qimia sxvadasxva dargis mecnierTa kvlevebSi

qimia sxvadasxva dargis mecnierTa kvlevebSi

aneri leJava, maia cincaZe, nazi kuciava
qimia sxvadasxva dargis
mecnierTa kvlevebSi
(II nawili)
`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
a. leJava, m. cincaZe, n. kuciava
qimia sxvadasxva dargis
mecnierTa kvlevebSi
(II nawili)
damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier
Tbilisi
2009
winamdebare bibliografiul krebulSi gaSuqebulia
amagdari qarTveli mecnierebis _ akademikosebis: rafiel
aglaZis,
iveri
frangiSvilis,
dimitri
erisTavis,
kalistrate quTaTelaZis, nikoloz landias, profesorebis:
biZina kandelakis da daviT sarajiSvilis cxovreba da samecniero moRvaweoba, maT SeiZleba Tamamad vuwodoT mecnierebis
revolucionrebi. radgan warsuli awmyosa da momavlis safuZvelTa safuZvelia _ swored winaprebis Rvawlis mimoxilvis Semdeg ganvixileT Tanamedrove mecnierTa da mecnier
mkvle-varTa jgufebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mier gavlili cxovreba aris zneobisa da raiondobis magaliTi, xolo samecniero kvlevebi praqtikaSi danergili da saerTa-Sorisod
aRiarebuli.
recenzentebi: tmd., prof. a. nadiraZe
sruli prof. g. gafrindaSvili
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009
ISBN 978-9941-14-340-3 (yvela nawili)
ISBN 978-9941-14-394-6 (meore nawili)
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Sesavali
`mecnieruli siaxle ragind mniSvnelovanic
ar unda iyos, mxolod maSin aris Rirebuli,
rodesac praqtikulad gvaZlevs Sedegs~
akdemikosi iveri frangiSvili
`awmyo Sobili warsulisagan aris mSobeli
momavlisa~
leibnici
bibliografiul krebulSi `qimia sxvadasxva dargis
mecnierTa kvlevebSi~ nawili II, gaSuqebulia awgardacvlili
amagdari mecnierebis akad. rafiel aglaZis, iveri frangiSvilis, dimitri erisTavis, nikoloz landias, kalistrate
quTaTelaZis, prof. biZina kandelakisa da daviT sarajiSvilis samagaliTo cxovreba da samecniero moRvaweoba; maT
SeiZleba Tamamad vuwodoT mecnierebis revolucionrebi. maT
mier Cayril myar safuZvelze dgas Tanamedrove mecnierebis
mniSvnelovani dargebi da lomis wili saqarTvelos saxelisa
da didebis _ danarCeni msofliosaTvis gacnobaSi swored
maT Rvawlze modis.
saTayvanebeli winaprebis gakvalul gzas Rirseulad
agrZeleben stu-Si moRvawe Tanamedrove mecnierebi, romelTa
warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb miznad dasaxul bibliografiul
krebulTa ciklis (gamoicema ramdenime wignad) I nawilSic
gvaqvs gadmocemuli da aseve nawil II-Sic ixilavT iseT
gamorCeul mamuliSvilebis coxvrebisa da moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb, romlebic arian misabaZi rogorc mecnierebisadmi
damokidebulebaSi aseve zneobisa da erTgulebis magaliTi
Cveni studentebisaTvis _ teqnikuri sferos momaval
mecnierTaTvis.
naSromSi rogorc wesi Sesulia im mecnierTa da
mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufis kvlevebi, romelTa Sedegebic
dainerga praqtikaSi da saerTaSoriso aRiareba pova.
3
gamoCenili qarTveli mecnieris, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis, saxelmwifo da
p. meliqiSvilis sax. premiebis laureatis, teqnikis
mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor rafiel ilias-Ze
aglaZis samecniero moRvaweoba
meoce saukunis samamulo mecnierebis istoriaSi rafiel
aglaZes uWiravs sapatio adgili _ rogorc saqarTveloSi
eleqtroqimiuri samecniero skolis da eleqtroqimiis
dargis fuZemdebels, romlis avtoriteti gascda Cveni
qveynis farglebs da msoflio samecniero wreebSi kanonieri
aRiareba pova.
farTodaa cnobili rafiel aglaZis fundamenturi Sromebi hidroeleqtro metalurgiaSi, araorganul naerTTa
eleqtrosinTezis, nalRobTa eleqtrolizis dargSi, denis
qimiuri wyaroebis warmoebaSi, axali liTonebisa da
Senadnobebis eleqtro gamoleqvasa da liTonTa koroziaSi.
saerTaSoriso aRiareba did mecniers moupova misma
mniSvleovanma mecnierulma gamokvlevebma manganumis eleqtro
qimiaSi.
rafiel aglaZe daibada 1911 wlis 29 dekembers q.
TbilisSi. mama _ ilia aglaZe _ cnobili literator-publicisti, Jurnalisti da mTargmneli, moRvaweobda 1894-1902
ww ilia WavWavaZis `iveriis~ redaqciaSi, Semdgom ki gazeT
`droebis~ gamomcemel redaqtorad muSaobis dros 1911
wels, daapatimres da saqarTvelodan gadaasaxles, TviTmpyrobeluri reJimis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli publikaciebisa da saqmianobisaTvis, romelsac Tan gahyva misi meuRle olRa beJaniSvili (wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevri) Tavis patara SvilTan erTad. ojaxi
samSobloSi mxolod 1918 dabrunda.
17 wlis rafieli ukve donbasis koqsqimiuri qarxnis
teqnikos-qimikosia. 1929 wels Cairicxa saqarTvelos industriuli institutis qimiur fakultetze romlis warCinebiT
4
damTavrebis Semdeg 1934-35 ww. r. aglaZe muSaobda q.
ZerJinskis qimkombinatSi inJiner-teqnologad, sadac niWierma
qarTvelma inJinerma miiqcia moskovis d. medeleevis saxelobis qimiur-teqnologiuri institutis eleqtroqimiur warmoebaTa teqnologiis kaTedris gamgis prof. p. lukianovis
yuradReba da misi rekomendaciiT Cairicxa aspiranturaSi.
1935-1938 wlebSi r. aglaZe xsenebuli institutis
aspiranti da asistentia. am periodSi gamoikveTa da dakonkretda axalgazrda mecnieris kvlevis sagani _ liTonuri
manganumis miReba wyalxsnarTa eleqtroliziT. am elementis
didi reaqciisunarianobis gamo problemis gadawyveta ar iyo
advili, saWiro iyo axleburi, arastandartuli midgoma.
Tavisi niWis, mizanswrafvisa da dauokebeli Sromis unaris
meSveobiT, r. aglaZem SedarebiT mokle droSi, kaToduri
procesis kinetikuri kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, SeZlo
ganexorcielebina liTonuri manganumis miRebis procesi
sulfaturi xsnaris eleqtroliziT amoniumis ionebis Tanaobisas. eleqtroduli reaqciebis kanonzomierebaTa Rrmad
Seswavlis Sedegad daamuSava manganumis madnebidan sufTa
liTonis miRebis mTliani Sekruli teqnologiuri cikli.
r. aglaZis sakandidato disertacia `manganumis marilebis eleqtrolizi~ (1938 w.), miRebuli saavtoro mowmobebi da samecniero statiebi manganumis hidroeleqtrometalurgiisa da eleqtrokristalizaciis sakiTxebze, gamoqveynebuli sakavSiro samecniero JurnalebSi `metalurgi~,
`samTo Jurnali~ da moskovis d. mendeleevis sax. qimiurteqnologiuri institutis SromebSi, agreTve sxva calkeul
problemaTa kvlevis Sedegebi, dastambuli ssrk da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis macnesa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambeSi, am dargis fuZemdeblur Sromebad
aris aRiarebuli.
1939 wels r. aglaZes amtkiceben moskovis d. mendeleevis qimiur-teqnologiuri institutis docentad da ssrk
mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis institutis doqtorantad. am droidan iwyeba misi pedagogiuri moRvaweoba.
5
1939-1940 ww. r. aglaZem mravalricxovani seriuli
kvlevebis safuZvelze daadgina specialuri foladebisa da
Senadnobebis saeqspluatacio Tvisebebis xarisxobrivi gaumjobesebis SesaZlebloba malegirebeli komponentis _ manganumis siwmindis gazrdis xarjze. mis mier miRebuli eleqtrolizuri manganumis sacdelma partiebma mkacri gamocda
gaiares qveynis wamyvan metalurgiul laboratoriebsa da
sawarmoebSi, gamovlinda am elementebis dadebiTi gavlena
foladis saglinav Tvisebebze. imis wina periodSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina zesufra javSnebis miRebis
samuSaoebma. meore msoflio omis dawyebamde dadga sakiTxi
liTonuri manganumis farTo masStabiT warmoebis organizaciis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. es amocana daevala r. aglaZes.
1941 w. agvistoSi mTavrobis davalebiT mivlinebul iqna
zestafonis feroSenadnobaTa qarxanaSi. umokles vadaSi
mkvlevarebma Tbilisis sawarmoebSi piradad Seagrova
pirveli aucileblobis danadgarebi _ transformatorebi,
denis gammarTvelebi, spilenZis salteebi da sxva. am
masalebiT datvirTuli eSeloniT r. aglaZe Cavida zestafonSi, sadac ramdenime kviraSi SesZlo qarxnis sasadilos
SenobaSi pirometaluri profilis sawarmosaTvis principulad axali eleqtroqimiuri saamqros damontaJeba. misi
gamocdisa da gaSvebisaTvis saswrafod iqna mobilizebuli
adgilobrivi resursebi: kerZod, sof. SroSis cnobilma
Tixis ostatebma daamzades mJavagamZle sacavebi, abazanebis
korpusebad gamoyenebuli iyo Rvinis qarxnebidan Semotanili
xis kasrebi da a.S. mecnieris uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT
adgilobriv saxelosno saswavlebelSi xdeboda momsaxure
personalis momzadeba.
qarxnis pirobebSi r. aglaZem daamuSava oqsiduri
madnis da feromanganumis erToblivi aRdgeniTi gamotutvis
procesi. saocrad mokle vadaSi, jer kidev 1941 wlis
bolomde, miRebuli iyo 99,7% siwmindis eleqtrolizuri
manganumis pirveli tonebi, romelic TviTmfrinaviT gadaegzavna uralis metalurgiul qarxanas jer sacdeli dnobis
6
Casatareblad, 1942 wlis dasawyisidan ki axali liToni
dainerga specialuri Senadnobebis da foladebis seriul
warmoebaSi. qveynisaTvis umZimesi 1942 wlis Sedegebis
mixedviT Savi metalurgiis sawramoTa sakavSiro SejibrebaSi
gamarjvebulad swored zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxnis
axladSeqmnili eleqtrolizuri manganumis saamqro iqna
aRiarebuli, xolo teqnologiis avtorsa da samuSaos
xelmZRvanels r. aglaZes ssrk saxelmwifo premia mieniWa.
1943 wels r. aglaZem moskovSi, mecnierebaTa akademiis
metalurgiis institutis samecniero sabWos sxdomaze warmatebiT daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze `manganumis
hidroeleqtrometalurgiuli miReba~. oficialurma oponentma, Tanamedrove eleqtroqimiis mamamTavarma akademikosma a.
frumkinma am samuSaos gamoyenebiTi eleqtroqimiis didi
monapovari uwoda. misi aRniSvniT, es naSromi, garda liTonuri manganumis miRebis, imiTac iyo RirSesaniSnavi, rom
aisaxa axali SesaZleblobebi saelemento mrewvelobaSi
manganumis dioqsidis warmoebisa da manganumis madnebidan
rigi sxva feradi liTonebis amoRebis saqmeSi. meore
oponentma, ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentma
a. kapustinskim am samuSaos sadoqtoro disertaciis ideali
uwoda.
am periodSi danergvis samuSaoTa xelmZRvanelobis
paralelurad, r. aglaZe axal samecniero centrebs qmnis
TbilisSi _ mecnierebaTa akademiasa da industriul institutSi (amJamad saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti). am
or dawesebulebaSi mimdinareobda SemdgomSi mTeli misi
samecniero, pedagogiuri da sainJinro moRvaweoba.
1942 wels saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis qimiis
institutSi r. aglaZem Camoayaliba eleqtroqimiis laboratoria, romelSic imTaviTve intensiuri muSaoba gaiSala
manganumis Senadnobebis rkinasTan, TuTiasTan da kobaltTan
eleqtroliziT miRebis SesaZleblobis dasadgenad. Seswavlili iyo mTel rig SenadnobTa fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi.
gagrZelda manganumis amalgamis miRebis adre dawyebuli
7
samuSaoebi, moisinja cianuri xsnarebidan manganumis eleqtrogamoleqvis xerxi. omis periodis saWiroeba moiTxovda
laboratoriaSi sxva specifikuri saqmianobis gaSlas,
kerZod, feTqebadi narevebis Seqmnas, airwinaRebisaTvis
aucilebeli hopkalitis filtrebis SemuSavebas da sxv.
1943 wels r. aglaZe xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis qimiis institutis metalurgiul
seqtors, xolo industriul institutSi aarsebs ameierkavkasiaSi pirvel eleqtroqimiur warmoebaTa teqnologiis
kaTedras, romelsac igi 1985 wlamde uZRveba. kaTedra
amJamadac erTaderTia amierkavkasiis regionSi, rogorc
umaRlesi eleqtroqimiuri ganaTlebis centri. mis mier
gamoSvebulia am dargis 1000-ze meti specialisti,
romelTagan bevri dRes mecnierebaTa kandidati da doqtori,
samecniero dawesebulebebis da mZlavri sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelebia. gamorCeul orators _ r. aglaZes axasiaTebda
msmenelTa Rrmad dainteresebisa da mizidvis unari, advilad
amyarebda uSualo kontaqts auditoriasTan, aRvivebda studentebSi mecnieruli saqmianobiT dainteresebas da maTgan
Tanamoazreebs, saqmis enTuziastebs, momaval mecnier-mkvlevarebs zrdida.
amave dros es wlebi qarTuli eleqtroqimiuri skolis
Camoyalibebisa da misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Casaxvis
mniSvnelovani periodia. r. aglaZem Semoikriba ra Tavis
garSemo axalgazrda niWier mecnierTa da studentTa jgufi,
TiToeul maTgans dausaxa samecniero muSaobis konkretuli
da amave dros aqtualuri mimarTuleba. farTod gaiSala
kvleviTi samuSaoebi eleqtroliziT manganumisa da misi
Senadnobebis miRebisaTvis, eleqtrolizuri manganumis warmoebis Slamebidan nikelisa da kobaltis hidrometalurgiuli
wesiT miRebis cdebi, kvlevebi aqtiuri manganumis dioqsidis
miRebisa da manganumiani denis wyaroebis Semqnis mimarTulebiT, manganatebisa da permanganatebis eleqtrosinTezi,
manganumis rafinireba, vakuum-distilaciis meTodiT, saqarTvelos dariSxanisa da anTimonis madnebis hidroeleqtro8
metalurgiuli gadamuSaveba, tutemiwaTa liTonebis Senadnobebis eleqtrogamoleqva gamlRval masaTa eleqtroliziT,
qromis miReba misi samvalentiani marilebis eleqtroliziT
da feroqromis rafinireba, eleqtrolizuri rkinis miReba,
tyibulis liptobiolituri fiqalebis kompleqsuri damuSaveba, liTonuri manganumis miReba saqarTveloSi dolomitebidan da sxva.
r. aglaZem didi energia Sealia saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis sistemaSi farTo teqnikuri profilis mqone
pirveli dawesebulebis _ liTonisa da samTo saqmis institutis Camoyalibebisa da organizaciis saqmes, romlis
pirvel direqtoradac igi 1945 wlis TebervalSi dainiSna.
imave periodSi Seiqmna eleqtroqimiisa da eleqtrometalurgiis ganyofileba. mis did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos
is garemoeba, rom am institutSi moxda samToelTa,
qimikosTa, metalurgTa, samTo manqanaTmSeneblobis specialistTa mowinave Zalebis Tavmoyra, gaerTianeba da SeTanxmebuli muSaoba saqarTvelos ekonomikis aRdgenisa da saxalxo
meurneobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis amocanebis gadasawyvetad.
sagulisxmoa, rom swored am institutis bazaze Semdgom
wlebSi SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi mZlavri samecniero
centrebis dafuZneba, rogoricaa samTo meqanikis, metalurgiis, manqanaTa meqanikis, saSen masalaTa, gamoyenebiTi
(Semdgom araorganuli) qimiis da eleqtroqimiis institutebi, am ukanasknels TviT r. aglaZe Caudga saTaveSi. amJamad
instituts misi damaarseblis saxeli aqvs mikuTvnebuli.
1946 wlis dekemberSi 35 wlis mecnieri saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvil wevrad, momdevno wels ki
viceprezidentad airCies. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademia 1941 wels Seiqmna, swored am periodSi
xdeboda akademiis sistemis sxvadasxva profilis samecnierokvleviTi dawesebulebebis faqtiuri organizacia, maTi
kadrebiT dakompleqteba, mowyobiloba-danadgarebiT aRWurva
da sxv., rac ZiriTadad r. agalZis upirvelesi zrunvis
sagani iyo. igi uSualo monawileobas iRebda omis Semdgomi
9
saqarTvelos teqnikuri problemebis mogvarebaSi akademiis
maSindel xelmZRvanelobasTan, qarTuli mecnierebis iseT
did korifeebTan erTad, rogorebic iyvnen maTematikosebi n.
musxeliSvili (prezidenti), i. vekua (akademikos-mdivani),
istorikosi s. janaSia (vice-prezidenti), enaTmecnieri a.
SaniZe (vice-prezidenti).
1949 wels misi iniciativiT daarsda mecnierebaTa
akademiis samecniero-popularuli Jurnali `mecniereba da
teqnika~, romlis pirveli redaqtoric TviTonvea. r. aglaZe
aqtiurad monawileobs metalurgiis rusul-qarTuli terminologiis dadgenasa da gamocemaSi, aris misi erT-erTi
redaqtori, intensiurad iRwvis d. medneleevis saxelobis
sakavSiro qimiuri sazogadoebis respublikur gamgeobasa da
sazogadoeba `codnaSi~.
1960-1961 wlebSi eleqtroqimiisa da eleqtrometalurgiis ganyofilebas gamoeyo damoukidebeli qvedanayofebi:
denis qimiuri wyaroebis, iSviaTi elementebis teqnologiis,
gamRval masaTa eleqtrolizis da analizuri qimiis; Semdeg
wlebSi es laboratoriebi Tavis mxriv axali qvedanayofebis
safuZvlad iqcnen. kerZod denis wyaroebis laboratorias
gameyo eleqtroqimiuri kinetikis laboratoria, xolo
lRobilTa eleqtrolizis laboratoria or damoukidebel
laboratoriad
Camoyalibda.
80-iani
wlebis
bolos
elqtroqimiisa da eleqtrometalurgiis ganyofilebas kidev
erTi qvedanayofi eleqtrokristalizaciis laboratoria
gamoeyo.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli reorganizaciebisa, am genealogiis mTavari RerZi _ eleqtroqimiasa da eleqtrometalurgiis ganyofileba, romelsac b-ni rafieli bolomde
xelmZRvanelobda, dResac institutis yvelaze mZlavr
qvedanayofad iTvleba, kvlav nayofier muSaobas eweva da
anviTarebs Tavisi damaarseblis samecniero interesebs
manganumisa da misi naerTebis eleqtroqimiis dargSi.
aqtiurma organizatorulma da sazogadoebrivma moRvaweobam r. aglaZe ver CamoaSora sainJinro-teqnologiur
10
problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetas. 1953-1956 ww. igi
sawarmoo pirobebSi cdis kaliumis permanganatis miRebis
axal originalur xerxs. amasTan dakavSirebiT xangrZlivi
mivlinebiT Cadis saproeqto organizaciaSi _ leningradis
gamoyenebiTi qimiis institutSi, sadac momavali warmoebis
proeqtis mTavar inJinrad muSaobs.
1958 wels mwyobrSi Cadga eleqtrolizuri manganumis
axali mZlavri saamqro zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxanaSi. amjeradac proeqtis mTavari inJineri Tavad teqnologiis avtori iyo. orive aRniSnuli obieqti TiTqmis
erTdroulad Sendeboda mecnieris daucxromeli yuradRebis
qveS. orive sawarmom umokles droSi gadafara saproeqto
simZlavreebi. amasTan am periodSi r. aglaZe mecnierebaTa
akademiis teqnikur mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis akademikosmdivani, samecniero-kvleviTi institutis direqtori, politeqnikuri institutis kaTedris gamgea; sxva datvirTvebze
rom araferi vTqvaT, TiToeuli am TanamdebobaTagani
yoveldRiur ucilobel yuradRebas moiTxovda, TiTqosda
paradoqsia, magram yovelive amasTan erTad TanamSromlebi da
studentTa Taobebi udidesi siamovnebiT igonebdnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi (da mis gareTac) sistematiur
saqmian, magram mxiarul eqskursiebs, romlis sulisCamdgmeli
da yvelaze aqtiuri monawile TviT b-ni rafieli iyo.
rusTavis qimkombinatSi kaprolaqtamis qarxnis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT r. aglaZisa da TanamSromlebis mier
SemoTavazebuli iyo hidroqsilaminis marilebis sinTezis
originaluri eleqtroqimiuri meTodi. am samuSaoTa safuZvelze araorganuli qimiisa da eleqtroqimiis institutSi
farTod gaiSala fundamenturi kvlevebi azotis naerTebis
qimiisa da eleqtroqimiisa dargSi.
samocian wlebSi mecnierma kidev erTi samecniero
centri _ zesufTa manganumis da misi naerTebis saproblemo
laboratoria Camoayaliba politeqnikur institutSi (amJamad saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti), romelic samecniero kvlevisa da saswavlo procesis organizaciis Tavisebu11
rebiT sruliad novatoruli iyo. saproblemo laboratoriasTan
Seiqmna
studentTa
sakonstruqtoro
biuro
`manganumi~, sadac r. aglaZis uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT
studentebi da aspirantebi sxva specialistebTan erTad
monawileobdnen realuri samrewvelo obieqtebis teqnologiur kvlevebsa da saproeqto gaangariSebebSi.
saproblemo laboratoriaSi Tavidanve farTod gaiSala
samuSaoebi gama-modifikaciis plastikuri manganumis, gamlRvali marilebis eleqtrolizis meTodiT manganumis rafinirebis, erT abazanaSi manganumis dioqsidis (anodze) da liTonuri manganumis (kaTodze) gamoleqvis procesebis Seswavlis
mimarTulebiT.
metad didi moculobis samuSaoebi Catarda madneulis
spilenZis sabados da WiaTuris manganumis sabados koncentratebis kompleqsuri gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobis dasadgenad _ manganumis dioqsidis da liTonuri spilenZis erTdrouli miRebis teqnologiis damuSavebis mizniT.
saintereso samuSaoTa cikli Sesrulda koroziisagan
proteqtoruli dacvis Tvisebebis mqone manganumSemcveli
Senadnobebis Seqmnisa da sazRvao gemebis eqspluataciis
pirobebSi maTi gamocdis mimarTulebiT.
mecnieris mraval gamokvlevas bolo aTwleulebSi
safuZvlad daedo anoduri da kaToduri procesebis erTdrouli utilizaciis idea. am mizniT mis mier damuSavebuli iyo
eleqtrolizuri manganumis dioqsidis da liTonuri manganumis kombinirebuli meTodiT miRebis teqnologiuri sqemebi,
romlebic eleqtrolitSi specifikuri danamatebis, kerZod,
selenis marilebis keTilmyofeli gavlenis efeqtis Rrma
Sesawavlasa da mravali sadiafragme da saeleqtrode masalis gamocdis Sedegebze iyo damyarebuli.
am samuSaobs ukavSirdeba ukanasknel wlebSi damuSavebuli manganumis madnis eleqtroqimiuri damuSavebis xerxi,
ra drosac erT eleqtrolizerSi anodze xdeba eleqtrolizuri manganumis dioqsidis miReba, xolo kaTodur areSi _
manganumis oqsiduri madnis aRdgena. am procesSi aRmdgeni
12
agentis rols rkinis ionebi asruleben. SemdgomSi es idea
gamoyenebuli iqna madneulisa da WiaTuris madnebis erToblivi gadamuSavebis procesisaTvis, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia
qaTopiritis anoduri daJangva.
saqarxno pirobebSi gamocdilia da mniSvnelovani
ekonomikuri efeqtiT xasiaTdeba r. aglaZis samuSaoebi
qromis hidroeleqtrometalurgisa da eleqtrokristalizaciaSi. jer kidev 1959 w. gamoica misi fundamenturi
kvlevebis krebuli avtorTa jgufTan erTad `qromis
hidroelrqtro metalurgia~ Semdgom wlebSi zestafonis
feroSenadnobTa
qarxanaSi
da
sawarmoo
gaerTianeba
`tulaCermetSi~ ganxorcielda qromatebisa da biqromatebis
miRebis, agreTve eelqtrolizuri qromisa da qromis
fxvnilis gamoleqvis ramdenime teqnologiuri sqema, ris
Sedegadac liTonis xarisxis gaumjobesebasTan erTad,
SesaZlebeli
gaxda
rigi
Sromatevadi
teqnologiuri
safexuris amoReba. r. aglaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebulia
kvlevebi eleqtroliziT ferituli masalebis miRebisaTvis,
kerZod sxvadasxva liTonTa hidroqsidebis TanadaleqviT, _
am liTonebis anoduri gaxsnisa da miRebuli naleqebis
Semdgomi Termuli damuSavebiT. detalurad aris dadgenili
poli da monoferitebis miRebis pirobebi da maTi fizikurqimiuri Tvisebebi.
r. aglaZis yuradRebis centrSi iyo brtyeli eleqtroduli sistemebidan samganzomilebian eleqtrodebze gadasvla,
rac eleqtrolizis procesis mravaljerad intensifikacias
iTvaliswinebs. sakmaod mxcovan mecniers araerTi Rame
gauTenebia rusTavis qimiuri qarxnis permanganatis saamqroSi
nayar bipolarul eleqtrodebiani abazanebis gamcodis dros.
teqnologiuri ciklidan mTlianad iqna amoRebuli feromanganumis gadadnobis, gawmendisa da Zelebze damagrebis
Sromatevadi operaciebi; axali tipis TiToeulma abazanam
warmadobiT 15 eleqtrolizeri Secvala.
am samuSaom dasabami misca samganzomilebian bipolarul
eleqtrodebiani abazanebis gamoyenebas qloris Jangbadnaer13
Tebis miRebisa da organuli eleqtrosinTezis rig procesebSi, bunebrivi da Camdinare wylebis gawmendis saqmeSi da
sxv. damuSavda bipolaruli eleqtrodis zedapirze potencialis skanirebis principulad axali meTodi, ris safuZvelzec SemdgomSi Seiqmna koroziul-eleqtroqimiuri procesebis
kvlevis
xelsawyo
e.w.
`speqtropotenciostati~.
licenziebi am xelsawyoze gayidulia germaniaSi, Sveicariasa
da sxva qveynebSi.
r. aglaZis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samuSao, romelmac
agreTve farTo sawarmoo ganxorcieleba hpova, dakavSirebulia manganumis eleqtrolizuri dioqsidis warmoebisaTvis
axali saanode masalis titan-manganumis Senadnobis Seqmnisa
da mis eleqtroqimiur-koroziuli qcevis kvlevasTan, anodis
konstruqciisa da damzadebis teqnologiis daxvewasTan. es
samuSao, romelSiac oTxmocian wlebSi farTo kooperaciis
safuZvelze qveynis wamyvani samecniero centrebi da qimiuri
manqanaTmSeneblobis qarxnebi Caebnen, gaxda safuZveli
rusTavis s/g `azotSi~ importuli saeleqtrolizo danadgarebis sruli gadaiaraRebisa, ramac moxsna anodebis
pasivaciis Zalzed mtkivneuli problema, Seqmna sawarmoo
procesis stabilizaciis, eleqtroenergiis ekonomiis, produqciis xarisxis mkveTri zrdis SesaZlebloba. dRes
warmoeba mTlianad amgvari anodebis gamoyenebiT muSaobs.
akademikos r. aglaZis mravalmxriv nayofieri Toeriuli da sainJinro-praqtikul moRvaweobaze msjelobisas, ar
SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT da kuTvnili ar mivagoT mis
samecniero-sagamomcemlo saqmianobasac. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi uSualo redaqtorobiT gamocemuli SromaTa
krebulebi, uwinaresad yovlisa `manganumis eleqtroqimiis~
9 tomi. maTSi ganzogadoebulia mecnier-mkvlevaris xelmZRvanelobiT aTeuli wlebis manZilze Sesrulebul mniSvnelovan samuSaoTa Sedegebi manganumis, misi Senadnobebisa da
naerTebis eleqtroqimiis dargSi. SromaTa es krebulebi
specialistTa mier samarTlianad aris Sefasebuli, rogorc
14
am dargis yvelaze avtoritetuli da saWiro saxelmZRvanelo.
r. aglaZe aTeuli wlebis manZilze eweoda aqtiur
sazogadoebriv saqmianobas. iyo eleqtroqimiis sakavSiro
samecniero sabWos biuros wevri, respublikuri eleqtroqimiuri samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare, saerTaSoriso
eleqtroqimiuri sazogadoebis kongresebisa da TaTbirebis
monawile, respublikuri da sakavSiro konferenciebis
organizatori, samecniero Jurnalebis redkolegiebis wevri
da sxva.
r. aglaZe aris araerTi saxelmZRvanelos avtori da
Tanaavtori; kerZod, umaRlesi teqnikuri saswavleblis
studentebisaTvis gankuTvnili `alumini~ (1947w.), `gamoyenebiTi eleqtroqimia~ (praqtikumi, 1984w.), `qimiuri eleqtroTermia~ (1983w.), `ionur lRobilTa eleqtrometalurgia~
(1983w.). am ukanasknels 1984 w. saqarTvelos umaRlesi da
specialuri ganaTlebis saministros premia mieniWa.
manganumis
eloeqtroqimiis
dargSi
Sesrulebuli
naSromebisaTvis r. aglaZes, Tavis kolegebTan m. grZeliSvilTan, n. hofmanTan, g. dominskaia-berikaSvilTan erTad,
1975 w. mieniWa saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis p.
meliqiSvilis saxelobis premia.
ukanasknel wlebSi r. aglaZem didi Sroma gaswia kidev
erTi novatoruli ideis gansaxorcieleblad: teqnikuri
progresisaTvis momakvdinebeli centralizebuli, uwyebrivi
marwuxebisagan manganumis mrewvelobis gasanTavisufleblad
1984 w. mecnierma daamuSava manganumisa da misi naerTebis
miRebis dargSi momuSave samecniero, saswavlo da sawarmoo
centrebis bazaze, damoukidebeli mZlavri gaerTianebis
Seqmnis koncefcia, rac SesaZlebeli iyo swored r. aglaZis
da misi mowafeebis mier saqarTveloSi gaweuli mravalwliani mizandasaxuli Sromis Sedegad. samwuxarod, miuxedavad mecnieris mravali cdisa, imdroindeli oficialuri
xelisuflebis pirobebSi am nayofier ideas ganxorcieleba
ar eRirsa. rafiel aglaZe avtoria 708 samecniero naSromis
15
(sarekordo ricxvis), saidanac 91 aris saavtoro mowmoba da
patenti _ umetesoba maTgani saerTaSorisoa.
rogorc WeSmariti patrioti da moqalaqe, b-ni
rafieli SeZrwunebuli iyo 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragikuli movlenebiT. adamiani, romelic yovelTvis gvakvirvebda
Tavisi janmrTelobiT da uSreti energiiT, ramodenime dReSi
1989 wlis 17 aprils gardaicvala.
qarTveli xalxi damsaxurebul pativs miagebs Tavis
erTgul Svils. akademikos rafiel aglaZis saxeli miekuTvna
misi TaosnobiT daarsebul saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis araorganuli qimiisa da eleqtroqimiis instituts
da saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis eleqtroqimiur
warmoebaTa teqnologiis kaTedras, agreTve rusTavis s/g
`azotis~ eleqtrolizuri manganumis dioqsidis qarxanas.
Tbilisis erT-erT quCas ewoda misi saxeli.
naTeli gza, romelic mecnierebasa da cxovrebaSi
ganvlo gamoCenilma mecnierma da mamuliSvilma, keTili
magaliTia misi mravalricxovani mowafeebisa da yvelasaTvis,
visTvisac Zvirfasia samoSoblos momavali saqme.
mecnierebis udidesi revolucioneris, marTvis
sistemebis patriarqis, akademikos iveri varlamis-Ze
frangiSvilis cxovreba da samecniero moRvaweoba
`marto morwmune adamiani aris mona RvTisa.
xolo adamiani, romelsac aqvs orive _ rwmenac
da codnac _ aris RvTis megobari. monobidan
megobrobamde, ai morwmuneTa savali gza. es
bibliuria~.
uwmindesi da unetaresi sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi
ilia II
`samyaros aRqmis Semdgomi progresi Zevs ara imdenad
viwro dargobrivi codnis gaRrmavebasa da diferencirebaSi,
16
ramdenadac codnaTa integrirebaSi, movlenaTa, procesTa da
obieqtTa erTiani sistemuri warmodgenisaTvis. obieqtTa,
movlenaTa da procesTa sistemuri, anu yovlismomcveli
kanonebisa da kanonzomierebis floba saSualebas iZleva,
ZiriTad faqtorTa kompleqsuri aRricxvis gamoyenebiT,
gaizardos sxvadasxva bunebis mqone sistemaTa marTvis
efeqturoba, maT Soris gansakuTrebuli sirTulis organizaciuli da socialur-ekonomikuri sistemebisa~.
akademikosi iveri frangiSvili miiCnevda, rom marTvis
mecniereba erTdroulad fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi
mimarTulebisaa, igi SemTxveviT ar SeCerda marTvis mecnierebaze, marTvis problemebze da Tvlida, rom problemebis
gadasawyvetad aucilebelia mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis
integracia _ maTematikidan filosofiamde. misTvis ar
arsebobda `aramecnieruli~ kiTxvebi...
kompiuterizaciis istorias axsovs saetapo mniSvnelobis, TiTqmis `varskvlavuri~ epizodebi, magaliTad, 1972
wels gamoTvliTi teqnikis strategiuli ganviTarebis, iveri
frangiSviliseuli midgoma. man daamuSava gadawyobadi
struqturis mqone maRalmwarmoebluri mravalprocesoruli
problemur-orientirebuli mmarTveli gamoTvliTi sistemebis
axali klasis agebulebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi da principebi, romlebmac farTo gamoyeneba hpova geofizikaSi,
hidroakustikaSi, kosmiuri informaciis dasamuSaveblad da
sxva sferoebSi, agreTve specteqnikis Seqmnisas. idea,
perspeqtiulad iqna aRiarebuli am dargis `modis kanonmdeblis~ Control Data Corporation-is mier, es aRiareba emyareboda
am korporaciis 15 wamyvani eqspertisa da CDC-s vice prezidentis gancxadebas, romelic maT gaakeTes profesor iveri
frangiSvilis ideis detalurad gacnobis Semdgom, saqme
exeboda
gadawyobadi
struqturis
mqone
gamoTvliTi
sistemebis Seqmnis proeqts, romlis Seswavlis Semdeg
CDC-m sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobasTan erTad gadawyvita
Seeqmna umsxvilesi erToblivi sawarmo ruseTSi, rasac xeli
SeuSala am periodSi miRebulma, jekson-venikis Sesworebam,
17
rac ukrZalavda aSS-s firmebs aseTi tipis erToblivi
sawarmoebis Seqmnas...
akademikosi iveri frangiSvili swavlobda sistemaTa
enTropiis kanonebs, rac Tavis mxriv ganmsazRvrelia
sistemaTa organizebulobisa, TviT adamianTa sazogadoebrivi
qcevis racionalobis sazRvrebis dadgena-SeswavlisaTvis
ekonomikaSi, politakaSi, erTaSoris urTierTobasa da realur, rTul sistemebSi. iveri frangiSvilma moRvaweobis
bolo periodSi Seqmna mimarTuleba, romelsac uwoda
`adamianis faqtori marTvaSi~ da gamoTqva gulistkivili,
rom aTi wliT adre ar Seudga am saqmes...
iveri frangiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT 1994-95 wlebSi
damuSavda `saqarTvelos gadarCenis programa~, romelic ar
iqna realizebuli xelisuflebis Sesabamisi nebis ar qonis
gamo...
akademikosi iveri frangiSvilis xeldasmiT Seiqmna
informaciuli teqnologiebi urTules problemaTa gadasaWrelad:
sistemuri midgoma da zogadsistemuri kanonzomierebani;
sistemuri kanonzomierebani da sistemuri optimizacia.
marTviTi gadawyvetilebis meTodologiuri proncipebi
da maTematikuri modelebi; saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis koncefcia ekonomikaSi, samxedro saqmesa da politikaSi; saxelmwifoebrivi, regionaluri da municipaluri marTva, organizaciuli dagegmvis monitoringi da prognozireba da sxva
mravali umniSvnelovanesi realizacia. iveri frangiSvili
1987 wlidan sicocxlis bolo wuTamde xelmZRvanelobda
msoflioSi saxelganTqmul, ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis
marTvis problemebis instituts. am mravalprofilian samecniero organizaciaSi mimdinareobs masStaburi kvlevebi
marTvis procesebis optimizaciis mimarTulebiT didmasStabian organizaciul, socialur-ekonomikur, teqnikur da
mediko-biologiur sistemebSi.
18
albaT SeuZlebelia martivad aixsnas im moculobisa da
daniSnulebis samuSaoTa mizanmimarTuleba, romelic am
mecnierul kolosSi mimdinarebs, sadac ramodenime xnis win,
baton iveris xelmZRvanelobiT saerTaSoriso samecniero
konferencia Catarda msoflios mravali qveynis marTvis
sistemebis da ara marto am dargis gamoCenili mecnierebis
monawileobiT.
profesorma lev rozenoierma (aSS) aRniSna _ swored
es iyo yvelaze mTavari, rom msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis
mecnierebs, miuxedavad mravali sirTulisa, marTvis problemebis institutis direqtoris, akademikos iveri frangiSvilis TaosnobiT SesaZlebloba miecaT Sekrebiliyvnen
erTad, gaecnoT erTmaneTisaTvis sakuTari saqmianobis Sedegebi. Sexvedrodnen Zvel megobrebsa da kolegebs.
rogorc akademikosma frolovma (rf) aRniSna: `am
institutis direqtori gaxlavT cnobili mecnieri, akademikosi iveri frangiSvili, romelic marTvis problemebis
dargis aRiarebuli specialistia msoflioSi~.
avtomatikisa da telemeqanikis instituti, amJamad
akademikosi trapeznikovis saxelobis marTvis problemebis
instituti, romelic ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis SemadgenlobaSia, daarsda 1939 wels, misi daniSnuleba iyo
ewarmoebina fundamenturi kvlevebi marTvis Teoriasa da
avtomaturi mowyobilobebis elementebis Seqmnis dargSi; aq
damuSavda marTvis avtomaturi Teoriis safuZvlebi, ramac
Tavis mxriv ganapiroba avtomatikisa da telemeqanikis
institutis gardaqmna marTvis problemebis institutad,
sadac farTod gaiSala kvleviTi samuSaoebi marTvis
problemebis mimarTulebiT.
am institutis saqmianobis Sesaxeb korespodenti
esaubra mis direqtors akademikos iveri frangiSvils. ai es
Canaweri: i. frangiSvili. Cvens institutSi mimdinare samuSaoebs marTlac didi mniSvneloba hqonda, magaliTisaTvis
SemiZlia dagisaxeloT institutSi Seqmnil modelTa,
meTodebisa
da
algoriTmebis
Teoriuli
safuZvlebi,
19
romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba marTvis iseTi avtomaturi
sistemebis Seqmnisas, rogoric aris sayovelTaod cnobili
`cementi~, `sazRvao floti~, `metali~, `sirena~, `ruseTis
safosto kavSiri~ da sxv. mravali masStaburi gamokvleva,
romelic Cvens institutSi damuSavda, danergilia metalurgiuli,
navTob-mompovebeli
da
navTob-gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis marTvis sistemebSi, saSeni masalebisa da qimiur
mrewvelobaSi. institutis mecnierebma seriozuli wvlili
Seitanes kosmosuri sivrcis aTvisebasa da misi gamoyenebisaTvis marTvis sistemebis SeqmnaSi. Tavisi arsebobis
manZilze Cveni institutis koleqtivma didi roli Seasrula marTvis Teoriisa da praqtikis ganviTarebisaTvis.
kor. _ batoni iveri, albaT Tanamedrove moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmna Tqveni Semdgomi muSaobis vrceli
programac.
i. frangiSvili: _ ra Tqma unda, mecnieruli siaxle
ragind mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos, mxolod maSin aris
Rirebuli, rodesac praqtikulad gvaZlevs Sedegs. rac
Seexeba fundamentur problemebsa da rTuli obieqtebisa da
struqturebis marTvas, aq marTvis sruliad axali, avtomaturi da avtomatizebuli sistemebis Seqmnaze vmuSaobT, rac
saSualebas mogcems axal principebze dayrdnobiT vmarToT
obieqtebi da teqnologiuri procesebi.
iqneb Rirdes imaze dafiqrebac, raoden rTuli da
sapasuxismgeblo iyo ruseTis sinamdvileSi am erT-erTi
udidesi samecniero-kvleviTi organziaciis xelmZRvaneloba,
sadac 2000-mde mecnieri moRvaweobs. batoni iveri frangiSvili warmatebiT axorcielebda misdami daqvemdebarebul
mecnierTa sazogadoebaSi, super kompetenturi, samarTliani,
principulli, momTxovni da am yvelaferTan erTad, gulisxmieri xelmZRvanelis funqcias, rasac dRemde afaseben misi
kolegebi da aRzrdilebi.
iveri frangiSvili warmoSobiT samtrediis raionis
sofel didi jixaiSidanaa, daibada 1930 wlis 6 ivniss. misi
ojaxi TbilisSi cxovrobda. mama, varlam frangiSvili _
20
cnobili samTo inJineri iyi, xolo deda, nadia leJavafrangiSvili ki pedagogi iyo. me-12 vaJTa saSualos skolis
oqros
medalze
damTavrebis
Semdeg
1947
swavla
saqarTvelos politeqnikur institutSi ganagrZo, sadac im
dros studentis umaRlesi Sefaseba, stalinuri stipendia
eZleoda da amitom bunebrivi iyo misTvis mecnieris kariera,
romelmac SemdgomSi niWisa da mondomebis wyalobiT, didi
aRiareba moutana. axalgazrda mecnierma 1959 wels
moskovSi, avtomatikisa da telemeqanikis institutSi daicva
sakandidato disertacia. aTi wlis Semdeg ki ukve teqnikis
mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da profesoris wodeba
mieniWa. gavida kidev aTi weli da profesori iveri
frangiSvili saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvil
wevrad airCies, mogvianebiT batoni iveri saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis vice-prezidenti xdeba. am Zunwi
cnobebis miRma misi araCveulebrivi SromismoyvareobiT, didi
mecnieruli aRmoCenebiTa da saintereso gamokvlevebiT savse
wlebia.
