CURRICULUM SAMPLE Extreme Machines Summer Camp
Transcription
CURRICULUM SAMPLE Extreme Machines Summer Camp
Summer Camp M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S C Extreme Machines All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. All rights reserved. M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S C This curriculum book, as well as the web services described in it, are furnished under license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. The content of this manual is furnished for educational use only, is subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by PCS Edventures, Inc. PCS Edventures, Inc. assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this book. Except as permitted by such license, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of PCS. PCS Edventures!, the PCS Academy of Robotics, and the PCS Academy of Engineering are trademarks of PCS Edventures, Inc. in the USA and other countries. fishertechnik, #93290, Universal Machines II and other fischertechnik marks are owned by fischertechnik and may be registered. All products or brand names are the trademarks of their respective holders. Defense Logistics Information Service Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Code: 3KBY0 EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES OVERVIEW FOR TEACHERS INTRODUCTION TO THE EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES: M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S C Engineering plays a critical role in the modern world. Elements of engineering can be found in nearly every device we use from toasters to roller coasters! It is of paramount importance that we encourage students to pursue careers in engineering, science and technology. The PCS Extreme Simple Machines Camp is a project-based learning environment in which students explore many facets of engineering design through participation in exciting hands-on activities. Through participation in challenge projects, students will discover and apply the underlying principles of engineering. Some direct benefits of student participation in this curriculum include: • Improvements in test scores • Gains in self esteem • Gains in critical thinking skills • Experience in real world applications • Gains in problem solving skills of math and science • Experience in real world work skills • Exposure to a life long learning paradigm This introductory curriculum will expose students to fascinating engineering projects in a session format. We hope that it will encourage you to integrate a complete PCS Academy of Engineering as part of your program. ABOUT THE PCS SIMPLE MACHINES CAMP CURRICULUM: This book is designed for educators organizing an introductory class. The sessions can be organized into a week of half-day camps or onehour classes introducing simple machines in a semester, or in a variety of other formats depending on your program. Each class session is organized into: (a) A short session introducing the concept and history of simple machines (approximately 10 minutes); (b) Building activity, generally utilizing step-by-step building plans (approximately 30 minutes); (c) Optional challenge activity for advanced students or students who finish early; (d) Clean up time (approximately 10 minutes); (e) End-of-class group discussion activity or challenge (approximately 10 minutes) The outlines provided serve as a general outline of a schedule, and will vary greatly based on student ability. It is meant to be tailored to each class' needs. Do not try to accomplish every project if time runs short. The intention is to give you enough tools to fill an hour-long class easily. All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. a EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES OVERVIEW FOR TEACHERS SIMPLE MACHINES ADDRESSED IN THIS CAMP: COMMON EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE MACHINES: M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S C 1. Introduction to the Lab 2. Trebuchet (FIRST CLASS LEVER) 3. Diving Board (SECOND CLASS LEVER) 4. Catapult (THIRD CLASS LEVER) 5. Tow Truck (WHEEL AND AXLE) 6. Shop Crane (PULLEY) 7. Block and Tackle (PULLEY) 8. Fan/Windmill (INCLINED PLANE) 9. Screw Press (SCREW) 10. Ultimate Machine Capstone project FIRST CLASS LEVER: Bottle openers and teeter-totters. SECOND CLASS LEVER: Wheelbarrows and doors THIRD CLASS LEVER: Baseball bats, and fishing rods WHEEL AND AXLE: Door knobs, vehicle wheel and axles, and screwdrivers. PULLEY: Pulleys, block and tackle INCLINED PLANE: Ramps SCREW: Hand drills and automatic garage door openers STANDARD ALIGNMENT: MISSOURI CURRICULUM SCOPE AND SEQUENCE STRAND 2: PROPERTIES AND PRINCIPLE OF FORCE AND MOTION SIMPLE MACHINES (p25) (a) Explain