Investigations on structural, mechanical and dielectric

Investigations on structural, mechanical and dielectric properties of PVDF/ Ceramic
composites
Anshuman Srivastavaa, Karun Kumar Janab, Pralay Maitic, Devendra Kumar d and Om
Parkash1
a, d, 1
Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu
University), Varanasi- 221005, (India)
b,c
School of Material Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras
Hindu University), Varanasi- 221005, (India)
Abstract: Polymer ceramic composites are widely used for embedded capacitor application.
In the present work PVDF has been used as a matrix and CCTO and LaCCTO as
reinforcement. Extrusion process has been used for the synthesis of composites. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the formation of single phase CCTO, LaCCTO in its pure
as well as composites state. It is found that La doping in CCTO considerably increases the
dielectric constant and reduces the dielectric loss. A similar trend is observed in the
composites with the increasing content of CCTO and LaCCTO.
Keywords: Polymer Ceramic Composites; Extrusion; Dielectric properties; Mechanical
properties.
1. Introduction
Recently, polymer ceramic composites have attracted a lot of interest in industrial
applications because of dramatic improvement that can be made in their properties by varying
the type and amount of dispersion. Modern electronic devices demand new high dielectric
constant materials with low dielectric loss and enhanced dielectric strength [1–3]. These
materials should fulfil the industrial need of suitable dielectric properties, improved
mechanical strength and ease of processing at a relative low cost. Polymer ceramic
1
Corresponding author Email address: [email protected]
1
composites can be used in various applications including integrated capacitors, acoustic
emission sensors, smart skins and leakage current controllers [1–4].
The possibility of developing composites by incorporating ferroelectric ceramics in polymer
matrix has been investigated by many workers. Incorporation of ferroelectric ceramic (such
as barium titanate, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3PbTiO3, PMN-PT) has been studied by many researchers
[5–12]. Ferroelectric materials undergo phase transition at a characteristic temperature,
known as Curie temperature. Piezoelectric materials and polar oxides exhibit low structural
symmetry. Another drawback with these composites is that even at very high content of
reinforcement dielectric constant does not become more than 50 [13-17].
As compared to ferroelectric materials, CCTO has advantage from the application point of
view in electronic devices such as capacitors, dynamic random access memories, varistors,
thermistors, etc. CaCu3Ti4O12 has a distorted and complex cubic perovskite-like structure
with large unit cell (~ 7.4 A°) and its dielectric constant remains unchanged over a wide
range of frequencies and temperatures [18–20]. So many theories have been proposed to
explain the abnormal dielectric properties of CCTO. Among the various explanations, the
internal barrier layer capacitance mechanism has been widely accepted [21]. According to the
IBLC model, CCTO ceramic can be considered as a composite material consisting of the
semiconducting grains and the insulating grain boundaries. Grains possess small resistivity
and the insulating grain boundaries possess giant resistivity. Grain boundary inhibits the flow
of electrons in grain and causes a large boundary polarization which results in the giant
dielectric constant.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is chemically, thermally and mechanically very stable
material. It has excellent ferroelectric, pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties [22-24].
Dielectric constant of more than 610 at 102 Hz at room temperature in CCTO/P(VDF-TrFE)
when the filler volume is 50% was reported by Arbatti et al [22]. Yang et al studied the effect
2
of coupling agent on PVDF-CCTO composites using 0.1 ml of Si69 coupling agent. A value
of ε', 84 for PVDF/CCTO composite was obtained, ε' value was 16 in case of PVDF/CCTO
composite without coupling agent [23]. Zhang reported a dielectric constant of 62 having a
loss tangent of 0.05 for nanocomposites containing 50 vol% CCTO at room temperature and
1 KHz [24]. Ramajo et al studied the dielectric behavior of CCTO-epoxy composites
containing upto 15 volume % of CCTO [25]. Thomas et al found a room temperature value
95 of dielectric constant at 100 Hz for 55 volume % of CCTO in PVDF [26]. Yang et al
studied the particle size effect on the dielectric properties of CCTO/PVDF composites [27].
