Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) - RHB OSK Securities (Thailand)
Transcription
Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) - RHB OSK Securities (Thailand)
Results Review, 22 January 2015 Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) Neutral (from Buy) Financial Services - Banks Market Cap: USD9,527m Target Price: Price: THB24.40 THB22.20 Macro Risks 4Q14 Dampened By Higher Provisions And Opex Growth Value Krung Thai Bank Plc (KTB TB) Relative to Stock Exchange of Thailand Index (RHS) 116 22.0 113 21.0 110 20.0 107 19.0 104 18.0 101 17.0 98 16.0 95 15.0 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 92 Sep-14 Jul-14 Nov-14 119 23.0 May-14 122 24.0 Mar-14 25.0 Jan-14 Vol m Price Close 0 0 . 2 0 0 FY14 earnings dipped 4% YoY, mainly on higher opex and provisions. . 0 Downgrade to NEUTRAL and TP to THB24.40 (from THB26.00), implying 0 9.9% upside, as we trim FY15F-16F net profit by 5-6%. We see rising 0 risks of slower-than-expected progress in government-led infrastructure projects and weak exports. Having risen 38% in 2014 despite modest earnings growth, we believe the stock price is vulnerable to potential earnings disappointments. Source: Bloomberg Avg Turnover (THB/USD) Cons. Upside (%) Upside (%) 52-wk Price low/high (THB) Free float (%) Share outstanding (m) Shareholders (%) 804m/24.5m 18.0 9.9 16.5 - 24.4 45 13,976 Financial Institution Dev. Fund State Street Bank Europe Ltd Thai NVDR 55.1 4.8 4.7 Share Performance (%) YTD 1m 3m 6m 12m Absolute (2.2) (4.3) (3.9) (0.9) 31.4 Relative (4.7) (5.7) (4.5) (0.7) 12.7 Shariah compliant FY14 results in line. Krung Thai Bank (KTB) reported net profit of THB8.02bn (-14% QoQ) for 4Q14 and THB33.2bn (-4% YoY) for FY14, which is within market and our expectations. 4Q14 pre-tax profit fell 17%. This was mainly on: i) a 31% QoQ jump in impairment charges to THB3.69bn that pushed annualised credit cost to 80bps (3Q14: 63bps), and ii) a 13% QoQ increase in opex that lifted cost-to-income ratio to 46.9% (3Q14: 42%). Operating income grew a modest 1% QoQ as a 5% QoQ rise in non-interest income (net fee income +7% QoQ) was moderated by flattish net interest income of THB17.47bn – loans grew 5% QoQ but net interest margin (NIM) dropped 12bps QoQ on a 13% QoQ surge in deposits. Sharp drop in 4Q14 non-performing loans (NPLs). Gross NPLs, which rose 19.5% YTD to THB67.75bn in Sep 2014, fell 17% QoQ to THB56.18bn in Dec 2014. KTB ended 2014 with a small 1% uptick in NPLs. We believe the decline in 4Q14 NPLs was a result of write-offs (as reflected in a spike in 4Q14 provisions) and recoveries. Gross NPL ratio fell to 2.96% (Sep 2014: 3.76%). Loan loss reserves improved to 127%. FY15-16F earnings cut by 5-6%. This is because we lowered assumptions on loan growth, NIM and non-interest income. We see rising risks of further delays in roll-out of infrastructure projects while recovery in export sector appears elusive. This ought to exert pressure on KTB’s small and medium enterprise (SME) and retail customers. Downgrade to NEUTRAL (from BUY) with GGM-based TP lowered to THB24.40 (from THB26.00). This implies FY15F P/BV of 1.35x. With stock having risen 38% last year, we believe price performance will be vulnerable to potential earnings disappointments. Forecasts and Valuations Dec-13 Dec-14 Dec-15F Dec-16F Dec-17F Net interest income (THBm) 64,481 69,302 73,595 79,020 84,820 Reported net profit (THBm) 34,511 33,196 36,414 40,832 45,375 47.7 (3.8) 9.7 12.1 