The Structure of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen
Transcription
The Structure of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen
From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on December 29, 2014. For personal use only. The Structure of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Gene By Janet R. Casey, John G. Petranka, Jennifer Kottra, Donald E. Fleenor, and Wendell F. Rosse end. This cDNAwas used to probe ahuman genomic library The cellular receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPAR) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPII-anchored from which three clones were isolated and analyzed. The 23 kb of genomic uPAR gene consists of 7 exons spread over membrane protein that plays a central role in pericellular within DNA. Exons 2,4, and 6 code for homologous domains plasminogen activation.It contains 313amino acid residues, the mature protein, as do exons3,5, and 7; CD59-like homolincluding 28 cysteine residuesin a pattern of three homoloogous pairs are encoded by exons 2-3, 4-5, and6-7, respecgous repeats. The cysteine residue pattern suggests that tively. The structure of the gene for uPAR further confirms uPAR belongs to a superfamily of proteins including CD59, the relationship of this molecule to the superfamily conmurine Ly-6, and a variety of elapid snake venom toxins. A taining CD59, Ly-6, and the elapid snake venom toxins. novel 1.7-kb uPAR cDNA was isolated that is missing exon 0 1994 by The American Societyof Hematology. 5 andthat contains 380 bp not previously repotted at the 5’ T HE UROKINASE-TYPE plasminogen activator (uPA) is one of two serine proteases capable of converting the proenzyme plasminogen into plasmin and thus plays an important role in cell migration and tissue remodeling.‘,* Specific receptor sites for uPA are located on the cell surface of neutrophils, monocytes, keratinocytes, and cultured endothelial cells as well as on several neoplastic cell line^.^.^ A 55- to 60-kD membrane receptor (designated uPAR) has been identified that binds both urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and pro-uPA with high affinity andlocalizes plasminogen activation near the cell surface.6 uPA binds to uPAR via an epidermal growth factor-like moiety at the amino terminal end of the uPA pr~tein.”~ The uPAR gene has been assigned to chromosome 19” and Roldan et all’ have isolated and sequenced a full-length cDNA that codes for the entire human uPA receptor. The protein is 313 residues in length and has five potential sites for N-linked glycosylation. Compared with native uPAR protein (apparent molecular mass 55 to 60 kD), deglycosylated uPAR has an apparent molecular mass of only 35 k D , suggesting that the protein is in fact highly glycosolated.” The mature uPAR protein is attached to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor and is truncated at the COOH-terminus before its attachment.”.14Like other GPI-linked proteins, uPAR is absent on affected peripheral blood monocytes and granulocytes from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemagl~binuria.’~.’~ uPAR has a high content of cysteine residues that are arranged in a triplicate pattern that defines three homologous domains. This motif is shared with three other GPI-anchored membrane proteins (murine Ly-6, CD59, and squid glycoprotein Sgp-2) and with a variety of elapid snake venom toxins (the erabutoxin-bungarotoxin series), suggesting that these proteins comprise a superfamily of protein^.^"*^ Further evidence of the relatedness of these proteins is provided by structural studies2’,” describing similar patterns of disulfide pairing in CD59 and the NH2-terminaldomain of uPAR. The genes of other members of the superfamily show similarities in organization: they may have an untranslated first exon; the characteristic protein unit is coded bytwo exons, the first usually being shorter than the second; and the last exon has an extensive 3’ untranslated region. W e report the cloning and characterization of the human uPAR gene and show that its organization closely parallels that of the genes of the other members of the superfamily. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation ofuPAR cDNA. A probe touPAR was generated by gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of Blood, Vol 84, No 4 (August 15). 