For nano size CCTO at 40 vol% of, they got a value of ε' >106 at 102 Hz at room temperature
which was much higher than the value of 35.7 for micro size CCTO at the same content.
Effect of interfacial polarization was found to be a reason of high value of ε' for nano size
powder. Interface between filler and matrix was proposed to explain the properties of
composites containing micro size CCTO particles.
Dang et al reported a dielectric constant ~49 at 100Hz and room temperature for composite
film of CCTO/polyimide [28]. Shri Prakash et al reported a value of 8.3 and 50 for ε' at 10
KHz and 300 K for 10 Volume % and 30 volume % respectively in the epoxy matrix [29].
Dielectric and mechanical properties of PVDF-La modified CCTO (LaCCTO) containing 10
wt % of LaCCTO have been reported earlier by us. It was observed that dielectric constant of
PVDF-increased from 5 to 30 in case of PVDF-LaCCTO composite (10 wt %) at 1 Hz and
40oC [30]. Dielectric constant 98 has been achieved for 50 wt % NbCCTO/PVDF composite
at 400C and 100 Hz [31].
Most of the researchers remained confined on PVDF-CCTO composites. They focused their
study on the dielectric behaviour as a function of CCTO content.
All these studies were confined to dielectric properties. Most of the investigations done so
far, have reported the dielectric behaviour of the composites containing a very high content of
3
the ceramic fillers. High content of the ceramic in polymer results in the deterioration of
mechanical properties due to agglomeration and porosity. In the present investigations efforts
have been made to develop high dielectric constant composites at low filler content. In this
paper mechanical properties have also been reported, along with dielectric properties.
Mechanical behaviour is as important as the dielectric properties for applications in the
devices.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials:
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), (SOLEF 6008; Ausimont, Italy), with a melt flow index
of 24 g/10 min at 230oC under 5 kg load was used as polymer matrix. To synthesise samples
of CaCu3Ti4O12 and Ca(1-3x/2)LaxCu3Ti4O12 (x= 0.05) semi-wet route was used. Analytical
grade chemicals, Ca(NO3)2 .4H2O, La(NO3)3.6H2O, Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, titanium dioxide and
citric acid having purity better than 99.95% were used as starting materials. Solutions of
nitrates of these elements in the stoichiometric amount were mixed in a beaker. Calculated
amount of TiO2 and citric acid equivalent to metal ions were added to the mixed solution.
The mixture was heated at 80–90° C on a hot plate to evaporate water and then dried at 110–
120°C in hot air oven for 12 h to yield a blue dry powder. Differential thermal analysis
(DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the powder was carried out from 30 to
1000°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min in air using Perkin-Elmer, USA TGA/DTA Analyzer.
Calcination was done at 800°C in an electrical furnace for 7h. After calcinations, pellets of
the calcined powder were made using a hydraulic press and sintered at 900°C for 6h. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) patterns of the sintered pellets confirmed the formation of single phase
solid solution.
2.2. Composite preparation:
4
Extrusion process was used to prepare PVDF/CCTO (PVDF-20C) and PVDF/LaCCTO
(PVDF-20LaC) composites. Before extrusion, 12 gms of polymer was mixed with 20 wt% of
ceramics in a high speed mixer for 30 min. Extrusion was carried out in a twin-screw
extruder (Hakke Mini Lab). Mixing was done at 210C for ~15 minutes under high shear rate
at 70 rpm. During melt mixing, ceramic particles mix uniformly in polymer chains. PVDF
and composites were melt-pressed into a thin film of 100 µm thickness in a compressionmolding machine at 200°C under 6 tons of pressure for experimental purpose.
2.3. Characterization
X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using a Rigaku Desktop Miniflex II X-Ray
diffractometer employing Cu-Kα radiation and Ni-filter (wavelength, λ= 0.154 nm). Thin
films of PVDF and composites were scanned in the diffraction angle 2θ range from 10 to 90°
at a scan rate of 3°/min. SEM images were recorded using INSPECT S 50 FP 2017/12
Scanning Electron Microscope. Gold coating was done on the surface of samples to make
them conducting.