1955 wlidan iveri frangiSvilis saqmianoba mWidrod
ukavSirdeba ruseTis (maSindeli ssrk) mecnierebaTa akademiis
avtomatikisa da telemeqanikis instituts. aq swavlobda
aspiranturaSi, muSaobda jer wamyvan inJinrad, umcros
mecnier muSakad da Semdeg ufros mecnier TanamSromlad,
cota xanSi konkursSi gamarjvebis Sedegad, erT-erT wamyvan
laboratorias Caudga saTaveSi. jer kidev aspiranturaSi
swavlis periodSi niWierebiT gamorCeuli qarTveli Wabuki
msoflio masStabis mecnierma akad. mixeil alaeqsandres-Ze
gavrilovma (МАГ) miamagra amave kvleviTi institutis
mecnierTa jgufs, romlebsac b-nma iverim gadauWra problema
_ rac mdgomareobda telemeqanikaSi saWiro specialuri
ukontaqto reles SeqmnaSi, romelic udidesi specialistebis mier wodebulia `frangiSvilis reled~ es gaxlavT
aspiranti _ iveri frangiSvilis (25 wlis asakSi) pirveli
seriozuli Senatani did mecnierebaSi. 1970 wlidan am
institutis direqtoris moadgiled dainiSna samecniero
21
dargSi, xolo 1987 wlidan ukve institutis direqtori
iyo da TiTqmis aTeuli wlis ganmavSlobaSi brwyinvaled
xelmZRvanelobda am didi samecniero organizaciis saqmianobas.
batonma iverim saqarTveloSi erT-erTi Camosvlisas,
sixaruliT aRniSna saubarSi, rom ruseTSi qarTvelTa
sazogadoebas eyreboda safuZveli, da rom mas SesTavazes am
sazogadoebis xelmZRvaneloba. misi Rrma rwmeniT, qarTvelTa
sazogadoebrivi gaerTineba bevr saqmes gaakeTebda ara marto
ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebisaTvis, aramed saqarTvelosTvisac.
`-me vfiqrob amJamad yvelaze mniSvnelovani davalebaa
CemTvis~ _ brZana batonma iverim, _ dRes saqarTvelos
Zalian uWirs. uWirT im adamianebsac, vinc dRes ruseTSia,
ltolvilebis uzarmazari nakadi TiTqmis upatronod aris
iq da Cveni valia yvelanairad davexmaroT maT~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom uaRresad dakavebuli iyo
moskovSi mecnieruli saqmianobiT, saerTaSoriso sainJinro
akademiis pirveli vice-prezidentic gaxldaT, amasTan
saqarTveloSic sainJinro akademiis prezidentis posti ekava,
akademikos iveri frangiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT daculi
iqna
60
sakandidato
da
sadoqtoro
disertacia.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs 18 wigni da 400 samecniero naSromi, 15
monografia. igi 50-ze meti gamogonebis avtoria. iveri
frangiSvilis samecniero xelmZRvanelobiTa da uSualo
monawileobiT SemuSavebuli iqna uxilavi moZravi obieqtebis
aRmoCena-amocnobis axali principi, romelsac sxvadasxva
bunebis obieqtebis zogadsistemuri kanonzomiereba udevs
safuZvlad. aRniSnuli miCneuli iqna udides aRmoCenad.
iveri frangiSvili iyo marTvis problemebis institutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare. 1992 wlidan igi
ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis manqanaTmSeneblobis, meqanikisa da marTvis procesebis problemaTa ganyofilebis
biuros, xolo 2002 wlidan energetikis, manqanaTmSeneblobis, meqanikisa da marTvis procesebis biuros wevria.
22
1995 wlidan igi xelmZRvanelobda ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis marTvis procesebisa da avtomatizaciis
Teoriis samecniero sabWos. iyo avtomaturi marTvis
erovnuli Tavmjdomaris moadgile, Jurnalebis `Датчики и
системи~ da `Проблемы управления~ redaqtori da rigi
centraluri Jurnalebis redkolegiis wevri.
did samecniero-teqnologiur miRwevaTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa atomuri energetikis obieqtebis
sistemuri marTvis optimizaciis proeqti. batoni iveri 1987
wlidan gaxldaT sabWoTa kavSiris atomuri eleqtrosadgurebis marTvis avtomatizirebuli sistemis generaluri
konstruqtori. (sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi sul
12 generaluri konstruqtori iyo). batoni iveri sicocxlis bolomde xelmZRvanelobda ucxo qveynebis atomuri
sadgurebis, maT Soris `buSeri~ (irani) marTvis sistemis
Seqmnis samuSaoebs.
kidev erTi mxare iveri frangiSvilis moRvaweobisa.
2005 wlis 24-25 maiss saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is locvakurTxeviT da akademikos iveri frangiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarda pirveli saerTaSoriso konferencia `mecniereba
da religia~. konferenciaze vrceli da Zalzed saintereso
moxseneba Temaze `mecnierebisa da religiis, codnisa da
rwmenis sistemuri urTierTmimarTebani~ gaakeTa akademikosma
i. frangiSvilma:~.... mecnierebaSi religiisagan gansxvavebiT,
ar arsebobs maradiuli paradigmebi da nebismieri mecnieruli
paradigma droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba. mecniereba dRes ar
unda iCemebdes iseTi religiuri mcnebebis gagebas, sadac
gons SeRweva ar ZaluZs. mecnierebi sul ufro metad
aRiareben maTze raRac, bevrad maRali sawyisis arsebobis
faqts, rac adamianebs mudam unda axsovdeT. sinergetikasa da
gamoyenebiT maTematikaSi `ucnauri atraqtori~ Suqze,
arsebiTad, mWidrod miuaxlovdnen samyaros fundamentur
safuZvelsa da umaRles gons, anu RmerTs _ suliwmindas.
umaRlesi
RvTaebrivi
Zalebis
arsebobis
aRiarebamde
23
mecnierebi sxvadasxva poziciidan da sferodan midian,
pirvel rigSi ki marTvisa da TviTorganizaciis ZalTa
poziciidan, ramdenadac obieqturad Seejaxnen am Zalas~.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia II-is locva-kurTxeviTa da i.
frangiSvilis TaosnobiT cxvariWamiaSi aRdgenilia mamaTa
samonastro kompleqsi.
batoni iveri moskovSi cxovrobda meuRlesTan erTad,
qalbatoni ciala RuRuniSvili inJineria, wlebis manZilze
igi muSaobda sxvadasxva samecniero organizaciebSi. batoni
iveris da qalbatoni cialas vaJi, arCili, aRiarebuli
mecnieria. igi teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premiis laureati da saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis axladarCeuli reqtoria, misi
niWiereba, obieqturoba da mamuliSviloba imedis momcemia.
ai aseTia, Zalian mokled, msoflioSi aRiarebuli,
sayovelTaod cnobili mecnieris, akademikos iveri frangiSvilis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis calkeuli epizodebi,
romelic, samwuxarod, dRes aRar aris Cvens gverdiT. Tumc
daimkvidra ukvdaveba da gadavida misgan naTlad aRqmul
maradisobaSi. misi naTeli xsovna samudamod darCeba ara
marto ojaxis wevrebis, axloblebis, kolegebisa da misi
aRzrdilebis gulSi, aramed udides adgils daikavebs
msoflios mecnierebis saganZurSi.
sasiqadulo mamuliSvilis, gamorCeuli mecnierisa da
pirovnebis _ dimitri erisTavis samecniero-pedagogiuri
da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba
gamoCenili mecnieri, mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti,
qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori dimitri erisTavi
im saxlovan mamuliSvilTa brwyinvale pleadas miekuTvneba,
24
romlebmac TvalsaCino kvali datoves samamulo mecnierebis
ganviTarebaSi.
dimitri erisTavi daibada 1903 wlis 27 oqtombers q.
TbilisSi, saxalxo maswavleblis ojaxSi. saSualo ganaTleba miiRo Tbilisis me-3 teqnikumSi (yofili realuri
saswavlebeli). 1923 wels swavla gaagrZela Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis pedagogiuri fakultetis sabunebismetyvelo ganyofilebaze, romelic daamTavra 1928 wels.
dimitri erisTavma SromiTi saqmianoba jer kidev studentobis wlebSi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad muSaobda saqarTvelos saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi sabWos centralur
laboratoriaSi qimikos-analitikosis Tanamdebobaze.
1929 wlidan dimitri erisTavi muSaobas iwyebs saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis (axlandeli saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universiteti) zogadi da araorganuli qimiis
kaTedris asistentad. dimitri erisTavis nayofieri pedagogiuri da samecniero-kvleviTi muSaoba, misi SemoqmedebiTi
warmatebebi ZiriTadad am instituts ukavSirdeba. 1929
wels igi analizuri qimiis kaTedris docenti, xolo 1940
wlidan _ am kaTedris gamgea.
1930 wlidan (saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis
qimiis institutis daarsebis dRidan) muSaobas iwyebs qimiis
institutSi. akad. l. pisarJevskis xelmZRvanelobiT qimiis
institutSi Sesrulebuli gamokvlevebis didi nawili safuZvlad daedo erisTavis sakandidato disertacias Temaze:
`gamosxivebis gavlena katalizatoris aqtivobaze~, romelic
warmatebiT daicva 1937 wels ukrainis mecnierebaTa akademiis fizika-qimiis institutSi.
1945 wels Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi dimitri erisTavis warmatebiT icavs sadoqtoro disertacias
Temaze: `WiaTuris marganecis fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis
sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis~. 1946 wels mas mieniWa profesoris wodeba. 1958 wlidan gardacvalebamde iyo saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis proreqtori samecniero
dargSi.
25
saqarTvelos politeqnikur institutSi moRvaweobis
paralelurad dimitri eriTavi 1947 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis qimiis institutis fizikuri da analizuri qimiis laboratorias. wlebis
ganmavlobaSi miwveuli iyo saqarTvelos kurortologiis
institutis fizikuri qimiis laboratoriis gamged, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis hidrogeologiuri da sainJinro geologiuri problemebis laboratoriis hidroqimiuri
ganyofilebis xelmZRavanelad.
1961 wels dimitri erisTavi airCies saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentad.
farTo iyo dimitri erisTavis kvlevis diapazoni da
interesTa sfero. misi mecnieruli moRvaweoba mWidrod
ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi qimiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas.
aqtualuri problemebis dasma da misi drois umcires
monakveTSi warmatebiT gadaWra, aseTi iyo am uniWieresi
mecnieris moRvaweobis stili.
dimitri erisTavis samecniero moRvaweoba xasiaTdeba
oTxi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT: 1. qimiur procesebze sxvadasxva sixSiris gamosxivebaTa gavlenis Seswavla. 2. saqarTvelos mineraluri resursebis fizikur-qimiuri Seswavla.
3. qimiuri analizis sfero. 4. hidroqimia.
pirveli mimarTulebis Sromebs miekuTvneba dimitri
erisTavis erT-erTi adreuli naSromi `katalizatorebis
Seswavla rentgenis sxivebis saSualebiT~, romelic gamoqveynda 1935 wels `amierkavkasiis industriuli institutis
moambeSi~ da l. pisarJevskis xelmZRvanelobiT Sesrulebuli
Sroma `platinis katalizur aqtivobaze rentgenis gamosxivebis moqmedeba~, am naSromSi ganxilulia rentgenis sxivebis
da platinis katalizatoris kombinirebuli moqmedeba H2O2is daSlis procesze. dadgenilia saintereso kanonzomierebani katalizatoris aqtivobasa da gamosxivebis dozas
Soris. am gamokvlevebiT d. erisTavma erT-erTma pirvelma
daadgina, rom gamosxivebis da katalizatoris erToblivi
26
moqmedeba ar aris aditiuri da mniSvnelovnad aRemateba maTi
jamuri moqmedebis efeqts.
dimitri erisTavis naSromebi `ultramaRali sixSiris
eleqtruli velis moqmedeba hidrofobur zolebze~ da
`ultramokle talRebis moqmedeba kompleqsur naerTebze~
(o.e. zviangincevis TanaavtorobiT) mniSvnelovnad amdidrebs
monacemebs zolebis da kompleqsuri naerTebis bunebis, mdgomareobis da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. unda aRiniSnos, rom naSromi
kompleqsur naerTebze gamosxivebis gavlenis Seswavlis Sesaxeb agreTve erT-erTi pirvelTagania, vinc daamtkica
ultramokle talRebis gavleniT platinis kompleqsuri
naerTebis xsnarebis elgamtarobis zrda.
naSromTa mTeli rigi cikli exeba saqarTvelos mineraluri resursebis gamokvlevas da moicavs mTel rig sakiTxebs sakvlevi obieqtebis, meTodebis, kompleqsuri naerTebis
fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
d. erisTavis mier Seswavlil iqna WiaTuris manganumis
sabadoebi. mdidari eqsperimentuli masalis safuZvelze mecnieri gvaZlevs qimiuri elementebis ganawilebis suraTs
calkeuli plastebisa da zegnebis mixedviT. Seswavlilia
aRniSnul madnebSi nikelisa da kobaltis Semcveloba. Catarebulia
WiaTuris
manganumis
Slamis
sedimentaciuri
analizi, Seswavlilia maTi fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi:
(kobaltis da nikelis adsorbciis pirobebSi manganumis
dioqsidisa da WiaTuris manganumis madnebis wyalxsnarebidan,
maTi Jangva-aRdgeniTi potencialebi, manganumis Slamis
koloidur-qimiuri gamdidreba da sxva).
profesor d. erisTavis xelmZRvanelobiTa da uSualo
monawileobiT SemuSavda manganumis madnebSi calkeuli elementebis gansazRvris axali meTodebi. d. erisTavis da d.
barnabiSvilis mier SemuSavebuli manganumis madnebSi samvalentiani manganumis gansazRvris meTodi moyvanilia e. rodes
monografiaSi `manganumis Jangbadiani naerTebi (moskovi,
1952).
27
dimitri erisTavma detalurad gamoikvlia manganumis
Slamebis fizikur-qimiuri buneba. gamoavlina manganumis
madnebSi nikelisa da kobaltis genezisis sakiTxebi.
dimitri erisTavis mier iqna Seswavlili saqarTvelos
raionebis WaburRilebis wylebidan iodis amowvlilvis
sakiTxi.
sayuradReboa agreTve naSromebi axtalis samkurnalo
talaxSi boris, bromis da iodis Semcvelobis da azamburis
mirabilitis sabadoebis Sesaxeb.
am ciklis samuSaoebs miekuTvneba ori metad mniSvnelovani naSromi `Termuli radioaqtiuri wylebidan radiumis
amowvlilvis Sesaxeb~ da `boris gamoyofa borSemcveli
bunebrivi wylebidan iongacvliTi fisebis saSualebiT~.
dimitri erisTavs mravali saintereso naSromi aqvs
gamoqveynebuli analizuri qimiis sferoSi. mis mier mTeli
rigi gamokvlevebia Catarebuli iSviaTi elementebis gansazRvris axali meTodebis Sesaxeb. iSviaTi elementebis gansazRvrisaTvis qimiur analizSi igi iyenebda koagulaciisa da
peptizaciis movlenebs. mis mier damuSavebulia manganumis
gansazRvris meTodi, miwisqveSa wylebSi tyviis gansazRvris
swrafi meTodi da bunebriv wylebSi boris gansazRvris
meTodi iongacvliTi fisebis gamoyenebiT.
TanamSromlebis jgufTan erTad dimitri erisTavi
metad mniSvnelovan samuSaoebs atarebda iSviaTi elementebis
gayofis axali analizuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT. Tavis
naSromebSi igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda elementebis gansazRvris sizustisa da mgrZnobiarobis gazrdis
sakiTxs.
profesorma dimitri erisTavma mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana analizur qimiaSi iongacvliTi fisebis kvlevis
saqmeSi. misi xelmZRvanelobiT, misi mravalricxovani mowafeebis mier gamokvleulia volframis, beriliumis, indiumis,
molibdenis, kaliumis, uranisa da sxva ionebis sorbciisa da
desorbciis pirobebi samamulo anionitebis karbonatul
formebze.
28
anionitebis karbonatuli formebi gamoyenebul iqna
sxvadasxva elementebis erTmaneTisagan dasacileblad. ase,
magaliTad indiumisa _ kadmiumisagan, TuTiisa _ tyviisagan,
molibdenisa da volframisa sxva elementebisagan (Fe, Al, V,
Ni, Cu, Zn-gan).
dimitri erisTavis gamokvlevebi hidroqimiis dargSi
exeba saqarTvelos mineraluri wylebis (Tbilisi, borjomi,
wyaltubo, menji, sairme da sxv.) fizikur-qimiuri bunebis
Seswavlas. gansakuTrebiT detaluradaa Seswavlili wyaltubos mineraluri wylebis fizikur-qimiuri buneba. man
pirvelma daamtkica wyaltubos wyalSi umniSvnelo koncentraciiT radiumis marilTa Semcveloba. sayuradReboa misi
gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos mineralur wylebSi organul
nivTierebaTa Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac.
akad. dimitri erisTavis didi Rvawli miuZRvis qarTul
enaze saxelmZRvaneloebis SeqmnaSi. TvisebiT da raodenobiT
analizSi misi klasikuri saxelmZRvaneloebiT dResac
sargebloben umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebi.
didia dimitri erisTavis damsaxureba sazogadoebrivi
muSaobis sferoSi. wlebis manZilze igi iyo mecnierebaTa
akademiis analizuri qimiis sabWos wevri, saqarTvelos
politeqnikuri institutis (axlandeli saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti) qimiuri da kvebis teqnologiis fakultetis xarisxis mimniWebeli sabWos Tavmjdomare, d.i.
mendeleevis saxelobis sakavSiro qimiuri sazogadoebis
saqarTvelos respublikuri gamgeobis wevri, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero sabWos wevri, saxelmwifo sagamocdo komisiis Tavmjdomare, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiasTan arsebuli izotopebisa da gamosxivebis mudmivi komisiis Tavmjdomare, sakavSiro sazogadoeba
`codna~-s sainstituto ganyofilebis Tavmjdomare, politeqnikuri institutis Sromebis mTavari redaqtoris moadgile.
dimitri erisTavma mTeli cxovreba Tavdauzogavad
iSroma da iRvawa qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
misi samecniero memkvidreoba metad mniSvnelovania dResac,
29
radgan is sakiTxebi, romlebic mis mier iqna Seswavlili da
damuSavebuli, Tanamedrove mecnierebis iseT aqtualur
sakiTxebs exeba, rogoricaa katalizatorebisa da koloiduri zolebis struqturis Seswavla, saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebis gamokvleva, naSromebi hidroqimiaSi, mTeli
rigi liTonebis analizi da sorbciuli Tvisebebis Sewavla.
d. erisTavis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis ZiriTadi
TariRebi
1903w. 27 oqtombers daibada q. TbilisSi saxalxo
maswavleblis ojaxSi.
1923w. daamTavra Tbilisis mesame teqnikumi (yofili
realuri saswavlebeli) da Sevida Tbilisis sexelmwifo
universitetSi fizika-maTematikis fakultetis sabunebismetyvelo ganyofilebaze.
1928w. daamTavra Tbilisis universitetis qimiis
fakulteti.
1929w. miiwvies saq. politeqnikur institutSi zogadi
da araorganuli qimiis kaTedris asistentis Tanamdebobaze.
1930w. (saq. ssr mecn. akad. qimiis in-tis daarsebis
dRidan) muSaobda institutSi akad. l. pasarJevskis xelmZRvanelobiT.
1930-1935ww.
amierkavkasiis
qimiur-teqnologiuri
institutis asistentia.
1930-1947ww. politeqnikur institutSi muSaobis
paralelurad muSaobda saq. ssr mecn. akademiis qimiis
institutSi fizikuri da analizuri qimiis gany. gamged.
1935-1946ww. saqarTvelos industriuli institutis
docentia.
1937w. q. dnepropetrovskSi daicva sakandidato
disertacia Temaze: `gamosxivebis gavlena katalizatoris
aqtivobaze~. _ mieniWa qimiur mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxi.
30
1939w. umaRlesma saatestacio komisiam daamtkica saq.
politeqnikuri institutis fizikuri qimiis kaTedris
gamged.
1940 wlidan Tbilisis politeqnikuri institutis
analizuri qimiis kaTedris gamgea.
1941-1945ww.
amierkavkasiis
frontis
sardlobis
davalebiT xelmZRvanelobda qimikosTa specialur jgufs,
romelic amzadebda sawvav naerTebs TavdacvisaTvis.
1944w. dajildovda medlebiT `kavkasiis dacvisaTvis~
da `mamacuri SromisaTvis 1941-1945 ww. did samamulo
omSi~.
1945w. Tbilisis universitetSi daicva sadoqtoro
disertacia Temaze: `WiaTuris marganecis fizikur-qimiuri
Tvisebebis sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis~.
1946w. daamtkices saq. politeqnikuri institutis
analizuri qimiis kaTedris profesorad.
1946-1971ww. saq. politeqnikuri institutis profesoria.
1948-1954ww.
saq.
kurortologiis
institutis
fizikuri qimiis laboratoriis gamgea.
1958-1960 ww. muSaobda saq. ssr mecn. akademiis
hidrogeologiuri da sainJinro-geologiur problemaTa
laboratoriis hidroqimiuri ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelad.
1958-1971ww. iyo politeqnikuri institutis qimiuri
da kvebis teqnologiiis fakultetis samecniero xarixsis
mimniWebeli sabWos Tavmjdomare.
1958 wlidan politeqnikuri institutis proreqtoria
samecniero dargSi.
1960-1971 ww. iyo v.i. vernadskis sax. geoqimiisa da
analizuri qimiis institutis samecniero sabWos wevri.
1961w. airCies mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentad.
1961w. ssrk umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis brZanebulebiT dajildovda `sapatio niSnis~ ordeniT.
31
1963w. mieniWa saqarTvelos mecnierebis damsaxurebuli
moRvawis sapatio saxeli.
1963w. dajildovda saq. ssr umaRlesi sabWos sapatio
sigeliT.
1966w. dajildovda medliT `mamacuri SromisaTvis~.
1967w. airCies q. Tbilisis orjonikiZis raionis
mSromelTa deputatebis raionuli sabWos deputatad.
1969w. airCies Tbilisis mSromelta deputatebis
saqalaqo sabWos me-12 mowvevis deputatad.
1970w. dajildovda saiubileo medliT `SromiTi
mamacobisaTvis~ v.i. leninis dabadebis 100 wlisaTvis aRsaniSnavad.
1971 w. 18 agvistos gardaicvala. Rirseuli mamuliSvili dakrZalulia didubis _ sazogado moRvaweTa
panTeonSi.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenciis, teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor
kalistrate severianis-Ze quTaTelaZis samecniero
moRvaweoba
1928 wlis 1 oqtombers, Tbilisis universitetis politeqnikuri fakultetis bazaze Seiqmna saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo politeqnikuri instituti, romlis 250-kacian
studentur kontigentSi iyo samTo qimiuri fakultetis
qimiur-teqnologiuri ganyofilebis studenti, xonis raionis sofel ivandidis mkvidri _ kalistrate quTaTelaZe,
1930 wels spi-s bazaze Seqimna eqvsi instituti _ maT
Soris amierkavkasiis qimiur-teqnologiuri instituti, romelic 1932 wels batonma kalem warCinebiT daamTavra.
swavlis periodSi k. quTaTelaZis niWiereba SeniSnes cnobilma profesorebma aleqsandre ficxelaurma da mixeil xaxanaSvilma, ramac ganapiroba, rom institutis damTavrebisTa32
nave igi gaigzavna sanqt-peterburgis teqnologiuri universitetis minis qimiuri teqnologiis kaTedraze aspiranturaSi. aRniSnul kaTedraze am dros moRvaweobdnen minis
Teoriisa da praqtikis fuZemdebelni, akademikosebi: d.
raJdensvenski, i. grebeSnikovi, g. Jukovski, n. kaCalovi, i.
Suri, g. mianikovi da axalgazrda magram aRiarebuli
mecnieri v. vargini, romelic gaxda batoni kales samecniero
xelmZRvaneli. v. varginis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebul iqna
kvlevebi seleniT da rigi oqsidiT miniT Sefervis bunebis
dadgenaSi, romelmac sayovelTao aRiareba moipova da
Sesulia yvela drois, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi feradi minisadmi
miZRvnil monografiebSi.
kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi gamoqveynebuli
samecniero Tu teqnikuri literaturis analizis safuZvelze k. quTaTelaZis yuradReba miipyro gajma. gajis _
TabaSiris magvari mWida masalis mSeneblobasa da kulturis
ZeglTa agebaSi farTo gamoyenebis miuxedavad, misi buneba da
potenciuri SesaZleblobebi arcTu ise kargad Seswavlili
aRmoCnda.
k. quTaTelaZe isaxavs amocanas, irCevs am amocanis
gadaWris optimalur gzebs da Tavis mowafeebTan erTad
sakmaod mcire vadaSi asrulebs metad STambeWdav da
Sromatevad samuSaos, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos msoflioSi erTaderT naSromad gajis sistematuri da fundamenturi Seswavlis sferoSi. swored am kvlevam daimsaxura
novoCerkaskis
politeqnikuri
institutis
samecniero
sabWos, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda msoflioSi cnobili
fiz-qimikosi ponomariovi, umaRlesi Sefaseba. naSromi _
`gaji _ misi Tvisebebi da gamoyeneba~ iyo k. quTaTelaZis
sadoqtoro disertacia, romelic SemdgomSi gamoica monografiis saxiT da iTargmna Cinur enaze.
am mimarTulebiT muSaobis Sefasebisas yuradrebas
ipyrobs k. quTaTelaZis unari kvlevis organziaciasa da
ganxorcielebaSi. aq ikveTeba batoni kales brwyinvale organizaciuli niWi, romelic kidev ufro mkveTrad gamovlinda
33
swored gajebze muSaobis periodSi. moviyvanT mxolod erT
magaliTs.
k. quTaTelaZem icoda, rom mWida masalebis aduRabebisa
da SeWidvis siTburi efeqtebis im droisaTvis arsebuli
gasazomi xelsawyoebi _ kalorimetrebi ar miscemda saSualebas, Caetarebina gajis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis zedmiwevniTi
kvleva. gamosavali orgvari iyo: an gamoeyenebina arsebuli
kolorimetrebi da gaezarda kvlevaTa ricxvi, raTa maTi
saSualebiT mieRwia sasurvel mizans, an Seeqmna axali,
bevrad ufro mgrZnobiare xelsawyo. igi irCevs ufro rTul,
magram koreqtuli Sedegebis miRebis gzas. a. CuprinTan da q.
qinqlaZesTan erTad, arsebuli kalorimetrebis kritikuli
analizis safuZvelze, k. quTaTelaZe srulyofs xelsawyos,
rac uzrunvelyofs miRweul SedegTa saimedoobasa da
aRwarmoebas. maT mier Seqmnili kalorimetri mWida masalebis
hidrataciis siTbos gasazomad gamoyenebul iqna ara marto
saqarTveloSi.
50-ian wlebSive Caisaxa mWida maslebis sferoSi axali
mimarTuleba alunitis safuZvelze swrafad Semkvradi cementebis qimiasa da teqnologiaSi.
1952 wels JurnalSi `ssrk-s mecnierebaTa akademiis
moxsenebebi~ qveyndeba betoni kalesa da mis mowafeebis
naSromSi `alunitiani cementi~. masSi Seiswavleba aluniti
+ kirqva narevi da am narevis safuZvelze miRebuli cementi.
am naSroms mohyva samuSaoTa cikli da 1957-59 wlebSi k.
quTaTelaZe n. jinWaraZesTan erTad sTavazobs samecniero da
teqnikur sazogadoebas axal monacemebsa da gamoyenebis
sferoebs alunitze miRebuli cementebisa, 1959 wels
kvlevaSi erTveba k. quTaTelaZis mowafe, amJamad t.m.d.
profesori, silikatebis teqnologiis kaTedris gamge T.
gabadaZe, romelic batoni kales gardacvalebis Semdeg
xelmZRvanelobs am mimarTulebas.
alunitian narevebSi cementebis Sekvrisa da gamyarebis
dros da gafarToebisas mimdianre procesebis. am cementebis
fazuri Sedgenilobisa da mravali teqnologiuri parametre34
bis gavlenis Rrma Seswavlisa da analizis safuZvelze. maT
mier mieRebul iqna swrafadmagrebadi cementebis klasi
unikaluri TvisebebiTa da gamoyenebis sferoebiT. batoni
kalesa da misi mowafeebis prioriteti am cementebis miRebaSi aRiarebulia sayovelTad da hpova farTo praqtkuli
gamoyeneba.
alunitSemcveli narevidan miRebul iqna wyalgaumtari
gamfarToebadi portlandcementi, swrafadSemkvradi maRalmdgradi anhidrituli cementi, gamfarToebadi cementi brZmedis
widis
safuZvelze,
xurvalmedegi
gamfarToebadi,
damZabavi da mravali sxva saxis da daniSnulebis cementi.
rogorc yovelTvis, batoni kales gverdiT am wamowyebaSi
iyvnen misi mowafeebi: i. surgulaZe, v. sixaruliZe, g. sxvitariZe, n. nergaZe, n. zenaiSvili da mravali sxvani.
mWida masalebis sferoSi, garda zemoaRniSnulisa, k,
quTaTelaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Sesrulda mravali sxva
samuSao, romelTa Soris aRvniSnavT:
1. barium-sulfatiani cementebis miReba. am cementebis
ZiriTad Rirsebas warmoadgenda maRali meqanikuri simtkice
da Zlier gamoxatuli hidravlikuri Tviseba. samuSao Sesrulebul iqna aspirant gerievasTan erTad.
2. sulfatmedegi uxvmanganumiani widacementis Seqmna v.
SafaqiZis, i. ficxelaurisa da a. rustamberkovis monawileobiT.
3. swrafadSemkvradi widaportlandcementis miReba; k.
Tandilovas, p. slavinskisa da n. enuqiZesTan erTad. am
cementis gamoyenebiT daixvewa viswro gangliviT miRebuli
nakeTobebis teqnologia.
4. naSromebi, Sesrulebuli i. CxikvaZesTan erTad,
atmosferomedegi kirqva-pucolanuri cementebis sferoSi.
5. kvlevaTa cikli Sesrulebuli g. zaaliSvilTan, a.
rustambekovsa da r. lekiSvilTan erTad specialuri daniSnulebis cementebis sferoSi. saqme exeba cementebs, romelTa
ZiriTad Tvisebas warmoadgens radiaqtiuri gamosxivebisadmi
maRali mdgradoba da gamoiyeneba atomur teqnikaSi. am
35
sferoSi Seiqmna Tvisobrivad axali Sedgenilobis cementebi,
romlebmac hpova sruli aRiareba.
verc erTi dagri, uSualod dakavSirebuli maRaltemperaturul procesebTan ver iarsebebs Tboteqnikuri danadgarebisaTvis saWiro masalisa da sazomi xelsawyoebis dacvis
gareSe. am sefroSi k. quTaTelaZis moRvaweoba iseTive
nayofieria, rogorc silikatebis mecnierebisa da teqnikis
nebismier dargSi.
jer kidev ormocian wlebSi, k. quTaTelaZe aqtiurad
monawileobda adgilobrivi masalebis gamoyenebiT Samotis
miRebis saqmeSi. samuSaoebi gagrZelda ormocdaaTian wlebSi
da Semdgom periodSic, ZiriTadad, e. zedgeniZesTan erTad.
Seiqmna msubuqi cecxlgamZle liptobiolituri fiqalis ganacrisa da nacris gamoyenebiT, forsterituli
cecxlgamZle qviSisa da CorCanis serpentinitebis safuZvelze (v. glurjiZesTan erTad). ajameTis qalcedonis gamoyenebiT miRebul iqna msubuqi dinasi.
Sesrulda kvlevaTa cikli, romelmac miipyro mravali
metalurgiuli qarxnis yuradReba. kaolinis nitrirebisas
mimdinare procesebis Seswavlis safuZvelze saSen masalebis
institutSi iqmneba sazomi xelsawyoebis, maRali temperaturebisa da agresiuli garemos mimarT mdgradi damcavi masalebi. Tavis umcros kolegebTan, batoni kales mowafeebTan _
r. pirumovasa da l. lorTqifaniZesTan erTad, k. quTaTelaZisa da e. zedgeniZes mier kaolinisa da aluminis pudrisagan
miRebuli narevis azotis denSi gamowviT miiReba masala,
romelic ar ganicdis korozias foladis, Tujis, kadmiumis,
tyviis,
kalasa
da
bismutis
nadnobebSi.
CayvinTvis
TermowylebisaTvis SemoTavazebul da gamoyenebul iqna
karborundis masalebi, romelSic Semkvrelis rols asrulebda kalciumis nitridi. Seqmnilma masalebma daimsaxura
rusTavis, doneckis, zlatoustis, Celiabinskis, komunarskisa
da sxva metalurgili qarxnebis maRali Sefaseba.
saqarTvelos didi tradiciebi gaaCnia keramikuli
masalebis damzdeba-moxmarebaSi. keramikisagan Sesrulebuli
36
nakeTobani warmoadgens Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis nivTobriv
Zeglebs. k. quTaTelaZe kargad erkveoda am sakiTxSi da ar
zogavda Zalasa da energias silikaturi mrewvelobis am
dargis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
saqarTveloSi CamosvlisTanave batoni kale did
yuradRebas uTmobs adgilobriv Tixebs _ keramikis erT-erT
ZiriTad gamosaval masalas. meore sazrunavs warmoadgenda
TanamoazreTa jgufis Camoyalibeba da, rogorc yovelTvis,
batoni kale eZebs maT, ZiriTadad Tavis mowafeebs Soris.
kaTedraze swavlebisas igi studentTa Soris avlens saqmisadmi erTgulebs da andobs maT Tavisi ideebis ganxorcielebas. ase yalibdeba jgufi kvlevaTa mimarTulebiT. ase Seiqmna
is ZiriTadi Zala, romelmac SeZlo keramikis sferoSi
Caetarebina metad saintereso gamokvlevebi. ai, isinic: i.
xizaniSvili, g. gafrindaSvili, g. gverdwiTeli, q. qinqlaZe,
r. mamalaZe, z. kovziriZe, i. royva, g. lolaZe, e. xaraSvili
da sxvani.
batoni kales xelmZRvanelobiT keramikis sferoSi
Sesrulda metad nayofieri samecniero kvlevaTa cikli.
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom am kvlevaTa safuZvels
warmoadgens batoni kales mier Camoyalibebuli mosazrebebi
keramikul da sxva silikatur masebSi mimdinare myarfaza
reaqciebis Sesaxeb.
miiReba da praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba gamWvirvale, feradi
da yruWiqurobis farTo sfeqtri, originaluri keramikuli
pigmentebi, aRdgena-daJangviTi safarebi. yuradRebas ipyrobs
faifuris, naxevrad faifurisa da sxva faqizkeramikuli
masebis miReba perlitisa da traqitis safuZvelze da
kaolinis gareSe yvela es kvleva emyareba mTis qanebis Taviseburebebis Rrma Seswavlas.
keramikul mrewvelobaSi CvenSi da Cveni qveynis gareTac arsebuli e.w. `mindvrisSpaturi~ SimSili gadalaxul
iqna mindvris Spatebis nacvlad fsevdokristaluri perlitisa da kristaluri traqitis mTis qanebis SeyvaniT keramikul kazmebSi.
37
axali komponentebis SeyvaniT unda Secvliliyo keramikuli masebis reologiuri Tvisebebi da struqturis
formirebis kinetika, romelTa dadgenis gareSe SeuZlebeli
iyo nakeTobaTa miRebis optimaluri gzebis dadgena.
batoni kale misTvis Cveuli energiiTa da gamWriaxobiT
xelmZRvanelobda am samuSaoebs da Teoriuli kvleva daiyvana
miRebuli Sedegebis praqtikul ganxorcielebamde.
am mimarTulebiT ganviTarebuli kvlevis Sedegi iyo
axali, Teoriulad da praqtikulad dasabuTebuli daskvna,
kerZod, _ perlitis gamoyenebisas faqizkeramikuli masis
misaRebad SeiZleba Seicvalos kidev erTi, sakmaod deficituri nedleuli _ kaolini. mis magivrobas kazmSi gaswevs
Tixamiwa da Tixa.
kvleva kvlav grZeldeba da perlitis gamoyenebiT
miiReba TvisebebiT sapirispiro masalebi. dabaltemperaturuli da xurvalmedegi keramika. pervelis _ xurvalmedegi
keramikis miRebaSi ZiriTadad gamosaval nedleuls emateba
boTlis minis lewi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, mTis piris
traqiti da agaris Talki.
traqiti, romlis ZiriTad minerals warmoadgens
kaliumis mindvris Spatis maRaltemperaturuli modifikacia
_ sanidini, potenciurad mindvris Spatis tolfasi masalaa
_ miiCnevs batoni kale. marTlac am mTis qanis gamoyenebiT
miiReba sanitarul-teqnikuri da sayofacxovrebo keramikuli
nakeTobani.
ormocdaaTian wlebSi k. quTaTelaZe Seiswavlis
uxvaluminian minis masebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas minis
taris manqanur warmoebaSi. Znelia moiZebnos sxva am xerxiT
Sesrulebuli kvleva. SeiZleba Tu ara gamoviyenoT minis
qanebi (andeziti, bazalti, traqiti, pegmatiti) taris
warmoebaSi? erTi SexedviT, am martivi amocanis gadawyvetisas, batoni kale v. demCenkosTan erTad Rebulobs Sedegebs, romlebsac aqvT globaluri mniSvneloba. k. quTaTelaZe
aRmoCnda erT-erTi pirvelTagani, romelmac Teoriulad da
praqtikulad daamtkica uxvaluminiani minebis gamoyenebis
38
araTu SesaZlebloba, aramed mizanSewonilebac fiderian da
vakuumur manqanebze.
1960 wels k. quTaTelaZe acnobs farTo sazogadoebas
saqarTvelos codnis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis periodikiT minasa da misi gamoyenebis sferoebs.
wlebis manZilze igi ikvlevda da praqtikulad Rebulobda minis boWkos, samSeneblo minas, minis izolatorebs,
minis naxevargamtarebs, qimiurad mdgrad minebs, minakristalur masalebs.
sazogadod, rogorc wesi, kvleva-Ziebis dawyebamde
iqmneboda koleqtivi. masSi Sediodnen: moskovis qimiurteqnologiuri institutis aspiranturadamTavrebuli t.m.k.
e. fircxalava, v. demCenko, r. verulaSvili, T. sariSvili, a.
saruxaniSvili, e. vasermani. SemdgomSi minis Teoriasa da
praqtikaSi batoni kales TanamSemweebi iyvnen l. xarTiSvili,
g. kakabaZe, d. TayaiSvili, T. WeiSvili, n. quTaTelaZe da
mravali sxv., romelTa umravlesoba dRes ukve gamocdili
mkvlevaria.
unda aRiniSnos, rom batoni kale SesaniSnavad icnobda
minis nadnobis SesaZleblobebs. isic icoda, rom e.w.
