Fatty Acid - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Fatty
Acid
Composition
Normal
in
and
G.
ANDREW
P
has
it
REVIOUSLY,
been
acid
composition
different
sites,
both
the
same
subject
However,
Specific
sence
of
exist
M.D.,
tissue
was
male
subjects
in adipose
to
sex
This
fatty
group
in
,
dence
of
of adipose
normal
male
with
the
and
with
results
are
Obesity.
of
were
AND
weight
presented
subjects
with
were
METHODS
whose
regard
investigated.
to
They
normal
and
fatty
were
abnormal,
diets
were
acid
composition,
divided
similar,
into
according
to
par-
certain
groups,
group
healthy
people.
evidence
or
was
comprised
None
of coronary
heart
hypothyroidism
There
eight
seventeen
to
eight
to
in
were
and
was
sixty
years
obese,
and
of
the
subjects,
fifty-three
female
sixteen
defined
subjects,
ranging
(average
39.8
no
had
patients
eight
in age
from
twenty
A
the
years).
This
group
heart
was
comprised
disease,
hypothyroidism.
in
all
There
(fourteen
of
diabetes
male
and
patients
mellitus,
were
twenty-six
twelve
female).
with
coro-
obesity
and
biopsy
were
known
subjects
From
*
of
Hospital
Fellow
Medicine,
the
Institute
of Clinical
Medical
in Medicine.
The
Johns
Research,
The
Middle-
Hopkins
Hospital,
et
.4nzerican
Baltimore,
area
Journal
of Clinical
Nutrition
the
5
to
fat
and
recorded
of
sixty-
was
obtained
by
subject,
and
was
samples
The
the
method
stearic
as
those
of
chromatographic
retention
time
of an
acid
was
the
peak
retention
with
similar
using
described.’
the
acids
de-
needle
of analysis
been
comparing
under
of each
age
to
of each
already
fatty
of
on
study.
years).
by
the
the
started
of the
The
of these
identified
area
been
time
chromatography.
that
case
iodine
forty-three
have
run
and
had
the
buttock
unknown
acid
The
angulation
Maryland.
the
were
clinical
In each
at
56.5
identified
Also,
who
radioactive
from
liquid
acids
al.4
years
on
patients
employed
relative
and
School,
London,
England.
Present
address:
Department
by
composition
gas
the
conditions.
acid
sex
subgroup.
from
technic
of
sub-
fifty-two
patients
this
chromatography
Peaks
female
subcutaneous
acid
times
of these
hypothyroidism.
of
by gas
age
to
confirmed
ranged
by
computed
pv23
The
therapy
(average
fatty
standard
tables
hypothyroidism
pituitary
termined
weights
the
Insurance
obese.
of the
years
biopsy
nary
of
with
whose
above
to the
Four
sample
needle
Subjects
Abnormal
Un-
absence
treated
patients
seventeen
replacement
None
from
years);
be
have
was
None
mellitus
31.6
being
cent
Life
to
comprised
studied.
(average
or
years).
diagnosis
studies.
diabetes
in age
years
were
presence
according
from
grounds,
subjects
ranging
years
was
seventy-three
were
per
to
40.1
thyroid
apparently
there
whose
patients
the
female
35
considered
ranged
these
disease,
any
male
of
patients
height
considered
Subjects
This
All
hypothyroidism.
criteria.
Normal
or
Metropolitan
(average
were
two
to
of
mellitus
These
control
than
for
the
jects
Forty-two
thirty-five
Eight
more
by
MATERIALS
cvi-
insulin.
diseases
disturbances
54.4
consisted
diabetes
years).
complications.
fe-
(average
subgroup
with
from
to
subranged
electrocardiographic
This
patients
as
years
and
this
ages
infarction.
54.4
selected
in
whose
sixty-eight
iiellitus:
ranged
Included
patients,
clinical
myocardial
(average
ex-
male
to
with
male
ages
ab-
was
subjects
associated
acids
or
composition
in
metabolism;
fatty
Disease.
seven
forty-four
years)
seven
herein.
ticularly
heart
were
from
one
presence
possibility
acid
and
be
tissue
or the
determined
to
M.SC.*
Coronary
fatty
between
Subjects
Diabetes
disease.
The
lipid
does
changes
be related
known
the
HEFFERNAN,
another.
might
amined.
A.
Tissue
data
was
unknown
calculated
of
Farquhar
measured
a percentage
by
of
the
tritotal
measured.
Vol.