1994: pp 1151-1156 HeLa genomic DNA using oligonucleotide primers complementary to theuPAR cDNA sequence reported by Roldan et al.” The sequence of the first primer was S’GGCTGCTCCTCAGCCTGGCCCTGCC3‘ (bases 961-985) and that of the second primer was 3’cagcacactggagtccggtcacacgg5‘ (bases 1134- 1 159). A resulting 198-bp PCR product was cloned in plasmid pCR (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and its identity to bp 961-1159 of uPAR cDNA was confirmed by DNA sequencing. A HeLa cDNA library in X ZAP I1 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) was probed using the 198-bp PCR fragment that was labeled with a-dCT3’P using a random hexanucleotide DNA labeling kit (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ). A single 1.7-kb positive clone was isolated, amplified, and subcloned into pUCll9. Dideoxynucleotide sequencing was performed using the Sequenase system (US Biochemical, Cleveland, OH). Isolation of uPAR genomic clone. The full-length uPAR cDNA clone described above was radiolabeled by u-dCT3’P random priming and was used toscreen a human placental genomic DNA library constructed in X FIX I1 (Stratagene). Two positive clones were isolated and amplified. A third clone was identified whenthe same genomic DNA library was screened usingan a-dCT3*P random primed labeled 131-bp PCR amplification product thatwas constructed usinguPAR cDNA as the template and oligonucleotides S’CACCAGCCTI’ACCGAGGT3‘ (bp 301-318) and 3’GTAGTCTGTACTCGACACTCTCS‘ (bp 411-432) of theuPAR cDNA sequence as primers. Characterization of uPAR genomic structure. The gene structure ofuPARwas analyzed by Southern analysis and by subsequent subcloning and sequencing of relevant restriction fragments. Restriction digests using BamHI, Hind 111, Pst I, Pvu 11, Xba I, EcoRI, Sac I, and Sma I were performed on the three genomic clones in phage X. The restriction digests were electrophoresed on agarose gels and transferred to nitrocellulose filters. The filters were probed with ydAT3’P (3,000 Ci/mmol; Amersham Cop, Arlington Heights, IL) end-labeled oligonucleotides. Prehybridization and hybridization From theDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Submitted January 7, 1994; accepted April 19, 1994. Supported by Grant No. S R01 HL.47831-02 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Nucleic acid sequences have been deposited in GenBankunder accession numbers U07842 and 1708839. Address reprint requests to Wendell F. Rosse, MD, Box 3934, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C.section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 0 1994 by The American Society of Hematology. oooS-4971/94/84040012$3.00/0 1151 From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on December 29, 2014. For personal use only. 1152 CASEY ET AL wereperformedat42°Cin a solutioncontaining 4X SSC, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.1% NaPPi, 10 mmol HEPES, pH 7.4, 5X Denhardts, 50 pg/mL heparin, and 50 pg/mL salmon testes DNA for 4 and16hours,respectively.Thefilterswerewashed sequentially in 2X SSC, 0.1% SDS; 1X SSC, 0.1% SDS;and 0.5% SSC, 0.1% SDS all for 20 minutes at 42°C. Autoradiographs were exposed at -70°C for 4 to 24 hours using an intensifying screen. Positivelyhybridizingrestrictionfragmentsweresubclonedinto pUCl19 for further analysis. Dideoxynucleotide sequencing was performed using oligonucleotide primers complementaryto the cDNA. in the phage A Becauseintron 3 wasnotcompletelyrepresented genomic clones, its size was estimated by analysis of overlapping restriction digests of genomic DNA. Reversetranscription (RT)/PCR of HeLa RNA. RTPCR was used to confirm the presence of the previously undescribed 1.7-kb RNA wasisolatedfrom transcriptinHeLaRNA.HeLapoly(A)’ total RNA usingPolyATtractparamagneticparticles(Promega, Madison, WI). Reverse transcription was performed for 45 minutes at 42°C in a 20-pL reaction consisting of 400 ng of poly(A)+ RNA template (or 25 ng of uPAR cDNA for positive control), 50 pmol of oligonucleotide primer 3’CCACCTCTTTTCGACATG5‘ (bases 612-629ofthe cDNA), I X RTbuffer (50 mmoVLTris-HC1, pH 8.3; 75 mmoliL KCI; 3 mmol/LMgCI2; 10 mmol/L dithiothreitol [dtT]), 2 mmol/Leach WTP, 5 mmoliL D’IT, 5 pg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.5 U/pL RNase inhibitor (US Biochemicals), and 50 U (or an equivalent volume of H 2 0 for negative controls) of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase (US Biochemicals). PCR was performed in a 100 pL volume consisting of 10 pL of the RTreaction, 50pmol each of primers 5’CAGTATCCCTCCTGACAAAACT3’ (bases 1-22 cDNA) of and 3’CGTCACA’ITCTGGTTGCC5’ (bases504-521 of cDNA), 1 X PCR buffer (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mmol/L MgCL2; 50 mmol/LKCI; 10mmoULTris-HC1,pH 8.3), 200 pmol/L each dNTP, and 2.5 U AmpliTaqDNApolymerase (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT). Thirty thermal cycles were performed (1 minute at 94°C 1 minute at 55”C, and 1 minute at 72”C), after which the reaction mix was subjected to electrophoresison a 2% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide. gene for uPAR was found within 3 HeLa genomic clones and spans about 23 kb of genomic DNA. Southern blot analysis using oligonucleotide probescomplementary to thepublished cDNA sequence showed that the uPAR gene is composed of seven exons separated by six introns of variable lengths (Fig2). The unreported 380-bp