Instron 3369 tensile machine was used for tensile test of dog bone shaped samples at room
temperature. A constant crosshead speed of 5 mm/min was selected and the stress–strain data
were recorded up to the complete breaking of most samples. Three samples were tested for
each specimen.
Contact angle measurements of pure PVDF and composites were done using Kruss
(Processor) Tensiometer K 100. The strips were immersed in water at room temperature and
the contact angle was measured in the advance mode.
Dielectric measurements were performed on silver coated disc-shaped films of 14 mm
diameter. Measurements were carried out in the frequency range 10 -2 - 106 Hz using four
probe Novocontrol set up (ZG4) in the temperature range of room temp to 80°C.
3. Results and discussion
5
3.1. Structural Analysis
X-ray diffraction patterns of CCTO, LaCCTO, pure PVDF and composites are shown in
Fig 1. Diffraction peaks corresponding to the planes (220), (310), (222), (321), (400), (422)
and (440) confirmed the formation of single phase compound of CCTO and LaCCTO. No
evidence of any secondary phase was found in LaCCTO. Pure PVDF crystallizes in α phase
with characteristic peaks at 17.7°, 18.7°and 19.9°, corresponding to (110), (020) and (111)
crystal planes, respectively [26]. Diffraction peaks corresponding to (220), (400) and (422)
planes in PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC show the presence of CCTO and LaCCTO and
successful formation of composites.
3.2. Surface morphology
Fig 2 shows the SEM micrographs of pure PVDF, LaCCTO and composites. PVDF
exist in spherulitic morphology which is getting severely affected by ceramic dispersion in
composites. This indicates homogeneous distribution of ceramic particles in PVDF matrix. It
has been reported earlier that good dispersion along with homogeneous packing of ceramic
filler is likely to exhibit high dielectric constant [26]. Contact angle measurements of pure
PVDF and composite samples were done using Kruss (Processor) Tensiometer K 100. For
PVDF it was 71°, for PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC composites it was found to be 74°and 77
respectively. This shows that composites are slightly more hydrophobic than PVDF i.e. more
chemical resistant to aqueous medium.
3.3. Mechanical properties
Dog bone shaped samples were made by using injection molding technique
(microinjector, model FD-1, Fly Tech Engineering). Temperature of the mould was kept at
70°C and that of the cylinder at 215°C under a pressure of 100 bars. Sample prepared by this
method had a cross sectional dimension of (2.15 Χ 4) mm2, the length of the gauge section
was kept 20 mm. Stress-strain curves of PVDF and composites are shown in Figure 3 a-c.
6
Young’s modulus increases considerably. For PVDF modulus value is 920 MPa. In case of
composites, modulus value increased to 1154 and 1363 MPa for PVDF-20C and PVDF20LaC composites respectively. This increment can be attributed to better interaction
between stiffer ceramic and PVDF matrix thus making composites stiffer than pure PVDF.
Elongation at breaking point decreased from 30% in case of PVDF to 16% and 14 % in case
of PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC composites, respectively. Ceramic particles act as defects
from macroscopic point of view which inhibit the PVDF chains from packing with each other
and results in the reduction in elongation at breaking point in the composites.
3.4. Dielectric properties
Frequency dependence of dielectric constant of CCTO, LaCCTO and composites is
shown in Fig 4 a-d. So many theories have been proposed to explain the abnormal dielectric
properties of CCTO but the internal barrier layer capacitance mechanism has been widely
accepted [15]. The intrinsic dielectric response in CCTO is due to barrier layer capacitance
associated with grain boundaries which results in interfacial polarization. The giant
permittivity depends on the microstructure and on formation of the internal boundary layer
capacitive (IBLC) between the grains [25]. La Doping in CCTO significantly modifies the
grain boundaries leading to more efficient IBLC. Dielectric constant of CCTO is 3600 at 100
Hz and room temperature. This increases to 9900 in case of LaCCTO at 100 Hz and room
temperature. It is noted that La doping in CCTO considerably increases the dielectric
constant.