15,
July
1964
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on January 12, 2015
and
that
Abnormal
of adipose
tissue
from
superficial
and
deep,
in
is remarkably
similar.’
a difference
subject
shown
Adipose
of
6
Heffernan
Symbols
acids
are
used
encountered
introduced
length
of double
naming
are based
by Ahrens
to chain
number
oleic
to facilitate
and
on the
et al.’
The
the
many
of
nomenclature
first
of the acid and the
bonds;
for example
figure
refers
second
18:1
eight
to
the
refers
to
of
oleic
(p
< 0.02)
Seven
palmitoleic,
fatty
account
for
acids
stearic,
in the
with
15:0,
acid
fatty
acid
is
male
subjects.
shows
is higher
acid
subjects
of
heart
disease
with
in
and
male
<
Table
ii.
In
the
Sums
and
Ratios
a
0.05)
male
female
of
male
*
of Fatty
7 male
8 obese
subjects
male
subjects
patients
8 normal
33.1
with
female
female
coronary
diabetes
heart
disease
mellitus
subjects
subjects
8 normal
female
8 female
patients
fatty
acid
composi-
male
patients
and
seven
is
male
similar
to
I
Distribution
from Normal
of Fatty
Subjects*
Acids
Normal
Subjects
Female
(8)
Male
(8)
in
7.3
±
as
mean
0.7±0.3
3.6±0.9
1.1±0.2
0.6±0.1
20.0±3.9
10.7±1.1
3.4±0.7
53.0±4.5
1.5
7.1
± 0.9
Values
subjects
with hypothyroidism
expressed
±
standard
deviation.
II
Acid
Values
Saturated
Fatty
Acids
subjects
with
signifi-
seven
0.9±0.1
4.2±0.3
1.1±0.2
0.6±0.07
23.3±3.3
10.1±1.7
4.4±0.8
48.4±3.3
18:2
group
subjects
subjects
are
total
female
in the
Normal
Unsaturated
Fatty
Acids
and
Abnormal
Oleic
Subjects
Palmitoleic
Acid
Stearic
(%)
(%)
8 normal
acid
the
0.05)
mellitus
Normal
Subjects
Add
12:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
16:0
16:1
18:0
18:1
the
ratios
and
Comparison
8 normal
diabetes
.
Fatty
show
(p
steanic
while
per
in
to
acid
sums
of Various
8 normal
the
coronary
Comparison
of Per Cent
Adipose
Tissue
TABLE
7 male
that
with
of oleic
lower
acid
in normal
shown
Comparison
8 normal
shows
from
subjects.
various
values
are
0.02)
other
male
70
level
ratio
and
over
the
is stearic
in the
Comparisons
<
only
difference
fatty
ni
tissue
A statistical
that
(p
The
for
measured.
significantly
significant
<
(p
un-
the
to
low,
of adipose
and eight
normal
it can be seen that
account
acids
however,
which
acids
total
and
to-
14:1
which
the mean
per cent
nine fatty
acids in buttock
normal
male
is compared,
palmitic
analysis,
tissue,
as
fatty
the
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on January 12, 2015
and
identified
acids
significantly
tion
patients
fatty
palmitoleic
0.05)
TABLE
i, in
fat from
eight
female
subjects
of the
total
of adipose
acids
of these
cent
of the
<
(p
are
measured.
Table
oleic
cent
samples
two
were
From
distribution
97 per
subjects,
acids
high.
Table
(launic,
mynistic,
palmitic,
oleic
and
linoleic)
which
about
found
gether
and
cantly
RESULTS
male
fatty
saturated
acid.
acids
normal
saturated
Acid
Acid
Stearic
Acid
St
66.8*
11.5t
2.
28.2
71.8
16.2
3.3
33.1
66.8
11.5*
2.5
31.8
68.2
14.4
2.9
33.1
66.8
11.5
2.5
29.0
71.0
16.7
3.2
28.1
71.6
16.2
3.2
28.2
71.7
19.8
3.9
28.1
71.6
16.2
3.2
28.0
72.0
20.3
4.6
*
Indicates
that
the
difference
between
the
figures
above
and
below
the
sign
is significant
at
the
level
of
p
<
0.05.
t Indicates
0.02.
that
the
difference
between
the
figures
above
and
below
the
sign
is significant
at
the
level
of
p
<
*
Fatty
that
of
normal
male
significantly
acid
in the
A
fat
total
ratio
of oleic
male
coronary
litus
are
cant
difference
oleic
shown
to
the
fatty
and
in
is
significant
tween
the
of
the
and
to
acids,
the
ratios
steanic
normal
and
of
acid
are
abnormal
the
com-
male
and
lyzed
the
three
major
found
be-
fatty
acids.