segment that was found in the 1.7-kb cDNA was also foundin the two genomic clones containing the 5’ end of the gene, thus confirming that it was not an artifact of the cDNA. The first exon is 481 bp in length; its first 426 bp are untranslated and the remainder codes for a highly hydrophobic signal peptide. It is separated from exon 2 by an intron of 2.3 kb. Exon 2 is 11 1 bp in length and codes for the remainder of the signal sequence and the beginning of the mature protein; it is separated from exon 3 by an intron of 2.3 kb. The 144-bp exon 3 codes for matureprotein and is separated from exon 4 by a 9-kb intron that was sizedby genomic Southern blot analysis. Exon 4 is 162 bp in length, codes for mature protein, and is separated from exon 5 by an 800-bp intron. Exons 5 , 6. and 7 code for the remainder of the mature protein and are 135, 147, and563bp in length,respectively;these exonsare separated by 3.2-kb introns. Exon 7 contains a 312-bp untranslated segment at its 3’ end. Each exon isflanked by appropriate consensus acceptor or donor splicesites (Fig 3). The organization of exons in the UPAR gene reflects the pattern of triplicated homologous domains observed in the mature protein (Fig 4). Each protein domain is coded for by a pair of exons, with the intron break within each pairalways occurring between the fifth and sixth cyteines. The putative promoter region 5‘ to exon 1 was sequenced and examined for potential regulatory elements. No TATA or CAAT elements are evident, nor are the first 100 bases G + C rich (39%) as in the CD59 gene. However, there is a pair of octomer sequencesat positions -50 and -34, as well as a GATA sequence at position -23 (Fig 3). RESULTS DISCUSSION Isolation of uPAR cDNA. A novel 1.7-kb uPAR cDNA In this report we have identified and described the gene was isolated from the HeLa cDNA library. Sequence analysis structure of thehumanuPAR.The structure was derived showed that the 5’ end of the cDNA contained 380 bp not previously reported by Roldan et al.’’ To confirm that the from analysisof three genomic clones froma human placental genomic library. The uPAR gene sequence is shown in new380bpwasnot artifactual,RT/PCR was performed Fig 3, and Fig 2 depicts the seven exons and six introns of using HeLaRNAas template. Onemember of thePCR varying sizes. primer pair was complementary to the 5’-most sequence of the new cDNA and the other was complementary to sequenceIt was previously observed that the proteinstructureof uPARbelonged to a newly described Ly-6lelapidvenom in exon 2. A specific band of the appropriate size was obfundamental The structural unit toxin (EVT) tained (data not shown). typical of this family is a protein of about 70 amino acids In addition to thispreviously unreported 5’ sequence, 135 containing 10 cysteines that form internal disulfide bridges bases corresponding precisely to exon 5 were found to be producing a characteristic structure. This structure consists absent in this clone. This variant probably arises as a result of a cysteine-rich hydrophobic core from whichradiate three of mRNA splicing caused by thealternative use of the exon “loops” closed by the disulfide bonds. Behind this core is 4 splice donor and exon 6 splice acceptor sites. Because all a small fourth loop. Most proteins in this superfamilyconsist exodintron junctions in uPAR are of type 1 (ie, the break of a single such unit, whereas uPAR consists of three such is between the first and second bases of the codon), protein units in series; the first of these varies from the usual pattern translationacrossthisvariant splicejunctionremains in in that one of the disulfide bridges holding a loop is missing. frame. The onlyresultingtranslationalmodification(apart Further evidence that these proteins belong to the same from the missing 45 amino acids coded by exon 5 ) would superfamilyisseenin thefact that thestructure of their be a substitution of valine (GUC) for isoleucine (AUC) at genes is simi1d”2h (Fig 5). In the uPAR gene, like those of the beginning of exon 6 (Fig I). the snake venom toxins, there is no untranslated first exon Isolationandstructure of uPAR genomic clone. The From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on December 29, 2014. For personal use only. 1153 THESTRUCTURE OF THE uPAR GENE 4. UPAR cDNA of Roldan G E E I L E ...GGTGAAGAAGGGCGT .....CCCAATCCTGGAG ... Novel UPAR cDNA Fig 1. Comparison of UPARcDNA described by Roldan et al" with the novel cDNA described in this work. Exons are numbered, with dotted lines separating members of exon pairs that code for homologous repeats. ( ) Previously undescribed 380-bp5' sequence. Sequence about the spliced-out exon 5 is shown. Exon4 sequence is underlined, exon 6 sequance is double-underlined, andthe amino acidtranslation is shown above. 