`zemodan~ dakristalebiT am nadnobidan SeiZleboda miRebuliyo sxmuli qva _ poli da monomineraluri nakeTobani,
romelTa gamoyenebis sfero metad farToa. saqarTveloSi,
sadac moipoveba sxmuli qvis warmoebsiaTvis TiTqmis aRuracxeli nedleuli, amgvari warmoebis organizaciisaTvis
batoni kale mimarTavs maT Seswavlas da praqtikul ganxorcielebas. am procesSi ikveTeba dakristalebis marTvis
SesaZlebloba teqnologiuri procesebis Tanmimdevrobis
SecvliTa da specialuri danamatebis SeyvaniT.
50-60-ian wlebSi samecniero-teqnikur periodikaSi sul
ufro xSirad Cndeba cnobebi axali minakristaluri masalebis aRmoCena-gamoyenebis sferoSi. foto-da pirokeramikas _
ruseTSi sitals uwodebdnen. am masalis unikalurma Tvisebebma gamoiwvia aRniSnuli mimarTulebis samuSaoTa arnaxuli
aRorZineba. ruseTSi iqmneba e.w. petrositali, ris Semdeg am
39
masalis avtorad cxaddeba ruseTis erT-erTi TvalsaCino
mecnieri i. kataigordski, magram am sazogadoebisaTvis rCeba
ucnobi, rom saqarTveloSi TiTqmis erTdroulad (Tu
ramdenadme adre ara), k. quTaTelaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnilia masala, romelic gamoiyeneba zRvispira rkinigzis
nagebobebis dasacavad. aRniSnuli masala Tavisi bunebiTa da
TvisebebiT petrositalis analogi iyo.
samSeneblo minis SedgenilobaTa damuSavebisas batoni
kale yuradRebas uTmobs mTis qanebs, rogorc gamosavali
kazmis erT-erT ZiriTad komponents. perlitis, bazaltis,
warmoebis narCenebisa da sxva aradeficitur masalaTa safuZvelze miiReba mosapirkeTebeli filebi, xariCa _ mozaikuri
filakebi, zedapirulad dekoratiuli nakeTobani. am kvlevebisas gamomuSavda axali midgoma samSeneblo minebis sakiTxebisadmi. gamoiyeneba uCveulo, magram teqnologiisadmi damyoli Sedgenilobebi, deficituri da toqsikuri danamatebi
icvleba igive funqciuri daniSnulebis sxva masalebiT,
regulirdeba da racionalurad gamoiyeneba SemuSavebuli
minebis Tavisebureba. regulirebadi, prognozirebadi da
kontrolirebadi teqnologiebis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens k. quTaTelaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Sesrulebuli samuSaoebi eleqtroteqnikuri da eleqtronuli daniSnulebis
masalebis Seqmnis sferoSi. am samuSaoTa Sedegebi warmoadgens did interess dieleqtrikuli da naxevargamtari
masalebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT. metic, rig samuSaoTa
Sedegebma hpova praqtikuli ganxorcielebac.
k. quTaTelaZis xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna minebis axali
klasi _ manganituri. am klasis minebis gamoyenebis sfero
metad moculobiTia da Seicavs Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da
teqnikis TiTqmis yvela dargs. am mimarTulebiT kvleva
grZeldeba dResac batoni kales mowafis, t.m.d. profesor a.
saruxaniSvilis mier stu-is fizikuri qimiis kaTedraze.
b-ni kale 300-ze meti samecniero naSromis avtoria,
maTgan 100-ze meti saavtoro mowmoba da patentia, romelTa
umravlesobam saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova.
40
akademikos nikoloz landias cxovreba da
samecniero moRvaweoba
TvalsaCino qarTveli mecnieri qimikosi nikoloz
(kukuri) aleqsandres Ze landia daibada 1919 wlis 26
ianvars q. quTaisSi qarTveli inteligentis ojaxSi.
mama _ aleqsandre iyo maswavlebeli, deda _ Tamar margvelaSvili _ diasaxlisi. nikoloz landias saskolo wlebi
da mTeli Tavisi Semdgomi cxovreba dakavSirebuli iyo q.
TbilisTan, sadac miiRo saSualo ganaTleba.
1935 wels igi Sevida saqarTvelos industriul institutSi, romelic 1940 wels warCinebiT daamTavra qimikos –
teqnologis specialobiT.
1941 wlis ianvridan 1945 wlamde muSaobda sakvebmrewvproeqtis institutSi inJiner-teqnologad, Semdgom ki
ufros inJinrad. igi iyo kvebis mrewvelobis rigi msxvili
obieqtebis teqnologiuri nawilis avtori, riTac didi
SemoqmedebiTi wvlili Seitana am dargis ganviTarebaSi.
1941 wels saproeqto institutSi muSaobis paralelurad, Sevida saqarTvelos politeqnikur institutis aspiranturaSi araorganul nivTierebaTa teqnologiis specialobiT.
1945 w. sakandidato disertaciis dacvis Semdeg, dainiSna
kaTedris asistentad da fakultetis dekanis moadgiled.
Semdgom wlebSi muSaobda politeqnikuri istitutis samecniero-kvleviTi seqtoris gamged, saswavlo nawilis gamged,
fakultetis dekanad, 1953 wlis ivlisidan 1959 wlis
Tebervlamde ki _ proreqtorad saswavlo nawilSi. 1947w. n.
landia daamtkices docentis Tanamdebobaze da konkursiT
airCies kaTdris gamged. 1949 – 1951 wlebSi ssrk
mecnierebaTa akademiis doqtorantia.
1958 w. TebervalSi n. landiam ssrk-is mecnierebaTa
akademiis n.s. kurnakovis saxelobis zogadi da araorganuli
qimiis institutSi warmatebiT daicva sadoqtoro disertacia, imave wels miiRo qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris
xarisxi, Semdeg ki profesoris wodeba.
41
1958 wlis ivlisSi igi daqorwinda cisana ivanes asul
wereTelze, qimikos-teqnologze, romelsac icnobda 9 wlis
asakidan da romelTanac erTad gaatara mTeli Semdgomi
cxovreba.
1959 wlis Tebervlidan 1960 wlamde xelmZRvanelobda
laboratorias saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis institutSi, xolo 1960 wlis ivnisidan dainiSna araorganuli qimiisa da eleqtroqimiis institutis direqtorad.
1961 w. airCies saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
wevr-korespondentad, xolo 1974 w. _ akademikosad.
1972 wlis maisidan 1974 wlamde asrulebda saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikos – mdivnis movaleobas,
xolo 1974 wlis martSi airCies amave Tanamdebobaze. 1981
wlidan 1984 wlamde iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis
vice-prezidenti.
adreve gamoikveTa n. landias gansakuTrebuli interesebis sfero. misi Sromebi exeba Termoqimias, qimiur teqnologias da teqnologiuri procsebis Seswavlas fizikurqimiuri da Termodinamikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT. teqnlogiuri xasiaTis mniSvnelvan gamokvlevas warmoadgens n. landias sakandidato disertacia. masSi damuSavebulia sodis
warmoebis sruliad axali, originaluri da im droisaTvis
metad prgresuli meTodi saqarTvelos mirabilitis gamoyenebiT. warmodgenili meTodisaTvis avtorma, mis xelmZRvanel
prof. v. kakabaZesTan erTad miiRo saavtoro mowmoba. Sromis
nawili gamoqveynda JurnalSi `Хтьтческая промышленность~,
romelsac axlavs redaqciis specialuri SeniSvna Catarebuli
samuSaos mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. es meTodi rekomendebulia
sxva samecniero kvleviTi organizaciebisaTvis. am Sromis
safuZvelze sodis mrewvelobis sakavSiro samecniero-kvleviT institutSi a. gorbanovis da d. ginzburgis mier damuSavda rigi Temebisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom a. gorbanovis sadoqtoro disertacia faqtiurad warmoadgenda aRniSnuli Sromis ganviTarebas. meTodi Semowmda msxvil laboratoriul
danadgarze saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis liTon42
Ta teqnologiis kaTedris laboratoriaSi. Sedegebi savsebiT
damakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda da Setanil iqna avtoris sadoqtoro disertaciaSi.
n. landia did yuradRebas uTmobda maRaltemperaturuli procesebis Seswavlas qimiuri Termodinamikis meTodebis
gamoyenebiT. pirveli specialuri Sromebi am sferoSi eZRvneba teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovan Termuli da Termodinamikuri Tvisebebis dadgenas, maT miekuTvneba
Sromebi, romlebSic dadgenilia myari uwylo natriumis
sulfatis elementebisagan warmoqmnis Tavisufali energiis
mniSvnelobebi, myari uwylogogirdovani natriumis Tbotevadobis da entropiis mniSvnelobebi, myari uwylo gogirdovani natriumis elementebisagan warmoqmnis Tavisufali
energia da myari uwylo natriumis sulfatis da hidrosulfidis warmqmnis Tavisufali energiebi. am samuSaoebis
Sesruleba moiTxovda literaturaSi arsebuli monacemebis
detalur analizs, meTodis SerCevas da Sesabamisi angariSebis Catarebas. Sromebis Sedegebi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan
sacnobaro masalas; misi nawili CarTulia qimiuri naerTebis
Termodinamikuri Tvisebebis rCeuli monacemebis krebulSi,
romelic 1952 wels gamoaqveyna amerikis standartebis
nacionalurma biurom.
maRali temperaturuli procesebis kvlevisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania n. landias Sromebi, romlebic
eZRvneba kristaluri araorganuli naerTebis maRaltemperaturuli Tbotevadobis gansazRvras. qimiur nivTierebaTa
maRaltemperaturuli Tbotevadobis temperaturisagan damokidebulebis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia ara marto Termodinamikuri, aramed qimiur – teqnologiuri, mtalurgiuli
da sxva maRaltemperaturuli procesebis Tburi gamokvlevebis Catareba. amitom, n. landias Sromebi, romlebic Seqmnilia am mimarTulebiT, metad aqtualuria ara marto zemoT
CamoTvlili, aramed axali teqnikis sxva dargebisaTvisac.
n. landias mier gamoqveynebul gamokvlevebSi, aseve mis
sadoqtoro disertaciaSi Temaze: `myari araorganuli
43
naerTebis maRaltemperaturuli Tbotevadobis angariSi
standartuli entropiis mixedviT~ mocemulia Tbotevadobis
gamoTvlis sruliad axali entropiuli meTodi. am meTods
safuZvlad udevs myari tanis Tbotevadobis kvanturi Teoriis zogierTi rezultati da fuzikur – qimiuri Sexedulebebi Tbotevadobis gavlenisa da gaxurebisas maTSi mimdinare gardaqmnebze. ganxilulia 260 nivTierebis Tbotevadoba
da naCvenebia axali meTodis sizuste sxva arsebul meTodebTan SedarebiT. miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovania qimiurteqnologiuri, metalurgiuli da sxva maRaltemperaturuli
procesebis kvlevisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, agreTve mniSvnelovania zogadi da fizikuri qimiis mTeli rigi sakiTxebis
Seswavlisas. maT aqvT garkveuli mniSvneloba liTonTa fizikis da maTi teqnologiis zogierTi sakiTxis ganxilvisas.
sayuradReboa, rom n. landia iyo teqnikis mecnierebaTa
kandidati, xolo sadoqtoro disertacia waradgina qimiis
mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad.
mis pirad arqivSi inaxeba stenograma ssrk-s mecnierebaTa akademiis n.s. kurnakovis saxelobis zogadi da araorganuli qimiis institutis 1958 wlis 25 Tebervlis samecniero sabWos sxdomisa, romelzedac n. landiam daicva sadoqtoro disertacia. Sromam miiRo maRali Sefaseba ara marto
oficialuri oponentebisagan, aramed iseTi cnobili mecnierebesagan, rogorebic iyvnen akad. s.i. volfkoviCi, akad. wevr
-kor. a.f. kapustinski, prof. p.n. muraCi, prof. a.n. krestovnikovi da sxvebi.
amerikel mecnierTa krebulSi (`Земная кора~) romelic ssrk-Si 1957 wels gamoica, moTavsebulia rambergis
statia, romelSic didi mniSvneloba eniWeba n. landias meTods petrogenezisis Termodinamikis sakiTxebis damuSavebisas.
n. landias da o. mWedlov-petrosianis statiam, romelic dafuZnebulia n. landias gaTvlis meTodze, farTo
gamoxmaureba hpova da Setanilia ramdenime monografiaSi,
kerZod, n. landias da o. mWedlov-petrosians sadiskusio
44
statiam v. lebedevis Sromebis Sesaxeb, romelic silikatebis
warmoqmnis procesis energetikul analizs exeba, Jurnalis
redaqciis sruli mxardaWera miiRo.
1959 wels n. landiam Seasrula samuSao, romelic
exeba feromagnituri, antiferomagnituri da ferimagnituri
kristaluri nivTierebebis maRaltemperaturuli Tbotevadobis kvlevas, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada gaTvlebis Catareba
rogorc aramagnituri, ise magnituri nawilis gaTvaliswinebiT. magnituri nawili miRebulia atomur-magnitur momentTan (boris magnetonebSi) da naerTis molekulaSi magnitoaqtiuri atomebis ricxvTan damkidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
aseTi midgoma sxvavdeba disertaciaSi ganxiluli midgomisagan da ukeTes Sedegebs iZleva. yvela sxva cnobili
meTodi ar iZleva saSualebas ricxobrivad gamoiTvalon
damatebiTi Tbotevadoba, amitom, n. landias mier miRebuli
Sedegebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos uaRresad sainteresod da
mniSvnelovnad.
1961 wels n. landiam d. cagareiSvilTan erTad
gamoaqveyna statia, romelSic ainStainis, debais da tarasovis funqciebi kristaluri nivTierebebis Tbotevadobis da
entropiisaTvis temperaturaTa did intervalSi iseTi
saxiTaa moyvanili, rom SesaZlebelia advilad Catardes
maTematikuri gardaqmnebi da damyardes kavSiri calkeul
sidideebs Soris. amasTan, rogorc cnobilia, es funqciebi
metad rTulia da maTi gamoyenebisaTvis xmaroben simbolur
Caweras.
1962
wels
saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa
akademiis
gamomcemlobam gamosca n. landias monografia `myari
araorganuli naerTebis maRaltemperaturuli Tbotevadobis
angariSi standartuli entropiis mixedviT~.
monografia warmoadgens sadoqtoro disertaciis ganviTarebas, magram mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba misgan. monografiis moculobis mesamedi axali masalaa, kerZod, sruliad
axleburad aris ganxiluli feromagnituri, antiferomagnituri da ferimagnituri nivTierebebis Tbotevadoba da
45
maTze fazuri gardaqmnis gavlenis sakiTxi. monografiis
gamosvlis Semdeg n. landias meTodi ufro farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc Cvens qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT. magaliTad,
babuSkinis da sxvaTa monografia, romelic ruseTSi orjer
aris gamocemuli, xolo 1985 wels germaniaSi gamoica,
mniSvnelovan wilad dafuZnebulia n. landias meTodze. es
meTodi mTlianad aris aRwerili cnobarSi da CarTulia
saxelmZRvaneloSi. meTodis farTo gamoyeneba Termoqimiuri
gamoTvlebis dros rekomendebulia fizikuri qimiisa da
silikatebis Termoqimiis iseTi didi specialistebis mier,
rogoric aris v. eiteli.
n.
landias
rCeul
SromebSi
wlebis
mixedviT
miTiTebulia im samecniero publikaciebis nusxa romlebic
xelmisawvdomi gaxda `rCeuli Sromebis~ redkolegiisaTvis.
1963 wels gamoqveynda n. landias da d. cagareiSvilis
statia, romelSic dadgenilia, rom araorganul naerTTa
standartuli entropiis miaxloebiTi gamoTvlis meTodebi
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes am naerTis maRaltemperaturuli
Tbotevadobis gaangariSebisas. naCvenebia atomuri entropiis
sididis, atomuri Tbotevadobis da lRobis temperaturis
gavlena gamoTvlis cdomilebaze.
1959-1960 ww. n. landias TaosnobiT mecnierebaTa
akademiis or dawesebulebaSi _ metalurgiis da araorganuli qimiis da eleqtroqimiis institutebSi Camoyalibda
laboratoriebi, sadac warmatebiT mimdinareobs Termodinamikuri da Termoqimiuri kvlevebi.
kalorimetriis da qimiuri Termodinamikis VI sakavSiro konferenciaze, romelic n. landias TavmjdomareobiT
Catarda q. TbilisSi 1973 wels, monawileoba miiRo 200-mde
gamoCenilma sabWoTa da ucxoelma specialistebma. sagangebod
aRiares is faqti, rom n. landiam saqarTveloSi Seqmna
Termodinamikuri kvlevebis mZlavri samecniero centri.
n. landiam Tavis kolegebTan erTad, umokles vadaSi
Seqmna ara marto unikaluri mowyobiloba-danadgarebi kvlevebis Casatareblad, aramed daxvewa saTanado meTodikac da
46
aRzarda qarTveli Termoqimikosebis saukeTeso kadrebi,
romlebic maRali avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen Cvensa da
ucxoel specialistebs Soris.
saqarTvelos mercnierebaTa akademiis araorganuli
qimiisa da eleqtroqimiis institutis Termoqimiis laboratoria, romelsac n. landia xelmZRvanelobda 1960-72
wlebSi da dRes mis saxels atarebs, wamyvan samecniero
centrad iTvleba eqsperimentuli Termodinamikis dargSi,
myar nivTierebaTa maRaltemperaturuli Tvisebebis Sesaswavlad (enTalpia, Tbotevadoba, entropia, standartuli
Termodinamikuri funqciebi da sxv.)
n. landiam Tavis mowafeebTan erTad Seqmna originaluri preziciuli Serevis tipis masiuri adiabaturi kalorimetri. amisaTvis n. landiam xangZlivi vadiT moskovSi
kurnakovis saxelobis zogadi da araorganuli qimiis
institutSi miavlina g. CaCaniZe da a. Cuprini.
kalorimetri gamoirCeva gazomvebis maRali sizustiT
(0,2-0,3%), muSaobs temperaturis farTo diapazonSi (2981300 K) da ZiriTad kvanZebSi avtomaturad imarTeba. am
tipis kalorimetrSi temperaturis gasazomad pirvelad n.
landiam gamoiyena naxevargamtari tipis temperaturis sazomi
_ Termistori, romelic maRali mgrZnobiarobiT xasiaTdeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom n. landias TaosnobiT da xelSewyobiT Termoqimiis laboratoria moicavs eqsperimentuli
Termodinamikis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts. garda zemoxsenebuli
maRaltemperaturuli kalorimetrisa, laboratoriaSi agebulia WeSmariti Tbotevadobis sazomi dabaltemperaturuli
kalorimetri, romlis eqsperimerntuli diapazoni 20-300 Kmdea. aqve funqcionirebs Setaram-is firmis diferencialuri
skanirebis kalorimetri DSC-III maRaltemperaturuli Tbotevadobisa da fazuri gardaqmnebis energetikis dasadgenad;
kalorimetri HT-1500 – fazuri gardaqmnebis da entropiis
Sesaswavlad; kalves tipis kalorimetri _ gaxsnis da
warmoqmnis siTbos da jibsis Tavisufali energiis dasadgenad; firma MOM-derivatografi, balistikuri danadgari
47
fizikur-qimiuri da magnituri kvlevebis Casatareblad da
sxv.
1965 wels gamoqveynda statia, romelSic aRwerilia
Termoqimiis laboratoriaSi Seqmnili maRaltemperaturuli
Serevis tipis adiabaturi kalorimetri da misi regulirebis
kvanZebis muSaobis principi. statiam didi interesi
gamoiwvia rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT. maRaltemperaturul kalorimetrSi Termistoris gamoyenebas da misi
dagraduirebis saimedoobas eZRvneba g. CaCaniZesa da
n. leJavasTan erTad gamoqveynebuli statiebi. Termistoris
gamoyenebiT n. landiam da misma TanamSromlebma SeZles
sakmao maRali siuzustiT ( ± 1,0%) gaezomaT Tbotevadoba
standartul temperaturaze, rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs
enTalpiisa da Tbotevadobis gantolebaTa cdomilebis
SemcirebisaTvis. statiebma specialistebis didi interesi
gamoiwvia, orive iTargmna inglisurad da gamoica aSS-Si.
aRniSnuli danadgarebis gamoyenebiT n. landiam 1960-84
wlebSi Tavis mowafeebTan erTad farTo kvlevebis safuZvelze daadgina mecnierebisa da teqnikisaTvis mniSvnelovani
obieqtebis _ feritebis da maTi myari xsnarebis ZiriTadi
Termodinamikuri Tvisebebi. am samuSaoTa aqtualuroba naTeli gaxdeba Tu vityviT, rom XX saukenes feritebis saukunes uwodeben. am masalebs iyeneben atomur da kosmosur
teqnikaSi, kibernetikaSi, eleqtronul-gamomTvlel manqanebSi
da sxv. didia maTi roli agreTve maRal da zemaRal
sixSireebze imis gamo, rom maTSi unikalurad aris Serwymuli magnituri da naxevrad gamtaruli Tvisebebi. naTelia, Tu
ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kvlevebs feritebis Termodinamikis dargSi.
1965 wels mesame sakavSiro konferenciaze kalorimetriasa da naxevargamtarebSi qimiuri bmis problemebTan dakavSirebul sakavSiro TaTbirze moxsenebul iqna nikelis,
kobaltis, bariumis da TuTiis feritebis maRaltemperaturuli enTalpiis kvlevis Sedegebi. moxsenebebi krebulSi
gamoqverynda da iTargmna inglisurad. 1966 wels gamoqveynda
48
statia nikelis da kobaltis maRaltemperaturuli enTalpiis Sesaxeb, romelSic naCvenebia frangi mkvlevaris bosirolis mier adre Catarebuli gamokvlevis didi cdomileba da
mocemulia axali sidideebi. Semdgom wlebSi n. landia
TanamSromlebTan erTad ikvlevs ara marto individualur
feritebs, aramed sistemebs, romlebSic SesaZlebelia kanonzomierebis damyareba Termul Tvisebas, Sedgenilobasa da
koncentracias
Soris.
pirveli
aseTi
sistema
iyo
NiFe2O4_ZnFe2O4. gamoqveynebuli statiebi Seicavs saintereso masalas, romlebic adasturebs Termistoris gamoyenebis did mniSvnelobas da avlens nikel-TuTiis feritebis
myar xsnarebSi saintereso kanonzomierebebis arsebobas.
1969 wels iwyeba BaO-Fe2O3 sistemis kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia, rac garkveul Teoriul interess iwvevs,
radgan es sistema Seicavs feromagnitur heqsaferits da
orToferits, romelic gaxurebisas icvlis Tavis Sedgenilobas. bariumis heqsaferitis enTalpia da Tbotevadoba
gaizoma temperaturis farTo diapazonSi 50-1300-K. Seswavlil iqna bariumis rTuli heqsaferitebis Me2W(Me=Ni, Cu)
maRaltemperaturuli enTalpia da Tbotevadoba. kvlevis
Sedegebi moxsenebul iqna saerTaSoriso konferenciaze
monpelieSi (safrangeTi).
1971 w. moskovSi kalorimetriis V sakavSiro konferenciaze moxsenebul iqna liTium-TuTiis feritebis myari
xsnarebis enTalpiisa da Tbotevadobis kvlevis Sedegebi. am
gamokvleviT iwyeba liTiumSemcveli feritebis da feroaluminatebis kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia. liTium-TuTiis
feritebis myar xsnarebze pirvelad gamoicada n. landias
axali meTodi esqperimentis
Sedegebis statistikuri
damuSavebisa.
1975 wels gamoqveynda statia, romelic exeba Termogravimetriuli meTodiT liTium-TuTiis feritebis myari
xsnarebis warmoqmnis reaqciis meqanizmis dadgenas da
zogierT kanonzomierebas polimorfuli gardaqmnis tempera-
49
turisa da kiuris wertilis cvlilebisa da myari xsnaris
Sedgenilobisagan.
liTiumis feroaluminatebis kvlevas exeba mTeli rigi
publikaciebi. maTSi Seswavlilia liTiumis feroaluminatebis Tbofizikuri da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi, Termuli damuSavebis gavlena gardaqmnebis enTalpiasa da entropiaze, zogierTi Termodinamikuri Tvisebebi.
1982 wels TbilisSi Catarebul IX sakavSiro konferenciaze kalorimetriasa da qimiur TermodinamikaSi,
moxsenebul iqna evropiumis ferogranitis Tbotevadobis da
enTalpiis kvlevis Sedegebi temperaturis farTo diapazonSi
50-1300K. am gamokvleviT iwyeba iSviaT miwaTa elementebis
ferogranitebis sistemuri kvleva.
amave konferenciaze moxsenebul iqna Co-Zn feritebis
myari xsnarebis enTalpiisa da Tbotevadobis kvlevis Sedegebi. am sistemis myari xsnarebis Serevis enTalpiis SeswavliT, kalves tipis maRaltemperaturuli mikrokalorimetris gamoyenebiT iwyeba kvlevebi am mimarTulebiT. feritebi, ise rogorc yvela sxva kondensirebuli nivTiereba,
sxvadasxva faqtoris zegavleniT icvlis Tvisebebs da
struqturas, magram ra mimarTulebiT moxdeba Tvisebrivi
cvlileba, amis winaswari ganWvreta metad Znelia. Seswavlili masalebis sirTule da mravalferovneba ganapirobebs
imas, rom maTi Termodinamikuri, fizikur-qimiuri da magnituri Tvisebebis Seswavla SeiZleba mxolod eqsperimentis
gziT. monacemebi maT Sesaxeb literaturaSi mcirea da ver
akmayofilebs
Tanamedrove
mecnierebisa
da
teqnikis
moTxovnilebas. n. landiam da misma mowafeebma fundamenturi
SromebiT am sakiTxebs naTeli mohfines, amitom aris n.
landias Sromebi ase aqtualuri.
am samuSaoTa Sedegebi warmodgenili iyo mraval konferenciaze (aSS, inglisi, safrangeTi, italia, kanada, Cexoslovakia, germania da sxv.) da farTod aisaxa sabWoTa da
sazRvargareTis fundamentur cnobarebSi. agreTve Termodinamikur monacemTa avtomatizebul bankebSi. informacia
50
n. landiasa da misi mowafeebis samuSaoebis Sesaxeb
sistemurad qveyndeba saerTaSoriso biuletenSi, romelic
aSS-Si gamodis.
n. landia udides yuradRebas uTmobda organizaciul
da sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas. 12 wlis manZilze iyo
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis araorganuli qimiisa da
eleqtroqimiis institutis direqtori. didi samecniero
moRvaweobis paralelurad, n. landia 40 wlis manZilze
kiTxulobda qimiuri teqnologiebis procesebis da aparatebis kurss saqarTvelos politeqnikur institutSi. iyo
saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavlblebis leqtorTa sabWos,
sazogadoeba `codnis~ prezidiumis, mendeleevis saxelobis
sakavSiroi qimiuri sazogadoebis respublikuri ganyofilebis prezidiumis, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis da
politeqnikuri institutis samecniero xarisxebis mimniWebeli samecniero sabWos, qarTuli enciklopediis mTavari
saredaqcio kolegiis, rigi samecniero Jurnalebis redkolegiebis, ssrk-s mecnierebaTa akademiis Termoqimiisa da qimiuri Termodinamikis nacionaluri sabWos wevri, nikorwmindis
saxalxo universitetis pirveli reqtori.
n. landia iyo TiTqmis yvela kalorimetriuli konferenciis orgkomitetis wevri, xolo 1973 da 1982 wlebSi _
TbilisSi Catarebuli VI da IX sakavSiro kalorimetriuli
konferenciis saorganizacio komitetis Tabmjdomare. arCeul
iyo mendeleevis XI da XII yrilobebis orgkomitetis
wevrad.
mravali wlis manZilze n. landia eweoda aqtiur sazogadoebriv muSaobas. arCeuli iyo q. Tbilisis 1 maisis da
orjnikiZis raisabWos, q. Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos, saqarTvelos ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos IX da X mowvevis deputatad, xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos
mecnierebisa da teqnikis mudmiv komisias.
n. landia dajildebuli iyo `sapatio niSnis~ (1966 w.)
`Sromis wiTeli droSis~ (1976 w.), `xalxTa megobrobis~
(1981 w.) ordenebiT da medlebiT (1944, 1945, 1975 ww.).
51
1967 wels mieniWa saqarTvelos mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawis wodeba.
arian mkvlevarebi, romelnic win uswreben dros.
aseTTa rigs ekuTvnis n. landia. amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda
aRiniSnos is siaxle mecnierebaSi, romelic man Seqmna jer
kidev 1960-62 wlebSi. es gaxlavT eleqtronul gamomTvleli manqanebis gamoyenebiT eqsperimentis Sedegebis
statistikuri damuSavebis axali meTodi. amiT n. landiam
Termodinamikuri kvlevebi msoflio masStabebis saukeTeso
kvlevebis donemde aiyvana.
n. landias mier mowodebuli maaproqsimebeli gantolebebi enTalpiisa da Tbotevadobis funqciebisaTvis sakmaod
universaluria, isini ufro zustad asaxaven feromagnitur
nivTierebaTa Tvisebebs temperaturis farTo diapazonSi,
vidre aqamde cnobili meierisa da kelis gantolebebi.
aRniSnuli statistikuri gamoTvlebi gadatanilia
manqanis enaze. Sedgenilia Sesabamisi algoriTmebi, romlebsac
farTod iyeneben mkvlevarebi rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT.
samwuxarod n. landias ar dascalda mTeli Tavisi
Canafiqris ganxorcieleba. mZime avadmyofi igi gatacebiT
muSaobda Tavis bolo naSromze, romelic misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg gamoqveynda. masSi warmodgenilia originaluri
meTodi Tbotevadobis optimaluri aproqsimaciisa enTalpiis
monacemebis damuSavebis dros.
nikoloz landia 1984 wlis 25 Tebervals gardaicvala
65 wlis asakSi.
nikoloz landias gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoica misi
bibliografia seriiT `qarTveli mecnierebi~, gamomcemloba
merani, Tbilisi 1989. 1990 wels ki Н.А. Ландия
«Избранные труды», Мецниереба, Тбилиси.
52
sityva warmoTqmuli akad. n. landias 80 wlisadmi miZRvnil
sxdomaze, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiaSi 1999w. q.m.d.
n. leJavas mier
SesaniSnavi qarTveli mecnieri, gamorCeuli qarTveli kaci
1960 wels nikoloz landiam saqarTveloSi Seqmna
qimiuri Termodinamikis pirveli kera. imave wels mis
oTxkacian koleqtivs mec SevuerTdi. moskovis saxelmwifo
universitetis axaldamTavrebuli qimikosi.
qimiis iseTi korifeebis nastudentarma, rogorebic
iyvnen akademikosebi spicini, alimarini, nesmeianovi, rebinderi, volfkoviCi landias laboratoriaSi misvlisTanave
vigrZeni, rom Cemi axali maswavlebeli imaTi rangis, imave
donis mecnieria. am Sefasebis kriteriumi, rasakvirvelia,
emyareboda mis adamianur bunebas, im mSvid sisadaves,
romelic mxolod didi adamianebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
es is periodia, rodesac ukve arsebobda SemdgomSi
saqveynod cnobili landias entropiuli saangariSo meTodi.
man es-es iyo brwyinvaled daicva sadoqtoro disertacia,
ris Sedegadac aRiares iseTma cnobilma mecnierebma, rogorebic iyvnen karapetianci, tarasovi, kapustinski, sokolovi
da sxv.
am dros dasabeWdad mzaddeboda es Sroma da Cvens
vasrulevbdiT ra koreqturul samuSaos, imavdroulad
vcdilobdiT CavwvdomodiT mis Sinaarss.
1962 wels gamoica wigni, ara erTjeradi moxmarbis da
ara rigiTi samecniero monografia, aramed wigni, romelsac,
rogorc drom aCvena ukve hqonda gankuTvnili Tavisi sapatio
adgili mecnierul literaturaSi. mas dResac ar daukargavs
Tavisi mniSvneloba da kidev didxans Seasrulebs gzamkvlevis rols mecnierebaSi.
dasamali ar aris, rom xSirad Termodinamikur gamoTvlebs ise uyureben da iyeneben kidec, rom qimiuri
53
teqnolgiis ukve napovn optimalur process miusadagon,
mecnieruli formis misacemad, STabeWdilebis gazrdis
mizniT.
es sul sxva rangis da sruliad gansxvavebul msoflmxedvelobaze agebuli aparatia, romelic Tavis TavSi
Seicavs uzarmazar informacias myari kristaluri naerTebis
agebulebasa da struqturaze Termul maxasiaTeblebTan
kavSirSi rogorc ukve arsebuls, ise imdroisTvis axals da
am siaxles ar daukargavs progresuloba da araCveulebrivi
nayofiereba. kompiuteruli teqnika mas ufro da ufro did
horizontebs uSlis da amitom aris, rom interesi am
meTodisadmi ar klebulobs.
saocaria is faqti, rom nikoloz landias xedvam jer
kidev maSin monaxa is gzebi, is utyuari mignebebi da algoriTmebi, romelTa wyalobiT Tanamedrove teqnikuri progresi
aramcTu daukargavs siaxlis pews mis wigns, aramed axal
waxnagebsac warmoaCens.
nikoloz landias moRvaweobis Semdgomi etapi iyo sruliad gansxvavebuli sfero eqsperimentulad gazomili
Tbotevadobis temperaturasTan damokidebulebis _ aproqsimaciis dazusteba axali gantolebebis Ziebisa da misadagebis
gziT. amas sakmaod didi dro moandoma. faqtobrivad, sicocxlis bolomde ar Seuwyvetia muSaoba am mimarTulebiT.
am periodSi zogjer gaocebasa da gaRizianebasac
iwvevda gauTavebeli da daJinebuli muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, Tanac yovelgvari TviTreklamis gareSe (gamoqveynebuli
Sromebis
minimaluri
raodenobiT).
zogjer
saubarSi
Tvalebgabrwyinebuli gagviziarebda sixaruls axali mignebis
gamo. Cven ki am dros Zalze CamovrCebodiT mas, vinaidan
ZiriTadad eqsperimentiT viyaviT dakavebuli, xSirad ver
vigebdiT da mxolod vgrZnobdiT rom, marTlac raRac
sainteresos iyo SeWidebuli.
imave peridSi daigegma da materialuri safuZveli
Seuqmna eqsperimentuli kvlevis axal mimarTulebas Cven
laboratoriaSi. es iyo maRaltemperaturuli gaxsnis
54
meTodiT, Zneladdnobadi oqsiduri naerTebis, kerZod,
kalorimetriuli gziT Spinelebis Serevis energetikis
Seswavla. es samuSao me mando da sicocxlis bolomde
yuradReba ar mouklia am samuSaos Catarebis pirobebis
uzrunvelsayofad.
literaturaSi is-is iyo gaCnda DSedegebi oqsidebidan
Spinelebis warmoqmnis energiis Sesaxeb. xolo, rac Seexeba
ukve arsebul Spinelebis Serevis energias, aseTi monacemebi
ar arsebobda.
rodesac mopovebul iqna sakmarisi eqsperimentuli
masala, dadga CemTvis mZime periodi _ vgrZnobdi rogor
mWirdeboda Cemi maswavlebeli, raTa am masalisTvis mimeca
saWiro mimarTuleba Termuli da struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis dasakavSireblad. myari xsnarebis SerevisTvis aseTi
precendenti ar arsebobda.
maSin, xelaxla gadavSale misi wigni da axleburad
wavikiTxe. iq vipove pasuxi kiTxvaze.
ase Seiqmna logikuri jaWvi klepa-landia-cagareiSvililandia, romlis saSualebiT, Serevis konfiguraciuli
entropiis gaTvaliswinebiT, dazustda Spineluri myari
xsnarebis Serevis Tavisufali energiisa da srtuqturaSi
kaTionebis ganawilebis o’nilisa da navrockis miaxloebiTi
saangariSo modeli.
am muSaobis procesSi naTeli gaxda, ase daJinebiT Tu
ratom eZebda Tbotevadobasa da temperaturas Soris uzustes kavSirs. imitom, rom swored oTaxis temperaturasTan
axlos TbotevadobaSi aris kodirebuli is ufaqizesi konfiguraciuli informacia, romlis gamovlena SesaZlebelia
mxolod akademikos nikoloz landias mier SemoTavazebuli
gantolebebis gamoyenebiT.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos nikoloz landias Rvawli
imaSic, rom dRes saqarTveloSi TermoqimikosTa aRiarebuli,
Zlieri skola arsebobs, am skolis warmomadgenlebi am
darbazSi imyofebian. amitom mxolod erTs davasaxeleb: mis
55
sayvarel mowafes da Semdgom umcros kolegas, aw
gardacvlil qim. mecn. doqtors cagareiSvil demnas.
dRes, rodesac saqarTveloSi mecniereba ukiduresad
mZime mdgomareobaSia, rodesac uniWieresi qarTveli axalgazrdebi dafantuli arian msoflios sxvadasxva samecniero
kerebSi, gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs aseT Sexvedrebs da iubileebs.
unda imedi viqonioT, rom es axalgazrdebi dabrundebian da Cveni valia davaxvedroT maT qarTvel mecnierTa
saxelebi, rogorc CiraRdnebi, rom icodnen visi gorisani
arian.
erTi aseTi CiraRdani aris nikoloz landia, SesaniSnavi qarTveli mecnieri da patiosnebiT da keTilSobilebiT
gamorCeuli qarTveli kaci.
Rvawlmosili qarTveli mecnieris, saqarTveloSi
koloiduri qimiis fuZemdeblis, saqarTvelos teqnikur
universitetSi fizikuri qimiis swavlebis
organizatoris, q.m.d. prof. biZina kandelakis
samecniero moRvaweoba
biZina simonis-Ze kalndelaki daibada 1902 wlis 20
marts q. quTaisSi mravalsulian tradiciul ojaxSi. 1920
wels oqros medalze daamTavra q. Tbilisis vaJTa meore
gimnazia. 1923 w. aseve warCinebiT daamTavra Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti. 21 wlis niWierma Wabukma miipyro
gamoCenili mecnieris p. meliqiSvilis yuradReba da misi
rekomendaciiT batoni biZina datoves kaTedraze asistentis
Tanamdebobaze,
sadac
kiTxulobda
leqciebis
kurss,
agroqimiasa da raode-nobiT analizSi kvlav p. meliqiSvilis
rekomendaciiT 1927 wels b-ni biZina meuRlesTan erTad
samecniero mivlinebiT gaemgzavra germaniaSi. mivlinebis
56
furcelSi CamoTvlili iyo qalaqebi giotingeni, berlini,
kaseli, hamburgi. germaniaSi batonma biZinam eqsternad
daamTavra giotingenis universitetis qimiis fakulteti,
sadac Tavisi ubadlo niWierebiT qarTvelma Wabukma miipyro
gustav henrix iogan apolon tamanis (msoflioSi fizikuri
qimiis fuZemdeblis) da rixard adolf zigmondis (nobelis
premiis laureati, koloiduri sistemebis Tvisebrivad axal
doneze Seswavlis mamamTavari, am udides mecnierebTan
muSaobisas b-n biZinas Camouyalibda: kvlevis obieqtebisadmi
fizikur-qimiuri midgoma (gustav tamanTan muSaobisas, xolo
rixard zigmondis gavleniT gairkva misi moRvaweobis
germanuli periodis mecnieruli mimarTuleba, romelic
Semdgom Tavis samSobloSi _ saqarTve-loSi gaagrZela da
ganaviTara). garda tamanisa da zigmondisa batoni biZinas
samomavlo
samecniero
moRavweobaze
udidesi
gavlena
moaxdina udidesma germanelma mecnierma _ herbert maqs
freid-lixma.
1929 wels batonma biZinam warmatebiT daicva disertacia da mas giotingenis universitetis filosofiis doqtoris (man xsnarebis sferoSi Sesrulebul kvlevebs filosofiuri interpretacia misca, risTvisac mas marqsistuli
ideologiis `mamebma~ udidesi tkivili miayenes) samecniero
xarisxi mieniWa. freindlixis SeTavazebiT axalgazrda doqtorma samecniero kvlevebi berlinSi gaagrZela. freindlixis laboratoriaSi Caatara kvlevebi mudmiv temperaturaze ukulabvis Tvisebebis mqone koloidur sistemebze, rac
Semdgom samSobloSi gaagrZela warmatebiT. imdroindel
samecniero periodikaSi gamoqveynda biZina kandelakis samecniero publikaciebi, romlebic udidesi interesiiT miiRo
sazogadoebam.
giotingenSi, romelic meore msoflio omis dros ar
dangreula, dResac dgas saxli, sadac cxovrobda batoni
biZina meuRlesTan (melita zurmuxtaSvilTan) erTad. giotingenis universitetis qimiis institutis muzeumSi 1991
wlidan sapatio eqsponatebad iTvleba biZina kandelakis oja57
xis mier gadacemuli masalebi. am masalebSi aRmoCnda
muzeumis TanamSromlebisaTvis moulodneli da Rirebuli
mravali monacemi gamoCenil germanel mecnierebTan baton
biZinas urTierTTanamSromlobis da damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.