how work can be done on an object (force applies an distance moved) (b) Recognize simple machines change the amount of effort force and/or direction of force (d) Identify the simple machines in common tools and household items. All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. b EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES OVERVIEW FOR TEACHERS BEFORE YOU BEGIN UNPACKING KITS M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S C Gather all camp materials together. Camp materials will include: • fischertechnik Universal Machines II kits • and other materials (paper, pencils, etc.). Open one of the Universal Machines II kit bags. Inside the kit, you will see several small bags of assorted fischertechnik elements. Remove and discard any advertising materials. Open the baggies and place the elements into one of the blue tubs. Repeat this process for all of the Universal Machines II kits. Clearly number each of the blue tubs. Kits will be checked out to student teams during the class, and students will be responsible for the contents of each kit. You will have one kit per tub. PART TIPS & HINTS String, once cut, should have the ends tied or taped to prevent fraying. Fischertechnik parts are measured in millimeters and angle blocks are measured in degrees. The Angle Block 7.5 and Building Block 5 are very similar when sorting. Plastic Axles are flat on the ends and are shiny. Clip Axles are duller and have a slot in the end. The differences are subtle, so watch for this. Clip Axles come in the following lengths (in millimeters): 30, 45, 60, and 75, 90, and 180. Bearing Sleeves, Sleeve 15s, Clip Adapters, and the Axle Couplings are very similar.Note the differences. black red All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. c Spring Cam Adapter Girth Rack 60 m=1.5 Clip Axle 30 Large Pulley 60 Clip Axle 20 Tire 32.5 Case with Disc Clip 5 Cog Wheel T10 Wide NOMENCLATURE Angle Girder 120 Gear Wheel T20 Strut Adapter Gear Wheel T30 Mounting Plate 15x45 Hinged Block Claw Hinged Block Tab Wheel Axle with Bevel Gear Clip Axle with Gear Teeth T28 Angle Girder 60 Bevel Gear with Sleeve Clip Axle with Worm m=1 Spacer Ring Building Plate 15x30x5 with 3 Grooves Axle Coupling Angular Block 60 Worm Nut with Groove m=1.5 Building Block 7.5 Clip Adapter Building Plate 15x30x 3.75 with Groove Bearing Sleeve (Black) Building Block 5 with 2 Pins Locking Worm m=1.5 Clip Axle 90 Hub Nut Worm Clip Axle 75 Hub Nut (For gears and pulleys) Clip Axle 60 M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S C Clip Axle 45 Flat Hub Collet Link 30 Mounting Plate 15x30 Crank Shaft Building Block 15 with a bore Single Rivet 4 Link 15 Building Block 15 with 2 Pins X-Strut 63.3 Base Plate 120x60 Building Block 30 Wheel 23 Building Block 15 Angular Block 10x15x15 I-Strut 30 I-Strut 75 with Bore All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES Introductory Curriculum TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 8 12 16 20 26 34 38 44 50 67 M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S C Unit #1 Introduction to fischertechnik Unit #2 First Class Lever Trebuchet Unit #3 Second Class Lever Diving Board Unit #4 Third Class Lever Block Flinger Unit #5 Wheel and Axle Tow Truck Unit #6 Shop Crane . . . . . . . . . . Unit #7 Block and Tackle . . . . . . Unit #8 Inclinded Plane and the Windmill Unit #9 The Worm Gear Press . . Unit #10 Design the Ultimate Machine Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES UNIT TWO: FIRST CLASS LEVER TREBUCHET SCHEDULE Simple machines have been used throughout history! For example, the trebuchet was a siege weapon used between the 12th and the 15th centuries that hurled boulders over castle walls. Trebuchets are a modification of a First Class Lever. In a first class lever, force is applied to one end of a lever arm, a load on the other, and a fulcrum somewhere in between. To fling a projectile, the trebuchet lever arm is pulled back, which in turn pulls the counterweight up. The counterweight drops when the lever arm is released, pulling the lever arm into action and the arm swings the projectile through an arc. The height or distance the projectile is flung depends on the angle at which it is released. The instructor will ask students to define the term “Lever.” After eliciting several answers, the instructor will explain that levers are simple machines. All levers are composed of a boom or a rod, a load (what is being moved or carried), an effort (the energy moving the rod), and a fulcrum (the pivot point). A first class lever has the fulcrum located between the effort and the load. If you exert effort by pushing or pulling on one end of the lever, the effort rod will pivot on the fulcrum and the other end will move. Some load common examples of first class levers are bottle openers and teetertotters. The instructor will sketch boom or demonstrate a first class lever. M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S BACKGROUND: DEMONSTRATION: C 1. Review class objectives. 