'The substitution of valine for isoleucine at the beginning of exon 6 in the alternatively spliced form. (B) 3' untranslated sequence. as there is in the genes for CD59 and Ly-6C.1. Exon 1 of uPAR is similar to exon 2 of CD59 and Ly-6C. 1 in that both exons have an untranslated 5' segment and code for the hydrophobic signal peptide. The fundamental unit of the superfamily is coded for in each case by two exons, one (usually shorter) coding for the amino end of the unit and the other for the carboxyl end. In the uPAR gene, as in the genes of the other members of the superfamily, the exon break in each pair coding a subunit is always type 1 and occurs in the same general part of the molecule as in the other members of the superfamily. This suggests that the two-exon structure of the gene was present in the archetypal gene from which the members of the family are derived. Because uPAR contains three of the fundamental units characteristic of the EVT family, three exon pairs code for the complete structure. Each of these is like the exon pairs coding for a single unit, suggesting that the triplicate 1 Kb Exon 1 . Exon 2 PE H It I. 2.3 kb Exon 3 HB X II I. 2.3 kb h1 0 structure is the result of reduplication of the fundamental unit. However, there is not sufficient homology between the individual units either at the nucleic acid or at the protein level to ascertain at what point evolutionarily this reduplication occurred, or in what order. The absence of exon 5 in our cDNA would lead to translation of a protein in which the carboxyl-terminal half of the second homologous repeat is missing. The mRNA remains in frame at the exon 4/exon 6 splice junction, so that the third homologous repeat as well as the GPI-anchoring signal would presumably still be intact (with the exception of the valine to isoleucine substitution at the splice junction). Such a molecule would have an uneven number of cysteines in the remaining half-domain of the second repeat, andthe implications of this in terms of intramolecular bonding and protein folding are not known. If such a molecule were to be expressed, uPAR function might not be affected because m B H B X I I I 1 9.0 kb Exon 4 Exon 5 B P .8 kb Exon 6 P H 3.2 kb Exon 7 H 3.2 kb h5 h8 Fig 2. The structure of tha uPAR-encoding gane. Exons are indicated by boxes; translated portions are shaded and untranslated portions are unshaded. The restriction sites used in aasessrnent of tho structure are i n d w e d (P, pst I; E, EcoRI; H, Hindlll; B, hmHI; X, Xba I).The intron sizes are indicated below. The three genomic clones are shown below the gene structure and their lengths depict the portion of the gene containad within them. From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on December 29, 2014. For personal use only. 1154 CASEY ET AL -158 -58 43 143 243 343 6 443 933 70 1033 161 1123 202 1923 2413 2513 182 2613 316 2713 335 2811 2913 3013 3113 3120 EXON3 EXON5 EXON7 Fig3.Nucleotidesequenceandsalient features ofthe uPAR gene. Exons are denoted by boldface uppercase letters, with the previously unreported 380-bpcDNAsequence underlined.Proteinsequence is indicated above translated portions of exons. Consensus splice donor and acceptor sites are indicated by double underlining. E G E E L E L V E K S ~.......~ # T H S E K T N R T L S Y R T G L K I T S L T E V V!g;.! @ G L D L @ N Q G N S jj TTK&NEGP .... G R P K D D R H L R........ G~OYLPG~ E P K N Q S Y M V R G..R..... A T A S M g Q H A H L G D A F S M N H I D V S............... .............. K S G.... ..~ ..?.... H P D L D V Q Y R S G PGSNGFHNNDTFHFLH , Fig 4. Alignment and comparison of homologous exons ofUPAR. Homologous exons are aligned basedon conservation in the spacing of cysteine residues (shaded). Each repeatthe of triplicated protein mot# is coded for by a pair of exons (exons 2/3,4/5, and 8/71 with the intron break within a pair always occurring betweenthe fifth and sixth cysteines. From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on December 29, 2014. For personal use only. THE STRUCTURE OF THE uPAR GENE 1155 A E? C 3 ' UT C 3' UT Ly-6C.1 A " " " 2""" CD59 A B 3' UT C Erabutoxin A B C uPAR B C 3' UT Fig 5. Homologies in the structure of the genes for LyGC.1, CD59, erabutoxin, and uPAR. The size of each exon is given; untranslated exons are open and translated exons are shaded to reflect homology between the exon pairs. Each homologous domain is coded for by t w o exons, denoted B and C. uPAR contains three homologous domains and thus three pairsof exons. Exons are shown approximately to scale; introns are not shown to scale. uPA-binding activity appears to reside in the amino terminal 87 residuesof the first repeat.x Kristenson etal" described an alternatively spliced mouse cDNA that results i n premature termination of protein translation at a similar position in the second hgmologousrepeat. That molecule could be translated in vitro to produce a protein of the approprate size. In addition, in situ hybridization