1930 wels dabrunda biZina kandelaki saqarTveloSi,
muSaoba daiwyo saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo institutSi
bioorganuli qimiis kaTedris gamged da paralelurad intensiurad CaerTo p. meliqiSvilis saxelobis qimiis institutis samecniero kvlevebSi. am dros darwmunda akademikosi l.
pisarJev-ski biZina kandelakis ubadlo niWierebaSi da
unarSi, rom swored mas SeeZlo ewarmoebina da exelmZRvanela kvlevebisaTvis koloiduri sistemis sferoSi.
biZina kandelaks gamohyva misi erT-erTi maswavleblis
_ riharl zigmondis miswrafeba koloiduri sistemis Sesaswavli efeqturi meTodebisa da aparaturis Seqmnisadmi. 1933
wlis 8 marts racionalizaciisa da gamogonebis sakavSiro
biuroze ganixiles da metad Rirebulad miiCnies baton
biZinas Sqmnili aparati _ gajirjvebadi da aragajirjvebadi
nivTierebebis mier siTxeebis Sewovis sazomi. 1933 wels
akademikos pasarJevskis SeTavazebiT batono biZina iwyebs
qimiis institutSi koloiduri qimiis ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobas, sadac mokle xanSi aRwevs did warmatebebs.
amas adasturebs akad. l. pasirJevskis gamoZaxili, romelic
warmodgenilia winamdebare narkvevSi. masSi aRniSnulia, rom
b. kandelakis saxiT saqarTvelos hyavs didi gaqanebis axalgazrda mecnieri, romlis moRavweoba scildeba saqarTvelos
masStabebs.
1935 wels biZina kandelaki saqarTvelos politikuri
institutis fizikuri da koloiduri qimiis kaTedris gamged
dainiSna.
1937 wels ganixila ra b. kandelakis samecniero naSromi _ `eTilatebi, maTi hidrolizi da galabvis procesi~
sakavSiro umaRlesma saatestacio komisiam, dacvis gareSe
qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi mianiWa. 1937 weli
mZime aRmoCnda batoni biZinas ojaxisaTvis. dauxvrites Zma _
58
Salva. oblad darCenili misi Svili nunu (deda _ Tamar
mayaSvili adre daeRupa) biZina da melita kandelakebis
ojaxSi gaizarda baton biZinas qaliSvilTan _ marinasTan
erTad.
kaTedra, romelsac 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda batoni biZina, mTels institutSi gamoirCeoda
maswavlebelTa swavlis procesisadmi umaRlesi pasuxismgeblobiT, saixleTa danergviTa da sruli obieqturobiT. amaSi
did rols asrulebda batoni biZina. pirvel rigSi, igi sakuTari Tavis mimarT iyo momTxovni da TiToeul TanamSromels
am moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamisad afasebda. dResac igoneben misi
TanamSromlebi rogori disciplina sufevda kaTedraze, ra
rig mkacri iyo batoni biZina nebismieri, zogjer umniSvnelo, xarvezebis SefasebaSic ki. Sedegic saxeze iyo _ gakrialebuli laboratoriebi, yovelTvis kopwia TeTr xalaTebSi
gamowyobili TanamSromlebi da studentebi, saswavlo procesisadmi gankuTvnili arc erTi uqmad dakarguli saaTi, programiT gaTvaliswinebul samuSaoTa sruli Sesruleba,
sistematuri seminarebi.
b. kandelakis aqtiurma moRavweobam miipyro sazogadoebis yuradReba. 1946 wels mas mecnierebis damsaxurebuli
moRavawis wodebas aniWeben. erTi wliT adre ki `Sromis
wiTeli droSis ordeniTa~ da medliT `warCinebuli SromisaTvis did samamulo omSi 1941-1945 ww.~ daajildoves.
germanuli skolis gavleniT unda aixsnas prof. biZina
kandelakis eqsperimentebis Catarebisa da gaanalizebisadmi
midgomis is pedantizmi da filosofiuri gansja, riTac
xasiaTdeboda misi samecniero moRvaweoba da TiTqmis yvela
naSromi. sulac ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom biZina kandlaks
germaniaSi filosofiis doqtoris wodeba mianiWes da Tu
baton biZinas pirvelma Taviseburebam maRalerudirebuli,
originaluri da zedmiwevniT koreqturuli mecnieris saxeli mouxveWa, meorem _ mravali gancda da usiamovneba
moutana.
59
prof. b. kandelakis samecniero interesebi mravalmxrivi iyo fizikur-koloiduri qimiis TiTqmis yvela sferos
moicavda.
jer kidev germaniaSi, prof. b. kandelaki dainteresda
koloiduri sistemebis galabvis izoTermuli Seqcevadi
procesebiT anu tiqsotropiiT. tiqsotropiasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebisadmi intersi biologiuri procesebis ukeT
Semecnebisa da regulirebis SesaZleblobiT iyo gamowveuli.
magaliTad, protoplazma da cocxali organizmis sxva
koloidur-qimiuri warmonaqmnebi koncentrirebul zolebs
warmoadgens, romelsac SeuZlia gamyardes anu gaxdes tiqsotropuli. garda amisa, `zol-gel~ uqcevadi izoTermuli
gardaqmnis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda daWaobebuli da mewyeri niadagebis qcevis dadgenis mizniTac.
mxolod udidesi rudunebiT miaRwia prof. b. kandelakma im gansacvifrebel avtoritets, romelic man germaniasa da Semdeg, samSobloSi moixveWa. eqsperimentisadmi kandelakiseuli midgoma cidan Camovardnili ZRveni ar iyo _ igi
RvTis nebiT miniWebuli talantisa da gonebis sistematuri
da mizandasaxuli varjiSis Sedegi gaxldaT.
tiqsotropiisadmi miZRvnil kvlevaTa serias, romelic
moicavda eqsperimentul praqtikaSi pirvelad ganxorcielebul liTonTa (qromi, manganumi, kobalti, rkina) eTilatebidan maTi hidroqsidebis koloiduri xsnarebis miRebas,
mravali saxis tiqsotropuli labis Tvisebebsa da aRnagobis
Seswavlas, farTo gamoxmaureba hqonda samecniero wreebSi.
gasakviric ar aris vinaidan batonma biZinam iwinaswarmetyvela da ganaxorciela liTonTa hidroqsidebis koloiduri xsnarebis miReba N+ ionis gareSe, uromlisodac
zemoaRniSnuli xsnarebis miReba tuteebidan SeuZleblad iyo
miCneuli.
biZina kandelakis mier Camoyalibebuli iyo tiqsotropuli xsnarebis reologiuri Tvisebebis Taviseburi cvlilebebi meqanikuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad. man pirvelma daadgina,
rom agarisa da Jelatinis labebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod
60
dakavSirebuli marcvlebisagan Sedgeba, rac maRaldispersiuli nawilakebis SekavSirebiTaa gamowveuli da amis Sedegad badisebr-ujeredovani struqtura warmoiqmneba. biZina
kandelakis azriT, gamoyenebuli geli ConCxia, romelic
Seicavs dispersiuli siTxis meqanikur CanarTebs moZravi
amikronebiT an maT gareSe. ConCxis kedlebi warmoadgens
sadispersio garemosa da diseprsiuli fazis erTobliobas im
gansxvavebiT, rom struqtura ufro faqizia. siTxis Sua
Sreebi metad Txelia da meqanikuri CanarTebis mimarT
sadisepersio aris rolSi gamodis. amgvarad, labis sistema
daiyo or Semadgenlad: pirveladi da meoreuli. pirveladi
sistema ConCxis rolSi gamodis. meoreuli ki, ufro uxeSi
sistemaa, romelSic siTxis wveTebis meqanikur CanarTebs
SeuZlia WeSmaritad dispersirebuli nivTierebebis mcdari
STabeWdileba Seqmnas.
tiqsotropuli labebis da kerZod, askan-Tixis koloiduri sistemis struqturaze dispersiulobis xarisxis gavlenis detalurma Seswavlam gamokveTa profesor b. kandelakis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa WeSmaritreba, rac dReisaTvis dadgenil faqtad iTvleba. dispersiulobis xarisxis
zrda suspenziis struqturis ganviTarebas iwvevs, rac
uSualod am suspenziis siblantis zrdiT aixsneba.
pirvelad, koloiduri sistemebis Seswavlis praqtikaSi, baton biZinas mier dadginda tiqsotropulobis temperaturasa da sinereziss Soris damokidebuleba, tiqsotropiis kavSiri koloiduri nawilakis muxtTan, potencialis
gavlena dalabvis procesze da a.S.
am sferoSi Catarebul samuSaoTa damagvirgvinebel
akords warmoadgens batoni biZinas mier SemoTavazebuli
labebis klasifikacia, romelmac jer gacxovelebuli diskusia gamoiwvia, Semdeg ki aRiares koloiduri sistemebis
Seswavlis sferoSi moRvawe msoflios cnobilma mecnierebma.
kandelakis rekomendaciiT, labebi WeSmarit da cru labebad
iyofa. WeSmarit labebs miekuTvneba gelebi, romlebSic
sadispersio are da dispersiuli nawilakebi sistemis Sesaba61
misad, uwyvet da wyvetil fazebs warmoadgens. cru labebSi
sistemis am ori Semdgenis fuqnciebi icvleba: uwyveti aris
myari, xolo wyvetili _ Txevadi.
profesor b. kandelakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo vizualuri dakvirvebis gansakuTrebuli unari, romlis safuZvelze gamoTqvamda logikurad gamarTul da origiunalur
mosazrebebs. arseboben mecnierebi, romelTaTvis intuicia
logikuri modelebis Seqmnis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens.
batonma biZinam Semdgomi kvlevisaTvis airCia ori
obieqti: geranis zeTi da Savi Cai.
pirveli obieqti amotivtivda im viTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Cvens qveyanaSi gamoSvebul geranis zeTSi meTonis
maRali Semcveloba auaresebda mis xarisxs. aucilebeli iyo
am nivTierebis Semcvelobis Semcireba, risTvisac profesori
b. kandelaki da misi mowafeebi mimarTaven aratradiciul
fizikur-qimiur meTodebs _ geranis zeTis _ γ _ sxivebiTa
da ultrabgeriT damuSavebas. am meTodebis arCevani emyareboda geranis zeTis bunebis kvlevis Sedegebs da arsebuli
literaturis krtitikul analizs. mkvlevarebi aRweven
sasurvel Sedegebs _ meTonis Semcveloba mcirdeba 3-4%-iT,
rac vargisad xdis parfiumeriaSi mis gamoyenebas. man
daadgina, rom geranis zeTis STanTqmis infrawiTel speqtrSi
arsebobs STanTqmis zoli 1720 sm-Tan, romelic bmas
axasiaTebs da misi intensiuroba meTonis Semcvelobis odenobasTan mkacr korelaciaSia. ase, konkretuli amocanis
gadasawyvetad wamowyebuli samuSao iZleva maTonis Semcvelobis dadgenis saSualebas ara marto geranis zeTSi, aramed
sxva bunebriv naerTebSi.
is, rom Savi Cai fizikurad, qimiurad da bioqimiurad
kargad Seswavlili obieqtia, batonma biZinam masze muSaobis
dawyebamdec icoda. icoda isic, rom am kvlevebiT miRebulia
mravali sayuradRebo Sedegi. magram is, Tu ras warmodgens
Cais nayeni da SeiZleboda Tu ara misi gemos obieqturi
Sefaseba, testirebis gareSe, am kiTxvebze man pasuxi ver
62
ipova. swored amitom, TanamSromlebTan erTad gadawyvita,
Cais nayenis koloidur-qimiuri Seswavla.
niSandoblivia is faqti, rom zemoT CamoTvlili
kvlevis meTodebis gamoyenebamde profesori b. kandelaki da
misi TanamSromlebi realurad afasebdnen TiToeuli maTganis
SesaZleblobas ama Tu im parametrisa, Tu Tvisebebis gansazRvris saqmeSi. amaSi kvlav baton biZinaze germanuli
skolis gavlena mJRavndeba, romelic mas cxovrebis bolo
wuTamde gahyva. ase, magaliTad, Cais nacris speqtraluri
analizis aucilebloba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom kidev
erTi meTodiT unda daedgina Savi Cais qimiuri Sedgenilobis,
metadre mikroelementebis, SesaZlo gavlena mis garemoze.
ultramikroskopia gamoiyeneboda Cais eqstraqtSi Semaval
koloidur nawilakTa saxisa da bunebis Cais xarisxze
gavlenis Sesaxeb informaciis mosapoveblad, ampermetruli
titvra _ taninebsa da Cais xarisxs Soris SesaZlo
korelaciis dasadgenad da a.S.
TiToeuli aq CamoTvlili meTodiT miRebuli Sedegi
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT scildeba konkretulad dasaxul
amocanas da TavisTavad mniSvnelovania. SevCerdeT ramdenime
maTganze.
arsebobda gabatonebuli mosazreba, magram mTrimlavi
nivTierebebi Cais xarisxis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia.
iTvleboda, rom Cais gemo, nayenis feri, aromati masSi
taninis da misi am daskvnaTa umetesoba eqsperimentiT ar iyo
dasabuTebuli. amitom kandelakisa da misi TanamSromlebis
mier ganxorcielebuli polarimetruli meTodi ipyrobs
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, miT umetes, rom testirebis
Sedegad gansazRvruli Cais gemosa da ampermetruli titvris
ekvivalentur wertils Soris garkveuli Sesabamisoba iyo
dadgenili.
bevrad ufro meti damajereblobiT Cais xarisxze
msjeloba samvalentovani rkinis qloridis konduqtometruli titvris SedegebiT SeiZleba. batonma biZinam, TanamSromlebTan erTad daadgina, rom damokidebuleba _ `Cais
63
raodenoba ml _ winaRoba~ xasiaTdeba maqsimumebiT, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia TiToeuli xarisxis CaisaTvis. Cais
gemovnebis dadgenis obieqtur meTodTa Soris dasaxelebulia
agreTve kolorimetria da Cais luminescenturi Tvisebebis
gansazRvris meTodebi.
speqtruli analiziT dadginda, rom warmomavlobisa da
xarisxis miuxedavad, wyalSi xsnad da uxsnad Cais nacarSi
erTi da igive elementebia. gamonaklisia B2 romelic wyalSi
uxsnad nawilSia. pirvelad dadginda, rom adre miRebuli 16
elementebis garda, Savi Cais nacari Seicavs As, Sn, V da Ni.
Rrmademociuri, usazRvrod erudirebuli, mecnierebisa
da axalgazrda specialistTa momzadebisadmi erTguli, silamazis yovelgavri Semfasebeli da amave dros urTierTobaSi
mkacri, koreqtuli, Tavis SexedulebaTa da mosazrebaTa
damcveli, adamiani, romlis daviwyeba iseve Znelia, rogorc
kokispiruli wvimisa, elviT ganaTebuli cisa, wvimis
Semdegomi cisartyelisa da diliT akiafebuli mzisa.
imedia, rom saqarTvelos samecniero sazogadoeba ar
daiviwyebs da yvelafers gaakeTebs, raTa profesor biZina
kandelakis Rvawlma fizikuri da koliduri qimiis
ganviTarebaSi uqmad ar Caiaros da gadaeces mecnierTa axal
Taobebs.
sasiqadulo mamuliSvilis, cnobili mrewvelis da
sazogado moRvawis, didi mecenatis, Tbilisis sapatio
moqalaqis, ruseTis imperiis umaRlesi wodebis _
`komerciis mrCevelis~ _ mflobelis, qimiisa da
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris daviT
sarajiSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba
prof. d. sarajiSvilis daibada qalaq TbilisSi 1848
wlis 28 oqtombers (ax. stiliT 10 noembers) SeZlebuli
memamulis ojaxSi.
64
swavlobda peterburgis universitetis sabunebismetyvelo fakultetze, leqciebs ismenda miunxenSi, daamTavra
haidelbergis universiteti, sasoflo-sameurneo fakulteti.
mecniereba
Seiswavla
hohenhamisa
da
heleSi,
xolo
meRvineobis yvela dargi _ safrangeTSi.
daicva disertaciebi qimiis, agreTve, filosofiis
mecnierebaTa doqtoris samecniero xarisxis msapoveblad.
daaarsa kavkasiaSi reqtifikaciisa da liqioris qarxnebi, mTels ruseTis imperiaSi koniakis warmoebis pirveli
specialuri qarxana, sadac danerga klasikuri franguli
teqnologia.
daviT sarajiSvili ara marto saqarTveloSi, XIX
saukunis ruseTis mTels imperiaSi koniakis warmoebis
fuZemdebelia.
aaSena sawarmoebi yizlarSi, erevanSi, kiSinovSi
(kalarSaSi), baqoSi (geogCaiSi) da sxv.
savaWro saagentoebi hqonda: kievSi, odesaSi, vilniusSi,
rigaSi, xarkovSi, rostovSi da sxv.
savaWro sawyobebi aaSena: baqoSi, peterburgSi, moskovSi, varSavaSi, vladivostokSi, odesaSi, kievSi, feodosiaSi,
CarjouSi, samaraSi.
misi firma aerTianebda 5 sareqtifikacio, 1 aryis, 1
liqioris da 7 koniakis qarxanas.
eweoda mecenatobas, farTo saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas.
daviT sarajiSvilis ojaxma didi fuladi saxsrebi
gaiRo:
• Tbilisis universitetis mSeneblobisaTvis.
• qaSveTisa da diRmis `TeTri giorgis~ eklesiebis
asagebad.
• didubis taZrisa da panTeonis, mTawmindis (mama daviTi),
lurji monastrisa da sxva mravali istoriuli Zeglis
dasacavad da aRsadgenad.
• saxalxo Teatrisa da quTaisis Teatris asaSeneblad.
• gimnaziis, dawyebiTi da profesiuli skolebis asaSeneblad da Sesanaxad.
65
• qirurgiuli saavadmyofos asaSeneblad.
• Tbilisis politeqnikuri institutis an sxva umaRlesi
saswavleblebis dasaarseblad.
• saero da sxva specializebuli muzeumebis dasafuZneblad.
• axalcixe-axalqalaqi-artaanis
mazrebis
arqelogiuri
eqspediciisaTvis.
materialurad exmareboda: moskovis qarTvelTa sazogadoebas, quTaisis dramatul sazogadoebas, qarTuli filarmoniis sazogadoebas, samiwaTmoqmedo saxelosnos _ axalSenTa da TavSesafarTa sazogadoebas, qarTuli sityvakazmuli
mwerlobis sazogadoebas da a.S.
Camoayaliba: saqarTvelos wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoeba, `qarTveli glexobis aRmdgeneli komiteti~, lado
aRniaSvilisa da ioseb ratilis xalxuri TviTSemoqmedebis
gundebi.
monawileobda mcxeTis sveticxovlis sarestavracio
komitetis Seqmnasa da sarestavracio samuSaoebis dafinansebaSi.
azRvevda mis sawarmoebSi momuSave yvela muSis sicocxles. uzrunvelyofda maT Sromis umaRles anazRaurebas,
zogadi ganaTlebis miRebasa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebas.
pirvelad saqarTveloSi, SemoiRo 8 saaTiani samuSao
dRe, muSa-mosamsaxureebs dauwesa xelfasiani Svebuleba da
yovelkvartalurad, premiis saxiT, asaCuqrebda warmoebuli
naturaluri produqciiT.
daviT sarajiSvilis stipendiantebi iyvnen Cveni qveynis
sasiqadulo mamuliSvilebi:
kompozitorebi: dimitri arayiSvili, meliton balanCivaZe, ia kargareTeli, kote focxveraSvili da sxv.
mxatvrebi: mose ToiZe, gigo gabaSvili, grigol mesxi,
Salva qiqoZe da sxv.
moqandake: iakob nikolaZe.
momRerlebi: vano sarajiSvili, vladimer qaSakaSvili.
66
mecnierebi,
profesorebi:
solomon
ColoyaSvili,
mixeil SalamberiZe, sargis kakabaZe, filipe gogiCaiSvili,
ilia yifSiZe, mose janaSvili da sxv.
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi kalistrate cincaZe.
fulad daxmarebas uwevda: eqvTime TayaiSvils, akaki
SaniZes, kondrate TaTaraSvils, Tedo saxokias, geronti
qiqoZes, mitrofane laRiZes da sxva mraval saxelovan
moRvawes.
gardaicvala 1911 wlis 20 ivniss. dakrZalulia mis
mierve agebul qaSveTis taZris ezoSi.
saxelovani winaprebis samecniero moRvaweobis
Rirseuli gamgrZeleblebi
aw gardacvlilma _ saxelovanma qarTvelma mecnierebma,
romelTa Sesaxeb mokrZalebiTaa moTxrobili winamdebare
naSromSi (aqve davZenT, rom arc erT gamoCenil mecnierTa
Rvawls ar davtovebT Cvens momdevno bibliografiul krebulSi moxseniebisa da pativmigebis gareSe), sicocxleSive
daidges TavianTi ubadlo samecniero miRwevebiT ukvdavebis
Zeglebi da damsaxurebulad Rirseuli adgili msoflios
mecnierebaSi. Tanamedrove mecnierebi agrZeleben winaparTa
samecniero tradiciebs da muxlCauxrelad ewevian (da
eweodnen dRemde) nayofier samecniero kvlevebs, miuxedavad
qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime pirobebisa da gmirulad axerxeben,
aramc Tu dabla daswion winaparTa samecniero miRwevebis
Tamasa, aramed kidev ufro masStaburad gauTqvan saxeli
saqarTvelos (mecnierebis doniT) mTel msoflioSi.
am naSromSi ki gvinda Tqveni yuradReba mivapyroT
stu-Si warmatebiT im mecnierTa cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas
romlis gacnobac daafiqrebs zogadad mkiTxvels rom maTebr
zneobrivad, qarTulad, raindulad, simarTliT, yvelasagan
damsaxurebuli siyvaruliT da madliT icxovros am qveynad.
67
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis _ wylis
resursebis gamoyenebis, wyalmoma-ragebisa da wyalarinebis mimarTulebis xelmZRvanelis, t.m.d. prof. levan
klimiaSvilis samecnieo moRvaweoba
Rirseuli mamuliSvili, gamorCeuli mecnieri da pirovneba, levan klimiaSvili daibada 1949 wlis 5 ianvars q.
TbilisSi. 1972 wels warCinebiT daamTavra spi-s samSeneblo
fakulteti da 1973 wels swavla ganagrZo moskovis
sainJinro-samSeneblo institutis aspiranturaSi, romelis
aseve warCinebiT daamTavra 1977 wels da moskovSive daicva
sakandidato disertacia.
2003 wels. saq. teqnikur universitetSi daicva sadoqtro disertacia aqtualur Temaze `wyalmomaragebis sistemebis saimedoobis analizis Sefasebisa da prognozirebis
meTodika~.
Sromismoyvare da niWierma pirovnebam profesiuli moRvaweobis yvela safexuri misabaZi rudunebiTa da keTilsindisierebiT ganvlo. 1966-67 ww. muSaobda `TbilqalaqproeqtSi~ proeqtantis
Tanamdebobaze, xolo 1972-73 ww
inJinris Tanamdebobaze. 1977-79 wlebSi saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis wyalmomaragebisa da wyalarinebis
kaTedraze mecnier TanamSromelia. 1979-1982 wlebSi amave
kaTedris asistenti, xolo 1982 wlidan 1999 wlamde
docenti, 1999 wlidan kaTedris profesori da 2000
wlidan kaTedris gamge. b-ni levanis pedagogiuri moRvaweoba
iwyeba 1979 wlidan stu-s wyalmomaragebisa da wyalarinebis
kaTedraze, kiTxulobs leqciebs #44 mimarTulebis oTx
ZiriTad specialobaSi: `wyalmomarageba~, `Senobebisa da
nagebobebis sainJinro aRWurva~, `wyalmomaragebisa da
`wyalarinebis sistemebis saimedoba~, `wylis ekologia~.
nayofieri pedagogiuri moRvaweobis kvaldakval. RvTiuri organizaciuli unariT dajildoebuli pirovneba sanimuSod uZRveba nebismier administraciul da sazogadoebriv
Tanamdebobebs.
68
1987-90 wlebSi saq. teqnikuri universitetis erTerTi sapasuxismgeblo komisiis Tavmjdomarea.
1990-91 wlebSi stu-s samSeneblo kompleqsis ufrosis
moadgilea. 1994-2005 wlebSi stu-s saswavlo meToduri
sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgilea.
2002 wlidan stu-s warmoebisa da biznesis xelSemwyobi centris ufrosia. 2003 wlidan wylis resursebis
dacvisa da racionaluri gamoyenebis samTavrobo sakonsultacio sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgilea.
2006 wlidan saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
wylis resursebis gamoyenebis, wyalmomaragebis da wyalarinebis mimarTulebis xelmZRvanelia.
maRali donis mecnieri levan klimaSvili wevria saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebebis da samuSao kvlevebis.
2003 wlidan IAHR hidravlikosTa saerTaSoriso asociaciis wevri.
2004 wlidan saerTaSoriso samecniero sazogadoeba
`sigma X~-is wevri.
2005 wlidan sainJinro akademiis namdvili wevri.
1996-2000 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
sainJinro ganaTlebis rekonstruqciis programis TEMPUSTASIS-is muSa jgufis wevri.
2003 wels mrCevlis statusiT monawileoba miiRo
wyalmomaragebisa da wyalarinebis saqarTvelos msoflio
bankis IBRD-s kerZo infrastruqturis sakonsultacio
programaSi (PPIAF)-sakontaqto piri 8001790.
2003-2004 wlebSi Tbilisis municipaluri mTavrobis
Ceneral DESO 10 wliani kontraqtis eqsperti, romelic
exeboda Tbilisis wyalmomaragebis da wyalarinebis seqtorSi arsebul naklovanebebis aRmofxvris (#TWSSP/LC001/2002).
2005 wels gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programaSi (VNDP) saqarTvelos ofisis mrCeveli. mdinare
mtkvris baseinis marTvis eqsperti, saqarTvelosa da samxreT
kavkasiaSi _ tasisi (2003 w.), da misi ganviTarebis
69
alternativebze. INC DSAID (CONTACT no OUT-LAG-I-80499-00017-00 2004 wels) da agreTve UNDP/Sipa (2005 weli).
2003 wels b-ni levani dajildovda Rirsebis ordeniT.
avtoria 85 samecniero Sromisa (maT Soris 2 monografiisa
da 2 saxelmZRvanelosi), aqvs 5 gamogoneba da 2 patenti,
agreTve saavtoro mowmoba mravalwaxnagovan perspeqtiul
proeqtze: `borjom-bakurianis xeobis da sakurorto zonis
wyalmomaragebis Sesaxeb~.
profesor levan kliamiaSvilis samecniero kvlevebi
(romelTa ricxvi STambeWdavia orientirebulia praqtikuli
amocanebis gadawyvetaze, ekonomikur efeqtze da qveynisTvis
umniSvnelovanesi problemebis gadaWraze, ras samarTlianad
ganapirobebs mecnieris moRvaweobis aRiarebas, aramarto Cveni
qveynis, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabiT. gTavazobT batoni
levanis ramodenime samecniero Sromas.
saqarTvelos miwisqveSa mineraluri wylebis gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba da Camdinare wylebis gauvneblobis mizniT
mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi: g. soselia, l. klimiavili,
j. kurdRelaSvili
mosaxleobis sayoacxovrebo pirobebis, misi cxovrebis
donis amaRlebis, sanitarul-teqnikuri da sayofacxovrebo
pirobebis gaumjobesebis, agreTve mrewvelobisa da soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebis Sedegad sagrZnoblad izrdeba
sasmeli wylis moxmareba. am TvalsazrisiT, wylis mopovebas,
gadamuSavebas da gauvneblobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
saqarTvelo
mdidaria
rogorc
zedapiruli,
ise
miwisqveSa wylebis resursebiT. miwisqveSa wylebis jamuri
raodenoba Seadgens 500 m3/wm-s da isic araTanabradaa
ganawilebuli.
70
wyalsadenis saproeqto simlavreebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
mdgomareoba damakmayofilebelia, magram maTi sanitarulhigienuri da teqnkuri mdgomareoba Sors aris sasurvelisagan. xSirad, wyaladenebis sistemebisadmi saeqsploatacio pirobebis ugulebelyofis gamo, miwodebuli wylis
xarisxis qimiuri da baqteriologiuri maCeneblebi ar
Seesabameba saxelmwifo standartebis moTxovnebs. wyalsadenebis 57%-s ara aqvs gasauvnebeli danadgarebi, xolo
saqloratoro mowyobilobis teqnikuri mdgomareoba ar
akmayofilebs samSeneblo wesebisa da normebis moTxovnebs.
arasakmarisi profilaqtikuri sadezinfecio samuSaoebis
Catarebis
gamo,
xSiria
sasmel
wyalSi
paTogenuri
mikrooranizmebis moxvedris SemTxvevebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
garemos dacvis saministros, saxelmwifo sanitaruli zedamxedvelobis da higienuri normebis departamentis masalebis
monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi gamokvleuli wylis
sinjebidan normebs ar Seesabameba 7%, xolo baqteorologiuri maCveneblebis 16,5%. amis gamo, arcTu iSviaTia
uxarisxo wylis moxmarebis Sedegad gamowveuli nawlavuri
infeqciebis gavrceleba.
cnobilia sasmeli da Camdinare wylebis gauvneblobis
sxvadasxva xerxebi da meTodebi: qlorireba, ozonireba,
baqteriociduli dasxiveba, membranuli filtrebi, eleqtrolizi da sxva. aRniSnuli meTodebidan dReisaTvis praqtikulad wylis gasauvneblad umTavresad mimarTaven wylis
daqlorvas Txevadi qloriT. aRniSnul meTods upiratesoba
mieniWa jer kidev XX saukuneSi. igi ufro ekonomikurad
iqna miCneuli sxva alternatiul meTodebTan SedarebiT
(centralizebuli wesiT adgilze damzadeba, Senaxva da misi
Semdgomi transportireba). aRniSnul meTods axasiaTebs rigi
naklovanebani: toqsikuria, saxifaToa, adgilze Senaxvisas,
dozirebisas
da
eqsploataciis
pirobebSi
moiTxovs
gansakuTrebuli usafrTxoebis
wesebis dacvas, misi Sor
manZilze
konteinerebiT
transportireba
mniSvnelovnad
zrdis wylis damuSavebis danaxarjebs. amitom, jer kidev
71
XX saukuneSi daiwyo sasmeli wylis gauvneblobis
alternatiuli meTodebis Zieba.
XX saukuneSi wylis eeqtroliziT gauvneblobis
meTodma, araekonomikurobis gamo, ver pova farTo gamoyeneba.
amJamad, msoflios mraval qveyanaSi eleqtroenergiis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis, eleqtroenergiis alternatiuli
wyaroebis, axali energogamZle eleqtrodebis arsebobis,
agreTve eleqtrolizuri danadgarebis kontruqciebis srulyofis gaTvaliswinebiT, eleqtrolizis meTodebi warmatebiT
uwevs konkurencias wylis gauvneblobis arsebul meTodebs.
am meTodis upiratesobas ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom
eleqtroliziT miRebul gauvneblobis produqts – hipoqlorids ara aqvs Txevadi qloris saeqsploatacio pirobebis naklovanebebi (misi miReba SeiZleba uSualod wyalsadenkanalizaciis nagebobebis teritoriaze). eleqtrolizis
meTodiT miRebuli produqti - hipoqloridi gnsakuTrebiT
xelsayrelia
adgilobrivi
resursebis:
zRvis
wylis,
miwiqveSa marilxsnarebisa da maRali mineralizebuli
wylebis eleqtroliziT adgilobrivi energoresursebis
(wylis, qaris energia) da adgilobrivi iafi eleqtrodebis
(magnetitis marcvlebi, grafitebi) arsebobis pirobebSi.
literaturuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom sazRvargareTis bevr qveyanaSi: ruseTSi, azerbaijanSi, aSS-Si,
inglisSi, italiaSi, safrangeTsa da norvegiaSi Seqmnilia
sxvadasxva
konstruqciis
eleqtrolizuri
danadgarebi.
marilxnarebisa da zRvis wylebis eleqtroliziT miRebuli
hipoqloridebis warmatebiT xorcieldeba sesmeli da
Camdinare wylebis gawmenda-gauvnebloba.
eleqtrolizis
meTodiT
bunebrivi
wylebisa
da
Camdinare wylebis gauvneblobisa da gawmendis saintereso
samuSaoebia Sesrulebuli sxvadasxva anoduri masalebis
gamoyenebiT saqarvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis r. aglaZis
saxelobis eleqtroqimiis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi.
saqarTvelos dasaxlebuli punqtis centralizebuli
wyalsadenis
sistemidan
mosaxleobisaTvis
miwodebuli
72
sasmel-sameurneo
wylis
da
kanalizaciaSi
Camdinare
sameurneo-fekaluri wylebis gauvnebloba gaTvalsiwinebulia
Txevadi qloriT an qloriani kiriT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom respublikaSi Txevadi qloris
mwarmoebeli qarxnebi ar arsebobs da am Zvirad Rirebuli
produqtis centralizebulad Semotana ar xorcieldeba.
Txevadi qloris Semotana calkeuli didi qalaqebis
(Tbilisi, quTaisi, baTumi, rusTavi da sxv.) wyalsadenkanalizaciis meurneobisaTvis xorcieldeba uSualod maT
mierve, individualurad, sazRvargareTidan - azerbaijanis an
ruseTis
federaciuli
respublikidan,
rac
garkveul
siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
Tu respublikis didi qalaqebis wardgenis samsaxurisTvis es problema ase Tu ise mogvarebulia, saqarTvelos
mTeli rigi raionuli centrebisaTvis, dabebisa da soflebis
tipis dasaxlebisaTvis, calkeuli sauwyebo da kooperatiuli wyalsadenebis samsaxurebisaTvis es sakiTxi metad
mwvave problemad rCeba. aRniSnulis gamo, xSirad mosaxleobas sasmeli wyali xarisxis standartebis darRveviT
miewodeba.
respublikaSi Txevadi qloris deficitis aRmofxvris
SesaZlo saSualebad SeiZleba miviCnioT qloris Semcveli
hipoqloridebis miRebis eletrolituri meTodi, saqarTveloSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebiT. arsebuli
mineralizebuli wyaroebis, qloriani wylebis da Savi zRvis
wylis
resursebis
aTvisebiT
SesaZlebelia
qloris
produqtiT hipoqloridiT mTeli respublikis wyalsaden-kanalizaciis
Camdinare
wylebis
gauvneblobisaTvis
saWiro moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba.
mineralizebuli wylebis wyaroebisa da Savi zRvis
wylebis garda, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qlorkalciumiani da qlornatriumiani wylebis aTviseba, romelTa
maragebic ganTavsebulia: kaxeTSi, afxazeTSi, centralur
samegrelosa da samaCabloSi.
73
dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispira regionebis qalaqebisa
da dasaxlebuli punqtebis wyalsaden-kanalizaciis saWiroebisaTvis hipoqloridis miRebis saukeTeso wyaroa Savi
zRvis wyali.
saqarTveloSi ganTavsebulia 61 qalaqis da 20 dabis
centralizebuli wyalsadeni, romelTa saproeqto simZlavre
bolo wlebis monacemebiT Seadgenda 3071,25 aTas m3/dReRameSi, romelTagan 67% (2059 aTas m3/dRe RameSi) modis
aRmosaveT saqarvelos 28 qalaqsa da 11 dabaze, xolo 33%
(1012,25 aTasi m3/dRe-RameSi) dasavleT saqarTvelos 33
qalaqsa da 9 dabaze. Sesabamisad, aseTive proporciebiTaa
ganawilebuli kanalizaciis saproeqto simZlavreebi: 33%
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, 67% aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (ix.
cxr).
centralizebuli wyalsadenebis arsebuli simZlavreebis
wylis
xarjebis
da
Sesabamisad,
momxmareblisaTvis
miwodebuli
wylis
85%-is
kanalizaciis
sistemebSi
moxvedrili Camdinare wylebis xarjebis mixedviT (ix.
cxrili) gasauvnbeli qloris normis - 1,5 mg/l-ze da 5
mg/l-ze gaangariSebiT dasavleT sqarTvelos wyalsadenis
sistemebisaTvis 1551,375 kg/dRe-RameSi, xolo aRmosavleT
saqarTvelosTvis - 3088,500 kg/ dRe-RameSi aqtiuri qloria
saWiro; kanalizaciis Camdinare wylebis gasauvneblad,
Sesabamisad, dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis - 4302 kg/dReRameSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis ki 8776,5 kg/dRe-RameSi
aqtiuri qlori.
seriozulad damzadebuli eleqtrolizuri danadgarebis teqnikuri monacemebis mixedviT, 1 kg aqtiuri qloris
misaRebad saWiroa (mwarmoeblobis mixedviT, cvalebadia) 1215-dan 8-9 kg-mde sufris marili, xolo eleqtroenergiis
kuTri xarji 7-9 kvt/sT-mdea.
74
saqarTvelos qalaqebisa da dabebis centralizebuli
wyalsadenebis saproeqto xarjebi
hipoqloridis sufris marilis marilxsnaridan miRebis
meTodi araekonomiuria, amasTan, aseTi sqemis miReba
gaaZvirebs marilis damuSavebas. magalitad, 1 kg sufris
marilis sasaqonlo-saorientacio Rirebulebis aSS-is 0,12$
da 1 kvt/sT eleqtroenergiis safasuris saSualo tarifis 6
TeTri eleqtroenergiis saSualo tarifi miRebulia mxolod
wyalsadenis kanalizaciis sistemebisaTvis; anu aSS 0,03$
gaTvaliswinebiT, 1 kg aqtiuri qloridis saorintacio
Rirebuleba iqneba: (11kgx0,12 dolari)+(9,5 kvt/sTx0,03
dolari) =1,32 dolari + 0,285 dolari = 2,60 dolari.
Semotanilia 1 kg Txevadi qloris sabazro Rirebuleba q.
TbilisisaTvis 0,35 aSS dolari, xolo saqarTvelos
danarCeni msxvili qalaqebisaTvis - 0,43 aSS dolari.
qloris hipoqloridis misaRebad saqarTvelos mineralizebuli wyaroebis an Savi zRvis wylebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi, 1 kg aqtiuri qloris, hipoqloridis saorientacio
Rirebuleba
iqneba:
9,5kvt/sTx0,03$=0,285$-s.
damatebiTi xarjebis (marilxsnarebis transportirebisaTvis
saWiro milsadenebis, eleqtrolizuri danadgarebis mowyobis
da sxv. xarjebi) gaTvaliswinebiT, hipoqloridis saorien75
tacio Rirebuleba Seadgens: 0,342 aSS dolars, anu
saqarTveloSi Semotanil 1 kg Txevad qlorTan SedarebiT
0,43 - 0,342 = 0,088 aSS dolariT, xolo TbilisisaTvis
0,008 aSS dolariT naklebs.
saqarTvelos qalaqebisa da dabebis centralizebuli
wyalsadenebis saproeqto xarjebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ix.
cxr.), sasmeli wylebis gasauvneblad saWiro Txevadi
qloris saorientacio Rirebuleba (q. TbilisisaTvis 787,5
aTasi aSS dolaria, saqarTvelos danarCeni qalaqebisaTvis
1027,64 aTasi aSS dolari) 1815,14 aTasi aSS dolari, maT
Soris, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 667,1 aTasi aSS
dolari, kanalizaciis Camdinare wylebis gasauvneblad
saWiro raodenobis qloris Rirebuleba ki _ 5113,75 aTasi
aSS dolari (q. TbilisisaTvis 2231 aTas aSS dolari,
saqarTvelos danarCeni qalaqebisaTvis 2882,5 aTas aSS
dolari).
adgilobrivi mineralizebuli wylebis an Savi zRvis
wylebis
gamoyenebiT,
wyalsadenebisa
da
kanalizaciis
dReRamur
raodenobis
hipoqloridis
Rirebulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. cxr.), fulad gamosaxulebaSi ekonomia
sasmel da Camdinare wylebis gasauvnebel produqtze dReRameSi wyalsadenebSi: 228,3 aSS dolaria (aRm. saq. 92,18 aSS
dolari, das. saq. 136,53 aSS dolari), xolo kanalizaciaSi
640,9 aSS dolari (aRm. saq. 262,29 aTasi aSS dolari, das.
saq. 378,52 aSS dolari). sul dRe-RameSi wyalsadenkanalizaciis sistemisaTvis ekonomia 969,2 aSS dolars
Seadgens.
mineralizebuli da Savi zRvis wylebis eleqtroloziT
miRebuli hipoqloridis Rirebuleba SesaZlebelia sagrZnoblad Semcirdes eleqtrolizis procesSi adgilobrivi
alternatiuli (wylis, qloris da sxv.) eleqtroenergiis
wyaroebis gamoyenebiT an eleqtroenergiis SeRavaTiani
tarifebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
eleqtrolizuri danadgarebiT SesaZlebelia agreTve:
dabebis, soflebis, kurortebis, individualuri dasasve76
nebeli
saxlebis,
samxedro
obieqtebis,
samrewvelo,
gansakuTrebiT ki safeiqro, liTondamamuSavebeli, galvanuri,
tyav-sagalanterio, infeqciuri, onkologiuri, tubdispanseris da sxv., kanalizaciebSi Camdinare wylebis gasauvneblad.
wyalsaden -kanalizaciis wylebis gasauvneblad erT dReRameSi saWiro qlorproduqtebis _ Txevadi qloris da
hipoqloridis Rirebulebis grafikuli asaxva
(aSS dolarebSi)
nax.1.
