Consider your audience Select and narrow your topic

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Consider your audience
Select and narrow your topic
Determine and develop your general
purpose, specific purpose and central idea
Gather your materials
Organize your speech
Rehearse your speech
Deliver your speech
 Own
experience
 Own knowledge
 Interview
 Research
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Consider your audience
Select and narrow your topic
Determine and develop your general
purpose, specific purpose and central idea
Gather your materials
Organize your speech
Rehearse your speech
Deliver your speech
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It allows you and the listeners to see what
ideas you have and to put mental “hands”
on the most important ones.
Listeners who hear a well-organized speech
believe a speaker to be much more
competent and trustworthy.
Listeners demand coherence. A speaker
must make sure listeners can follow the
progression of ideas in a speech from
beginning to end.
Using a clear and specific method of speech
organization can boost your confidence as a
speaker and improve your ability to deliver
a message fluently.
The introduction sets the tone of the entire
speech. The introduction should be brief and
to the point as it accomplishes these several
important tasks. your audience makes strong
assumptions about you during the first eight or
ten seconds of your speech. For this reason,
you need to start solidly and launch the topic
clearly. Typically, there are six main
components of an effective introduction.
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Capture the attention of your
audience.
Authenticate the value ‘What’s in it
for me?” .
Prove your credibility.
Reveal the topic of your speech.
Preview the body of the speech.
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Relate the topic to your audience, why they
should be interested (what’s in it for them),
why you are talking about it
(experience/qualifications/credibility)
Startle the audience with an arresting or
intriguing statement.
Refer to a shocking statistic.
Question the audience.
Begin with a quotation.
Tell a story.
Ask audience to imagine themselves in a
situation.
One dark summer night in
1849, a young woman in
her 20's left Bucktown,
Maryland, and followed
the North Star. What was
her name? Harriet
Tubman. She went back
some 19 times to rescue
her fellow slaves. And as
James Blockson relates in
a 1984 issue of National
Geographic, by the end of
her career, she had a
$40,000.00 price on her
head. This was quite a
compliment from her
enemies (Blockson 22).
A story
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"I'm feeling boxed in."
[PAUSE] I'm not sure, but
these may have been
Henry "Box" Brown's very
words after being placed
on his head inside a box
which measured 3 feet by
2 feet by 2 1\2 feet for
what seemed to him like
"an hour and a half." He
was shipped by Adams
Express to freedom in
Philadelphia (Brown 60,92;
Still 10). Video is
unavailable at this time
Humour
Have you ever heard
of a railroad with no
tracks, with secret
stations, and whose
conductors were
considered criminals?
Rhetorical question
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"Follow the drinking
gourd. That's what I
said, friend, follow
the drinking gourd."
This phrase was used
by slaves as a coded
message to mean the
Big Dipper, which
revealed the North
Star, and pointed
toward freedom.
Unusual statement
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"No day dawns for the
slave, nor is it looked
for. It is all night-night forever . . . ."
(Pause) This quote
was taken from
Jermain Loguen, a
fugitive who was the
son of his Tennessee
master and a slave
woman.
Quotation
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Today, John Elway's
talents are worth
millions, but in 1840
the price of a human
life, a slave, was
worth $1,000.00
Statistics
Prepare an introduction for the speech:
Global warming
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Main points
Supporting points
Connectives/Signposts
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Select them carefully.
Phrase them precisely.
Organize them strategically.
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Chronological order
Spatial order
Causal order
Topical order
Problem solving order
Chronological: this uses time sequence for a
framework
Example:
Political Ethics: How have they
changed in the US ?
I.
1800
II.
1900
III.
2000
Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the steps in getting
a professional tattoo.
Central idea: There are four main steps in getting a professional
tattoo.
Main points:
I.
First, the skin is shaved and sterilized in the area to be
tattoo.
II.
Second, the main lines of the tattoo are traced on the
skin with a machine called an outliner.
III.
Third, coloured pigments are applied inside the outline
with a machine called a shader.
IV.
Fourth, the tattoo is sterilized and bandaged.
Spatial: this organizes material according to
physical space
Example:
Economic Recovery: What can we
expect?
I.
East
II.
South
III.
West
Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the design of the
Eiffel Tower.