with antisense RNAprobes showed that the truncated mRNA was both transcribed and differentiallylocalizedfromfull-lengthmessage in mouse gastrointestinaltissuc. However, it wasnotshown that a functional uPA-binding protein could be translated i n vivo. In all the members of the superfamily that are membrancbound, the last exon (exon 4 in CD59 and Ly-6C.I; exon 7 in uPAR) codesfor thecarboxyl terminus of the mature protein, a s well as for the signal sequence for GP1 anchor attachment, and ends with a long untranslated segment (Fig 5). In the snake venom toxins, which are secreted, the last exondoes not encodethe characteristichydrophobic scquence of amino acids necessary for GP1 attachment. Pykc et a l L X have recently described an alternatively spliced uPAR mKNA in which exon 7 is replaced by an alternative final exon encoding a 29-residue hydrophilic sequence that presumably gives rise to a soluble secreted form of uPAR. This alternative exon 7 resides S78 bp downstream from the end of theoriginallydescribed final exon and is homologous neither with the other exons of uPAR nor with the sequence of any known protcin. Despite this, the cysteines at positions 240 and 250 of the alternative final exon are spaced at approximately the same interval as the first two cysteines of the typical exon 7; this provides the possibility, at least, that the intramolecular disulfidc bonds that maintain loops one and two within the thirdhomologousrepeat may be pre- served. Whether or not these disulfides are present, uPAK functionmight well not be affectedbecauseuPA-binding activity appears to reside in the first homologous repeat. These studies show that the gene for uPAliclosely resemblesthe gene structure of theothermembers of the EVT superfamily, but has been triplicated. The remarkable consistency with whichthis gene structurehasbeenpreserved suggests that there may be some evolutionary advantage to it. Further studieswill be necessary to determine thebiologic significance, if any, of the three uPAR mRNA variants that have thus far been described. REFERENCES I. Ellis V, Scully MP, Kakkar VV: Plasminogen aclivation initi- atcd by single-chainurokinase-typeplasminogenactivator. J Biol Chem 264:2 185, 1989 2. StephensRW, Piilliinen J, 'l'apiovaara H, Leung K, Sin1 P. Salonen E, R0nnc E, Behrendt N, Dan0 K , Vahcri A: Activation of pro-urokinase and plasminogen on human sarcoma cells: A protcolyticsystcm with surface-hound reactants. J Cell Biol 108:1987, I989 3. Haddock RC, Spcll ML, Baker CD, Grammer JR, Parks JM, Spcidcl M, Booyse FM: Urokinase binding and receptor identitication i n cultured cndothclial cells. J Biol Chem 266:21466, 1991 4. Miles LA, Plow EF: Receptor tnediatcd binding of the tibrinolytic components, plasminogen and urokinase, to peripheral blood cells. 'Thromb Hacmost SX:93h, 1987 S. McNcill H, Jensen PJ: A high-affinity rcccptor for urokinase plasminogen activator on human kcratinocytes: Characterizationand potential modulation during migration. Cell Kcgul I:843, 1990 h. Nielsen LS, Kellerman GM, Bchrcndt N, Picone R, Dan0 K , Hlasi F: A 55,000-h0,000 M,receptorprotcin lor urokinase-type plasminogen activator. J Biol Chern 263:2358, 1988 7. Appella E, Robinson EA,Ullrich SJ, Stoppelli MP, Corti A, From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on December 29, 2014. For personal use only. 1156 Cassani G, Blasi F: The receptor-binding sequence of urokinase. J Biol Chem 262:4437, 1987 8. Behrendt N, Ploug M, Patthy L, Houen G, Blasi F, Dane K: The ligand-binding domain of the cell surface receptor for urokinasetype plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem 266:7842, 1991 9. Vassalli J, Baccino D, Belin D: A cellular binding site for the M, 55,000 form of the human plasminogen activator, urokinase. J Cell Biol 100:86, 1985 10. 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For personal use only. 1994 84: 1151-1156 The structure of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene JR Casey, JG Petranka, J Kottra, DE Fleenor and WF Rosse Updated information and services can be found at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/84/4/1151.full.html Articles on similar topics can be found in the following Blood collections Information about reproducing this article in parts or in its entirety may be found online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#repub_requests Information about ordering reprints may be found online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#reprints Information about subscriptions and ASH membership may be found online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/subscriptions/index.xhtml Blood (print ISSN 0006-4971, online ISSN 1528-0020), is published weekly by the American Society of Hematology, 2021 L St, NW, Suite 900, Washington DC 20036. Copyright 2011 by The American Society of Hematology; all rights reserved.