Tanamedrove gausnebovnebis aseTive tipis danadgarebi,
romlebic specialuri reaqtorebiT qlorSemcveli oqsidentis xsnars iRebs NaCl-is xsnaridan, vfiqrobT ufro
efeqturad gamoiyeneba qlorkalciumiani da qlornatriumiani mineraluri miwisqveSa wylebidan gausnebovnebis
xsnaris dasamzadeblad, radgan, Tu qloris mwarmoebeli da
77
momwodebeli qveyana raime mizeziT Cvens qveyanas qloris
mowodebaze etyvis uars, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba
maRakmineralizebul wylebze orientireba, rac Semdgomi
kvlevis sagania.
amJamad, cnobilia sasmeli da Camdinare wylebis
gauvneblobis sxvadasxva xerxebi da meTodebi: qlorireba,
ozonireba, baqteriociduli dasxiveba, membranuli filtrebi,
eleqtrolizi da sxv. aRniSnuli meTodebidan, dReisaTvis
praqtikulad umTavresad mimarTaven wylis daqlorvas
Txevadi qloriT, romelic ufro ekonomikurad iqna miCneuli
sxva alternatiul meTodebTan SedarebiT. Tumca, masac
axasiaTebs naklovanebebi, ris gamoc daiwyo sasmeli wylis
gauvneblobis alternaiuli meTodebis Zieba.
natriumis sulfatis xsnaris meSveobiT natri-kationituri
filtrebis regeneraciis procesis gamokvleva
mecnierTa-mkvlevarTa jgufi: z. megreliSvili,
l. klimiaSvili
kvlevebi Catarebulia pilotur danadgarze. laboratoriulma kvlevebma saSualeba misca mecnier-mkvlevarebs
natriumis sulfatis meSveobiT gamokveTiliyo ZiriTadi
kanonzomierebani
da
Taviseburebani
natri-kationituri
filtrebis regeneraciis procesSi. SemuSavebulia kationitis muSa cvladi moculobis gaangariSebis meTodika,
arsebuli da axlad proeqtirebadi ioncvladi filtrebisaTvis. miRebuli koeficientebis mniSvneloba rekomendebulia gamoyenebul iqnes arsebul danadgarebis eqspluataciisas,
optimizaciis
reJimis
praqtikuli
amocanebis
gadawyvetisaTvis, im reagentis kuTri xarjis moZiebis gziT,
romelic Seesabameba dayvanili danaxarjebis minimums. aseve
Catarebuli miRebuli eqsperimentuli monacemebis maTematikur-statistikuri damuSaveba.
78
Camosxmuli sasmeli da mineraluri wylebis
falsificirebis faqtis dadgenis Sesaxeb
mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi: l. qobulaSvili, l. klimiaSvili,
n. nacvliSvili
naCvenebia da gaanalizebulia sasmel da mineralur
wylebze lazeruli gamosxivebis moqmedebis Sedegebi.
warmodgenilia wylebis luminescenciis speqtrebis mixedviT
monacemTa bankis Seqmnis aucilebloba. gansazRvrulia falsifikaciis faqtebis da produqciis warmoSobis dadgenasTan
dakavSirebuli, eqspertebis, teqnologiebis, ekologebis
interesebis sferoSi Semavali amocnebis gadaWris gzebi.
naxevrad sawarmoo danadgarze gamomuSavebuli
saregenacio xsnarebis Termoqimiuri darbilebis Sesaxeb
mecnierTa-mkvlevarTa jgufi z. megreliSvili,
l. klimiaSvili, n. nacvliSvili
natri-kaTionituri filtrebis regeneraciisas natriumis sulfatis gamoyenebas mivyavarT maRali saerTo sixistis
sulfaturi Camdinare wylebis warmoqmnasTan. am ukanasknelSi kalciumis sulfatis koncentracia ramdenimejer
aRemateba dasaSveb saangariSo sidideebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, damuSavda regeneraciis daxuruli sistemisa da Camdinare wylebis damuSavebis teqnologiis xerxi.
79
teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, 2003-2008
ww., ruseTis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa akademiis
namdvili wevris* b.i. boqoliSvilis cxovreba da
moRvaweoba
boris ilias-Ze boqoliSvili daibada 1936 wlis 21
ivliss siRnaRis raionis sof. bodbisxevSi mosamsaxuris
ojaxSi. mama ilia Tarimanis Ze boqoliSvili 1943 wels 33
wlis asakSi daiRupa samamulo omis fronteze da ori
mcirewlovani Svilis gazrdis simZime mTlianad daawva dedas
mariam boqoliSvils.
batoni borisi 1943 wels Sevida sof. bodbisxevis
saSualo skolis I klasSi, xolo 1951 wlidan swavla
gaagrZela maCxaanis saSualo skolaSi. pirveli dReebidanve
igi qvemo maCxaanis saSualo skolis saswavlo nawilis
gamgis, respublikis damsaxurebuli maswavleblis siRnaRis
raionSi `varo maswavleblad~ cnobil q-n varo WuWulaSvilis yuradRebis areSi moeqca. man baton borisSi SeniSna
didi niWi da Sromismoyvareoba, Sehfica doba mis dedas q-n
mariams da sTxova borisis Semdgom winsvlaSi mieRo
monawileoba da 1952 wlidan moyolebuli qalbatonma, varom
gardacvalebamde (1978 wlamde), SesaSuri dedoba gauwia mas.
batoni borisi kmayofilebiT aRniSnavs, rom mas gaumarTla, radgan yavda iseTi maswavleblebi, romlebic iyvnen
dawyebiT klasebSi maro gadelia da eliko zurabiSvili,
zeda klasebSi ki respublikis damsaxurebuli maswavleblebi
nina nacvliSvili, maro tuxaSvili, eliso niblaZe, marine
mWedliSvili.
batonma borisma SromiTi saqmianoba daiwyo swavlis
periodSive. 1951-53 w. zafxulobiT bodbisxevis kolmeurneobaSi muSaobda jer traqtoristis Semdgom ki kombaineris
TanaSemwed. amas misTvis xeli ar SeuSlia 1954 wels skola
*
(2008 wlis agvistoSi, saqarTveloSi ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli
agresiis winaaRmdeg protestis niSnad uari Tqva am sapatio wodebaze).
80
daemTavrebina medalze da Caricxuliyo saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis meqanika-manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetis manqanaTmSeneblobis teqnologiis specialobaze.
studentobis xuTwliani periodi, batonma borisma gaatara Sinaarsiani da SemoqmedebiTi axalgazrduli cxovrebiT. pirveli kursidanve iyo swavlis friadosani, aqtiurad
monawileobda studentTa samecniero konferenciebSi, studentTa TviTSemoqmedebis olimpiadebSi, romaul-berZnul
(kla-sikur) WidaobaSi miRebuli aqvs pirveli Tanrigi da
sami weli umaRlesi saswavleblebis spartakiadebze icavda
institutis Rirsebas, _ paralelurad 1958-60 ww. xelmZRvanelobda fak-is komkavSirul organizacias. institutSiac
gaumarTla baton boriss moesmina giorgi gedevaniSvilis,
giorgi gociriZis, daviT TavxeliZis, Teimuraz lolaZis,
vladimer cocxaZis, ambrosi ruxaZis, aleqsi gorgiZis...
leqciebisaTvis. fak-is dekanats ar gamorCenia baton borisis
aqtiuri studenturi saqmianoba da rogorc samagaliTo
students 1957-60 ww. dauniSna stalinuri stipendia.
batonma borisma 1960 wels warCinebiT daamTavra politenikuri instituti da miiRo SeTavazeba muSaoba gaegrZelebina liTonsaWreli Carxebis kaTedraze, an erTi wlis
Semdeg Caebarebina misaRebi gamocdebi moskovis satyeo
teqnikuri institutis miznobriv aspiranturaSi. man airCia
meore SeTavazeba da moskovSi wasvlamde, 1960-61 ww. saqarvelos xe-tyisa da xis dammuSavebeli mrewvelobis sammarTvelos sakonstruqtoro biuros ufros inJiner-konstruqtorad daiwyo muSaoba.
1961 wels batonma borisma warmatebiT Caabara misaRebi
gamocdebi moskovis satyeo-teqnikuri institutis aspiranturaSi da Seudga samecniero muSaobas. 1964 wels, igi aspiranturis damTavrebamde gamoiZaxes saqarTvelos politeqnikur institutSi axlad Seqmnil xis damuSavebis teqnologiis kaTedraze asistentad, ris gamoc ori wlis dagvianebiT, 1967 wlis aprilSi, moskovis satyeo teqnikuri institutis sadisertacio sabWos sxdomaze daicva sakandidato
81
disertacia. 1968 wlidan mieniWa docentis samecniero
wodeba. baton borisis samecniero kvlevebis mimarTulebas
warmoadgenda webo-burbuSelis wnex-kompoziciebidan rTuli
formis detalebis dawnexva. webo-burbuSelis wnex-kompoziciebi gamoirCeva dabali denadobiT da amitom wnex formebis Sevsebis TvalsazrisiT maTi gamoyeneba izRudeboda.
batonma borisma Seiswavla iafi mwebavi nivTierebebi da maTi
damatebiT miiRo optimaluri Tvisebebis mqone wnexkompoziciebi, romlebic warmatebiT dainerga warmoebebSi.
batonma borisma prof. k. TargamaZesTan, doc. r. axvledianTan, da prof. T. kandelakTan erTad Seiswavla vazis
nasxlavis resursebi saqarTveloSi da daamuSava misgan
merqnis boWkos filebisa da merqnis burbuSelis filebis
warmoebis teqnologia, ris safuZvelzec sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1985 wels miiRo Sesabamisi qarxnis q.
TelavSi aSenebis gadawyvetileba.
1972 wlidan batoni borisi samecniero-pedagogiuri
moRvaweobas uTavsebs meqanika-manqanaTmSeneblobis fak-is dekanis moadgiled muSaobas, sadac male vlindeba misi administraciuli saqmianobis SesaniSnavi unari.
baton borisis samecniero saqmianoba Seaferxa 1976 w.
xis damuSavebis specialobis saqarTvelos politeqnikuri
institutidan axladgaxsnil quTaisis politeqnikur institutSi gadatanam, ris gamoc mas orjer mouxda kaTedrebis
Secvla, jer samuSaod gadavida liTonsaWreli Carxebis,
xolo Semdeg 1980 wlidan axlad gaxsnil `manqanaTmSeneblobis~ kaTedraze. am periodSi man ramdenime naSromi
gamoqaveyna liTonebis WriT damuSavebaSi.
1984 wlis seqtembridan batoni borisi sameurneo
samuSaoebzea. igi iniSneba jer Tbilisis xis damamuSavebeli
kombinatis direqtorad, Semdeg ki Tbilisis musikaluri
instruqmentebis sawarmoo gaerTianebis generalur direqtorad. misi proncipuli da saqmiani pozicia SeuTavsebeli
aRmoCnda saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikis xe-tyisa da xis
damamuSavebeli da adgilobrivi mrewvelobis saministros
82
biurokratuli aparatisaTvis da igi iZulebuli gaxda 1986
wlis seqtembridan dabrunebuliyo saqarTvelos politeqnikur institutSi. batoni borisis ganTavisufleba Tbilisis
musikaluri gaerTianebis muSaTa 500 kacianma koleqtivma
1986 wlis 14 agvistos gaaprotesta gaficviT. im dros ras
niSnavda gaficva kargad mogexsenebaT, da rom ara isev baton
borisis muSebTan damokidebuleba da gamWriaxoba, Zneli
warmosadgeni ar aris riT damTavrdeboda misTvis es aqcia.
1989 wels meqanika-manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetis
samecniero sabWo, sam kandidaturas Soris upiratesobas
aZlevs baton boris boqoliSvils da irCevs fakultetis
dekanad, xolo 1991 wels meqanika-manqanaTmSeneblobis axlad
Camoyalibebuli saswavlo-samecniero institutis 250 TanamSromeli or kandidaturas Soris isev upiratesobas aZlevs
baton boris boqoliSvils da irCevs Tavis direqtorad.
1995 wlis seqtembridan institutis reorganizaciis Semdeg, faklultetze, igi isev dekania, arCeuli iyo meqanikamanqanaTmSneblobis fakultetis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomared da teqnikuri universitetis samecniero sabWosa da
profesorTa sabWoebis wevrad.
calke aRniSvnis Rirsia baton borisis 16 wliani
moRvaweoba fakultetis xelmZRvanelad. am xnis, 1989-2005
w.w. manZilze man fakultetze Seqmna simSvidisa da saqmiani
urTierTobebis atmosfero. 1989 wlis aprilSi igi gverdze
edga studentobas da maTTan erTad gadaitana 9 aprilisa da
komendatis saaTebis simware. misi dekanad muSaobis wlebis
umetesoba daemTxva qveyanaSi mimdinare negatiur movlenebsa
da gaWirvebas. igi misTvis damaxasiaTebel siTbos da sulier
Tanadgomas ar iSurebda arc TanamSromlebisa da arc
studentebisaTvis.
mZime 1991-93 ww. baton borisis iniciativiT fak-ze
ganaxlda xe-tyis da xis damuSavebis teqnologiis, msubuqi
mrewvelobis nawarmTa teqnologiisa da poligrafiul warmeobaTa teqnologis specialistTa momzadeba. drois moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare 2000 wels misi iniciativiT Seiqmna
83
specialoba `mcire bzinesis sawarmoTa mowyobilobebi, ekonomika da marTva~.
batonma borisma administraciuli saqmianobis paralelurad ganaaxla samecniero muSaoba da 1999 wels daicva
sadoqtoro disertacia. igi ormocdaaTamde samecniero Sromis, maT Soris ori meToduri, ori damxmare da erTi fundamentaluri saxelmZRvanelos avtoria. misi bolodroindeli
samecniero moRvaweobidan aRsaniSnavia qaris eleqtrosadguris yvelaze ufro sapasuxismgeblo kvanZis, turbinis
frTis, rTuli profilis dasamzadebeli, mWreli iaraRis,
samarjvisa da teqnologiis damuSaveba da maTi praqtikuli
ganxorcieleba.
batoni boris boqoliSvili 1993 wlidan iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis energetikul sakiTxTa komisiis
wevri, saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis departamentis manqanaTmSeneblobis seqciis saeqsperto komisiis
Tavmjdomare. igi 1995 wels saTaveSi Caudga sazogadoeba
`qiziys~. magram am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma movlenebma ar misca bevris gakeTebis saSualeba, misi TasdnobiT
bodbesa da wnorSi 1999 w. gaixsna saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis mosamzadebeli ganyofileba da qiziyis axalgazrdobis nawils saSualeba mieca misaRebi gamocdebisaTvis
saTanado codna adgilze mieRo. imave 1999w. man sazogadoeba
`qiziyis~ xelmZRvaneloba gadaabara axalgazrda Taobas.
2006 wlis noemberSi batoni borisi airCies stu-s akademiur sabWos wevrad.
igi dajildovebulia Rirsebis medliT da Rirsebis
ordeniT.
sadac ki umuSavia baton boriss, yvelgan gamoirCeoda
saqmisadmi erTguli damokidebulebiT, TanamSromlebs Soris
Tesavda sikeTisa da keTilganwyobis atmosferos, aris studentebis sayvareli pedagogi da aRmzrdeli; misi yoveldRiuri samqianoba saukeTeso magaliTia yvelasaTvis vinc mas
icnobs. misTvis Tanabrad axlobelia glexis, muSisa da
84
mecnierebis Sroma, ucxo araa gaWirveba da gaWirvebuli
kacis Tanadgoma.
baton boriss aqvs SesaniSnavi ojaxi: meuRle dali
bregvaZe respublikis damsaxurebuli maswavlebeli, Svilebi:
malxazi _ eqimi reanimatologia, irakli fizika-maTematikis
mecnierebaTa kandidati, qeTi _ samedicino aparaturis inJineri, aris Svidi SviliSvilis papa.
gTavazobT b-ni borisis mravalricxovani nayofieri
samecniero Sromebidan erT-erTi Sromis amonarids:
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ТЕКУЧЕСТИ СТРУЖЕЧНО-КЛЕВЫХ
СМЕСЕЙ ЗА СЧЕТ ДОБАВКИ СУЛЬФИТНОСПИРТОВОЙ БАРДЫ
(Б.И. Боколишвили)
1. Для повышения текучести стружено-клеевых смесей,
содержащих мочевино-формальдегидные смолы в количестве
10-15% от веса стружки может быть рекомендована добавка
сульфитно-спиртовой барды, однако в количестве, не
превышающем 20% от веса стружки. При большом содержании
в смеси сульфитно-спиртовой барды наблюдается значительное
снижение прочности прессованных издателий.
2. Добовка в стружено-клеевую смесь 15-20% консентрата
сульфитно-спиртовой барды повышает текучесть прессовочной
композиции примено на 25-30% по сравнению с текучестью той
же смеси, не содержащей этой добавки. Одновременно
наблюдается повышение водостойкости прессованных изделий
(примерно в 2 раза снижается их водопоглощение и набухание)..
85
teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor elguja
quTelias cxovreba da moRvaweoba
elguja
raJdenis
Ze
quTelia
daibada
1941
w.
martvilis r-nis sof. banZaSi.
1947 wels Sevida amave soflis saSualo skolaSi,
romelic 1958 wels daamTavra oqros medalze. amave wels
Cairicxa i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetSi fizikis fak-ze, romelic 1964 wels daamTavra warCinebiT da ganawilebiT daiwyo moRvaweoba spi-Si laborantis
Tanamdebobaze. 1967 wels Cairicxa spi-s aspiranturaSi,
romelic aseve warCinebiT daasrula 1970 wels da daicva
sakandidato disertacia aqtualur Temaze fizikis dargSi,
aseve
warmatebiT
daicva
sadoqtoro
disertacia.
b-ni
elguja avtoria 200-mde samecniero Sromis, romelTa meti
nawili
gamoqveynebulia
sazRvargareTis
JurnalebSi
da
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom b-ni elgujas samecniero
kvlevebi aRmoCnda friad efeqturi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, rac dasturdeba _ saerTaSoriso aRiarebiT. gTavazobT
profesor elguja quTelias xelmZRvanelobiT Sesrulebuli
mravalricxovani nayofieri Sromebidan erTobliv samecniero
naSroms asoc. prof. d. gvencaZesTan, romelic metyvelebs
batoni elgujas udides miRwevebze qimiis sferoSic ki.
(prof. elguja quTelia msoflioSi aRiarebuli mecnieri
fizikis dargSi). (statia ix. qvemoT).
86
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis kompoziciuri
masalebis da nakeTobebis teqnologiis kaTedris pedagogi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis r.dvalis
manqanaTa meqanikis institutis ufros mecnier-TanamSromeli, teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati daviT
gvencaZe.
daibada 1940 wlis 28 agvistos q.TbilisSi. 1958 wels
daamTavra q.Tbilisis me-60 saSualo skola oqros medalze,
xolo 1963 wels _ saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis qimiur-teqnologiur fakulteti plastmasebis dargSi
inJiner-teqnologis kvalifikaciiT da amave wlis agvistodan
igi ukve saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis kibernetikis institutis inJineria, sadac aqtiurad muSaobs sinaTlis sxivis bazaze momuSave gamomTvleli manqanis qimiuri
elementebis Seqmnis sakiTxebze.
1966 wlis oqtombridan d.gvencaZe q.moskovis d.i. mendeleevis saxelobis qimiur-teqnologiuri institutis aspirantia plastmasebis teqnologiis kaTedraze. am kaTedris
gamgis, msoflioSi sayovelTaod cnobili mecnieris akademikos v.korSakis gadawyvetilebiT igi sadisertacio samuSaos
asrulebs sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis elementorganul naerTTa institutSi tribologiuri daniSnulebis
polimeruli kompoziciuri masalebis SemuSavebis saqmeSi.
1971 wlidan d. gvencaZe saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis manqanaTa meqanikis institutis jer umcrosi, xolo
1975 wlidan ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromelia.
1972 wels batonma daviTma warmatebiT daicva disertacia q.moskovis
qimiur-teqnologiuri institutis samecniero sabWos daxurul sxdomaze da imave wels mieniWa
teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxi. misi samuSaos
gasaidumloebis mizezi iyo is, rom d.gvencaZis mier polikarbonatis fuZeze SemuSavebuli antifriqciuli TviTSemzeTi
kompoziciuri masalebi imave wlebSi gamoyenebul iqna
kosmosuri kvlevis saqmeSi, kerZod, Canergil iqna planeta
87
venerasken gagzavnili mfrinavi aparatebis tribologiur
kvanZebSi. batoni daviTis mier SemuSavebuli “esteranis”
markiT cnobili masalebi Sesulia manqanaTmSeneblobis bevr
sacnobaro wignebSi.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis manqanaTa meqanikis
institutSi batoni daviTis samecniero moRvaweobis interesebis sferoSia akademokos v.maxaldianis mier SemuSavebuli
rotaciuli Zravas moxaxune kvanZebis antifriqciuli grafituli masalebiT aRWurva, ekologiurad sufTa friqciuli
masalebis SemuSaveba saqarTveloSi warmoebuli bazaltis
boWkos da meoreuli nedleulis bazaze, axali TviTSemzeTi
kompoziciuri masalebis SemuSaveba modificirebuli fenoluri fisebisa da teflonis bazaze naxSirbadovani da Jangeulebis Semcveli fxvnilebis gamoyenebiT, fosfaturi
Semkvrelebisa da TviTganvrcobadi maRaltemperaturuli
sinTeziT miRebuli maRaldispersiuli keramikuli fxvnilebis bazaze maRalefeqturi Termomdgradi da cveTamedegi
keramikuli kompozitebis SemuSaveba da sxv.
amJamad d.gvencaZe xelmZRvanelobs saerTaSoriso _
samecniero teqnikuri centris (МНТЦ) grantis proeqtis
teqnologiur jgufs. es proeqti iTvaliswinebs eqstremalur pirobebSi momuSave dengamtari polimeruli kompoziciuri masalebis SemuSavebas da kvlevas.
d.gvencaZe avtoria 60-ze meti samecniero naSromis, 4
gamogonebisa da 4 patentis. igi monawilea mravali respublikuri Tu saerTaSoriso konferenciebisa da simpoziumebis.
mas xSirad iwveven sakandidato disertaciebis oponentad.
igi 10 welia Tavis codna-gamocdilebas uziarebs axalgazrdobas saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis organul
nivTierebaTa teqnologiis da kompoziciuri masalebisa da
nakeTobebis teqnologiis kaTedrebze. cdilobs gauRviZos
studentebs mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebisadmi interesi.
daviT gvencaZe warmatebiT TanamSroblobs saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis iseT cnobil mecnierebTan, rogorebicaa profeorebi elguja quTelia, zviad kovziriZe da
88
sxvebi. Tqven winaSe warmodgenili naSromi amis dadasturebaa. am naSromma didi interesi gamoiwvia 2008 wels
fineTSi, q. tampereSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze
(baltrizi-2008) ris Sedegadac q. stogholmis masalaTa
teqnologiis profesor ulf olofsonTan mecnieruli
TanamSromloba xorcieldeba. statiaSi ganxiluli axali
Taobis friqciuli kompoziciuri masalebis SemuSavebis
sakiTxebi amave wels damuSavda CRDE-is, sesf-is da GRDEis biznes-partnioruli grantis mixedviT. amitomac statiis
erT-erTi avtori Sps `redas~ xelmZRvaneli revaz daTiaSvilia q. quTaisidan, romelic yovelnairad cdilobs aiTvisos xundebis gamoSveba sxvadasxva tipis avtomobilebisaTvis.
gTavazobT b-ni daviT gvencaZis da prof. elguja
quTelias saukeTeso naSroms (novacias) mecnier-mkvlevarTa
jgufTan erTad.
nanoforovani kompoziciis bazaze damzadebuli samuxruWe
xundis zesadebis xaxunisa da cveTis TaviseburebaTa
gamokvleva
mecnier mkvlevarTa jgufi: e.quTelia, d.gvencaZe, o.wurwumia,
r.daTiaSvili, l.gvencaZe
axali uazbesto friqciuli (samuxruWe) kompoziciuri
masalebis Seqmna dResac aqtualur amocanad iTvleba. samwuxarod, azbesti, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise dsT qveynebSi,
axlac ki meqanikuri satransporto saSualebebis (avtomobilebis) samuxruWe masalebis ZiriTadi komponentia (50%-ze
meti). amasTanave, miuxedavad imisa, rom warmoebis mier
gamoSvebuli uazbesto samuxruWe xundebi akmayofileben
ZiriTad teqnikur moTxovnebs (maRali xaxunis koeficienti,
stabiluri samuxruWe reJimi, maRal temperaturebze ~350°C
xaxunis kvanZis muSaunarianobis SenarCuneba), maT umravlesobas mainc gaaCniaT garkveuli naklovanebebi, romlebsac
miekuTvnebian: wripini dabal siCqareebze damuxruWebisas,
89
xmauri maRali siCqariT moZraobisas, damuxruWebis efeqturobis Semcireba samuxruWe sistemis 350°C-is zeviT gacxelebisas, xaxunis koeficientis maRali maCvenebelis arastabiluroba (vardna) mSralidan svel xaxunze gadasvlis
momentSi da samuxruWe diskos cveTis maRali intensivoba;
amasTanave avtomobilis borblebze samuxruWe kvanZis
nacveTis moSavo feris
produqtebis warmoqmna, romelic
araesTetikuria da romlis Tavidan acileba sxva zemoT
xsenebuli naklovanebebTan erTad, Tanamedrove moTxovnebiT
aseve sasurvelia.
warmoebis
(msoflios
sxvadasxva
firmebis)
mier
gamoSvebuli samuxruWe zesadebebis friqciuli masalebi
warmoadgenen maravalkomponentian kompoziciebs (7-dan 12-mde
da meti komponentis). es kompoziciebi mzaddeba standartuli fxvnilovani teqnologiiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs
komponentebis
SerCeuli
TanafardobiT
Serevis
gziT
homogenuri kazmis momzadebas, miRebuli kazmis porciis
moTavsebas presformaSi liTonis sadebTan erTad, wnevis
zemoqmedebiT cxel kompaqtirebas da Semdgom TermodamuSavebas.
amJamad seriulad gamoSvebuli samuxruWe xundebis
warmoebaSi arsebuli teqnologia kargad aris aTvisebuli.
gaumjobesebuli triboteqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis da dabali
TviTRirebulebis mqone axali produqciis danergvisas
mwarmoeblebi cdiloben ar Secvalon es tradiciuli teqnologia, xolo am produqciis aucilebeli maxasiaTeblebis
realizacia ganaxorcielon Tvisebebis modificirebiT da
Sixtas sawyisi masalebis komponentebis raodenobis Semcirebis gziT.
cnobilia, rom kompoziciebis Semdgenebis tipisa da raodenobis, maTi nawilakebis formisa da zomebis optimaluri
SerCeviT SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovnad gaizardos xaxunis
kvanZis cveTamedegoba, xaxunis kvanZis daniSnulebisda mixedviT, farTo diapazonSi vcvaloT xaxunis koeficienti,
amasTanave kontroli gavuwioT miRebuli friqciuli kompo90
ziciuri nakeTobebis Tbofizikur, meqanikur da sxva Tvisebebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom umravles, seriulad gamoSvebul
samuxruWe xundebs axasiaTebT sxvadasxva xarisxis zemoTaRniSnuli naklovanebebi da azbestSemcvel samuxruWe xundebTan SedarebiT isini ufro ZviradRirebulia. zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinare, agreTve imis gamo, rom azbestSemcveli
samuxruWe xundebis warmoeba garemos dacviTi organoebis
mier akrZalulia, samuxruWe zesadebebis warmoebisaTvis
axali uazbesto kompoziciuri masalebis Seqmnis gzebis Zieba
(maT ar axasiaTebT aRniSnuli naklovanebebi da ufro
srulad pasuxoben Tanamedrove avtomobilebis samuxruWe
kvanZebisadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs) warmoadgens aqtualur
samecniero-teqnikur amocanas.
Cvenis azriT erT-erT SesaZlebel gzas arsebuli
samuxruWe zesadebebis iseTi naklovanebebis aRmofxvrisaTvis,
rogoricaa wripini, xaxunis koeficientis arastabiluroba
mSralidan svel xaxunze gadasvlisas da damuxruWebis
efeqturobis Semcireba maRal temperaturebze, warmoadgens
samuxruWe zesadebebis iseTi forovani masalis Seqmna,
romelsac fizikur-meqanikuri da tribologiuri Tvisebebis
moTxovnebis doneze gaaCndes maRali demfirebis unari bgeris
rxeviT diapazonSi an srulad aridebdes TviT bgeriTi
xmauris warmoqmnas xaxunisas.
amasTan dakavSirebiT mocemul samuSaoSi Seswavlil
iqna samuxruWe xundis zesadebis kompoziciaSi nanoforovani
ingredientis Seyvanis zegavlena misi xaxunisa da cveTis
maxasiaTeblebze, SemdgomSi Sixtis axali iafi kompoziciis
SemuSavebis
mizniT
misgan
samuxruWe
zesadebebis
dasamzadeblad samuxruWe xundebis warmoebis tradiciuli
teqnologiis gamartivebuli sqemis gamoyenebiT.
2. eqsperimentuli nawili.
Ffxvnilovani teqnologia saSualebas gvaZlevs miviRoT
sxvadasxva daniSnulebis forovani kompoziciuri masalebi,
magram
maravalkomponentiani
kompoziciis
SemTxvevaSi,
rogorsac warmoadgens samuxruWe zesadebebis masala,
91
arsebuli teqnologiiT SeuZlebelia uzrunvelyofili iqnas
erTgvarovani
zomis
submikronuli
forebis
Tanabari
ganawileba da amasTan erTad SenarCunebul iqnas moTxovnebis
doneze friqciuli zesadebebis kompozitis simtkice da
sisale. amitom teqnologiis tradiciuli sqemis Seucvlelad, samuxruWe xundebis warmoebisaTvis nanoforovani
kompoziciuri masalis Seqmnis yvelaze martiv meTods
warmoadgens kompoziciaSi ultradispersiuli fxvnilovani
iseTi komponentis Seyvana, romlis TiToeuli nawilaki
Seicavdes iqneba nanozomis forebis garkveul raodenobas. am
mizniT yvelaze misaRebs warmoadgens bunebrivi nedleulis
diatomitis umTavresi Semadgeneli nawilis – kaJovani
javSnis agebulebasa da geometriul TanafardobaSi bunebrivad Cadebuli (realizebuli) forianobis parametrebis
unikaluri
Taviseburebani.
sawyis
nedleulad
kazmis
Sedgenisas Cvens mier aRebuli iqna qisaTibis sabados
(samxreT saqarTvelo) diatomiti, romelsac Cautarda
rentgenografiuli da rastruli eleqtronuli mikroskopiuli mem gamokvlevebi. rentgenografiulma gamokvlevam
aCvena, rom misi qimiuri (mineralogiuri) Semadgenloba 96%
opalia (SiO2·nH2O) da rom is mdgradia maRal (900°C)
temperaturamde.
nax.1. a da b-ze moyvanilia avtorTa mier sawyis masalad
aRebuli
TeTri
diatomitis
fxvnilis
Semadgeneli
nawilakebis mem gamosaxulebebi. statistikurma dakvirvebam
aCvena, rom diatomitis sawyisi nedleuli Sedgeba 85÷90%
nax.1. a-ze naCvenebi radialuri agebulebis unaWdevo
sagdulebiani tipis (Ethmodicus gazellae) kaJovani javSnebisagan, romelTa diametris zomebi meryeobs 4 mkm-dan 10
mkm-mde; javSnebi warmoadgenen Txel (sisqiT 100÷200 nm)
diskoebs, romlebic Tavis mxriv TiToeuli Seicavs
ramodenime aseulamde gamWol, wriuli kveTis cilindrul
forebs diametrebiT 100÷500 nm, radialurad zusti
geometriuli ganlagebiT. garda aRniSnuli tipis javSnebisa,
nedleuli
Seicavda
gansxvavebuli
tipis
diatomitis
92
nawilakebs jamuri raodenobiT araumetes 10÷12%-isa,
romlebic agreTve nanoforovani aRnagobisa iyo (nax.1.b).
mkvlevarTa mier SemuSavebul iqna kazmis axali kompozicia, romlis ZiriTad ingredientad aRebuli iqna diatomitis aRniSnuli nedleulis fraqcionirebiT (rac gulisxmobs mis dafqvasa da gacras) miRebuli ultradispersiuli
fxvnili. diatomitis fxvnili SerCeuli TanafardobiT
Seereoda kazmis danarCen komponentebs baritis, spilenZisa
da plastifikatoris (xaxunis modifikatoris) fxvnilebs
homogenuri narevis miRebamde. maRali wnevis gamoyenebiT
cxeli kompaqtirebisaTvis Semkvrelad kazmSi Seereoda
agreTve qimiurad modificirebuli fenolformaldehiduri
fisi. qimiurad modificirebuli fisis gamoyeneba Semkvrelad
miznad isaxavda cxeli kompaqtirebiT miRebuli samuxruWe
xundis zesadebis samuSao temperaturebis gazrdas 600Cmde.
planetarul
wisqvilSi
diatomitis
nedleulis
daqucmacebuli natexebis (~5mm) dafqvisas ramdenime wuTis
ganmavlobaSi xdeboda diatomitis javSnis diskosebri
nawilakebis (nax.2.a.) dafSvna da dafqvili masalis gacriT
iRebdnen ultradispersiul fxvnils, Semdgars firfitisebri, perimetrze dakbiluli nawilakebisagan, zomebis
dispersiiT 0,2-5 mkm. amasTan, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
fxvnilSi yoveli nawilaki Seicavda saSualod erTidan
aTeulamde gamWol nanoforas diametrebiT 100-500 nm
(nax.2.b.). cxadia aseTi morfologiisa da zomebis mqone
nawilakebisagan Semdgari ultradispersiuli fxvnilis ZiriTad ingredientad Seyvanam mkvlevarTa mier SemuSavebuli
kazmis kompoziciaSi, am ukanasknels SesZina moculobis
mWidrod Sevsebisa da advilad gamkvrivebis Tviseba, amitom
aseTi kazmisagan maRali wnevis zemoqmedebiT cxlad kompaqtirebis arsebuli meTodiT damzadebuli samuxruWe xundis
zesadebi masala xasiaTdeba mTels moculobaSi nanoforebis
statistikurad Tanabari ganawilebiT teqnologiuri makroforebis praqtikulad ar arsebobisas.
93
kazmis optimizebuli kompoziciebis eqsperimentulad
dadgenis mere, samuxruWe xundebis warmoebis miRebuli
teqnologiuri ciklis gamoyenebiT damzadda nanoforovani
kompoziciuri zesadebis mqone samuxruWe xundebis sacdeli
nimuSebi laboratoriuli sastendo tribologiuri da
meqanikuri
testirebisaTvis
da
agreTve
avtomobilis
realuri eqspluataciis pirobebSi gamocdebis Casatareblad.
laboratoriul
stendze
testirebul
da
realurad
avtomobilSi namuSevar samuxruWe xundebs (wina borblebze)
utardebodaT cveTaze namuSevari zedapirebis (da maTi ganivi
kveTebis) struqturuli gamokvlevebi rastruli eleqtronuli mikroskopis DSM-960 (firma “OPTON”, germania)
meSveobiT, SemuSavebuli axali samuxruWe masalis xaxunisa
da cveTis TaviseburebaTa dadgenisa da maTi meqanizmis
Seswavlis mizniT.
3. miRebuli Sedegebi da diskusia
testireba da gamokvlevebi CautardaT ori tipis sacdel
partias samuxruWe xundebisa: erTi partia xundebisa damzadebul iqna zesadebiT, romlis kazmis SemadgenlobaSi ar iyo
Setanili plastifikatori (xaxunis koeficientis modifikatori); xolo meore partiis xundebis sacdel nimuSebs
gaaCndaT zesadebi damzadebuli kazmiT, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Setanili iyo plastifikatori sxva danarCeni
ingredientebis imave Tanafardobisas, rac pirvel SemTxvevaSi. baritisa da diatomitis SemcvelobaTa Tanafardobis
variacia sacdel kompoziciebSi avtorebs saSualebas
aZlevda ekontrolebinaT miRebuli friqciuli masalis
xaxunis koeficientis mniSvneloba moTxovnil farglebSi.
laborato-riulma gazomvebma aCvenes, rom pirveli tipis
zesadebi masalis xaxunis koeficienti (samuxruWe diskosTan) Seadgenda 0,25÷0,3 oTaxis temperaturidan 100°C-mde
temperaturul intervalSi; xolo meore tipis zesadebisaTvis imave temperaturul intervalSi xaxunis koeficientis mniSvnelobam Seadgina 0,32÷0,45. amasTan, orive
tipis zesadebisaTvis meqanikuri maxasiaTeblebis (sisale,
94
gawyvetis winaRoba Zvrisa da Runvisas) gazomili mniSvnelobebi eTanadebodnen am tipis masalebisadmi Tanamedrove
standar-tebiT wayenebul moTxovnebs. mniSvnelovani Tviseba,
rac laboratoriuli testirebisas da agreTve realuri
eqsplua-taciis pirobebSi gamoavlina sacdelma samuxruWe
xundebis zesadebis masalam, iyo is, rom is inarCunebda
stabilur maRal xaxunis koeficientis mniSvnelobas mSrali
xaxunidan svel (wyliT) xaxunze gadasvlis SemTxvevaSic da
ar iwvevda wripins dabal siCqareebze damuxruWebisas.
mkvlevarTa, es garemoeba dakavSirebulia nanoforovani
samuxruWe zesadebi masalis samuxruWe diskos zedapirTan
xaxunisas
moxaxune
zedapirebis
faqtiuri
kontaqtis
farTobebze ganviTarebuli fiziko - meqanikuri movlenebisa
da cveTis produqtebis warmoqmnis meqanizmebis TaviseburebebTan. am mosazrebis dasasabuTeblad gamokvleuli iqna
samuxruWe
xundebis
zesadebis
realurad
namuSevari
zedapirebis struqturuli transformaciebi rastruli
eleqtronuli mikroskopis meSveobiT.
nax.3.a-g-ze moyvanilia samuxruWe xundis sacdeli nimuSis zedapirebis mem gamosaxulebebi gadaRebuli samuxruWe
diskosTan xaxunis sxvadasxva
xangrZlivobis Semdeg.
mkafiod gamovlinda, rom zesadebis zedapiris cveTis xasiaTi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia samuxruWe diskosTan e.w.