Central idea: The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections
which are the lowest, middle and top sections.
Main points:
I.
The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a
gift shop and a restaurant.
II.
The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and
elevators that lead to the top.
III.
The top section of the tower includes an observation
deck with a spectacular view of Paris.
Cause/Effect/Solution: first part describes the
cause of a problem, the second describes its
effect and the third presents a solution
Example:
School Finance: How should we
reform it?
I.
Cause
II.
Effect
III.
Solution
Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the possible
causes of the unusual occurrences in
the Bermuda Triangle.
Central idea: The causes of the unusual occurrences in
the Bermuda Triangle have not yet been fully
explained.
Main points:
I.
Many unusual occurrences have taken place in the
Bermuda Triangle.
II.
Experts have outlined major effects of the
occurrences.
III.
Three solutions are provided to minimize the
effects/ occurences.
Topical: this is when you have several ideas to
present and one idea seems naturally to
precede the other
Example:
What issues will determine the
2004 Presidential Election?
I.
Health Care
II.
Economy
III.
National Security
Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the uses of
lasers.
Central idea: Lasers harness the power of light for a wide
range of uses, namely, in science, industry
and medicine.
Main points:
I.
II.
III.
Lasers have many important uses in science.
Lasers have become indispensable to industry.
Lasers are revolutionizing the practice of medicine.
Problem/Solution: first part of a speech
outlines a problem and the second part
presents a solution
Example:
What should the government do to
prevent terrorism?
I.
Problem
II.
Solution
Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the
problems caused by global
warming and steps to overcome
the problem.
Central idea: The problems caused by global
warming can be overcome through
world cooperation, governmental
intervention and commitment from
everyone.
Main points:
I.
II.
Global warming is a major problem that has caused
climate change, agricultural destruction and mutation
of diseases.
Three major ways to overcome the problem of global
warming are through world cooperation,
governmental intervention and commitment .
Past/Present/Future: first part of the speech
discuss the past, second the present and the
third predicts the future
Example:
Is Social Security doomed?
I.
Past
II.
Present
III.
Future
 Supporting
materials are backup ideas
for the main points.
 Directly support and are relevant to
the main points.
To start
 Firstly, we’re going to …
 Let me begin by …
 I would like to start by …
Preview of the main points
 Let me briefly take you through what we’ll be looking at
today.
Transitions
 Another area of consideration …
 Let’s change direction for a moment …
 Finally, …
 So what have we looked at so far? Well …
Conclusion
 Thank you for listening so patiently.
 Now, does anyone have any questions?
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Transitions
Eg: We have spent a lot of time talking about the problem.
It’s time now to discuss the solution.
Internal previews
Eg: (Transition) Now that we have seen serious the problem of
missing children is, let’s take a look at some solutions.
(Internal preview) I will focus on three in particular – stronger
legal custody laws to …and…Let’s consider them in turn.
Internal summaries
Eg: In going back over the effects of …
Signposts
Eg: The first cause… the final contributing cause is…
Signal the end of the speech by using cues
like:
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Ending words
Voice characteristics – tone, pace, rhythm
Reinforce the central idea by:
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Restating the main points.
Emphasize what you want your audience to do or
think.
Use a quotation or dramatic statement, if
appropriate.
Refer to the introduction.
“ A speech is like a love affair, any fool can start one but to
end it
requires considerable skill.”
Title :
General purpose :
Specific purpose :
Central idea :
B. Main point 2
i. Supporting details 1
ii. Supporting details 2
Transition to main point 3
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Open with impact
Transition to body of speech
C. Main point 3
i. Supporting details 1
ii. Supporting details 2
Transition to conclusion
II. BODY
A. Main point 1
i. Supporting details 1
ii. Supporting details 2
Transition to main point 2
III. CONCLUSION
A. Summary of main points
B. Close with impact/Call for action
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Think of a speech topic (preferably one for
your speech presentation). Create an
introduction. In your introduction be sure
to gain the attention of the audience, to
reveal the topic and relate it to the
audience, to establish your credibility, and
to preview the body of the speech.
Using the same topic, create a speech
conclusion. Be sure to let your audience
know the speech ending, to reinforce the
central idea, and to make the conclusion
vivid and memorable.