Effective dielectric constant of PVDF increases with CCTO and LaCCTO dispersion. For
PVDF-20C composite, dielectric constant increases to 24 from 3.5 of PVDF, whereas in case
of PVDF-20LaC composite, dielectric constant is 40. In PVDF-20LaC composite increase in
the dielectric constant is quite large. The dielectric constants of the ceramics as well as
composites show weak frequency dependence in the range I KHz- 1MHz. This is a desirable
7
from the point of view of application in the devices. With increase in temperature there is an
increase in dielectric constant. Increase in the value of ε with temperature also supports this
(fig 4 d). This shows that the difference between the conductivity of the polymer and the
filler increases with rising temperature. The high-ε of the composites is mainly because of
interfacial/ space charge polarization and high dielectric constant of the ceramic fillers used.
Increase in the dielectric constant of the polymer with ceramic dispersion can be explained as
follows. Enhancement in dielectric constant of the composites is mainly because of the
interfacial polarization and the high dielectric permittivity of CCTO and LaCCTO. In the
polymers ceramic composites, interfacial polarization is always present due to difference in
the conductivity of the polymer matrix and the ceramic fillers (CCTO and LaCCTO).
Increase in the interfacial area with increasing filler content enhances the interfacial
polarization and hence the dielectric permittivity.
Frequency dependence of dielectric loss, (tan δ) is shown in Fig 5 a-c. Considerable
decrease in the dielectric loss is observed with La doping in CCTO. Loss tangent value of
CCTO and LaCCTO is 0.97 and 0.14 at 100 Hz and room temperature respectively. A
considerable decrease in the loss tangent is also observed in the composite. For PVDF,
PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC, value of tan  is 0.08, 0.25 and 0.11 at 100 Hz at room
temperature respectively.
To predict the effective dielectric constant of the composites various models are used.
The dielectric property of a diphasic dielectric mixture comprising of spherical crystallites
with high dielectric permittivity and a matrix of low dielectric permittivity can be described
by Maxwell’s model [32]. According to this model, the effective dielectric permittivity of the
composite is given by

ε eff =
( ⁄
 ( ⁄
⁄
) 
⁄
) 
8
(1)
where, ε c, εp, c and p are the dielectric constant of CCTO, LaCCTO and PVDF, and the
volume fraction of the ceramic and the polymer respectively. After substituting the values of
εc, εp, c and p, the values of ε eff obtained deviate much from the experimental values for the
composites under study (fig 6).
In the case of Clausius-Mossotti model [33], it is assumed that the mixture of dielectric is
composed of spherical crystallites dispersed in a continuous medium. The effective dielectric
constant (εeff ) of the composite is given by the following equation.
(
)
(2)
Experimental values obtained deviates much from the predicted value of εeff using this
model (fig 6). This may be due to non spherical shape of ceramic particles as shown by SEM.
Lichtenecker’s or logarithmic mixture rule is also used to predict the effective dielectric
constant value [34]
Log
(3)
Experimental results vary much from the predicted results using this model also (fig 6).
The effective medium theory (EMT) model [35] has been developed taking into account
the morphology of the particles. According to this model, the ε eff is given by
(4)
Where fc is the volume fraction of the ceramic dispersed, ε c, εp and n are the dielectric
constant of the ceramic, polymer and the ceramic morphology fitting factor respectively. The
experimental values obtained are closest to the predicted values in this case of all the models
employed to predict the εeff values. The shape parameter n has been found to be 0.089 and
0.081 for PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC.