“mimuSavebis” stadiaze da mimuSavebis Semdgom e.w. “stacionaruli” cveTis stadiebze. axal samuxruWe diskosTan (ara
namuSevari) xaxunisas pirveli ramodenime damuxruWebis
Semdeg xundis zesadebis zedapirze daimzireba metalis
(Tujis, foladis) diskos moSlifuli (sawyisi) zedapiris
mikro uswormasworebaTa Sverilebis mier datovebuli
kvalebi paraleluri nakawrebisa da xaxunis Sedegad
aZenZili submikronuli nawilakebis gadalesvis arxebis
(Sverilebis Tanazomadi) saxiT (nax.3.a). dinamikaSi es stadia
Zalian swrafad mTavrdeba da myardeba e.w. Tanabari (dabali
intesivobiT) cveTis stadia, rogorc xundis zesadebis, aseve
samuxruWe diskosaTvis, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom diskos
95
zedapiri
iRebs
Tavisufali
submikronuli
abraziviT
polirebuli zedapiris saxes - xdeba sawyisi (pirveladi)
zedapiris profilis mikrouswormasworobaTa mogluveba da
SverilTa maqsimaluri simaRleebis gaTanabreba arsebuli
submikronuli Sverilebis doneebamde, profilis axali
submikronuli mdgenelis gazrdis xarjze da Sedegad
vRebulobT moxaxune zedapiris planarulobis gazrdas.
imavdroulad (paralelurad) samuxruWe xundis zesadebis
zedapirze formirdeba cveTis produqtis (miRebuli ZiriTad
kompoziciis
nanoforovani
komponentis
destruqciis
Sedegad) nanonawilakebisagan Semdgari fxvnilis fena sisqiT
sul ramodenime mikroni, romelsac Tavis mxriv zedapirze
submikronuli forebis TviTmowesrigebis niSnebi gaaCnia (ix.
nax.3. b, g). amasTan, is garemoeba, rom aRniSnul zedapirze
ar daimzireba samuxruWe diskos zedapiris uswormasworobaTa mikroSverilebiT gamowveuli kawvris kvalebi
(nax.3. b), ar niSnavs imas, rom
uswormasworobebi gaqra
xaxunis procesSi, aramed moxda maTi amplitudis Semcireba
maqsimaluri simaRlis Sverilebis intensiuri mocveTis gamo.
aRniSnuli eqsperimentuli faqtis asaxsnelad nax.4. a-ze
moyvanilia samuxruWe diskosa (1) da samuxruWe xundis
zesadebis (2) kontaqtSi myofi moxaxune zedapirebi ganivi
kveTis (Wrilis) sqematuri warmodgena. diskos zedapiris
radiusis
mqone
uswormasworobebi
warmodgenilia
ri
naxevarsferuli Sverilebis miaxloebaSi, xolo kontaqtSi
myofi zedapirebis urTierTSeRwevis efeqturi siRrme
aRniSnulia Δh-iT, romelic Seadgens muxruWis zesadebis
zedapirze “stacionarul” reJimSi xaxunisas warmoqmnili
nanonawilakebisagan Semdgari fxvnilis fenis sisqisa da
samuxruWe diskos zedapiris uswormasworobaTa Sorisi
sivrcis cveTis analogiuri produqtebiT Sevsebuli “fenis”
saSualo sisqeTa jams. aRniSnuli sqematuri warmodgenis
realobas
adasturebs
samuxruWe
diskos
namuSevari
zedapiris
mikrouswormasworobaTa
Soris
siRrmeebSi
“Capresili” cveTis ultradispersuli produqtis zedapiris
96
ubnis mem gamosaxuleba (nax. 4 b), romelic aCvenebs agreTve
aRniSnuli “Capresili” masalis nanoforianobas da rom es
ukanaskneli samuxruWeE xundis zedapirze warmoqmnili
nanonawilakebisagan Semdgari fxvnilis nawilia.
winaRobis gradientis wesis Sesabamisad, romelic aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens garegani xaxunis realizaciisaTvis, mocemul SemTxvevaSi Zvris winaRobis gradientis
ganxorcielebis
meTodebis
sqemas
unda
daematos
nanofxvnilis SuaSris formireba, romelic mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs nanoforovani masalis bazaze miRebuli
samuxruWe zesadebebis xaxunisa da cveTis meqanizmSi. nanofxvnilis es SuaSre – “afski” Zalian swrafad warmoiqmneba
moxaxune wyvilis kvanZis muSaobis dawyebis Semdeg da
SemdgomSi damuxruWebis procesis ganmeorebadi ciklebisas
permanentulad
Tan
axlavs
(Tanaarsebobs),
romelic
ganuwyvetliv Seivseba zesadebis ZiriTadi masalisagan,
rogorc samuxruWe zesadebis zedapirze, aseve liTonuri
kontrsxeulis zedapirze “dagruntvis” saxiT am zedapiris
simqiseebze. “denadi” nanofxvniliT Sevsebuli samuxruWe
diskos zedapiris uswormasworobebi (simqiseebi) samuxruWe
zesadebis zedapirze srialisas, romelic uTxelesi (~5 mkm)
nanofxvnilis feniTaa dafaruli, ar ganicdis civWedvas da
Sesabamisad daRlasac, ris gamoc diskos cveTa mimdinareobs
Tanabrad aglejis gareSe. amitom gasagebi xdeba diskos
cveTis dabali xarisxi xaxunis koeficientis maRali
mniSvnelobisas. saqme imaSia, rom moxaxune wyvilis
urTierTqmedebis dros cveTis produqtis – nanofxvnilis
Sualeduri Txeli SuaSris Tanaobisas _ mkveTrad izrdeba
zedapirebis sakontaqto farTebi da xaxunis kvanZSi mcirdeba
kuTri wneva, romlis drosac maRal doneze SenarCunebulia
Zvris winaaRmdegobis AZalebi moxaxune zedapirebis gadaadgilebasTan SedarebiT “denad” fxvnilSi nanonawilakebs Soris
Sinagani xaxunis gamo.
avtomobilebis realuri eqspluataciis pirobebSi samuxruWe xundebis sacdeli nimuSebis gamocdebma aCvenes, rom 25
97
aTasi kilometris qalaqis pirobebSi gavlis Semdeg maTi
zesadebis cveTis xarisxi Seesabameboda analogiur pirobebSi
namuSevari ITT industriuli kompaniis (italia) seriuli
xundis friqciuli zesadebi masalis GALFER 3261 FF
cveTis xarisxs, maSin rodesac samuxruWe diskos cveTis
sidide iyo orjer naklebi ITT-is xundTan namuSevar diskos
cveTis sididesTan SedarebiT. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom
mkvlevarTa mier SemuSavebuli xuTkomponentiani masalis
kompoziciaSi Semvsebad grafitis ar arsebobam, zesadebi
masalis cveTis produqtebi gaxada ufro esTetikuri
(araSavi) da SedarebiT advilad gasarecxi.
mZime pirobebSi, gadaxurebisas, masalis muSaunarianobis
Semowmebis
mizniT
samuxruWe
xundebs,
damzadebuls
SemuSavebuli forovani kompozitis zesadebisagan, CautardaT
testireba 20-jeradi seriebiT
damuxruWebisas 130 km/sT
siCqaridan saboloo gaCerebamde ~6,5 m/wm SenelebiT.
gaqaneba-damuxruWebis yoveli ciklis xangrZlivoba Seadgenda
daaxloebiT 50 wams. am pirobebSi izomeboda realuri
Seneleba, muxruWis saterfulze Zalva da xundebis
temperatura. laboratoriul pirobebSi damzadebuli xundebis sacdeli nimuSebis aseTi gamocdebis rezultatebi mocemulia nax. 5. am naxazidan Cans, rom 400°C-mde damuxruWebis
efeqturobis Semcireba ar aRiniSneba. testirebis Semdeg
samuxruWe diskos da samuxruWe zesadebebis wyvilis
zedapirebis kvlevam aCvena, rom friqciul zesadebebs ar
gaaCndaT daSlis (rRvevis) kvali, xolo samuxruWe diskos
cveTa atarebda Tanabar xasiaTs xaxunis sarkiseburad gluvi
zedapiris SenarCunebiT anaglejis gaCenis gareSe.
4. daskvna
Seswavlilia samuxruWe xundis zesadebis kompoziciaSi
nanoforovani igredientis Seyvanis zegavlena misi xaxunisa
da cveTis maxasiaTeblebze. friqciuli masalis misaReb
SixtaSi ZiriTadi ingredientis nawilakebis meSveobiT
nanoforebis Seyvanam saSualeba misca mkvlevarTa jgufs,
raTa SeeqmnaT samuxruWe xundebis zesadebis axali, xuTi
98
komponentisagan
Semdgari
nanoforovani
kompozicia,
romelsac gaaCnia stabilurad maRali xaxunis koeficientis
mniSvneloba 0,3÷0,45 farglebSi, rogorc mSrali ise sveli
xaxunis pirobebSi, ar iwvevs wripins dabal siCqareebze
damuxruWebisas da amasTan xasiaTdeba samuxruWe diskos
cveTis orjer naklebi intensivobiT arsebul uazbesto
friqciul masalebTan SedarebiT.
nax.1. qisaTibis sabadodan (saqarTvelo) aRebuli diatomitis nimuSis
Semadgeneli nawilakebis mem gamosaxuleba: a) Ethmodicus gazellae tipis nawilakebi, b) Gyrosigma attenuatum – tipis nawilaki;
nax.2. diatomitis fxvnilis nawilakebis mem gamosaxuleba: a) sabados
bunebriv nimuSSi dafqvamde b) planetarul wisqvilSi dafqvili da
gacrili fxvnilis nimuSSi.
99
nax. 3. nanoforiani samuxruWe xundis zesadebis namuSevari
zedapirebis mem gamosaxuleba: a) axal samuxruWe diskTan
“mimuSavebis” stadiaze namuSevari zedapiri; b) imave xundis
zesadebis zedapiri xangrZlivi damuxruWebis reJimSi muSaobis
Semdeg; g) amave nimuSis gamosaxuleba ganivi kveTis mxridan.
100
nax.4. a) samuxruWe diskosa (1) da samuxruWe xundis zesadebis (2)
kontaqtSi myofi moxaxune zedapirebis ganivi kveTis sqematuri
warmodgena; b) samuxruWe diskos zedapiris ikrouswormasworobaTa
(ri) Soris “Capresili” ultradispersiuli cveTis produqtis
zedapiris ubnis mem gamosaxuleba.
Zala
damuxruWeba
nax.5. nanoforovani zesadebebiani samuxruWe xundebis sacdeli
nimuSis damuxruWebis efeqturoba gadaxurebisas
101
Seswavlilia samuxruWe xundis zesadebis kompoziciaSi
nanoforovani igredientis Seyvanis zegavlena misi xaxunisa
da cveTis maxasiaTeblebze. kompoziciaSi nanoforebi (200500
nm)
warmoiqmneba
diatomitis
nawilakebis
meSveobiT
SemuSavebuli forovani kompoziciebis cveTis Taviseburebebisa
da
xaxunis
meqanizmebis
kvlevam
cxadyo,
rom
nawilakebis mikrostruqtura da Termomedegoba (900°C-mde)
ganapirobeben
maRal
tribologiur
parametrebs,
rogorc
mSral, ise sveli xaxunis pirobebSi. am masalebs gaaCniaT
ufro esTetikuri (araSavi) feri da ar aris SedarebiT
advilad gasarecxi misi cveTis produqti. axali Taobis
kompoziciuri masalis Semkvrelad qimiurad modificirebuli
fenolformaldehiduri fisis gamoyenebam samuxruWe xundebis
tribologiuri parametrebis stabiluroba aamaRla 600°C
saeqsploatacio temperaturamde, xolo samuxruWe diskos
muSaunarianoba
gazarda
TiTqmis
orjer.
baritisa
da
diatomitis Semcvelobis varireba kompoziciaSi saSualebas
iZleva xaxunis koeficientis regulireba movaxdinoT saWiro
diapazonSi.
mSrali
xaxunis
koeficientis
SemuSavebuli masalisaTvis icvleba
praqtikulad
igive
rCeba
sveli
mniSvnelobebi
0,3÷0,45 farglebSi, da
xaxunis
pirobebSic.
miRebuli Sedegebi saSualebas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom axali
SemuSavebuli kompozicia warmoadgens samuxruWe xundebis
zesadebebisaTvis
ukeTes
masalebs
friqciul masalebTan SedarebiT.
102
arsebul
uazbesto
ruseTis sabunebismetyvelo akademiis namdvili wevris,
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis qimiuri
teqnologiisa da metalurgiis fakultetis dekanis,
gamoCeuli mamuliSvilis, t.m.d. prof. nugzar wereTlis
samecniero da pedagogiuri moRvaweoba
nugzar wereTeli daibada 1956 wlis 28 ianvars q.
WiaTuraSi. saSualo skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis Semdeg
Cairicxa saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis metalurgiul fakultetze specialobiT _ Savi liTonebis metalurgia, romelic aseve warCinebiT daamTavra 1980 wels. amave
wels Cairicxa spi-s metalurgiis fakultetis aspiranturaSi Tavisi specialobiT (Savi liTonebis metalurgia),
romelic daamTavra 1983 wels. b-ni nugzari gamoirCeoda
SromismoyvareobiT, niWierebiT da sanimuSo organizaciuli
niWiT, rogorc studentobis wlebSi aseve aspiranturaSi
swavlis periodSi.
1986 wels warmatebiT daicva sakandidato disertacia,
xolo 2003 wels sadoqtoro disertacia metalurgiis
metad aqtualur Temaze.
Tavis profesiaze usazRvrod Seyvarebulma qarTvelma
mamuliSvilma gaiara samecniero wodebis yvela safexuri
umcrosi mecnier-TanamSromlidan profesorobamde; 1983-87
ww-Si b-ni nugzari saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
kazmis momzadebisa da gadamuSavebis problemuri laboratoriis umcrosi mecnier-TanamSromelia, 1987 w. ufrosi
mecnier TanamSromeli, 1987-2003 ww. wamyvani mecnier
TanamSromeli, 2003-2005 ww. mTavari mecnier TanamSromeli.
1987 wlidan 2003 wlamde eWira docentis Tanamdeboba Savi
liTonebis metalurgiis kaTedraze da 2003 wlidan amave
kaTedris profesoria. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
nugzar wereTeli sargeblobs udidesi siyvaruliTa da
pativiscemiT,
TanamSromlebsa
da
studentebs
Soris,
TiToeuli studenti madlieria misi mSobliuri siTbosi da
erTguli damokidebulebisa. prof. nugzar wereTelma did
103
pedagogiur moRvaweobasTan harmoniulad SeaTavsa nayofieri
samecniero moRvaweoba, risi dasturicaa mis mier bolo 15
wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynebuli 45-ze meti samecniero
Sroma, maTgan 15 gamogoneba, romelTa umravlesoba
saerTaSoriso aRiareba hpova.
gTavazobT prof. nugzar wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT
Catarebuli nayofieri samecniero kvlevebidan or maTgans:
manganumiani feroSenadnobebis gamodnobis procesis
Termodinamikuri analizi kazmSi specialuri masalebis
gamoyenebisas
(mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi: n. wereTeli, q. wereTeli,
d. nanobaSvili)
manganumis oqsidebisa da kaJmiwis naxSirbadiT aRdgenis
reaqcia ganmsazRvreli faqtoria manganumiani feroSenadnobebisa warmoebis procesSi, amitom SiO2-C da Mn-O-C
sistemebis Termodinamikuri analizi yovelTvis iwvevda
specialistTa did interess. Catarebuli kvlevebis miuxedavad, manganumiani feroSenadnobebis gamodnobis teqnologiebi kvlavac dasaxvewia da Semdgom srulyofas saWiroebs,
radgan dabalia kazmidan liTonSi manganumisa da kaJbadis
amokreba da maRalia manganumis danakargebi.
wonasworuli narevis tradiciuli e.w. kerZo Termodinamikuri
gaangariSeba,
umetes
SemTxvevaSi,
mxolod
saorientacio Sedegebs iZleva, ris gamoc aRniSnulma
meTodma TiTqmis amowura Tavisi SesaZlebloba. amJamad
Seqmnilia wonasworuli mdgomareobis ufro srulyofili
saangariSo algoriTmebi da egm-is programebi e.w. sruli
Termodinamikuri gaangariSeba, romelic maRali temperaturuli procesebis Seswavlisas miznobrivi produqtebis
miRebis fizikur-qimiuri safuZvlebis damuSavebisa da minimalurad aucilebeli eqsperimentuli kvlevebis saSualebas
iZleva.
104
aRniSnuli sruli Termodinamikuri gaangariSeba jibsis
enegriis minimaluri mniSvnelobis an entropiis maqsimaluri
sididis gansazRvras emyareba. miRebuli Sedegebidan gamomdinare, zogierTi specialsiti upiratesobas fazuri diagramebis agebas aniWebs, xolo zogierTs ufro marTebulad,
temperaturuli Wrilebis mixedviT, liTonisa da widis
qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvlilebis kanonzomierebis gansazRvra
miaCnia.
mocemul SemTxvevaSi Termodinamikuri gaangariSeba
programuli kompleqsis <<ACTPA-4>> gamoyenebiT IBM-286
tipis kompiuterze ganxorcielda. aRniSnuli programa
idealuri heterogenuli sistemisTvisaa Sedgenili, erTmaneTSi uxsnadi kondensirebuli fazebis warmoqmnas iTvaliswinebs da wonasworobisas sistemis entropiis maqsimaluri
mniSvnelobis gansazRvras emyareba.
kazmSi oqsidebis raodenoba, %
Termodinamikuri gaangariSeba silikomanganumisa da
naxSirbadiani feromanganumis kazmebze Catarda (cxrili).
kerZod, speckoncentratisa (Mn 40,4%, SiO2 12,4%, CaO 5,9%,
P 0,17%) da maRali kaJmiwaSemcvleli specproduqtis (Mn
14,3%%, SiO2 42,5%, CaO 10,0%) gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
Seswavlili iqna widis fuZianobisa da temperaturis gavlena
naxSirbadiani feromanganumisa da silikomanganumis gamodnobis teqnikur-ekonomikur maCveneblebze.
miRebuli Sedegebidan gamomidnare, silikomanganumis
kazmebis SemTxvevaSi, kaJbadis amokrebis maqsimaluri mniSvne-
105
loba liTonSi (45,9%) 18000C temperaturaze widis
fuZianobis 0,35 mniSvnelobisas miiRweva.
amave temperaturaze widis fuZianobis 0,49-mde
gazrdiT 1,17-jer matulobs CaSiO2-is wona, ris Seedgadac
38,6%-mde ecema kaJbadis amokreba liTonSi, ris gamoc
aRniSnuli elementis Semcveloba SenadnobebSi 14%-mde
klebulobs (nacvlad 16,3%). kaJbadis amokrebis gazrdaze
aseve dadebiTad moqmedebs temperaturis momatebac. kerZod,
Tanabari fuZianobis SemTxvevaSi kazmebis 1000C temperaturis momatebiT, widaSi silikaturi naerTis (CaSiO3)
raodenobrivi matebis miuxedavad, liTonSi saSualod 15,7%iT izrdeba kaJbadis amokreba. niSandoblivia isic, rom
temperaturis momatebiT SeimCneva manganumis amokrebis
xarisxis Semcirebis tendencia, rac airad fazaSi aRdgenili
manganumis raodenobrivi danakargebis gazrdiT aixsneba.
kerZod, manganumis aorTqleba 18000C temperaturaze 22,923,4% Seadgens, nacvlad 8,8-9,1%-is 17000C temperaturaze,
rac saSualod 11,1%-iT amcirebs liTonis gamosavals.
Termodinamikuri analizidan gamomdinare, specproduqtebis
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi silikomanganumis xarisxobriv maCveneblebze dadebiT gavlenas axdens temperaturis momateba da
widis fuZianobis Semcireba.
naxSirbadiani feromanganumis gamodnobis procesis
Termodinamikuri gaangariSebidan gamomdinare, maRalmanganumiani widebi (MnO 29,2-48,8%) SedarebiT dabal temperaturul intervalSi miiReba (1400-15000C). am SemTxvevaSi
manganumis Semcveloba liTonSi 76,12% aRwevs, xolo
fosforis
raodenoba
0,30-0,43%
zRvrebSi
meryeobs.
marTalia 1000C temperaturis momatebiT liTonSi fosforis Semcirebis tendencia SeimCneva, magram matulobs
kaJbadis amokreba da misi Semcveloba liTonSi 18000C-ze
5,7% aRwevs. amasTan maRal temperaturaze dnobisas wida
Raribdeba manganumiT da gamousadegeri xdeba Semdgomi
gadamuSavebisaTvis.
106
Termodinamikuri gaangariSebiT miRebuli Sedegebi
gaTvaliswinebul iqna eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebis Catarebisas.
samrewvelo pirobebSi specproduqtebis miRebisa da
misgan silikomanganumis gamodnobis teqnologiebis
damuSaveba da aTviseba
(mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi: n. wereTeli, q. wereTeli,
d. nanobaSvili)
zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxana dReisaTvis 70
aTas tona silikomanganums awarmoebs. aRniSnuli liTonis
gamodnobis teqnologia kazmSi manganumSemcvel masalasTan
erTad kvarcis gamoyenebasac iTvaliswinebs.
qarxanas kvarciti sazRvargareTidan Semoaqvs da tona
produqciaSi 50 aSS dolars ixdis. kvarcitis deficitis
Sevsebis mizniT stu-s, ss `WiaTurmanganumis~ da zfq-s
specialistebis mier, WiaTurmanganumis pirobebSi, damuSavebul iqna maRalkaJmiwaSemcveli naWrovani specproduqtis
miRebis teqnologia. kerZod, cfg 2-Si 50-0 mm fraqciis
mqone garecxili madani arasrulad iqna damsxvreuli _ 16
mm-mde. daleqvis win damsxvrevis bolo stadiaze gamoyofil
iqna 50+16 mm-iani specproduqti im raodenobiT, romlis
Semdgomi danamceceba gamdidrebis mizniT ekonomiurad
gaumarTlebelia.
miRebuli
specproduqti,
kvarcitis
nacvlad, warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli zfq-Si silikomanganumis gamosadnobad.
107
maralkaJmiwaSemcveli specproduqtis miRebis
teqnologiuri maCveneblebi
cxrli 1
specproduqtis miReba or etapad ganxorcielda da misi
teqnologiuri parametrebi pirvel cxrilSia mocemuli.
specproduqtidan silikomanganumis gamodnobis samrewvelo dnobebi aseve or etapad Catarda 22,5 mva simZlavris
eleqtrorkalur
RimelSi.
sakazme
masalebis
qimiuri
Sedgeniloba da silikomanganumis gamodnobis teqnologiuri
maCveneblebi me-2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.
cxrili 2
* nacrianoba 12,0%
108
niSandoblivia aRiniSnos, rom me-2 etapis eqsperimentisas
Rumelis
sakerZes
araerTgvarovani
qimiuri
Sedgenilobis omportuli madani miewodeboda (Mn-is
Semcveloba 36-53%-is farglebSi meryeobda), ramac kazmSi
koqsis raodenobis siWarbe gamoiwvia. Sedegad Semcirda
kazmis kuTri eleqtrowinaRoba da iklo Rumelis warmadobam.
sacdeli dnobebis ganmavlobaSi Rumeli stabilur
reJimSi muSaobda, airebis ganawileba sakerZeze Tanabari iyo,
ris Sedegadac naklebad xdeboda kazmis amofrqveva.
samrewvelo eqperimentebis Sedegebidan gamomdinare,
kvarcitis nacvlad WiaTuris sabados madnebis gamdidrebisas
miRebuli
maRalsiliciumiani
naWrovani
specproduqtis
gamoyeneba qarxnisaTvis teqnologiuradac da ekonomiuradac
misaRebia. amasTan, specproduqtis warmoebiT `WiaTurmanganumSi~ safuZveli Caeyreba madnebis unarCeno gamdidrebis
teqnologias, rac garemos ekologiur gajansaRebasac
Seuwyobs xels.
teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris profesor
Tamaz megreliZis da samecniero moRvaweoba
gamoCenili qarTveli mecnieri Tamaz megreliZe daibada
1937 wels ozurgeTSi. 1956 wels Cairicxa saq. politeqnikur institutSi meqnika-manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetze,
romelic warCinebiT daamTavra 1961 w. 1975 wels aseve
warCinebiT daicva sakandidato disertacia, xolo 2002
wels sadoqtoro disertacia. b-ni Tamazi 1961-1963
warmatebiT moRvaweobda sasursaTo manqanaTmSeneblobis
saTao sakonstruqtoro biuros inJiner-konstruqtorad.
1963-1967 moRvaweobda saq. kvebis mrewvelobis samecnierokvleviTi institutis ufros inJinrad.
109
1967 wlidan dRemde eWira stu-Si ierarqiulad yvela
akad. Tanamdeboba da dRes prof. T. megreliZe stu-s
satransporto da manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetis departamentis xelmZRvanelia. Rvawlmosili mecnieri avtoria 155
samecniero Sromis, 11 saxelmZRvanelosi, mflobelia 97
saavtoro mowmobisa da 5 patentis, gakeTebuli aqvs 14
moxseneba saerTaSoriso konferenciebze.
prof. T. megreliZis samecniero kvlevis Sedegebi
farTod dainerga praqtikaSi, qveyanas moutana ekonomiuri
mogeba da bevrma maTganma saerTaSoriso aRiareba hpova.
gTavazobT prof. T. megrelaZis erT-erT naSroms (Tumca
mecnieris Sromebis ricxvi sakmaod STambeWdavia).
soios fqvilis gamoyeneba puris cxrobisas
(mecnier mkvlevarebi: g. cincaZe, T. megreliZe,
e. sadaRaSvili)
purisa da purfunTuSeulis nawarmis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva danamati. magaliTad rZis
produqtebis danamati purSi zrdis cilebis raodenobas,
magram ar aumjobesebs cilebis tenis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas, amis gamo unda veZeboT axali danamatebi.
aSS-is, inglisis, germaniis da sxva mowinave qveynebis
puris cxobis specialistebis yuradReba miipyro soiosagan
damzadebulma produqtebma. sazRvargareTis qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si, soios cilebs didi xania iyeneben purisa
da purfunTuSeulis warmoebaSi.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi soiis cilas amzadeben soiis
fqvilis saxiT, romelSic cilebis Semcveloba 50-%-ia.
puris cxoba erT-erTi iseTi dargia, romlis nawarmis
recepturis SemadgenlobaSi warmatebiT aris gamoyenebuli
soios cilebi.
110
soios cilebi SeiZleba miviRoT ramdenime formiT,
romlebic Seesabameba gadamuSavebis sxvadasxva stadias.
soios nayofis kanis mocilebis Semdeg rCeba marcvlis guli.
romlisganac miiReba soios cximiani fqvili ufro xSirad
soiis marcvlis eqstrapirebiT Rebuloben zeTs da cximgaclil masas, romlis dafqviT SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes
cximgaclili soiis fqvili
an cximgaclili
soiis
xorxoSela.
soiis ganmxoloebuli cilis misaRebad SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes sxvadasxva teqnologia. purfunTuSeulis
warmoebaSi farTod iyeneben cximgaclil fqvils. soiis
cilebis tipiuri produqtebis Sedgeniloba mocemulia
cxrilSi
cxrili
soiis produqtebis tipiuri Sedgeniloba, %
maCvenebeli
marcvali
teqnianoba
proteini
cximi
nacari
naxSirwylebi
11
38
18
5
28
marcvlis
guli
10
44
21
5
20
cximgaclili
koncentrati
izolati
8
54
<1
6
31
5
66
<1
5
23
5
91
_
4
_
eqstraqciis Semdeg soiis cximgaclil masas acxeleben.
Tburi damuSavebis xarisxs gansazRvraven misi Semdegi
gamoyenebis Sesabamisad. masas datkepnis gareSe ureven da
cilebis procentuli Sedgenilobis mixedviT aSroben.
gamoxdili soiis cximiani fqvili, romelic gajerebulia orTqlis gamxsnelSi, Seicavs lipoqsenigazas. es fermenti moqmedebs naxevrad aragajirjvebul cximovan mJavaze
da warmoqmnis zeJangs. puris comSi wyalbadis zeJangi
asrulebs or funqcias: erTia, rom aTeTrebs puris fqvilis
yviTel karotinis pigments, ris gamoc puris guli miiReba
ufro Ria feris, vidre enzimatikurad aqtiuri soiis
fqvilis damatebamde iqneboda. meorec _ urTierTqmedebs
111
webogvarasTan da aZlierebs mas. am moqmedebiT igi emulgatorebis analogiuria, ise rogorc eTerebi.
soiis produqti farTod gamoiyeneba puris cxobisas.
comSi 1kg soiis fqvilis damatebisas saWiroa 1-1,5 l wyali.
raTa SenarCunebul iqnes comis igive konsistencia, rogorc
sabazo produqciisaa. es zrdis comis gamosavlianobas.
magram ufro mniSvnelovania soiis fqvilis produqtSi
cxobis dros tenis SenarCuneba. cdis Sedegad cxobis
danakargebi 1-2%-iT Semcirda. mza prduqcias sabazosTan
SedarebiT hqonda odnav momatebuli tenianoba. produqciis
cxobis siCqare Semcirda da gaizarda vargisianobis xangrZlivoba. 100 kg puris fqviliT, 3 kg soiis fqviliTa da 5
l wyliT momzadebuli comis masa gizarda 8 kg-iT. soiis
fqvilisaTvis (5kg) didi raodenobiT (8l) wylis damatebisas cdebi zogjer warmatebuli iyo, magram, Tu puris
fqvili sakmarisad mkvrivi ar iyo, maSin puris formis
moculoba rmdenjerme mcirdeboda.
soiis fqvilis efeqtiani gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia
comze soios fqvilisa da wylis danamatis raodenobis
gansazRvra. soiis fqvili puris fqvilTan erTad unda
CaitvirTos comsazelSi da areul iqnes wylis damatebamde.
amis Semdeg comi izileba Cveulebriv. zelvis xangrZlivoba,
gafuebis da gamocxobis procesi ar icvleba. xarisxis
mixedviT mza nawarmi Cveulebrivisagan mcired gansxvavdeba,
qerqi SeiZleba iyos naklebad muqi da rbilobis tenianoba
metad SesamCnevi.
kargi xarisxis cximgaclil soiis fqvils aqvs Ria
yviTeli feri, puris fqvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli suni da
gemo.
miRebuli produqtis nedli soiis suni an gemo
migvaniSnebs, rom igi qarxanaSi cudad aris damzadebuli, an
inaxeba maRali temperaturis da tenis pirobebSi. gamocxobil mza nawarms marcvlis gemo an suni ar unda hqondes.
112
gasufTavebul soiis fqvils emateba 6 an 15%
lecitini. aseTi emulgirebuli fqvili nawilobriv cvlis
kvercxs. Txevadi kvercxi Cveulebriv Sedgeba erTi meoTxedi
mSrali nivTierebisagan da sami meoTxedi wylisagan. Secvla
xdeba mSral nivTierebebze gadaangariSebiT. 1 kg lecitirebuli soios fqvili cvlis 1 kg mSrali kvercxis an 4kg
mTel Txevad kvercxs (meore SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia davumatoT 3l wyali). Tumca Cveulebriv recepturaSi rekomendacia eZleva naxevari kvercxis Secvlas. mTel rig SemTxvevaSi kvercxi mTlianad gamoricxes da miiRes ukeTesi
xarisxis produqti danakargebis mniSvnelovani ekonomiiT.
emulgirebuli soiis fqvili, Cveulebriv 6-jer naklebia
kvercxis mSrali nivTierebis Rirebulebaze.
amrigad, Cveulebriv soiis fqvili puris fqvilTan
SedarebiT ufro met lizins Seicavs. meore mxriv, puris
fqvilis webogvaraSi SedarebiT meti raodenobis gogirdSemcveli aminomJavaa, igi soiis cilebSi arasakmarisi
raodenobiTaa. cilebis orive narevi kvebiT Rirebulebis
TvalsazrisiT ufro maRali xarisxisaa. garda amisa, soios
fqvilis damatebiT purSi cilebis raodenoba matulobs.
magaliTad standartul comSi 3% soiis fqvilis SetaniT
mza produqciis moculoba izrdeba 0,6%-iT. zemoaRniSnuli
eqsperimentis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom soiis
fqvilis gamoyenebiT xdeba fqvilis mier wylis STanTqma da
tenis SenarCuneba cxobis procesSi (danakargebis Semcireba
cxobisas), rac zrdis puris gamosavlianobas da masSi
cilebis da aminomJavebis Sedgenilobas. yovelive amis
safuZvelze izrdeba produqciis realizacia da ra Tqma
unda izrdeba Semosavalic. soiis Sereva fqvilis puris
fqvilSi zrdis mza nawarmSi cilebisa da aminomJavebis
Sedgenilobas. es uzrunvelyofs produqtis kvebis Tvisebebis
gaumjo-besebas, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im momxmareblebisaTvis, romelTaTvisac puri kvebis ZiriTad wyaros
warmoadgens.
113
qimiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris profesor Temur
xoStarias cxovereba da samecniero moRvaeoba
Teimuraz evgenis-Ze xoStaria daibada 1937 wlis 13
ivniss q. TbilisSi.
saSualo skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis Semdeg 1959
wels Sevida ¿saqarTvelos politeqnikur insSitutSi,
romelic aseve warCinebiT daamTavra 1963 wels. 1972 wels
daicva sakandidato disertacia, 1986 wels daicva
sadoqtoro disertacia, igi avtoria 98 samecniero Sromis,
meti wili gamoqveynebulia sazRvargareTis JurnalebSi. b-ni
Temuris
xelmZRvanelobiT
daculia
4
sakandidato
disertacia.
1963-64 wlebSi muSaobda spi-Si umcros mecn. muSakis
Tanamdebobaze.
1964-65
ww.
kibernetikis
institutis
ufrosi
specialisti.
1965-68 wlebSi spi-s aspitanti.
1968-72 ww. saq. jandacvis saministros eqsperimentuli
da klinikuri qirurgiis isntitutis ufrosi inJineria.
1972-78 ww. saq. jandacvis saministros Sromis,
higienisa da prof. daavadebaTa samecniero kvleviTi
institutis ufrosi mecnier muSakia.
1978-86
wlebSi
saq.
mecnierebaTa
akademiis
farmakoqimiis samec. kvleviTi institutis ganyofilebis
gamgea.
1986 wlidan dRemde saq. teqnikuri universitetis
organul
nivTierebaTa
teqnologiis
mimarTulebis
xelmZRvanelia.
batoni
Temuris
xelmZRvanelobiT
Catarebuli
samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebma farTo gamoyeneba hpova
praqtikaSi da saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova.
gTavazobT b-ni Temuris erT-erT mniSvnelovan naSroms
mkvlevarTa jgufTan erTad:
114
izomeruli pirolokumarinebis sinTezi da
farmakologiuri kvleva
mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi: T. xoStaria, l. boWoiZe,
v. ananiaSvili, n. mirziaSvili, n. bolqvaZe
dReisaTvis cnobili cocxali organizmis Semcveli
qimiuri naerTebis ricxvi Zalze mcirea da, amdenad, sasicocxlo procesebis xelSemwyobi yoveli axali, biologiurad
aqtiuri heterocikluri sistemis aRmoCena da kvleva
saSualebas iZleva molekulur doneze SeviswavloT organizmze maTi moqmedeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, davsaxoT strategiuli gegma mravali paTologiuri procesebis Tavidan
asacileblad. bunebrivi warmoSobis alkaloidi-kumarini, rogorc misi warmoebuli (kumarinebi), aseT aRmoCenis tipiuri
magaliTia.
kumarinebi, bioorganuli qimiis SedarebiT axali
ganStoebaa, miekuTvneba biologiurad aqtiur heterociklebs
da organuli qimiis udidesi ganayofia.
ujredze qmedeba kurares msgavsi, spazmolituri,
narkotikuli, damawynarebeli, cns-is mastimulirebeli, diuretuli, antikuagulirebuli, antihelmituri, antileikodermituli, estrogenuli, sisxlZarRvTa mafarToebeli,
inseqticiduri, mcenareTa Teslis inhibireba, fesvebis zrda
da mravali sxva qmedeba-farmakologiuri Tu fiziologiuri
qmedebis is mcire CamonaTvalia, romelic axasiaTebs ara
marto kumarinebs, aramed sinTezuri gziT miRebul warmoebulebsac.
kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos ori biologiurad aqtiuri bicikluri sistema _ indolisa da izatinis saxelwodebiT cnobili 2,3-dioqso-2,3dihidroindolini, romelTa warmoebulebs Soris, miuxedavad
maTi aRnagobis simartivisa, aRmoCenilia da farTod gamoiyeneba (samedicino praqtikaSi) mravali fasdaudebeli samkurnalo saSualeba (dikumaroli da misi sinTezuri analogebi:
115
meqsamini, indopani, indralini, indometacini, meTizazoni da
sxv.).
miuxedavad Sromebis siuxvisa, romelSic asaxulia
kumarinis, indolisa Tu izatinis qimia, araferia naTqvami
iseT triciklur kondensirebul sistemebze, romelSic erTdroulad erT molekulaSia Serwymuli qimiurad gansxvavebuli da metad mniSvnelovani bicikluri sistemebi: kumarini-indolTan an kumarini izatinTan
mecnieruli mimarTuleba pionerulia da miznad isaxavs
α -pirino-[4,5-e]indolis kondensirebuli sistemebis safuZvelze axali Taobis samkurnalo saSualebebis Seqmnas.
msoflioSi kargad cnobili farmacevtuli firma
AstaZeneka (indoeTi) dainteresda kaTedraze miRebuli
naerTebiT da survili gamoTqva usasyidlod Caataros maTi
farmakologiuri kvleva.
analogiuri TxovniT, skriningze Seswavlis mizniT,
mimarTa mkvlevarTa jgufs, agreTve amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis
infeqciur
daavadebaTa
centrma
(hensenis
daavadebaTa nacionaluri centri, kolorados universiteti)
da belgiis jandacvisa da simsivnis nacionalurma centrma.
116
miwodebuli naerTebidan zogierTs (AstaZeneka-s monacemebiT) maRali tuberkulostatikuri aqtiuroba aRmoaCnda,
xolo jandacvisa da simsivnis nacionaluri centris (belgia) winaswari monacemebiT, miwodebul naerTebs Soris ukve
aRmoCenilia iseTic, romelic sakmaod did gavlenas axdens
imunosistemaze, maT Soris Sidsisa da avTvisebiani simsivnis
SemTxvevaSic.
warmodgenil naSromSi pirveladaa aRwerili axali,
biologiurad aqtiuri heterocikluri sistemebis-1,2-dioqso
-1,2-dihidro-1H- α -pirono-[4,5-e] indolis(IV) da α -pirono[4,5-e] indolis(VII) sinTezi zandmeierisa da e. fiSeris
klasikur reaqciebze dayrdnobiT.
sinTezi
ganxorcielda
qvemoT
moyvanili
sqemis
mixedviT:
hidrazini V warmoiqmneba narevSi erTdoulad, 2 geometriuli izomeris-sin-(Va) da anti-(Vb) formis saxiT:
117
qimiis mecnierebaTa doatoris, profesor Teimuraz
WeiSvilis cxovreba da samecniero moRvaweoba
prof. T. WeiSvili daibada 1949 w. q. quTaisSi. 1966
wels warCinebiT daamTavra Tbilisis me-20 saSualo skola.
amave wels Cairicxa saqarTvelos politenikuri institutis
qimiuri da kvebis teqnologiis fakultetze minisa da
sitalis qimiuri teqnologiis specialobaze, romelic aseve
warCinebiT daamTavra 1971 w da Cairicxa spi-s aspiranturaSi Tavisi specialobis kaTedraze. aspirantura daamTavra 1974 w. 1975 w. daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze
`MnO-PbO-B2O3 sistemis minebis da manganumSemcveli minebis
zedapiruli movlenebis kvleva~.
ukve t.m.k. T. WeiSvili silikatebis teqnologiis
kaTedris dargobrivi laboratoriis jer umcrosi, xolo
Semdeg ufrosi mecnier TanamSromelia, xolo 1981 wlidan
kaTedris asistentia, 1982 wlidan 2003 wlamde ameve
kaTedri docenti. 2003 wels daicva sadoqtoro disertacia
Temaze: `samkomponentiani sistemis minebi d elementebis
SemcvelobiT~. 2006 wlidan qim. etqnologiisa da metalurgiis fakultetis sruli profesoria.
2004 wlidan fakultetis sadisertacio sabWoebis
wevria, 2007 wlidan stu-s warmomadgenelTa sabWos wevria,
xolo 2008 wlidan stu-s Sromebis redkolegiis wevri.
gamoqveynebuli aqvs 90-mde Sroma. miRebuli aqvs 5 saavtoro
ufleba. aris saerTo meToduri da saswavlo literaturis
Tanaavtori. aRzrdili yavs 5 magistri 3 t.m.k. aris doqtorantis xelmZRvaneli. gTavazobT prof. T. WeiSvilis
ramodenime samecniero Sromas.
118
manganumis (II) oqsidis Semcvel minis kazmSi mimdinare
dabaltemperaturuli procesebis Tavisebureba
(mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi e. qoCiaSvili. T. WeiSvili)
cnobilia, rom gaxurebisas kazmSi mimdinare fizikurqimiuri procesebis Seswavla saSualebas iZleva Catardes
msjeloba minis struqturis Sesaxeb, ganisazRvros minis
xarSvis optimaluri reJimi da sxv. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
arebul mosazrebebs manganumis, zogadad rTuli qimiis da
gansakuTrebiT, minis miRebis maRaltemperaturuli procesebiT gamowveul, manganumis ionebis minaSi araerTniSna mdgomareobis da maTi gansazRvris siZneleTa Sesaxeb aRniSnuli
gziT manganumSemcveli kompoziciebis Sefaseba mniSvnelovani
xdeba.
mTeli rigi samkomponentiani R2O(RO)-MnO-B2O3(SiO2)
sistemebis, sadac R2O da RO tute da tutemiwa elementTa
oqsidebia, minis kazmSi mimdinare procesebis Seswavlam
gviCvena, rom kazmis gaxurebisas mimdinare gardaqmnebi avlens
rogorc msgavsebas, aseve gansxvavebas. zogadad, boratuli da
silikaturi fuZis kazmebSi, farTo temperaturul intervalSi, mimdinare maRaltemperaturuli procesebis analizi
warmodgenilia [7]-Si. amave dros, yvela tolfasi Sedgenilobis minis kazmi (Tu maTSi manganumi Seitaneba Mn(II)O-s
saxiT), miuxedavad Sedgenilobisa, 297-373K intervalSi
avlens srul identurobas. aRniSnuli naTlad Cans, derivatografiuli kvleviT miRebuli da 1-l nax-ze warmodgenili
dabali temperaturisaTvis tipuri DTA-mrudze arsebuli
wonis mateba-klebis refleqsiT.