the
unsaturated
oleic
and
not
significant
female
subjects,
fatty
differ
in
the
(Table
found
this
COMMENTS
The
difference
found
TABLE
Comparison
in
Adipose
of the
Tissue
the
fatty
acid
com-
of Fatty
Abnormal
Acids
Male
acids
than
acid
unselected
Male
Patients
with
Coronary
Heart
Disease
Subjects
(8)
Male
Subjects
with
Diabetes
Mellitus
*
Values
0.9
4.2
1.1
0.6
23.3
10.1
4.4
48.4
7.2
expressed
± 0.1
± 0.3
±0.2
± 0.07
± 3.3
± 1.7
± 0.8
± 3.3
± 1.5
as
0.7 ±0.3
3.6 ± 0.9
0.9 ± 0.3
0.5 ±0.1
23.5
± 3.4
10.1 ±2.5
3.6 ± 0.8
50.1 ±4.8
6.8±1.5
mean
triglyceride
tissue
to
per
be
way
of
influenced
cent
by
not
appear
tissue
though
adipose
adipose
triglyceride.
adipose
even
acids
as found
from
does
from
those
TABLE
Comparison
of
Acids
in Adipose
±
standard
Fatty
Acid
(7)
(7)
12:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
16:0
16:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
the
extracted
99
of
level
These
however,
fatty
resemble
in
seem
level
higher
subjects.
lipid
of the
normal
lower
in adipose
the Per
Tissue
Female
Fatty
Acid
in
ana-
the
tissue
in a
fatty
more
III
Per Cent
Distribution
from
Normal
and
Subjects*
Normal
Male
each
acid
of
who
in
which
its
al.,9
lipids
linoleic
triglyceride,
derive
et
of blood
female
other
composition
significantly
the
is more
the
a significantly
the
from
among
distribution
acids
study,
simple
in
the
in
Kingsbury
that
and
the
although
tissue
to
and
from
Serum
II).
a
acid
from
sex,
acid
the
Pre-
tissue
although
Lawnie
classes
of palmitic
fraction
in
subjects
fatty
but
difference
influence
the
would
adipose
possibility
However,
arachidonic
total
palmitoleic
fat.
male
for
is obscure.
no
subjects,
might
the
subjects,
this
of
the
sex
subhypo-
of
female
than
sub-
difference
in female
found
mention
factors
statis-
fat
composi-
female
account
acid
composition
eight
no
fatty
workers67
acid
older
male
similar,
acid
The
partially
significance
vious
fatty
a decade
for a softer
from
between
total
make
to
explain.
could
The
female
with
regard
to
this
tissue
various
were
about
;
fatty
distribution
and
differences
fatty
of
in
in
were
the
ratio
0.05)
subjects
normal
diets
were
obese
similar,
from
whose
jects
depot
differences
levels
Furthermore,
saturated
eight
tissue
with
biological
signifi-
the
cent
adipose
is difficult
subjects
7
subjects
tion,
et al.8
per
female
of
female
difference.
mel-
disease
adipose
virtually
tically
<
(p
the
subjects,
four
thyroidism
acids
that
acids
female
jects
acid
heart
subjects.
patients
only
in
acid
the
acid
diabetes
The
Tissue
0.5
3.1
1.2
0.6
21.3
9.9
3.6
52.9
± 0.2
±0.2
±0.5
± 0.2
± 4.2
± 2.7
± 1.4
± 2.9
7.3
± 4.3
deviation.
IV
Cent
from
Distribution
Normal
and
of Fatty
Abnormal
Subjects*
Normal
Female
Subjects
(8)
Obese
Females
Subjects
(8)
Female
Patients
with
Hypothyroidism
(4)
12:0
14:0
14:1
15:0
16:0
16:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
*
Values
0.7±0.3
3.5
± 0.9
1.1±0.2
0.6±0.1
20.0±3.9
10.7±1.1
3.4±0.7
53.0±4.5
7.1±0.9
expressed
as
0.4±0.2
3.2
± 0.6
0.8±0.2
0.5±0.2
21.1±3.2
10.6±1.9
3.2±1.4
53.4±4.5
7.3±1.7
mean
±
standard
0.7±0.4
3.7
± 0.9
0.9±0.3
0.5±0.02
20.2±5.0
10.9±4.0
3.0±0.3
52.2±4.7
8.1±1.7
deviation.