9
4. Conclusion
CaCu3Ti4O12 and Ca(1-3x/2)LaxCu3Ti4O12 (x= 0.05) were successfully prepared by semi wet
route. Extrusion process was used to fabricate 20 wt % CCTO and LaCCTO/ PVDF (PVDF20C and PVDF-20LaC) composites. XRD patterns indicate that there is no secondary phase
present in CCTO and LaCCTO. Morphological studies reveal the homogeneous distribution
of CCTO and LaCCTO fillers in PVDF matrix. Young’s modulus in the composites is
significantly higher than that of the polymer. With addition of CCTO, dielectric constant of
matrix PVDF increases substantially. This increase in dielectric constant is more in the case
of LaCCTO addition as compared to that of CCTO addition. Loss tangent is less in the case
of PVDF-20LaC composites in comparison to PVDF-20C composites. The results obtained
indicate that La doping on Ca site proved effective in increasing the dielectric permittivity
and decreasing the dielectric loss. The PVDF-20LaC composite exhibits better dielectric and
mechanical properties. So it can be concluded that PVDF dispersed with La doped CCTO can
be a potential material for developing embedded capacitors for microelectronics applications.
10
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14
Figure 1: X-ray diffraction patterns for CCTO, pure PVDF, PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC
composites.
Figure 2: Scanning electron micrographs of LaCCTO, PVDF, PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC
composites.
Figure 3: Stress-strain curves, young’s modulus and Elongation (a-c) for pure PVDF, PVDF20C and PVDF-20LaC composites.
Figure 4: Frequency dependence of effective dielectric constant of CCTO and LaCCTO (a),
PVDF, PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC composites at 400 C (b), 800C (c) and at different
temperature (d).
Figure 5: Frequency dependence of loss tangent of CCTO and LaCCTO (a), PVDF, PVDF20C and PVDF-20LaC composites at 400 C (b) and 800C (c).
Figure 6: Variation of effective dielectric constant (εeff) measured at 100 Hz and 40oC for
PVDF-20C and PVDF-20LaC composites based on various models.
15
PVDF-20C



PVDF
20
40
60
2 / deg
Figure 1
16
(440)
(422)
(400)
(222)
(321)
(310)
LaCCTO
(220)
Intensity / a.u.
PVDF-20LaC
CCTO
80
LaCCTO
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20LaC
Figure 2
17
60
(a)
50
Stress / MPa
PVDF
40
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20LaC
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Strain / %
(b)
(c)
1400
30
1200
1000
% Elongation
Young's Modulus (MPa)
25
800
600
400
20
15
10
5
200
0
0
PVDF
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20LaC
PVDF
Figure 3
18
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20LaC
(a)
0
T=40 C
10000
60
(b)
CCTO
LaCCTO
0
PVDF
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20LaC
T=40 C
50
8000
40

'
6000

'
30
4000
20
2000
10
0
0
2
4
2
6
3
5
6
Log f(Hz)
Log f (Hz)
90
100
(c)
4
0
(d)
PVDF
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20LaC
T=80 C
90
80
80
at 100 Hz
PVDF
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20LaC
70
70
60
'


'
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
2
3
4
5
6
40
60
80
100
0
Log f(Hz)
Temperature ( C)
Figure 4
19
120
1.0
(a)
0
T=40 C
CCTO
LaCCTO
0.8
tan 
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
2
4
6
Log f (HZ)
(b)
(c)
0.3
0
T=40 C
PVDF
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20Lac
0.3
0
T=80 C
0.2
tan 
tan 
0.2
PVDF
PVDF-20C
PVDF-20LaC
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
2
3
4
5
6
2
Log f (Hz)
4
Log f (Hz)
Figure 5
20
6
(a)
Experimental
EMT, (0.089)
Clausius-Mossotti
Maxwell's
Logarthimic law
28
24
eff
20
16
12
8
4
15
20
25
wt % of CCTO
45
Experimental
EMT, (0.081)
Clausius-Mossotti
Maxwell's
Logarthimic law
(b)
40
35
eff
30
25
20
15
10
5
15
20
wt % of LaCCTO
Figure 6
21
25