119
nax.1. MgMnB Sedgenilobis kazmis derivatograma
wonis mateba 297-373K-ze egzoTermul reaqciasTanaa
kavSirSi,
magram
aris
erTi
Taviseburebac
kerZod,
egzoefeqtis maqsimumi 363-373K-ze modis, rodesac wonis
aSkara matebas mosdevs wonis kleba. aRniSnuli miuTiTebs
dabaltemperaturul intervalSi (363K-mde) ori procesis
Tanxvedraze erTi 297-333K intervalSi ganlagebuli, egzoTermuli xasiaTisaa da wonis matebiT mimdinareobs, xolo
meore ufro maRaltemperaturuli (333-373K) wonis klebiT
xasiaTdeba, magram Tburi efeqtis xasiaTi SenarCunebulia.
aRniSnuli uSualod 293-373K temperaturebze gardaqmnisadmi midrekil masalasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
Seswavlili samkomponentiani sistemis kazmebSi Setanili
stabilurvalenturi elementebis (R) karbonatebs an oqsidebs, siliciumis dioqsids dabal temperaturebze ar
SeswevT unari gamoavlinon qimiuri aqtivoba, miT ufro
wonis matebiT mimdinare, Tavis mdgomareobis arsebiTi
gardaqmna, qimiuri procesebis xarjze (373K-mde), kazmis
120
Semadgenel mxolod or ingredients SeuZlia. esenia
manganumis (II) oqsidi da bormJava. movlenis asaxsnelad
mimarTes rentgenofazur da petrografiul analizs rogorc
sawyisi nivTierebebisaTvis, aseve Termulad damuSa-vebuli
kazmebisaTvis.
kazmis Sesadgenad gamoyenebuli manganumis (II) oqsidis
difraqtogramze (nax.2.) naTlad Cans MnO-s maxasiaTebeli
refleqsebi (d/n=1,338, 1,569, 2,220, 2,560), aseve fiqsirdeba
naklebad intensiuri refleqsebi d/n=1,723, 2,487, 3,056, 3,412.
magram
gamovlenili d/n =3,412 da Tanmxlebi susti
d/n=2,487 pikebi gviCvenebs, rom SedgenilobaSi unda iyos
hidratirebuli manganumis (III) oqsidi. ar aris gamoricxuli
mcire raodenobiT Mn2O3 da MnO ⋅ ( OH)2 arsebobac. miaxloebiTi fizikuri Sefaseba gviCvenebs, rom hidroqsiduli
Semdgenis raodenoba 14 ± 16-jer naklebia ZiriTad fazasTan
(manganumis (II) oqsidi) SedarebiT. manganumis oqsidis
araerTgvarovnebas petrografiac adaturebs. kvleviT miRebuli masalis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba samkomponentian
kazmebSi mimdinare procesis aRwera, romelic kazmSi
arsebuli
fizikur-qimiuri
gadraqmnebis
Taviseburebebs
ganapirobebs.
nax. 2. manganumis(II) oqsidis difraqtorgama
manganumis (II) oqsidSi narevebis saxiT warodgenili
manganumis oqsidi (MnOOH) 333K-mde disproporcirebas
121
ganicdis, Semdgom hidratacias-manganumis dihidroqsidis
warmoqmniT da ukanasknelis mier Jangbadis mierTebiT.
2Mn3+OOH → Mn2+(OH)2+Mn4+O2
MnO2+H2O → MnO2 ⋅ H 2O(H2MnO3)
(1)
(2)
Mn23+ O3+H2O ↔ 2Mn3+OOH
(3)
procesis bolos (dawyebuli 363K-dan) iwyeba orTobormJavas daSla, kargavs wyals da metabormJavaSi gadadis.
H3BO3(B2O3 ⋅ 3 H2O) → HBO2(B2O3 ⋅ 3 H2O)+H2O(2H2O) (4)
(4) reaqciiT warmoqmnilma wyalma unda ganapirobos
reaqciaTa daCqareba, rac gansakuTrebiT, dnobis temperaturis da Txevadi fazis siblantis dawevis TvalszrisiT,
moaxdens gavlenas. amave dros, mniSvnelovani xdeba ((1)-(3)
mixedviT) Sualeduri produqtebis da hidroboratebis
(kerZod, tute liTonis) warmoqmna, razec miuTiTebs zemoT
moyvanili masala da argumentacia.
warmodgenil (1)-(4) gardaqmnaTa arseboba im procesebis ganmapirobebeli unda gaxdes, romliTac kazmis damuSavebis sawyis etapze ganisazRvreba sxvadasxa valentur mdgomareobaSi manganumis arseboba. dabal temperaturaze sawyis
orvalentian manganumis ionTa oTxvalentiani manganumis
warmoqmna kazmSi mimdinare procesebs Taviseburad warmarTavs. miRebuli Sedegebi gansxvavdeba im SemTxvevebisagan,
romelic manganumis kazmSi Sesatanad misi karbonatis an
dioqsidis gamoyenebisaTvis iqna dadgenili. aRniSnuli kazmis
Semdgomi maRaltemperaturuli dnobiT miRebuli minis
TvisebaTa erT-erTi SesaZlo ganmasxvavebeli mizezi SeiZleba
gaxdes. aRniSnulze metyvelebs warmodgenili Sedegebi,
romliTac mtkicdeba manganumis Semcveli masalis saxis
mniSvnelovani gavlena minis fizikur da qimiur Tvisebebze.
122
rkinis, kobltisa da nikelis oqsidebis Semcveli
manganumboratuli minebis aRnagobis Sefaseba
(mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi: e. qemxaZe. T, WiSvili)
ori 3d-elementis Semcveli kompoziciebi xSirad
ganapirobebs praqtikulad mniSvnelovani masalebis miRebas.
maT Soris sagulisxmoa naxevargamtariani, izolatoruli
SesarCili da sxva funqciuri daniSnulebis minisebri arseboba. miuxedavad amisa, minis Tvisebebze maTi gavlenis
Sesaxeb monacemebi Zalze mwiria, rac maTi struqturuli
mowyobis farTo analizis saSualebas ar iZleva.
iseTi sistemebis kvlevas, romlebSic manganumTan erTad
warmodgenilia gardamavali triadis erT-erTi 3d-elementi
(nikeli, kobalti da rkina), mieZRvna mkvlevarTa mier
Catarebuli samuSao. masSi gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba, rom
minis TvisebaTa cvlisas arsebuli Tavisebureba SeiZleba
gamowveuli iyos minaSi warmoqmnili polivalenturi
elementis ionebis aratolfasi mdgomareobiT, miuxedavad
maTi kristaloqimiuri parametrebis msgavsebisa. mosalodnelia, rom motanili mizeziT ver iqna miRebuli sasurveli
Sedegi minis struqturis kvlevaSi, iw-speqtroskopiiT da
epr-meTodis gamoyenebiT. kvlevis meTodebidan SedarebiT
informaciuli aRmoCnda minis Termuli damuSavebiT anu
kristalizaciiT miRebuli produqtebis Seswavla rentgenofazuri analiziT, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxda FeO(CoO,NiO)MnO-B2O3 sistemaTa minebis naxatze moyvanil TvisebaTa
cvlis TavisebuebaTa da gansxvavebaTa axsna.
123
FeO(CoO,NiO)-MnO-B2O3 sistemis minebis Tvisebebze Sedgenilobis gavlena (a), (b) – lgp1 da F-s mniSvnelobebi 5 da 10
mol. % FeO, NiO da CoO Semcvelobisas; (g), (d) – 40 an 50
mol. % B2O3, MnO ⇔ B2O3 Canacvleba: (e) – 5 mol. % FeO,
NiO, CoO Semcvleli minebi, MnO ⇔ B2O3 Canacvleba.
124
erTsa da imave temperaturaze damuSavebuli rkina,
kobalt- da nikelSemcveli manganumkarbonatuli minebi
naTlad avlens sxvadasxva bunebis kristaluri fazebis
gamoyofisadmi midrekilebas, Tumca dominantur fazad maTSi
boratebia warmodgenili (cxr). miRebuli Sedegebi saSualebas iZleva gamoiTqvas mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom minis
ZiriTadi warmomqmnelis (B2O3) monawileobiT minis struqturuli erTeulebis Seqmnisadmi ufro midrekilia manganumi,
rkina da kobalti. aseTi unari ara aqvs nikels. samagierod
nikeli erT-erTi elementia, romelic magniumTan warmoqmnis
manganits (NiMnO3). aseT unars iCens kobalti, magram aq
ukve izomorfuli oqsiduri naerTis warmoqmnas aqvs adgili.
fosforis gavlena sferulgrafitiani Tujis
Txeldenadobasa da Cajdomaze
(mkvlevarTa jgufi: n. enuqiZe, g. mumlaZe)
fosforiani sferulgrafitiani Tujebi xasiaTdeba
maRali antifriqciulobiT da cveTamedegobiT. amasTan, fosfori mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens iseTi samsxmelo Tvisebebze, rogoricaa Txeldenadoba da Cajdoma, romelic didad
ganapirobebs sxmulebis xarisxs.
gamoqveynebuli Sromebis did nawilSi Txeldenadoba
ganmartebulia, rogorc Txevadi liTonis unari Seavsos
yalibi. rac Seexeba mis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs, am mxriv
ar arsebobs erTiani mosazreba. avtorTa erT nawils miaCnia,
rom Txeldenadoba unda gamoisaxos siblantis Sebrunebuli
sididiT, meore Tvlis, rom es faqtori unda ganixilebodes
zedapirul daWimulobasTan erTad, mesame ki am faqtorebis
gavlenas saerTod uaryofs.
n.girSoviCis mixedviT Txeldenadobis ganmsazRvreli
ZiriTadi faqtorebia: nalRobis temperatura, liTonsa da
125
yalibs Soris Tbogadacemis pirobebi da sxmulis moyvanili
sisqe.
sxmuli detalis koinstruqciisa da teqnologiuri
procesis SemuSavebisas aucilebelia Cajdomis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos misi mavne
Sedegebis aRkveTa. es gansakuTrebiT sferulgrafitian Tujs
exeba, radgan misi Cajdomis procesi sxva Senadnobebisagan
gansxvavebulia.
gamokvleuli iyo Semdegi qimiuri Sedgenilobis
Tujebi, %: C-3,50-3,60; Si – 2,4-2,5; Mn – 0,50-0,60; S – 0,020,023; Mn – 0,035-0,040; P – 0,10-2,1.
sferulgrafitiani fosforiani Tujebis Txeldenadoba
ganisazRvreboda cnobili meTodikiT spiralur sinjze.
temperatura cicxvSi izomeboda modifikatoris Seyvanamde da Seyvanis Semdeg. agreTve yalibebis Sevsebis procesSi
platina _ platinarodiumis TermowyviliT, romelic daculi iyo kvarcis garcmiT. Casxmis identuri pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da liTonis nakadis sxvadasxva dinamikuri zemoqmedebis aRsakveTad gamoyenebuli iyo grafitis sacobiani
sasxmi Zabri.
TiToeuli fosforiani Tujisagan Caisxmeboda erTdroulad ori spirali da ganisazRvreboda maTi saSualo ariTmetikuli sidide. sinjebis Sevseba xdeboda erTi cicxvidan
Casxmis mudmiv temperaturaze _ 1300C. xazobrivad Cajdomis
sididis gansasazRvravad bolSakovis konstruqciis xelsawyo
gamoiyeneboda.
25X25X300 mm zomis sworkuTxa nimuSebi horizontalur Ria yalibebSi isxmeboda. yalibebis Sevsebis win
maTSi ori vertikaluri wkiri idgmeboda, romelTagan erTi
magrdeboda uZravad, meore ki _ xelsawyos moZrav karetaze.
orive kareta dgeboda xelsawyos CarCoze. moZravi kareta
indikators uerTdeboda, romelic afiqsirebda rogorc
Cajdomas, aseve, gafarToebas.
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qvemoT moyvanilia sferulgrafitiani Tujis Txeldenadobisa da Cajdomis gazomvebis Sedegebi, romlebic icvleboda TujebSi fosforis Semcvelobisagan damokidebulebiT.
moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom sferulgrafitiani
Tujis Txeldenadoba masSi fosforis zrdis kvalobaze
0,8%-mde izrdeba, rac aixsneba Tujis naxSirbadis ekvivalentis amaRlebiT.
cnobilia, rom sferulgrafitiani Tujis Txeldenadoba
maqsimums aRwevs naxSirbadis ekvivalentis 4,5%-ze gamokvleul TujebSi optimaluri naxSirbadis ekvivalenti (4,5%)
modis fosforis 0,8% Semcvelobaze da Sesabamisi Tuji
xasiaTdeba Txeldenadobis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobiT.
0,8-1,2% P zRvrebSi Tujis Txeldenadoba mkveTrad
mcirdeba naxSirbadis ekvivalentis gazrdis gamo. garda amisa
kristalizaciis procesSi warmoqmnili grafitis CanarTebi
Txevadi fazis siblantes amaRleben. ris gamoc Txeldenadoba mcirdeba.
fosforis Semdgomi zrdisas 1,2%-is zeviT naxSirbadis
ekvivalentis zrdis kvalobaze Tujis Txeldenadoba nela
izrdeba.
rogorc cnobilia kristalizaciis procesSi, gamyarebis
Semdeg, xdeba sferulgrafitiani Tujis gafarToeba, romelic maqsimumis miRwevis Semdeg icvleba perlitamdeli
CajdomiT, ris Semdegac Cajdoma grZeldeba sxmulis
sruliad gacivebamde.
xazovani Cajdomis saerTo sidide aris perlitamdeli,
perlitiSemdgomi, sawyisi gafarToebisa da perlituri
gardaqmnisas gafarToebaTa jamis.
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moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom sawyisi Tujis
(0,10%) Cajdoma Seadgens 0,5%. fosforis gazrdiT Tujis
Cajdoma mcirdeba, rac Cajdomiswina gafarToebis gazrdiT
aixsneba, romelic fosfiduri evteqtikis kristalizaciis
gamo, gaxangZlivebulia da ris gamoc perlitamdeli Cajdoma
Senelebulia. amasTan, perlituri gardaqmnisas adgili ar
aqvs gafarToebas, radgan fosforis Semcvelobis gazrdiT
sferulgrafitiani Tujis sxmul struqturaSi perlitis
raodenoba izrdeba.
sawyisi gafarToebis gazrdisa da perlitamdeli
Cajdomis Semcirebis gamo fosfori mkveTrad amcirebs
saerTo xazobriv Cajdomas. fosforis 0,5% Semcvelobaze
Cajdoma nulamde mcirdeba, xolo 0,5% P-is zeviT igi
uaryofiT mniSvnelobebs iZens e.i. nimuSebis zomebi modelis
zomebze meti xdeba.
gansakuTrebiT mkveTri gafarToeba SeiniSneba 0,9-1,2P
zRvrebSi, risi mizezicaa perlitis Semcireba da feritis
gazrda perlituri gardaqmnisas, ris Semdegac gafarToeba
TiTqmis aRar icvleba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cajdomiswina gafarToeba dakavSirebulia grafitis gamoyofasTan evteqtikuri temperaturis
qveviT, fosfiduri evteqtika ki, zrdis ra gamyarebis
intervals, xels uwyobs am gafarToebas.
Semdgomi eqsperimentiT gamokvleuli iyo Cajdomis
niJarebis moculobaTa cvlilebebi fosforis SemcvelobasTan
dakavSirebiT.
nimuSebi isxmeboda nedl yalibebSi zemoT moyvanili
qimiuri SedgenilobiT. Casxmis temperatura Seadgenda
13200C.
0,4%P-is SemTxvevaSi Cajdomis niJaris moculoba iyo
3
228sm , 1,1%P – 157sm3, xolo 1,4%P – 288sm3, romlis zeviT
fosforis sxmulSi gazrda aRar iwvevda Cajdomis niJaris
moculobis zrdas.
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1,1%P SemTxvevaSi Tujis nimuSSi Cajdomis niJaris
Semcireba misi gamyarebis procesSi gamowveulia sferuli
grafitis mniSvnelovani nawilis gamoyofiT.
1. 0,8%P Semcvelobis sferulgrafitiani Tujis
Txeldenadoba 4,5% naxSirbadis ekvivalentis SemTxvevaSi
maqsimaluria, xolo 0,8-1,2% P zRvrebSi mkveTrad mcirdeba
nalRobis siblantis gazrdis gamo, rac gamowveulia masSi
didi raodenobiT grafitis CanarTebis warmoqmniT.
2. fosforis Semcvelobis gazrdiT Tujis Cajdoma
mcirdeba Cajdomiswina gafarToebis gazrdis gamo, romelic
fosfiduri evteqtikis kristalizaciis Sedegad gaxangZlivebulia.
3. fosforis 0,4%-dan 1,1%-mde gazrdisas Cajdomis
niJaris moculoba 30%-ze mtad mcirdeba. fosforis
Semcvelobis Semdgomi gazrda Cajdomis niJaris moculobas
zrdis 26%-iT, ris Semdegac igi aRar icvleba.
naxevrad xisti (kompoziciuri) sagzao fenilebi Zveli
asfaltbetonis gamoyenebiT
(mecnier-mkvlevarTa jgufi: a. burdulaZe, p. nadiraSvili,
T. meqanariSvili, m. maRraZe)
naxevrad xisti, kompoziciuri fenilebi warmoadgens
asfaltbetonisa da cementbetonis fenilebis kompoziciur
konstruqcias, romelSic garkveuli struqturebis saxiT
Serwymulia bitummineraluri masala da cement-qviSis konstruqciuli sasruli elementebi.
bitumis da cementis erToblivi gamoyeneba saSualebas
iZleva Seiqmnas Zvris deformaciebisadmi mdgradi, naxevrad
xisti fenilebis axali saxeobebi, romelic gankuTvnilia
eqspluataciis specifikuri pirobebisaTvis.
129
cement-qviSis narevis Setana safaris araxist konstruqciaSi saWiroebs aRniSnuli safaris modifikacias, sadac
uzrunvelyofil iqneba xisti da araxisti elementebis
drekad-elastikuri urTierTqmedeba. amave dros, amgvar
kompoziciur konstruqciebSi mosazRvre elementebis drekadobis modulebi mkveTrad ar unda gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisagan da maT Soris arsebuli sasazRvro fenebi unda
uzrunvelyofdes aramkveTr Zalovan gadasvlas araxistidan
xistze da piriqiT. aRniSnuli urTierTqmedeba SeiZleba
miRweul iqnes Semkvrelad bitumis mastikis gamoyenebiT.
misi gamoyeneba sagrZnoblad zrdis fenilis drekad maxasiaTeblebs da aumjobesebs satransporto-saeqspluatacio
Tvisebebs.
asfaltbetonisa da sxva bitummineraluri masalebisagan
gakeTebuli safari, romelic Seicavs bitumisa da cementis
narevs didi xania aprobirebulia da praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba.
aseve cnobilia cementis gamoyeneba kogeziuri Tvisebebis
gasazrdelad. magram samomavlod gacilebiT mniSvnelovania
gazrdili sixistis mqone safaris damuSaveba kompoziciuri
masalebisa da konstruqciebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic Seicavs
bitummineralur masalebsa da cement-qviSis xsnars. am
SemTxvevaSi kompoziciur masalebSi igulisxmeba Semkvrivebuli asfaltbetoni an Savi RorRi (maT Soris Zveli
asfaltbetonis fenilebis regeneraciis Sedegad miRebuli)
romlebic Seicaven cement-qviSis xsnarebs.
kompoziciur konstruqciaSi igulisxmeba asfaltbetonis an Savi RorRisSemkvrivebuli fena, romelic Seicavs
kompoziciuri masalis Sualedur fenebs.
gazrdili sixiste safuZvels gvaZlevs, rom am tipis
safars ewodos naxevrad xisti, vinaidan horizontaluri
mimarTulebiT axasiaTebs xisti fenilis analogiuri mdgradoba, xolo vertikaluri mimarTulebiT _ araxisti fenilis
Tvisebebi.
naxevrad xist fenilebSi cement-qviSis xsnaris elementebi gankuTvnilia sagzao fenilis drekad-xisti ConCxis
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Sesaqmnelad. aseTi ConCxi kargad ewinaaRmdegeba avtomobilis
Tvlisgan gadmocemul damuxruWebis Zalebs da cxeli
klimatis pirobebSi praqtikulad gamoricxavs fenilebis
Zvris deformaciebs. yovelive amis gamo, naxevrad xisti
fenilebis gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT gamarTlebulia cxeli
klimatisa da samTo reliefis pirobebSi. aseTi fenilebis
drekadobis moduli 1,5-jer metia tradiciul asfaltbetonis fenilebis drekadobis modulze.
naxevrad xisti kompoziciuri fenilebis Seqmnisa da
masSi sruliad gansxvavebuli bunebis mqone masalebis
erTblivi muSaobis aucilebeli pirobaa axali gaumyarebeli
cement-qviSis xsnaris kontaqtireba bitummineralur narevTan
da maTi erToblivi datkepna fenilis mowyobis procesSi.
specialurma gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom jer kidev
sveli gaumyarebeli cement-qviSis xsnari hidrataciis dros
kargad ekvris bitummineralur masalas. maTi urTierTkavSiris Zalebi ganpirobebulia cementis hidrataciis Sedegad warmoqmnili kavSirebiT, bitumovani masalebis da
cement-qviSis xsnaris difuziiT, adsorbciuli ZalebiT da
sxva.
naxevrad xisti fenilebis mowyobis mizniT Zveli
asfaltbetonis gaSla xdeba asfaltbetonis damgebi agregatebis an greideris saSualebiT. odnav datkepnil mdgomareobaSi masze xdeba cement-qviSis xsnaris datana iseTi
raodenobiT, rom datkepnis Semdeg safaris gaJRenTa moxdes
2,5-3,5 sm-mde siRrmeze (an ufro Rrmad). xsnaris Catkepna
xdeba pnevmatikuri satkepniT, saerTo fenis datkepna jer
mCate da mere saSualo wonis xistdolebiani satkepnebiT.
naxevrad xisti safaris Seqmna dakavSirebulia Semdegi
ori ZiriTadi sakiTxis gadawyvetasTan:
1. Semadgenel komponentebs Soris Siga SeWidulobis
uzrunvelyofa;
2. Zaluri velis racionaluri gadanawileba xist da
araxist elementebs Soris, raTa Zvris Zabvebisagan ganitvi-
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rTos aRniSnuli konstruqciebis drekad-plastikuri substanciebi.
cement-qviSis xsnaris asfaltbetonTan SeWidulobis
Zala ganpirobebulia meqanikuri urTierTSeRwevadobiT cementis hidrataciisas, romelsac adgili aqvs kontraqciisa da
adgeziuri Zalis efeqtebiT, bitumis adsorbciis dros,
cementis masalebze im momentidan, roca bitumi exeba axal
cementis xsnars mis srul gamyarebamde.
teqnologiuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvrul iqna bitumis adsorbcia mSrali da teniani cementis,
cement-qviSis xsnarisa da cementis qvis zedapirze. adsorbciis aqtivobis mixedviT isini ganlagdnen Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
1. cementis qva ( A∞ = 21.9 × 10 −3 )
2. cement-qviSis narevi ( A∞ = 18.6 ×10 −3 )
3. winaswar datenianebuli cementi 2 saaTis Semdeg
( A∞ = 9.2 × 10 −3 ) .
4. mSrali cementi ( A∞ = 10 ×10 −3 )
SedarebisaTvis SesaZlebelia adsorbciis maCveneblerbis
moyvana, mag., mineraluri fxvnili ( A∞ = 12.8 × 10 −3 ) da kvarculi fxvnili < 0,071 mm ( A∞ = 4.4 × 10 −3 ).
rogorc eqsperimentma gviCvena, adsorbcia iwyeba cementis hidrataciis dawyebidan da grZeldeba didi drois
ganmavlobaSi mis srul gamyarebamde. amasTan, cementis
hidrataciis procesi xels uwyobs bitumis adsorbcias
cementis zedapirze. adsorbciis gazrdisas asfaltbetonisa
da cementis qvis simtkice maTi erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebaze izrdeba 3-jer. bitumis da cementis masalas Soris
mosazRvre fena, romelic izomeba milimetris sizustiT,
iZens sakmaod mtkice kristalizaciur struqturas. realuri
faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, rom asfaltbetonsa da
cementbetonis xsnars Soris myardeba mtkice kavSiri yvela
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SemTxvevaSi
gaxleCis
sibrtye
gaWimvisas
gadis
ara
sasazRvro fenas, aramed asfaltbetonze.
xist da araxist fazebs Soris Zalovani velis
gadanawilebis sakiTxebis gadaWra da Sesabamisad, kompoziciuri masalebisa da konstruqciebis optimaluri struqturis Seqmna sakmaod rTul amocanas warmoadgens, sadac
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes masalis struqturis, fenilis
konstruqciisa da mSeneblobis teqnlogiis urTierTkavSiri.
praqtikaSi cnobilia Zvrisadmi mdgradi, naxevrad xisti
fenilebi cxeli bitumis damuSavebuli RorRis e.w. ~Savi
RorRi~) da cement-qviSis xsnaris gamoyenebiT. aseTi fenilebis SedarebiT naklovan mxares warmoadgens is, rom `Savi
RorRis~ dasamzadeblad saWiroa cxeli bitumi, damtvreuli
qvis masala, asfaltbetonis qarxana (cxeli procesebis gamoyenebiT momuSave amrevi danadgarebi) da Sesabamisi teqnologiuri procesebis warmarTva. misi Rirebuleba ar Camouvardeba asfaltbetonis narevis Rirebulebas, xolo satransporto-saeqspluatacio maCveneblebi SedarebiT dabali aqvs.
Seswavlilia bitumisa da cementis erToblivi gamoyenebis sakiTxebi, rac saSualebas iZleva Seiqmnas Zvrisadmi
mdgradi naxevrad xisti fenilebis axali saxeobebi.
cementisa da bitumis kombinirebuli gamoyenebisas
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes Semdegi pirobebi: cementis
danamatebis Seyvanisas konstruqciaSi, safaris sixistis
zrdis miuxedavad, igi unda miekuTvnebodes araxist tips.
safaris mSeneblobis tqnologia unda ganxorcieldes arsebuli manqana-meqanizmebis gamoyenebis pirobebSi; safari unda
iyos temperaturuli nakerebis gareSe da SeinarCunos araxisti fenilis yvela dadebiTi saeqspluatacio maCvenebeli.
safari unda iyos ekonomiuri, SesakeTeblad martivi da
gazrdili momsaxurebis vadebiT.
es pirobebi uzrunvelyofilia bitumisa da cementis
kompoziciis sami saxeobis gamoyenebisas Semdeg konstruqciebSi:
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1. bitummineraluri narevi, romelic Seicavs bitumisa
da cementis kombinirebul Semkvrels;
2. kompoziciuri masalebisagan Seqmnili sagzao samosi,
romelic Seicasvs bitummineralur masalasa da cementis
xsnars;
3. kmpoziciuri masalebisagan Seqmnili sagzao samosi,
romelic Seicavs cementis xsnarisagan Seqmnil xist elementebs.
avtorTa mier SemoTavazebulia naxevrad xisti sagzao
fenili, romelic Seicavs Zveli asfaltbetonis civi meTodiT regeneraciis Sedegad miRebul RorRis araxist namtvrevebs, romelTa Soris darCenili mikroforebi Sevsebulia
cement-qviSis gamyarebuli xsnariT. aseTi kompoziciuri
fenili, vertikalurad moqmedi Zalis gavleniT, muSaobs _
rogorc araxisti, xolo horizontalurad mqmedi Zalis
mimarT _ rogorc xisti cementbetonis fenili.
1-l nax-ze warmodgenilia naxevrad xisti sagzao
samosis SesaZlo konstruqcia. am SemTxvevaSi fuZis fenaze
(5) mowyobilia RorRis safuZveli (3), romelzec gaSlilia
Zveli asfaltbetonis danawevrebiT miRebuli RorRis
marcvlebi (1) da masSi Catkepnilia cement-qviSis xsnaris
fena (2) aseTnairad miRebulia safaris qveda fena, zeda fena
mowyobilia wvrilmarcvlovani asfaltbetoniT (4).
naxevrad xisti sagzao fenilis mosawyobad:
winaswar momzadebul safuZvelze igeba Zveli asfaltis
namtvrevebisagan miRebuli RorRis fena (saSualod 6-10 sm
sisqiT); RorRis fenaze iSleba cement-qviSis xsnari da
itkepneba fxvier fenaSi forebis Sevsebis mizniT;
sabolood mTeli fenili erToblivad itkepneba
cnobili manqana-mowyobilobebisa da agregatebis gamoyenebiT.
ase SeiZleba moewyos fenilis rogorc qveda, is zeda
fena. zeda fenis mowyobis SemTxvevaSi cement-qviSis xsnars
mizanSewonilia daematos wonis 2-4% bitumis emulsia.
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nax. 1. regenirebuli asfaltbetonisa da cement-qviSis xsnarisagan
damzadebuli naxevrad xisti fenilis struqturis sqematuri saxe.
1-Zveli asfaltbetonis RorRis marcvlebi; 2-cement-qviSis xsnari;
3-RorRis fuZis fena; 4-asfaltbetonis fena; 5-fuZis fena
SemoTavazebul sagzao fenilSi gamoyenebulia iaffasiani Zveli asfaltbetonis namtvrevebi, riTac gamoricxulia cxeli teqnologiuri procesebi, bitumisa da axali
RorRis saWiroeba. samSeneblo-saremonto samuSaoebis civad
warmarTva SesaZlebelia nebismier dros da nebismier
adgilze, rac farTo SesaZleblobas qmnis yvela kategoriis
gzis (qalaqis, gzatkecilis) fenilebis rogorc saremonto,
ise samSeneblo samuSaoebis Casatareblad, asfaltbetonis
qarxnebTan dakavSirebis gareSe. yovelive es minimum 1,5-jer
amcirebs saremonto (samSeneblo) samuSaoebis Rirebulebas
da iZleva mniSvnelovan ekologiur efeqts.
kompoziciuri fenilis Zvrisadmi mdgradoba ganpirobebulia Savi RorRis an regenirebuli asfaltbetonis agregatebis urTierTmobrunebisa da urTierTgacurebis SesaZleblobis SezRudviT, romlebic moqceulia cement-qviSis xsnaris xist matricebSi. es matricebi uzrunvelyofs blantplastikuri fazis yovelmxriv Semofargvlas, ris Sedegadac
135
mcirdeba marcvlebsa da agregatebs Soris sakontaqto
Zabvebis koncentracia. amave dros uzrunvelyofilia fenis
(fenilis) CaRunvis drekad-blanti Tvisebebi, romelic ganpirobebulia erTmaneTTan mWidrod mdebare or xist fazas
Soris bitumis Txeli fenis arsebobiT. swored bitumis
Txeli fenebi axdens Siga Zabvebis relaqsacias.
kompoziciuri masalis struqturis Taviseburebad
iTvleba is, rom misi reologiuri modeli drekad elementTan erTad Seicavs blant-plastikur elements, romelic
Tavidan mxolod SezRudul sazRvrebSi muSaobs, Semdg
drekad stadiaSi. kompoziciur masalas aqvs xangZlivi
simtkice, naklebad reagirebs temperaturis cvalebadobaze,
deformirebis siCqaresa da sxva reologiur faqtorebze.
kompoziciuri masalis Zvris moduli
τ p
t
γ
sadac τ Zvris Zabvaa. pa; γ -Zvris fardobiTi deforG=
macia; t -datvirTvis moqmedi dro, wm; p - plastikurobis
maCvenebeli. romelic icvleba 0 ≤ p ≤ 1 sazRvrebSi; damokidebulia kompoziciur masalaSi cement-qviSis xsnaris Semcvelobaze.
zogadad kompoziciuri masalis simtkice SeiZleba
ganisazRvros Semdegi tolobiT:
RK = K1 ⋅ K 2 ⋅ K 3 ⋅ RC ,
sadac RK da RC Sesabamisad, kompoziciuri masalisa
da cement-qviSis narevis simtkiceebia, pa; K1 -masalis mikrostruqturis koeficienti; K 2 -koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs bitumis Semkvrel Tvisebebs; K 3 - koeficienti,
romelic iTvaliswinebs datvirTvis saxeobas.
kompoziciuri masalis drekadobis moduli 2-3-jer
metia, vidre asfaltbetonis, xolo gaWimvisa da kumSvisadmi
winaRoba TiTqmis erTnairia. kompoziciuri masalis dadebiTi
136
Tavisebirebaa misi Tviseba aRidginos Siga bmis Zalebi, mzis
radiaciis moqmedebis Sedegad.
kompoziciuri masalis simtkicis Sesafaseblad empiriuli an miaxloebiTi meTodebi gamoiyeneba. amave dros
naxevrad xisti fenilebis gamoyenebis sferos gafarToebisa
da kvlevebis gaRrmavebisaTvis saWiroa Tanamedrve meTodebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic emyareba drekadobis Teoriis Sesabamis
amocanebs. aseve saWiroa kompoziciuri masalebis Teoriis
damuSavebisas gamoyenebul iqnes struqturul-meqanikuri
Tvisebebis dadgenis statistikuri meTodebi.
kompoziciuri masalis adgilze mowyobis teqnologiis
mTavari principuli aspeqti mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
1. regenirebuli asfaltbetonis an Savi RorRis fenis
dageba da datkepna tradiciuli meTodiT;
2. cement-qviSis xsnaris saWiro raodenobis gaSla
greideriT an sxva meqanizmebiT, raTa Seivsos sicariele
saWiro siTrmeze (mag. 3-6 sm);
3. plastikurobis gazrdisaTvius cement-qviSis xsnars
SeiZleba SevurioT sxvadasxva polimeri, mag. kauCuki da
klimaturi faqtorebisadmi mdgradi masalebi;
4. cement-qviSis xsnaris Catkepna generirebuli asfaltbetonis an Savi RorRis fenaSi vibrosatkepniT an sxva
meqanizmebiT, RorRis marcvlebis gamoCenamde;
5. zeda fenis an zedapiruli damuSavebis mowyoba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom sixistis zrda cement-qviSis
xsnariT gaJRenTis meTodiT SesaZlebelia ganxrcieldes
sagzao samosis nebismieri konstruqciuli fenisaTvis.
garkveul sirTules warmoadgens xsnaris Tanabari
ganawileba fenilis zedapirze. mecnier-mkvlevarTa mier
Seqmnilia regenirebuli asfaltbetonis an Savi RorRis
fenaSi cement-qviSis xsnaris manawilebel-Camtkepni agregati
(gamogoneba, patenti 3097). misi gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia
cement-qviSis xsnaris fenilze Tanabari sisqis fenad
ganawileba da Catkepna fxvier fuZeSi. manawilebel-Camtkepni
agregati saSualebas iZleva gamartivdes da gaiafdes
137
teqnologiuri procesebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba naxevrad
xisti fenilebis Sesaqmnelad.
aRniSnuli agregatis saerTo xedi Sesabamisi konstruqciuli elementebiT mocemulia me-2 nax-ze.
nax. 2. agregatis saerTo xedi da konstruqciuli elementebi
1-xvimiri cement-qviSis xsnarisaTvis; 2-cilindruli dolisatkepni; 3-samkuTxa formis Tamasebi; 4-xsnaris fenis
mimmarTveli fari.
agregatis moqmdebis principi Semdegia:
mbrunavi cilundruli doli da mis zedapirze xistad
damagrebuli ganivi erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad daSorebuli da
paralelurad ganlagebuli da samkuTxa ganikveTis mqone
formis wiboebi (Tamasebi) ganapirobebs xsnaris watacebas
Tanabari sisqis fenis calkeul zolebad da specialuri
mimmarTveli faris daxmarebiT maT ganlagebas fuZis
zedapirze;
mbrunavi cilindruli doli, imave wiboebis damxarebiT,
axdens xsnaris efeqturad Catkepnas, fxvieri fenis forebSi
yovelmxrivi dawmevis da ganivad gadinebis SezRudvis
pirobebSi.
138
fxvieri fuZis saxiT SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes
Zveli asfaltbetonis namtvrevebisagan, xreSisa da sxva
fxvieri masalebisagan Seqmnili fenilis konstruqciuli
fenebi.
bitumis polimeraciis Sedegad gamowveuli asfaltbetonis jdenebi (daaxloebiT 2,5% moculobidan) da
cement-qviSis xsnarsa da bitummineraluri masalis temperaturuli gafarToebis koeficientebs Soris sxvaoba feniulSi ar warmoqmnis dauSvebel Zabvebs.
Cveulebrivi kompoziciuri masalisagan gansxvavebiT
naxevrad xist fenilSi sixistis regulireba xorcieldeba
masSi araxisti fazisa da cement-qviSis xsnaris Semcvelobis
cvalebadobiT. sixistis gazrdisaTvis, garda cement-qviSis
xsnaris Semcvelobis gazrdisa, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
blant-plastikuri komponentis zomebi.
naxevrad xisti fenilebis Zvrisadmi mdgradoba SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes kritikuli Zalis erTeuliT. xisti
fenis simtkicis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia Sesrulebul
iqnes Semdegi piroba:
T≤
Nτ
K
sadac Nτ horizontaluri (grZivi) Zalaa, pa; K _ maragis
jamuri koeficienti.
cxeli da teniani klimatis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT,
mTagoriani reliefisaTvis simtkicis ZiriTad kriteriumad
miiReba Zvris deformaciebi. amgvarad, fenilebis simtkicis
kriteriumis SerCevisas gaiTvaliswineba eqspluataciis
pirobebi _ vertikaluri da horizontaluri Zalebis zemoqmedebis reJimi, klimaturi da hidrologiuri pirobebi.
Tanamedrove moZraobis pirobebSi fenilis simtkicis kriteriumad miRebulia rogorc drekadi CaRunva, ise fenilis
Zvris deformaciebi. aRniSnuli kriteriumebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT naxevrad xisti fenilebSi gazrdilia Zvris
deformaciebisadmi mdgradoba. msgavsi safaris eqspluataciis
vadebi 2-3-jer metia Cveulebrivi asfaltbetonis narevisagan
139
mowyobili safarebis eqspluataciis vadebTan SedarebiT da
sul mcire 2-jer iafia.
mniSvnelovan efeqts iZleva regenirebuli asfaltbetonis an Savi RorRis fenaSi cement-qviSis xsnaris
manawilebel-Camtkepni agregati, romlis meSveobiT martivdeba da iasfdeba teqnologiuri procesebi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba naxevrad xisti fenilebis Sesaqmnelad.
dasasruls unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebuli teqnikurekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi safuZvels gvaZlevs naxevrad
xisti safari CavTvaloT perspeqtiulad samTo reliefis,
cxeli klimatis, maRali intensivobis pirobebSi da
aerodromebis fenilebisaTvis.
q.m.k. daviT gamezardaSvilis samecniero naSromi:
`taribanis sasaqonlo navTobis, misi distilatebis
narCenis da gamoyofili parafinebis gardaqmniT produqtebis
fizikur-qimiur TvisebaTa gamokvleva~
navTobis mopoveba da kvalificiuri moxmareba saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia.
aRniSnuli samuSao sakmaod aqtualuria, ramdenadac mis
mizans warmoadgenda erovnuli kompaniis `saqnavTobis~ rekomendaciiT saqarTvelos perspeqtiuli da naklebad Seswavlili taribanis sasaqonlo navTobis, misi distilatebis,
narCenis, da maTgan gamoyofili parafinebis gardaqmnis produqtTa fizikur-qimiur TvisebaTa gamokvleva da am nivTierebaTa kvalificiuri gamoyeneba sawvavi da navTobqimiuri
mimarTulebiT.
naSromis Zalian didi eqsperimentaluri masala da misi
daxvewili Teoriuli damuSaveba da gaazreba aZlevs
mkvlevars saSualebas mravali mniSvnelovani daskvnisa da
ganzogadoebuli kanonzomierebis gakeTebisaTvis.
140
samuSao eyrdnoba Tanamedrove Taobis zust instrumentalur meTodebs, ris safuZvelzec dadginda taribanis
navTobis fizikur-qimiuri da fraqciuli Sedgeniloba.
aRniSnuli pirdapirnaxadi benzinis gamoyenebis perspeqtiva,
rogorc sabazo komponentisa sasaqonlo benzinebis misaRebad.
dadgenilia agreTve misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis farTo
arealic. navTis fraqciidan sanaTi navTis, xolo dizelis
fraqciidan `zamTris~ markis dizelis sawvavis miRebis
SesaZlebloba, zeTis fraqciis gamoyenebis perspeqtiva myari
gazis warmoebisaTvis. myari parafinebis miReba da misi
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba, kvebis, qimiuri da mrewvelobis
sxva dargebisaTvis.
avtori flobs eqsperimentis gansjis da misi Sedegebis
realurad warmosaxvis SesaniSnav unars.
samuSao amarTlebs Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, saqarTvelos mciredebitiani navTobis gadamuSaveba mxolod sawvavi
mimarTulebiT gaumarTlebelia. gacilebiT xelsayrelia igi
moxmarebuli iqnas mciretonaJiani, ZvidarRirebuli navTobqimiuri produqtebis warmoebisaTvis.
saferavis jiSis yurZnisagan maRalxarisxovani Rvinis
damzadebis racionaluri teqnologia
mkvlevarTa: jgufi: g. daTukiSvili, m. xomasuriZe,
e. kalatoziSvili, l. mujiri
saqarTveloSi vazis kulturis isotria dakavSirebulia qarTuli eris istoriasTan.