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on January 12, 2015
normal
ii.
coronary
normal
iv shows
in male
increase
steanic
with
to the
Table
the
and
to stearic
and
in Table
is
acid
patients
parison
and
disease
position
and
fatty
acids
acid
subjects
heart
the
of Adipose
particularly
saturated
fatty
palmitoleic
for
of mynistic
subjects.
total
unsaturated
with
level
diabetic
the
Composition
except
lower
the
of
and
in normal
of
from
comparison
acids,
subjects,
< 0.02)
(p
Acid
Heffernan
8
TABLE
Comparison
Tissue
with
of Fatty
Major
tn-unsaturated
V
Acid
Composition
Serum
Lipid
Fractions
Normal
Subject
of
Adipose
from
to
a
the
the
acids,
dienes
Fatty
Acid
Lipid
fat
Fractions
from
Tnglyceride
Cholesterol
Ester
.
Phospho.
lipid
iodine
atheroma
severe
5.2
19.5
10.5
3.4
53.1
8.2
14:0
16:0
16:1
18:0
18:1
18:2
20:4
2.5
26.1
7.0
4.5
43.8
16.1
...
1.1
10.5
3.8
1.1
21.8
56.5
1.3
24.1
2.9
15.4
15.5
21.6
5.2
19.2
...
and
or
absence
of
the
esters
and
phospholipids,
classes
of
trated
in Table
blood
position
of
normal
on
male
fatty
acids
lipids.
tissue
(aged
of the
illus-
infarcts
com-
had
undergone
are
virtually
from
one
of
the
years)
with
the
major
jects
is
similar
fatty
from
acid
patients
similar
to
with
that
tissue
within
heart
from
with
male
from
The
Patients
this
study
and
none
with
was
acid
operation
matous
differences
in these
the
ill
et al.,8
of
normal
by
gas
subjects
found
between
two groups
the depot
of subjects,
of an
time
increased
betes
in
the
studied
Lee
they
adipose
phase
chroma-
of coronary
or absence
subjects
That
different
in
with
arterio-
of myocardial
American
the
with
who
fatty
normal
acids
male
sub-
coronary
the
fatty
heart
findings
acid
coronary
of
an
composition
artery
and
disease
from
in
and
myristic
diabetes,
in
the
tissue
no
fatty
from
patients.
with
those
acid
of
acid
significant
composi-
patients
obese
and
his
co-workers’3
of
with
dia-
These
findings
Hirsch
et
biopsy
from
female
subjects
only
difference
palmitic
acid
in
fat composition
with the possi-
with
al.6
the
with
diabetes’4
biological
fatty
bears
diabetic
of
without
acid
out
than
differences
is
this
subjects
those
conclusion.
from
the
was
those
slight
probably
of
in
to
in
are
composition
compared
that
tissue
diabetes
findings
by
male
diabetes.
was
adipose
significance
The
acid
white
found
These
importance.
diabetes
and
they
women
fatty
obtained
American
with
content
the
tissue
North
diabetes.
plasma
when
the
studied
adipose
The
and
of
found
consistent
without
significant
decrease
with
adipose
higher
athero-
a small
and
little
concentration
vapor
patients
the
who
found
no significant
alterations
in the
fatty
acid composition
of adipose
tissue
from
several
patients
with diabetes
and with obesity.
and
no
of
needle
obtained
and
by
amount
serum
were
tion
years.
of
who
changes
composition
episode,
fat
depot
of
chromatography
isomenization,
exception
the
of
patients
whose
disease
acute
at
Kingsbury
composition
from
alkaline
heart
over
level
when
consisting
thirty-five
coronary
patients
the
subjects
to
seriously
myo-
acid,
group
female
long
However,
fatty
in
linoleic
when
keeping
for
the
are
dying
changes
twenty
were
patients
acute
normal
five
in
same
adi-
suffering
and
a
and
ranged
test.
found
palmitoleic
compared
seven
male
infarcts
patterns
with
Except
is
the
patients
and
or presence
normal
difference
in the
Hirsch
et al.,6 who
after
infarction,
of palmitic,
of
of subcutaneous
five
days
tissue
disease
subjects
aspirate
several
cardial
ble
coronary
of normal
a needle
pose
at
of adipose
except
for a significant
of oleic to steanic
acid.
studied
the
composition
in
tissue
fatty
the
any
fatty
myocardial
no
almost
find
the
arteriosclerosis
male
disease
to
adipose
satu-
Scott
between
autopsy.
lipid
death,
highly
unable
fifty-seven
and
artery
to
were
presence
fatty
serum
in
The
ages
in
are
classes.
sex,
ratio
and
acid
twenty-nine
three
sclerosis
fatty
is compared
composition
with
points
the
subjects
major
coronary
Furthermore,
acid
no
severe
contribute
abnormally
as determined
tography,
cholesterol
other
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of
the
v, in which
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either
fat.
