europe. Europeans, however, substituted sugar, nutmeg and cinnamon for the chili and began calling it chocolate. Thanks to the Aztecs, (million / millions) of people around the world now (enjoy / enjoys) chocolate every day. Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 10 Writer’s Toolbox Conquistador is a title given to Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the sixteenth century. 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT 5 Tenses Name Class Due date Grammar explained Tense means time. The tense of a verb tells us when an action occurs. In English, there are three simple tenses: past, present and future. The past tense of a verb suggests to us that the action has already taken place. Michael worked for the Department of Defence. The past tense of a verb usually ends in –ed or –d. Sometimes the use of the words was or were indicate the use of past tense. In these situations, the verb has –ing added to it. Michael was working for the Department of Defence. The present tense of a verb refers to an action that is currently taking place or is happening now. ? Did you know? ge s Michael works for the Department of Defence. The future tense of a verb refers to something that is yet to happen or will happen in the future. pa Michael will work for the Department of Defence. The future tense of a verb can often be identified by the presence of the words will or shall in a sentence. Newspaper headlines are generally written in the present tense. For example: Man is attacked by shark. This is to create the impression that the reports are ‘up to the minute’ 2 m Convert the following sentences from present tense to past tense. a Lucy enjoys playing the guitar. b The children enjoy feeding their pet giraffes. c Dana is hiding in the cellar. d The scientists are looking for a cure. e The teacher is marking their assignments with joy on her face. Sa 1 pl e Language in use Convert the following sentences from past tense to present tense. a The crowd cheered wildly as their team ran onto the field. b Their scarves were wound tightly around their necks. 11 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 11 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT Tenses 5 c The scores were very close at half time. d Silence descended on the crowd as the player lined up to take his shot at the goal. e Last year we b In the holidays we will c Yesterday, Susannah d Some day e In 1972, f Once upon a time, g Tomorrow morning, I am going h At recess, I pa Change the sentences below into the specified tense. Sa Original sentence 12 ge s a pl e 4 Create new and interesting sentences for each sentence beginning. At the end of each sentence, state whether it is past (P), present (Pr) or future tense (F). m 3 The family cried as they watched their team get annihilated by the opposition. Change to New sentence a Tomorrow he will testify in court. Past b She adored the present that she was given. Present c She adored the present that she was given. Future d I know that you are afraid. Past e Human cloning will take place in my lifetime. Present f He knelt by her bedside and held her soft, white hand. Present g He knelt by her bedside and held her soft, white hand. Future h We have accumulated substantial evidence against this man. Future i I will see you at the debating tournament. Past Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 12 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT Tenses 5 Name j Class Sebastian watches the clock ticking as he feels the panic rising in his stomach, afraid that he will not be able to finish his exam. Due date Future Vocabulary builder A synonym is a word that has the same meaning or similar meaning to another word. If something is synonymous, therefore, it is expressing or suggesting the same idea. 6 From column B, select the word or expression that is synonymous with the word in column A. Column B a defective flawless, infallible, imperfect, impeccable b euphoria despondency, jubilation, melancholy, unhappiness c fulsome effusive, passionless, moderate, restrained d harrowing agreeable, concordant, harmonious, vexing e inept adept, clumsy, competent, skilled f mirth desolation, despondency, glee, woe g odious h punctilious i resounding j wretched pl e pa ge s Column A charming, delightful, enthralling, repellent meticulous, shoddy, sloppy, slipshod m inadequate, insubstantial, fragile, reverberating ecstatic, exultant, desolate, jubilant Sa 5 Place each word from column A into a sentence. a b c d e f g h i j 13 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 13 29/04/10 2:54 PM UNIT 5 7 Tenses Find the word that is spelled incorrectly. Write the correct spelling on the line below. Then, in your notebook, learn the correct spelling and meaning of each word in the list by putting it in a sentence. affluence affront blowzy circumlocution concede decommission embarassment flimsy gruesome hypothetical indefatigable jowl languid mayonnaise metamorphosis pandemonium quadrant reprieve separate taut Spelling practice anonymous atmosphere autobiography comprehension criticism dialogue fascinating grammar humorous incident ge s Find the meaning of the following words to improve your spelling and writing. literature narrative onomatopoeia paraphrase playwright pa 8 punctuation rhyme Shakespeare soliloquy tragedy The following passage is confusing because it contains a mix of tenses. Make the necessary changes so that it reads correctly. m 9 pl e Building on language I will sway to the gentle rhythm and rocking of the train. I am nestling Sa my head into the smooth leather upholstery. I looked out the grimy window and watching the landscape is floating Snug in my coat, I am feeling by. my eyes begin to droop. It isn’t long before I was fast asleep. It was the shrill piercing of the train whistle that wakes is falling is adjusting me. Night and a stranger had entered my compartment. As my eyes to the gloom, I begin to look for distinguishing features on my neighbour, but her eyes were covered by dark sunglasses and her head is drawing wrapped in an ornate scarf. Her deep scarlet cloak will be tight against her, but the most suspicious thing about her was the silver weapon rested aiming in her lap. It was a small revolver and it is directly at me. 14 Pearson English Year 8 AB_TEXT.indd 14 29/04/10 2:54 PM