Soreul
warsulSi
Rvino
sagareo
vaWrobaSi
Rebulobda monawileobas da udides rols asrulebda
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi.
qarTuli Rvinis msoflio bazarze damkvidrebisaTvis
aucilebelia teqnologiuri procesebis srulyofa da aprobirebuli Tanamedrove meTodebis danergva. gansakuTrebiT
141
sayuradRebo da perspeqtiuli wiTeli Rvino, vinaidan msoflioSi igi didi popularobiT sargeblobs. wiTeli Rvino
Seicavs fenolur da polifenolur naerTebs, romelTac
axasiaTebT radioproteqtoruli, antioqsidanturi Tvisebebi
da adamianis janmrTelobaze dadebiTad moqmedeben. wiTelyurZniani jiSebidan maRalxarisxovani Rvinis damzadebis
racionaluri teqnologiis SemuSavebisaTvis arsebuli teqnologiuri xerxebis diferencireba xdeba individualurad,
jiSis Taviseburebebis, simwifis xarisxisa da dasamzadebeli
Rvinis tipis gaTvaliswinebiT.
axal bazarze Sesvla moiTxovs axlebur midgomebs
warmoebisa da realizaciis sferoSi. saWiroa menejmentis
gaumjobeseba da teqnologiuri gadaiaraRebis ganxorcieleba.
naSromis mizania qarTuli samecniero miRwevebis, kerZod egzogenuri fermentuli preparatebisa da mSrali wminda kulturuli safuarebis gamoyenebis rekomendeba qarTul
meRvineobaSi Rvinis warmoebis procesebis intensifikaciis,
xarisxis amaRlebisa da danaxarjebis Semcirebis uzrunvelsayofad. qarTul RvinoproduqciaSi stabiluri fenoluri
da polifenoluri naerTebis Semcvelobis gazrda, agreTve
warmoebisaTvis rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba qarTul bazaze
importirebuli egzogenuri fermentuli preparatebisa da
mSrali wminda kulturuli safuarebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb,
imisaTvis, rom miRebuli monacemebi ganzogaddes da gamoyenebul iqnes asortimentis gazrdisa da xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad.
egzogenuri fermentuli preparatebis Setana durdosa
da dauwmendel tkbilSi iwvevs rTul gardaqmnebs, romlebic
arsebiTad cvlian Rvinomasalis Sedgenilobas. ZiriTadi
praqtikuli mniSvneloba hidrolizur fermentebs aqvs,
vinaidan isini hidrolizuri reaqciebis katalizatorebi
arian da rTul nivTierebebs SedarebiT martiv nivTierebebad
Slian.
kvlevis obieqtad aRebulia mukuznis adgilwarmoSobis
zonaSi moweuli saferavis jiSis yurZnisagan damzadebuli
142
Rvinomasala.
Rvinomasalebis
misaRebad
gamoyenebulia
franguli (Sampanis enologiis instituti) italiuri
(laforte), germanuli (dioleri) warmoebis peqtolitur,
celulazuri aqtivobebisa da β -glikozidazuri gverdiTi
aqtivobis mqone egzogenur fermentul preparatebi da
Sesabamisad imave mwarmoeblis mSral wminda kurlturul
safuarebi. kontrolad aRebulia veluri mikroorganizmebiT
fermentirebuli Rvinomasala.
klertgaclil da daWyletil yurZnis tkbils Sesabamis WaWasTan erTad aTavseben minis WurWelSi, sadac maceraciisaTvis sawyis etapze Seitanen fermentul preparatebs, 12
saaTis Semdeg ki, zemoT aRniSnul safuarebs sakontrolo
WurWlis garda yvela WurWelSi. egzogenuri fermentul
preparatebs da safuarebs durdoSi Seitanen mwarmoeblis
mier mowodebuli rekomendaciisa da laboratoriul pirobebSi miRebuli analizebis Sejerebis safuZvelze, rom daadginon preparatebis efeqturoba adgilobriv Rvinomasalebze.
RvinoSi alkoholuri duRili mimdinareobda 25-280Cze, WurWeli ixureba minis sacobiT. 4-jer dareva xdeboda
yoveldRiurad dReSi, rac aucilebelia duRilis optimizaciisaTvis, alkoholuri duRili ZiriTadad mTavrdeba 6
dReSi, germanuli egzogenuri fermentuli preparatis gamoyenebisas ki aqtiuri duRili mTavrdeba 4-5 dRis ganmavlobaSi. amis Semdeg Rvinos haerTan Seuxeblad toveben
WaWaze damatebiTi maceraciisaTvis 4 dRe (fenoluri
naerTebis maqsimalurad eqstraqciis mizniT, Sesabamisad,
tkbilis WaWasTan kontaqtis vada 10 dRea).
WaWasTan kontaqtis xangrZlivobis gazrdasTan erTad
(10 dRe) gaizarda kanidan da wipwidan rogorc fenoluri
naerTebis, ise sxva komponentebis eqstraqcia (cxrili 1).
mza produqciis analizi meRvineobaSi miRebuli meTodikis mixedviT da a. laSxis warmodgenili meTodebis
Tanaxmad.
143
cxrili 1
titruli mJavebi
g/l
dayvanili eqstraqti
g/l
pH
saerTo fenolebi g/l
anTocianebi g/l
1. sakontrolo
2. franguli preparatebiT
damuSavebuli Rvino
3. italiuri preparatebiT
damuSavebuli Rvino
4. germanuli preparatebiT
damuSavebuli Rvino
mqrolavi mJavebi
g/l
sakvlevi Rvinoebi
eTilis spirtis
moc. %
sakontrolo da sakvlevi nimuSebis fizikur-qimiuri
parametrebi
13,6
0,35
0,4
8
0,4
5
3,9
27,03
3,7
3,9
391
5,5
30,1
3,5
4,5
435
5,1
31,6
3,5
4,7
440
0,5
4,5
31
3,6
4,95
455
13,9
14,1
14,2
rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli wiTeli jiSisagan maRali
Rirebulebis produqciis misaRebad, aucilebelia igi
gamoirCeodes mdgradi fenoluri naerTebis, maT Soris monomeruli anTocianebis SemcvelobiT. amitom saerTo fenolebis, anTocianebis Semcveloba gamokvleul iqna dinamikaSi.
miRebuli monacemebiT avtorTa mier SemuSavebuli
teqnologiuri sqemebis mixedviT saferavisagan damzadebuli
sufris mSrali Rvinis nimuSebis ZiriTadi enoqimiuri
maxasiaTeblebi am tipis RvinisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kondiciebis farglebSia (cxrili 1).
wiTelyurZniani jiSisagan miRebuli RvinomasalisaTvis
metad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia Sefervis intensivobis
maCvenebeli. sacdel nimuSebSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli axali
da maRalxarixsovani RvinisaTvis saukeTeso maCvenebelia.
miRebul eqsperimentul masalebze dayrdnobiT rekomendebulia adgilobrivi wiTelyurZniani jiSisagan maralxarisxovani sufris mSrali Rvinis miRebis racionaluri teqno144
logiuri sqemebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs italiuri warmoebis egzogenuri fermentuli preparatebis gamoyenebas. maTi
gamoyenebiT miRebuli Rvinis fizikur-qimiuri maCveneblebi
pasuxobs maRalxarisxovani Rvinomasalisadmi wayenebul
moTxovnebs, rac gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamoixateba rogorc
stabiluri polimeruli pigmentebis formaciiT da mkveTri
SeferilobiT, ise organoleptikuri maCveneblebiTa da
sadegustacio maxasiaTeblebiT.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom germanuli (dioleris)
warmoebis preparatebiT miiReba ufro meti simwklartisa da
simwaris Rvino, rac auxeSebs miRebuli produqciis gemos.
sakontrolo nimuSi marTalia Tavdapirvelad gamoirCeoda Tavisi jiSis TvisebebiT, magram man ufro male dakarga monomeruli anTocianebi.
adgilobrivi warmoSobis wiTelyurZniani jiSis saferavisagan SemuSavebulia maRalxarisxovani sufris mSrali
Rvinis miRebis teqnologiuri sqema. klertgaclili durdos
daWyleta, sulfitacia, egzogenuri fermentuli preparatebisa da mSrali kulturuli safuarebis damateba, alkoholuri duRilis Catareba 25-280C-ze, durdos dayovneba 10
dRe, miRebuli Rvino-masalis gawebva, gafiltvra da Camosxma. Rvinomasala xasiaTdeba fenoluri da antocianebis
maRali SemcvelobiT, dasaSvebi simwariTa da simwklartiT,
rac maRalxarisxovani RvinisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
feroSenadnobTa warmoebis airgamwmendi sistemis
srulyofa
(mkvlevaTa jgufi: l. CxeiZe, a. mebonia, v. kldiaSvili,
s. mebonia)
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba maRalxarisxovan foladebs
Soris eniWeba manganumiT legirebul folads. manganumi
zrdis ceveTamedegobas, koroziamedegobasa da simtkices. le-
145
girebisas foladSi manganumi SehyavT ara sufTa, aramed
feroSenadnobis saxiT.
toqsikologiuri maxasiaTeblis mixedviT manganumi
miekuTvneba saSiSroebis me-2 klass (saxstandarts 12.1.00776 Sesabamisad). organizmze manganumis xangrZliv zemoqmedebas SeuZlia gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi centralur nervul sistemaSi, xolo manganumis mtvris CasunTqva
aris pnevmokoniozis gansakuTrebuli formis _ manganokoniozis gamomwvevi mizezi. unda aRiniSnos, rom manganumSemcveli mtvriT mowamvlis SemTxvevebi xdeboda maSin, rodesac misi koncentracia 3-10-jer aRemateboda zRvrul dasaSveb koncentracias (zdk).
amJamad moqmedi normebis mixedviT haerSi manganumis
zdk samuSao zonaSi aris 0,3 mg/m3, (saxstandart 12.1.00576); manganumis koncentracia sasmel wyalSi aris 0,1 mg/dm3
(saxstandart 2874-73). liTonuri manganumis mtveri afeTqebasafrTxiania, saSiSi koncentraciis qveda zRvari aris 90
g/m3. manganums SeuZlia gamoiwvios RviZlis daavadeba, rogorc izolirbulad zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi, ise qromTan da
sxva elementebTan erToblivi moqmedebis dros.
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis Sefasebis Sedegad
dadgenilia, rom feroSenadnobTa warmoebaSi mtvrisa da
airebis gamoyofis, agreTve widebis warmoqmnis maqsimaluri
raodenoba modis manganumis miRebis naxSirTermul da
silikoTermul procesebze.
qvemoT, cxrilebSi mocemulia gazomvebis Sedegebi,
romlebic axasiaTeben ZiriTad feroSenadnobTa warmoebis
dros airebisa da mtvris gamoyofas.
teqnologiuri airis mtvrisagan gawmendis amocanis
sirTule
dakavSirebulia
wvrildispersiuli
mtvris
SemcvelobasTan.
146
cxrili 1
daxurul RumelSi feroSenadnobTa qimiuri Sedgeniloba
masala
maralnaxSirbadiani
feromanganumi
silikomanganumi
gadasamuSavebeli
wida
CO
CO2
H2
71,0
19,7
1,9
70-85
7-14
75,5
7,3
airi, %
CH2
N2
O2
5
2
0,4
2-5
0,6-2,3
0,4-1,7
3,4
12,1
0,7-4,0
danarCeni
2,1
cxrili 2
manganumTan feroSenadnobTa warmoebisas gamoyofili mtvris
qimiuri Sedgeniloba
masala
maralnaxSirbadiani
feromanganumi
silikomanganumi
gadasamuSavebeli
wida
Sedgeniloba, %
MgO
Al2O3
MnO
1,5-6,0
0,5-1,5
1,5-3,0
5-10
0,1-3,0
4,010,0
1,2-3,0
2,3-3,5
1,0-2,0
1,0-5,0
10-25
gansazRvruli
ar aris
SiO2
CaO
5-33
30-50
27
cxrili 3
manganumTan feroSenadnobTa warmoebisas gamoyofili mtvris
qimiuri Sedgeniloba
mtvris nawilakebis zoma, mkm
masala
maralnaxSirbadiani
feromanganumi
silikomanganumi
dispersiuli mtvris Semcveloba, %
1
10-40
40
49
39
12
23-54
28-30
16-49
147
feroSenadnobTa Rumelebisa da samsxmelo manqanebis
mtvers aqvs gansakuTrebiT wvrili granulometruli Sedgeniloba (0,056 mm-ze naklebi zomis fraqcia Seadgens 88,4%s) misi kuTri zedapiri 1750-2150 m2/kg. 300-4000C-ze
gaxurebis SemTxvevaSi imis gamo, rom mtveri Seicavs naxSirbadian komponentebs ( ≤ 10%), SesaZlebelia misi aaleba.
garda manganumis, siliciumis, rkinis, manganumisa da
kalciumis oqsidebisa, mtverSi Sedis agreTve TuTiis (1,23%), tyviisa (1-2,5%) da gogirdis (1,8-2,4%) SenaerTebi.
maRalnaxSirbadiani feromanganumis gamodnobisas gamoyofili airebis faqtobrivi raodenoba Seadgens 600-65m3/t, xolo silikomanganumis gamodnobisas _ 800-900 m3/t.
am dros airebTan erTad gamosuli mtvris raodenoba aris 34 kg.
aRniSnuli airebis gawmendisaTvis gamoiyeneba sveli da
mSrali gawmendis meTodebi. airis sveli gawmendis meTodis
upiratesoba isaa, rom Rumelidan gamoyofili airi wyalTan
Sedis kontaqtSi da maSinve civdeba. magram Semdgom stadiebze aucilebelia wylis gawmenda myari nawilakebisagan,
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos sabruni ciklis
muSaoba.
es nakli ara aqvs airis mSrali gawmendis meTods,
romelic iTvaliswinebs qsovilis filtris gamoyenebas da
miuxedavad filtris siZvirisa, amJamad sakmaod gavrcelebulia warmoebaSi. mSrali gawmendis meTodi Zalian
efeqturia da airis gawmendis xarisxi Seadgens 98-99,5%-s.
avtorTa mier daproeqtebuli mSrali airgamwmendi
mowyobilobis teqnikuri parametrebia:
_ danadgaris mwarmoebloba _ 36000 m3/sT;
_ airgamwmendi _ mSrali tipis;
_ kvamlsasrutis tipi _ dn _ 125;
_ eleqtroZrava _ 4A-2505-4-93; simZlavre _ 75 kvt,
brunTa ricxvi _ 1500 br/wT.
_ sakvamle mili _ liTonis, fuZisa da zeda diemetrebi Sesabamisad aris 820 da 630 mm, simaRle _ 20 m.
148
_ gamomavali airis damtverianeba 1438 mg/m3.
_ atmosferoSi gamosrolili airebis temperatura _
700C. airebis narCeni damtverianeba _ 30 mg/m3. aRniSnuli
airgamwmendi mowyobiloba gankuTvnilia firma `meteqsis~ (q.
rusTavi)
feroSenadnobTa
warmoebis
eleqtrorkaluri
RumlisaTvis. es Rumeli sameleqtrodiania, daxuruli tipisaa da misi wliuri mwarmoebloba aris 5000 t silikomanganumi weliwadSi.
Rumelidan
gamoyofili
teqnologiuri
airebis
gamwmendi sistemis filtri dayenebulia Semwov haersatarze
da is dakompleqtebulia Teqvsmeti seqciisagan, romlebic
Seadgenen or bloks. yovel blokSi Sedis rva paralelurad
SeerTe-buli
seqcia.
filtris
blokebi
muSaoben
periodulad, monacvleobiT _ rodesac pirveli bloki aris
gawmendaze, me-2 bloki regeneraciis reJimSia da piriqiT.
filtris seqcia Sedgeba qsovilis TxuTmeti saxelisagan, romelTa saerTo safiltravi farTobi aris 15 m2.
filtris sigane da simaRle seqciebis raodenobis miuxedavad
ucvlelia. seqciebis raodenobis mixedviT icvleba mxolod
filtris sigane.
filtris saxelos qsovilad iyeneben matylis baikas:
SesaZlebelia agreTve flanelis an misi Semcvleli bambeulis gamoyeneba. ukanasknel xans filtris saxelos amzadeben minis boWkovani qsovilisagan, romelic uZlebs maRal
temperaturas.
filtris regeneraciis meqanizmi sakmaod rTuli
meqanikuri sistemaa, radgan igi Seicavs mraval urTierTqmed
detals da xaxunis kvanZs.
avtorTa mier SemoTavazebulia filtris regeneraciis
eleqtromagnituri sistema, romelSic filtris saxeloebi
damagrebulia sakidarze, romelTanac SeerTebulia eleqtromagnitis gulari. eleqtromagnitis koWa damagrebulia filtris korpusze. am meqanikuri sarqvelebis nacvlad gamwov
da regeneraciis qselebis milgamtarebSi CamontaJebulia
eleqtromagnituri Siberebi.
149
regeneraciis eleqtromagnituri sistema uzrunvelyofs
filtris avtomatur gadayvanas muSa reJimidan regeneraciis
reJimSi, xolo filtris saxeloebis gasufTavebis Semdeg mas
kvlav abrunebs muSa reJimSi. filtris blokebis muSa da
regeneraciis reJimebis rigiToba da xangrZlivoba damokidebulia eleqtrmagnitis koWaze marTvis blokidan Semosuli
impulsebis Tanmimdevrobasa da xangrZlivobaze.
zemoT aRwerili sistema ar Seicavs rTul meqanizmebs
da arc energia ikargeba xaxunze da detalebi naklebad
cvdeba. is gamoirCeva didi swrafqmedebiT, rac damaxasiaTebelia eleqtromagnituri sistemebisaTvis, saimedo da
ekonomikuria. agreTve aRsaniSnavia airebis mtvrisagan gasufTavebis maRali xarixsi _ airis damtverianeba am konkretul SemTxvevaSi (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs firma `meteqsisaTvis~
daproeqtebuli filtri) mcirdeba 1438 mg/m3-dan _ 30 mg/m3mde, rac TiTqmis 98%-s Seadgens.
q.m.d. profesor levan nadareiSvili da t.m.d. profesor
zviad kovziriZis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli
kvlevebi
minis boWkos da boWkovan-optikuri elementebis miRebis
teqnologia da fizikur-qimiuri kvleva
(mkvlevari T. nakaiZe)
kacobrobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze progresi
masalaTmcodneobaSi ganapirobebs ekonomikis mowinave seqtoris zrdis tempebs, xolo revoluciuri gardaqmnebis stadiaSi myofi specifiuri masalebis miRebis teqnologiis
ganviTareba mniSvnelovani parametria Tanamedrove msoflio
ekonomikis formirebis saqmeSi. mina da minisagan warmoebuli
masalebi SeiZleba mivakuTnoT im masalaTa ricxvs, romlebsac warmatebuli adgili uWiravs adamianis cxovrebaSi.
150
warmateba ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia minis im unikaluri
optikuri, qimiuri da fizikur-teqnologiuri TvisebebiT,
romlebic mkveTrad ganasxvaveben minas yvela sxva cnobili
masalisagan. am TvisebaTagan, upirveles yovlisa, sayuradReboa optikuri Tvisebebi.
perspeqtiulia saqarTveloSi araoptikuri bazaltis
minis boWkosa da bazaltboWkovani masalebis warmoebac,
vinaidan saqarTveloSi uxvad moipoveba am warmoebisaTvis
saWiro unikaluri qimiuri Sedgenilobis iafi bunebrivi nedleuli _ vulkanuri warmoSobis mTis qani bazalti.
minis boWkos dRevandel etapze boWkos dayalibeba
mimdinareobs yalibi-mowyobilobebis saSualebiT, romlebic
Seicaven deficitur, ZviradRirebul platina-rodiumis Senadnobs, razedac aTeulobiT kilogrami Zvirfasi liTonebi
ixarjeba. amitom mravali qveynis teqnologiur laboratoriebSi da minis boWkos sawarmoebSi mimdinareobs
kvleviT-saZiebo samuSaoebi, raTa Seiqmnas erTi mxriv, minis
boWkos miRebis axali teqnologia, romlis warmoebaSi
gamoyenebisas miiRweva maRali teqnikur-ekonomikuri efeqti,
xolo meore mxriv, Seiqmnas minis boWkos dasayalibebeli
axali konstruqciis mowyobilobebi, sadac mTliand an
nawilobriv mainc, gamoiricxeba deficituri, Zvirfasi
masalebi dargSi arsebuli es problemebi jerjerobiT
gadawyvetili ar aris.
minis boWkosa da mikrooptikuri elementebis warmoebisadmi wayenebulma xistma moTxovnebma dRis wesrigSi daayenes amocanaTa mTeli kompleqsis gadawyvetis aucilebloba,
dawyebuli minaboWkovani masalebis da mikrooptikuri elementebis miRebis teqnologiis SemuSavebidan da amisaTvis
saWiro myari masalis miRebidan, romelic minis gamdnari
masiT ar sveldeba da damTavrebuli minaboWkovani gradanebis
miRebis teqnologiis SemuSaveba-kvleviT, agreTve minakristaluri kompoziciuri masalebis SemuSaveba-SeqmniT da
teqnikur keramikaSi maTi gamoyenebis warmatebuli gzebis
Zieba-kvleviT. amitom koroziamdegi, qimiurad mdgradi,
151
temperaturagamZle, Tbo-eleqtrogamtari, meqanikurad mtkice
masalis miReba, romelic minis gamdnari masiT ar sveldeba
da am masalis bazaze teqnikur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
maRali parametrebis mqone minaboWkovani gradanebis misaRebi
yalibi-mowyobilobis SemuSaveba-Seqmna, agreTve axali tipis
minakristaluri kompoziciuri nivTierebebis miReba da maTi
teqnikur keramikaSi gamoyenebis warmatebuli gzebis Zieba,
warmogvidgeba, rogorc minis da minis bazaze miRebuli
masalebis warmoebis aqtualuri da erT-erTi perspeqtiuli
mimarTuleba, romelTa praqtikuli moxmareba realurad
gazrdis miRebuli masalebis konkurentunarianobas da
arsebiTad gaafarToebs maTi teqnikaSi gamoyenebis sferos.
1. pirveladaa mikvleuli da gamocdili myari, meqanikurad
mtkice masala, romelic minis gamdnari masiT ar sveldeba da SesaZlebelia misi gamoyeneba minis da minaboWkovani nakeTobebis teqnologiaSi.
2. pirveladaa Seqmnili da laboratoriul pirobebSi gamocdili minis (bazaltis) boWkos dasayalibebeli mowyobilobis laboratoriuli muSa maketi, romelic ar Seicavs
Zvirfas liTonebs da minis gamdnari masiT ar sveldeba;
3. Seqmnilia axali konkurenciis, viwro aperturis minaboWkovani elementebi, SemuSavebulia miRebis teqnologia da
naCvenebia maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi;
4. mokvleulia, rom saqarTvelos adgilmdebareobis ZarRvis
kvarci da mTis broli warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
optikuri kavSiris boWkovan-optikuri sistemebisaTvis
saWiro makro da mikrooptikuri elementebis miRebis
teqnologiaSi. am azrs amyarebs isic, rom aRniSnuli
bunebrivi nedleuli saqarTveloSi mopovebuli oqros
Tamdevi wiaRiseulia, rac sagrZnoblad amartivebs mopovebis process da amcirebs mopovebisaTvis saWiro
finansur xarjebs;
5. SemuSavebulia optikuri minebis Sedgenilobaze damokidebuli optikuri da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis winaswargamiznuli wesiT marTvis teqnologia, rac iZleva iseTi
152
uwyveti minis optikuri boWkoebis dayalibebis SesaZleblobas, romelTa gardatexis maCvenebeli uwyvetad icvleba (izrdeba) boWkos radiusis gaswvriv periferiebidan
centrisken.
6. SemuSavebulia teqnikuri keramikis nakeTobebis meqanikuri
simtkicis gazrdisaTvis saWiro minakristaluri kompoziciuri masalebisa da minaboWkovani sogmanebis miRebis
teqnologia, romelic praqtikaSi pirvelad gamoiyeneba,
rac mkveTrad gazrids teqnikuri keramikis nakeTobebis
gamoyenebis sferos.
naSromSi warmodgenili samuSaoebis aqtualuroba da
miRebuli Sedegebis perspeqtiuloba miuTiTeben maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis farTo speqtrze.
myari, meqanikurad mtkice, temperaturagamZle, qimiurad
da Termulad mdgradi masalis, _ romeloic minis gamdnari
masiT ar sveldeba, _ minis da minis nakeTobaTa miRebis
teqnologiaSi gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia damzaddes yalibimowyobilobebi, romelTa kedlebis `muSa~ zedapirebi minis
nakeTobebs da miRebuli nakeTobebis (maT Soris, makro da
mikrooptikuri linzebis da prizmebis) Ziri, gverdebi da
zedapiri iqneba moprialebuli da maT aRar dasWirdeba
Semdgomi meqanikuri damuSaveba (moxexva, moprialeba).
SemoTavazebuli konstruqciis minis (bazaltis) boWkos
dasayalibebeli mowyobilobis praqtikuli gamoyenebiT, arsebulTan SedarebiT, mkveTrad Semcirdeba mowyobilobis
damzadebis da misi teqnologiuri momsaxurebis finansuri
xarjebi, gaizrdeba mowyobilobis koroziamedegobis xarisxi,
rac mkveTrad gazrdis mowyobilobis Seuferxebeli, uwyveti
muSaobis normatiul vadebs da margi qmedebis koeficients.
153
foladis zedapiris danafarebis Sedgenilobis gavlena
lazeris sxivis STanTqmaze
(mecnier mkvlevarTa jgufi: a. gordeziani, n. kenWiaSvili,
s. yuraSvili, g. gordeziani)
liTonuri masalebis 10,6 mkm sigrZis talRis uwyveti
moqmedebis lazeriT dasxivebisas, misi areklvis koeficienti
sakmaod maRalia. Tu gamosxivebis intensiuroba Zalian didia,
maSin liTonis polirebul zedapirze sxivis zemoqmedebisas,
sul raRac erTeuli an aTeuli wamis rigis mokle droSi
xdeba arekvlis koeficientis cvlileba, ganpirobebuli
rogorc temperaturuli faqtoriT, ise oqsidis fenis
zrdiT.
uwyveti moqmedebis ЛГН-702 tipis lazeris danadgari
gamoasxivebs 10,6 mkm sigrZis talRis sxivs, romelic
speqtris (Sori infrawiTeli) infrawiTel areSi mdebareobs.
gamosxivebis am areSi liTonuri masalis areklvisunarianoba
80-90%-is tolia, amitom lazeris sxiviT Termuli
damuSavebis procesis efeqturad warmoebisTvis aucilebelia
dasamuSavebeli zedapiris dafarva maRali STanTqmis unaris
mqone masaliT.
zogi detali, Tavisi rTuli konfiguraciis gamo,
moiTxovs lazeris sxivis gansazRvruli kuTxiT moxvedras,
amitom danafarebi STanTqmisunarianobis gazrdisaTvis unda
uzrunvelyofdes
lazeriT
wrTobas
perpendikularuli
dasxivebisagan
gadaxrebiT.
danafarebs,
garda
kargi
STanTqmisunarianobisa, unda axasiaTebdes maRali temperaturis mimarT gamZleoba da maRali Tbogamtaroba. danafarebisTvis gamoyenebuli masalebi unda iyos: iafi, ekonomikuri,
dafarvis procesi teqnologiuri da naklebad Sromatevadi.
amJamad, liTonebis mier lazeris sxivis STanTqmis
unaris asamaRlebeli sxvadasxva dafarva gamoiyeneba:
dafarva Fe2S3 da Al2O3-iT xdeba Sesabamisad sulfidirebisa da anodirebis procesSi, romelTa drosac
154
liTonebisSTanTqmis unari 75%-mde izrdeba; Tumca lazeruli dasxivebis simZlavresa da droze damokidebulebiT aseTi
dafarva STanTqmis unaris arastabilurobiT xasiaTdeba.
magniumisa Mn3(PO4)2 da TuTiis Zn3(PO4)2 monofosfatebiT dafarva gansxvavdeba dafarvis mcire danakargebiT,
miiReba dafaruli fenis erTgvarovani sisqe, STanTqmis unari
95%-mde izrdeba.
dafarva grafitis koloiduri xsnariT metad xSirad
gamoiyeneba misi dasamuSavebeli masalis zedapirze dasxmis
meTodis siadvilis gamo.
mkvlevarTa mier ganmtkicebis unaris gansazRvrisa da
zedapiruli ganmtkicebis optimaluri reJimebis dasadgenad
У7, У10, ШХ15, markis foladebisgan da СЧ20 markis ruxi
Tujisagan, romlebic gamoiyeneba CarxmSeneblobaSi, damzadda
10X50X100 mm zomis brtyeli nimuSebi. nimuSebi gaxexili
klasis sisufTaviT. mzaddeboda TiToeuli markis
iyo 1, 2
foladis
eqvs-eqvsi
cali
nimuSi.
nimuSebis
zomebi
saSualebas iZleoda ramdenjerme (8-10-jer) gaetarebinaT
sxvadasxva parametriani fokusirebuli lazeris sxivi.
garda zemoT miTiTebuli dafarvisa, aseve mosinjuli
iyo Semdegi narevebi: 30% sulfiduri Txle (SO3) da 70%
grafitis fxvnili; 30% sulfidis Txle (SO3) da 70%
aluminis orJangi, aseve narevi grafitis fxvnilze Txevadi
minis damatebiT.
nimuSebi
ganmtkicebuli
iyo
lazeris
sxiviT,
damuSavebis sxvadasxva siCqariT da fokusirebuli sxivis
erTi da imave mudmivi simZlavris simkvriviT, romlis Semdeg
ganisazRvra ganmtkicebuli Sris siRrme da ganmtkicebuli
zedapiris xarisxi.
nimuSis sisale izomeboda ПМТ-3 tipis mikrosisalis
sazomiT.
grafitisa
da
Txevadi
minis
nareviT
dafarva
araTanabari fenis miRebis gamo aRmoCnda araefeqturi. garda
amisa, lazeris sxiviT dasxivebis Sedegad, gaxurebis
155
procesSi gamoiyofoda buStulebi da narevi gaeSxefeboda,
ris gamoc zedapiruli Sre uxarisxo iyo. amitom, es meTodi
Semdgom aRar gamoiyenes.
sulfiduri Txlis nareviT dafaruli nimuSebis
lazeris sxiviT erTnair pirobebSi damuSavebisas, zolebis
calkeul adgilebSi miiReboda arastabiluri ganmtkicebuli
Sris sisqe da igi meryeobda 0.29-0.39 mm sazRvrebSi, rac
aixsneboda danafaris araTanabari sisqis miRebiT.
ШХ15 foladisagan damzadebul nimuSebze danafaris
kvlevam aCvena, rom lazeris dasxivebis erTnairi reJimebis
dros (V=200 fokusirebuli sxivis diametri d=1.8 mm)
nimuSebis ganmtkicebuli Sris sisqe Seadgenda:
_ TuTiis monofosfatiT dafarviT _ 0,40mm;
_ magniumis monofosfatiT dafarviT _ 0,42mm;
_ oqsidirebuli dafarviT _ 0,44mm;
aseTive damokidebuleba SeiniSneboda У7 da У10
foladebisagan damzadebul nimuSebze, romlebsac hqondaT
ganmtkicebuli Sris sisqe:
_ TuTiis monofosfatis dafarvis Semdeg _ 0.41mm;
_ magniumis monofosfatiT dafarvis Semdeg _ 0.40mm;
aRniSnuli damuSavebis da optimaluri reJimebis
lazeris sxiviT wrTobis Semdeg miiReboda Semdegi
sisaleebi:
У7
foladisaTvis
_
920-950
Hμ ,
foladebisaTvis
_
950-1030
Hμ ,
xolo
СЧ20
ruxi
TujisaTvis 960-1000 H μ .
_ sxvadasxva Sedgenilobis danafarebis mier lazeris
sxivis STanTqmisunarianobis gansazRvris Sedegebi mocemulia
1-el cxrilSi.
156
У7 da У10 masalis foladebze danafarebis mier lazeris sxivis
STanTqmisunarianobis gansazRvris Sedegebi ganmtkicebuli Sris
parametrebze
cxrili 1.
1
Al2O3
0,25-0,30
3-5
STanTqmisunarianoba
%
80
2
Fe2S3
0,25-0,30
3-5
70
3
Mn3(PO4)2
0,38-0,42
1-2
90
4
Zn3(PO4)2
0,35-0,40
1-2
90
5
C-grafitis koloiduri
xsnari
sulfiduri Txle – 30%
frafitis fxvnili – 70%
sulfiduri Txle – 30%
aluminis orJangi – 70%
grafiti - 60%, Txevadi
mina - 40%
oqsidireba
0,35-0,40
25-35
80
0,29-0,40
0,40-0,60
60
0,30-0,38
0,40-0,60
65
0,15-0,30
40-60
50
0,39-0,43
0,35-0,45
95
#
6
7
8
9
danafarebisaTvis
gamoyenebuli masalebi
wrTobis
siRrme, mm
danafaris
sisqe, mkm
kvlevebiT dadginda, rom sxvadasxva reJimiT, magram
TiToeuli markis foladisTvis optimaluri reJimebiT
ganmtkicebisas, erTnair pirobebSi dasxivebisas sxvadasxva
dafarvis gamoyenebisas ganmtkicebuli Sris siRrmis zomebis
mniSvnelobebi erTi da igive doneze rCeba, rogorc es
mocemulia 1-el cxrilSi. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, mkvlevarTa mier SerCeuli foladebis Sedgeniloba 10,6 mkm talRis sigrZis lazeris sxiviT zemoqmedebisas
danafarebis
STanTqmisunarianobis
cvlilebaze
zegavlenas ar axdens. aRsaniSnavia, rom lazeruli wrTobis
yvela SemTxvevaSi sakvlevi foladisagan damzadebul nimuSze
oqsidirebiT da fosfatirebiT miRebuli dafarva yvela
SerCeuli
masalisaTvis
amJRavnebda
yvelaze
efeqtur
157
STanTqmisunarianobas (90%), rac gamoixateboda ganmtkicebuli Sris maqsimaluri siRrmis miRebaSi.
amrigad, avtorTa mier Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena,
rom CO2-ze momuSave uwyveti gamosxivebis lazeris sxivis
STanTqmisunarianobis 90%-mde gazrdisaTvis metad efeqturi
gamodga oqsidebiT da fosfatebiT dafaruli foladis
nimuSebis wrToba, romlis drosac miiReboda sakmaod maRali
wrTobis siRrme da sisale, sxva nivTierebebiT da naerTebiT
dafarul nimuSebTan SedarebiT.
158
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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160
Sinaarisi
1. Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------2. gamoCenili qarTveli mecnieris, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis, saxelmwifo da p. meliqiSvilis sax. premiebis laureatis, teqnikis mecnierebaTa
doqtoris, profesor rafiel ilias-Ze aglaZis samecniero moRvaweoba ----------------------------------------------------3. akad. iveri varlamis Ze frangiSvilis cxovreba da
samecniero moRvaweoba ---------------------------------------------4. sasiqadulo mamuliSvilis gamorCeuli mecnierisa da
pirovnebis _ dimitri erisTavis samecniero-pedagogiuri
da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba ----------------------------------5. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenciis, teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor
kalistrate
severianis-Ze
quTaTelaZis
samecniero
moRvaweoba ------------------------------------------------------------6. q.m.d. akad. nikoloz landias cxovreba da moRvaweoba ---7. Rvawlmosili
qarTveli
mecnieris,
saqarTveloSi
koloiduri qimiis fuZemdeblis, saqarTvelos teqnikur
universitetSi fizikuri qimiis swavlebis organizatoris, q.m.d. prof. biZina kandelakis samecniero
moRvaweoba ------------------------------------------------------------8. daviT sarajiSvili _ sasiqadulo mamuliSvili, cnobili
mrewveli da sazogado moRvawe, didi mecenati, Tbilisis
sapatio moqalaqe, ruseTis imperiis umaRlesi wodebis _
`komerciis mrCevelis~_mflobeli, qimiisa da filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori ------------------------------------9. saxelovani winaprebis samecniero moRvaweobis Rirseuli
gamgrZeleblebi ------------------------------------------------------10. teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, sainJinro
akademiis namdvili wevris levan klimiaSvilis cxovreba
da samecniero-pedagogiuri moRvaweoba ------------------------11. teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, 2003-2008
ww., ruseTis sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa akademiis
161
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
namdvili wevris b.i. boqoliSvilis cxovreba da
moRvaweoba ------------------------------------------------------------`ПОВЙШЕНИЕ ТЕКУЧЕСТИ СТРУЖЕСТВО-КЛЕВЫХ СМЕСЕЙ
ЗА СЧЕТ ДОБАВКИ СУЛЬФИТНО-СПИРТОВОЙ БАРРЫ~
(Б.И. БОКОЛИШВИЛИ) --------------------------------------------------t.m.d. prof. elguja quTelias samecniero moRvaweoba ---q.m.k. asoc. prof. daviT gvencaZis cxovreba da samecniero
moRvaweba --------------------------------------------------------------`nanoforovani kompoziciis bazaze damzadebuli samuxruWe xundis zesadebis xaxunisa da cveTis TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva~ (mkvlevarTa jgufi: e. quTelia, d.
gvencaZe, o. wurwumia, r. daTiaSvili, l. gvencaZe --------t.m.d. prof. nugzar wereTlis cxovreba da samecnieropedagogiuri moRvaweoba -------------------------------------------t.m. doqtori, prof. Tamaz megreliZis samecniero moRvaweoba --------------------------------------------------------------------soiis fqvilis gamoyeneba puris cxobisas (mecnier
mkvlevarebi: akad. g. cincaZe, prof. T. megreliZe ---------prof.
T.
xoStarias
cxovreba
da
samecniero
moRvaweoba -----------------------------------------------------------q.m.d. prof. T. xoStarias xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli
samecniero kvlevebi. izoTermuli pirolokumarinebis
sinTezi da farmakologiuri kvleva. mkvlevarTa jgufi:
T. xoStaria, l. boWoiZe, v. ananiaSvili, n. mirziaSvili,
n. bolqvaZe ------------------------------------------------------------q.m.d. T. WeiSvilis samecniero moRvaweoba -------------------manganumis (II) oqsidis Semcvel minis kazmSi mimdinare
dabaltemperaturuli procesebis Tavisebureba. (mecniermkvlevarTa jgufi e. qoCiaSvili. T. WeiSvili) ------------rkinis, kobltisa da nikelis oqsidebis Semcveli
manganumboratuli minebis aRnagobis Sefaseba (mecniermkvlevarTa: jgufi e. qemxaZe. T, WiSvili) -------------------fosforis gavlena sferulgrafitiani Tujis Txeldenadobasa da Cajdomaze (mkvlevarTa jgufi: n. enuqiZe, g.
mumlaZe) ---------------------------------------------------------------162
25. naxevrad xisti (kompoziciuri) sagzao fenilebi Zveli
asfaltbetonis gamoyenebiT (mkvlevarTa jgufi: a. burdulaZe, p. nadiraSvili, T. meqaniSvili, m. maRraZe) ----------26. q.m.k.
daviT
gamezardaSvilis
samecniero
naSromi:
`taribanis sasaqonlo navTobis, misi distilatebis
narCenis
da
gamoyofili
parafinebis
gardaqmniT
produqtebis fizikur-qimiur TvisebaTa gamokvleva~ ------27. saferavis jiSis yurZnisagan maRalxarisxovani Rvinis
damzadebis racionaluri teqnologia (mkvlevarTa: jgufi:
g. daTukiSvili, m. xomasuriZe, e. kalatoziSvili, l.
mujiri) ----------------------------------------------------------------28. feroSenadnobTa warmoebis airgamwmendi sistemis srulyofa (mkvlevaTa jgufi: l. CxeiZe, a. mebonia, v. kldiaSvili, s. mebonia) ---------------------------------------------------29. q.m.d. profesor levan nadareiSvili da t.m.d. zviad kovziriZis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli kvleva. minis boWkos da boWkovan-optikuri elementebis miRebis teqnologia da fizikur-qimiuri kvleva (mkvlevari T. nakaiZe) ---30. foladis zedapiris danafarebis Sedgenilobis gavlena
lazeris sxivis STanTqmaze (mkvlevarTa jgufi: a. gordeziani, n. kenWiaSvili, s. yuraSvili, g. gordeziani) ------gamoyenebuli literatura ---------------------------------------------
163
ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT
gadaeca
warmoebas
26.03.2009.
xelmowerilia
dasabeWdad
08.04.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 8.
tiraJi 100 egz.
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,
kostavas 77
i.m. `uCa lomTaTiZe - momavlidan~.
q. Tbilisi, 26 maisis moedani 1