of
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found
of
relationship
composition
quantity
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do
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or
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infarction
than
occurrence
infarction.’5
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tissue
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significantly
acid
was
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North
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ican
but
adipose
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and
values
lower
in the
with
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than
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fatty
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triglycerides
serum
ing
and
to
however,
tissue
fatty
of
synthesized
by
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with
mellitus,
obesity
the
fore
from
proved,
and
diabetes’9
are
in
the
abnormality.
influence
the
recent
fatty
metabolic
acid
state
adipose
tissue
clinical
conditions
indicate
fraction
of
fatty
acid
was
fatty
sex
to the
with
but
of
whereas
patients
mellitus,
similar
same
which
sex
to
except
may
Hospital
or
may
Medical
acid
A
A.
and
encouragement.
my
thanks
for
1.
with
important.
of
A.
of human
2.
the
these
for
his
Middleme
to
my
continued
investigate
the
with
to thank
ad-
J. D. N. Nabarro
Dr.
me
providing
I also wish
work.
Kekwick,
allowing
HEFFERNAN,
3
Life
Height
Jnsur.
receives
his
tenure
patients.
of a Lever-
Co.,
FARQUHAR,
A.
The
tissue.
fatty
C’lin.
Insurance
composition
25:
423,
Company,
Statist.
Tables.
acid
Sc.,
Bull.
1963.
Weight
Metrop.
Life
Co., 23: 5, 1942.
Metropolitan
Height
G.
adipose
Metropolitan
for
study
for
Research
The
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nonesterireflects
this
vice
to
level,mo
plasma
School
Clinical
Research,
a
chief
seems
of the
of Clinical
in
is the
tissue.
in subjects
of
are
The work was carried
out during
hulme
Research
Scholarship.
infarction’8
the
acids
diabetes
of the
members
Institute
Professor
suggested,
considered
grateful
sponsor,
that
of
adipose
I am
Committee,
tissue
fatty
bio-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
of adipose
state
nonesterified
studies
of
compared
thyroid
The
fatty
disease,
differences,
to conduct
tissue
The
either
manifestations
adipose
the
from
significant.
facilities
metabolism,
of the
minor
tissue
is obscure.
subjects
there-
been
partial
be
deterin
adipose
hypothyroidism
might
myocardial
lipid
size
stores,
has
both
some
not
been
in
of adipose
release
patients
It
that
disturbance
obesity
and
patients
mellitus,
subjects.
tissue
diabetes
in
pattern
these
subjects.
not
fled
tissue
in the
in
perculiarity
female
heart
of normal
for
from
demonstrated
of
of this
adipose
fat,
normal
diabetes
has
was
and
coronary
buttock
chromatography.
composition
obesity
those
liquid
male
The
from
infarction,
the
syn-
important
from
and
disease,
significance
with
of
biopsy,
subjects
difference
acid
logical
of
and
sources
endogenous
a more
hypothyroidism
gas
sex
normal
that
increas-
hypothyroidism
adipose
acids
normal
and
or
be reflected
fatty
kny
that
play
needle
heart
and
A
esters,
diet
adipose
subjects,
thought.
female
by
fatty
been
derived
the
body.
or endogenous
acids,
or in
fatty
acids
the
are
in
myocardial
exogenous
tissue
acids
those
subjects
in
normal
composition
by
and
those
Adipose
the
may
acid
coronary
mined
and
have
toward
fatty
with
saturation.
a combination
between
rela-
adipose
normal
difference
suggests
obtained
male
fractions
tends
sex
is generally
The
previous
of cholesterol
in hypothyroidism
in
of
with
acid
were
abnormality
composition
The
of fatty
obesity
showed
phospholipid
acids
than
as
adipose
subjects
seems
al.,’7
fatty
diets
composition,
SUMMARY
diabetes.
the
No
lines
et
sex.
patients
mellitus,
acid
gross
compared
same
small,
thesis
fatty
acid
sig-
adipose
of normal
when
role
subjects
without
no
fatty
that
diabetes
whose
to
have
the
although
were
palmitoleic
between
to
the
acid
values
hypothyroidism
along
made.
any
fatty
Guatemalan
found
levels
with
study
the
was
fatty
subjects
and
regard
to
study
A men-
reveal
acid
hypothyroidism,
with
tissue
diabetes.
tissue
and
similar
tissue
in
this
infarction,
obesity
of
Guate-
from
myocandial
tion
than
North
not
oleic
tissue
difference
in
without
higher
No
American
higher
adipose
linoleic
North
9
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is concluded
appear
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did
in
myocardial
who
and
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of myocar-
a high
with
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subjects
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nificant
with
with
without
of
It
lower
in
of
oleic
found
are
rate
acids
subjects
that
the
malan
been
al.,’6
and
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of
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