2. Presentation of lever background material and demonstration. 3. Students join their teams and check out kits. 4. Students construct the trebuchet. 5. Check student progress. Document models as they are constructed. 6. Open building. 7. Students disassemble models. Collect student kits. fulcrum OPTIONAL CHALLENGE ACTIVITY: Students will design a new trebuchet design. Students are challenged to rebuild their trebuchet to maximize the distance of the thrown block. All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. 8 EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES UNIT TWO: FIRST CLASS LEVER TREBUCHET 1 - Plastic Axle 60 1 - Clip Axle 180 1 - String Build... 1. A first class lever has the fulcrum positioned between the load and the effort. The trebuchet, an ancient siege weapon, is an example of a First Class Lever which integrates a lever arm, fulcrum, load, and effort. Load rum Effort 2. Begin the trebuchet by inserting a Girder 30 into the ninth slot on each side of the Base Plate 120x60. Fulc 10 - Building 7 - Building Block 15 Block 30 4 - Angle Girder 15 1 - Base Plate 120x60 2 - Clip 5 2 - Clip Adapter 4 - Angle 1 - Angle Girder 30 Girder 60 3. Insert an Angle Block 30 Degrees into the fourth slot on each side of the Base Plate 120x60. The incline of the Angle Block should face the Girders. Insert a Spring Cam into the slot of each Angle Block. 4. Add in order, to the top of both Girder 30s: an Angle Girder 15 and a Building Block 15. Be sure the Building Block 15 slots are aligned with the slots on the base plate. All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. 2 - Angle Girder 120 Name: _______________________________________ Date: _____________________ 1 - Wheel Axle 2- Spring 4 - Building Cam Block 15 with Bore M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S 1 - Building Block 7.5 4 - Link 30 3 - Angular 2 - Angular Block 30 Block 60 C Parts Required 9 EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES UNIT TWO: FIRST CLASS LEVER TREBUCHET 6. Add an Angle Block 60 to the rear face of the far Building Block 15. Connect the two Angle Blocks with an Angle Girder 15 and a Angle Girder 30. 9. Connect the five block stacks together with four Link 30s. 7. Finish the sides of the trebuchet by adding, in order a Girder 120 to the top of each Building Block 15, and then a Building Block 15 with Bore. Set the model aside. 10. Add a Building Block 7.5 onto the pin of the center Building Block 30. Add a Girder 60 on the block, and then a Building Block 15 with Bore. Note the orientation of the pin and bore. M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. Name: _______________________________________ Date: _____________________ 8. Begin the counterweight for the throwing arm by creating five stacks each comprised of two Building Block 30s and a Building Block 15. Be sure the pins face upward. C 5. Add an Angle Block 60 to the rear face of the near Building Block 15. Connect the two Angle Blocks with an Angle Girder 15 and a Angle Girder 30. 10 EXTREME SIMPLE MACHINES UNIT TWO: FIRST CLASS LEVER TREBUCHET 15. Create a throwing block by tying a 20 cm length of string onto a Building Block 15 with Bore. Make a small loop in the free end of the string. Try This... 1. Gently press one end of the lever arm and let go. Document what you observe: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2. Press down the lever arm and place the throwing block on the Base Plate. Put the loop around the Wheel Axle, and release the arm. Describe what happens: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3. Sketch your trebuchet and identify the parts of the lever on a separate piece of paper. All Materials Copyright ©2010 PCS Edventures, Inc. Name: _______________________________________ Date: _____________________ 13. Center the throwing arm’s Building Block 15 with Bore between the two other Building Block 15s with Bore. Insert a Plastic Axle 60 through the three Building Block 15s with Bore. Fix the axle in place by pressing two Clip 5s on each side. M LU U IC LE R P R M U A S 12. Finish the throwing arm by adding an Angle Block 60 onto the other Clip Adapter. Fix a Wheel Axle onto the Angle Block. 15. Your model should look like this: C 11. Add a Clip Adapter on each end of the Clip Axle 180. Fix one of the Clip Adapters onto the pin of the Building Block 15 with Bore. Be sure the Clip Adapter has the solid sides facing slot side of the Building Block 30 with Bore. 11