11.1 34,511 33,196 36,414 40,832 45,375 Recurring EPS (THB) 2.47 2.37 2.60 2.92 3.03 DPS (THB) 0.88 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.20 Recurring P/E (x) 8.99 9.35 8.52 7.60 7.33 P/B (x) 1.51 1.34 1.23 1.12 1.09 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.4 Return on average equity (%) 17.7 15.1 15.1 15.5 15.6 Return on average assets (%) 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 (2.8) (4.0) 0.0 Net profit growth (%) Recurring net profit (THBm) Veena Naidu + 66 2862 9752 [email protected] Thanapol Withayaruksun (Research Assistant) (Research Assistant) Fiona Leong +603 9207 7638 [email protected] 2 . 2 0 . 2 Dividend Yield (%) Our vs consensus EPS (adjusted) (%) Source: Company data, RHB See important disclosures at the end of this report Powered by EFATM Platform 1 Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) 22 January 2015 4Q14 Results At a Glance Figure 1: KTB’s 4Q14 results highlights FYE Dec (THB bn) 4Q13 3Q14 4Q14 Net interest income 17.39 17.49 17.47 2.93% 2.86% 2.74% 9.45 6.90 7.26 35.2% 28.3% 29.4% 26.84 24.39 (10.88) Cost-Income Ratio (%) Pre-Impairment profit Impairment charges Net interest margin (%) Non-interest income Non-II/total income (%) Operating income Overhead expenses Credit cost - annualised (bps) Pretax profit QoQ (%) (0) YoY (%) 0 FY13 FY14 64.48 69.30 2.83% 2.76% 29.85 27.91 31.6% 28.7% YoY (%) 7 (23) 24.73 1 (8) 94.33 97.21 3 (10.25) (11.60) 13 7 (39.59) (43.63) 10 40.5% 42.0% 46.9% 42.0% 44.9% 15.96 14.14 13.13 (7) (18) 54.74 53.58 (2) (3.14) (2.82) (3.69) 31 18 (12.31) (13.66) 11 74 63 80 76 76 12.82 11.31 9.43 42.43 39.92 (26) Growth underpinned by 11% YoY increase in loans but moderated by NIM slippages of 7bps. NIM fell 7bps YoY mainly due to rise in funding cost on the back of a 14% QoQ surge in deposits in 4Q14. 5 (17) Comments – FY14 vs FY13 (7) Lower due to the 79% YoY drop in dividend income to THB425m following maturity of its investment in Vayupaksa Fund 1 at end-2013 and 30% YoY decline in investment gains to THB4bn. Up mainly on higher staff cost (+6% YoY) and other expenses (+29% YoY), which comprised largely marketing and promotion expenses. Bumped up by an increase in its monthly provision to THB700m from THB500m in 2Q14 and THB3bn in additional impairment allowances. Annualised credit cost is in line with management’s guidance. (6) Growth moderated by the higher operating expenses and impairment charges. Tax (2.40) (1.98) (1.41) (7.92) (6.72) Effective tax rate (%) 18.7% 17.5% 15.0% 18.7% 16.8% Minority interest (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) Net Profit 10.42 9.33 8.02 (14) (23) 34.51 33.20 (4) In line with our forecast of THB32.83bn and consensus estimate of THB33.63bn. Other key data and ratios Gross loans 1,711 1,801 1,898 5 11 1,711 1,898 11 Increased on broad-based growth in all customer segments. Loan growth was ahead of management’s target of 5-7% for 2014. Customer deposits 1,884 1,903 2,152 13 14 1,884 2,152 14 YoY growth was driven mainly by a deposit campaign in 4Q14 that led to a 13% QoQ jump in deposits. Gross non-performing loans 56.74 67.75 56.18 (17) (1) 56.74 56.18 (1) The 17% QoQ decline in NPLs in 4Q14 led to a 1% YoY reduction when compared against Dec 2013. We believe this was mainly due to write-offs of impaired loans. Total assets 2,507 2,557 2,739 7 9 2,507 2,739 9 206.09 223.59 232.15 4 13 206.09 232.15 13 ROAA (%) 1.69 1.48 1.21 1.45 1.27 ROAE (%) 20.6 17.1 14.1 17.7 15.1 LDR (%) 90.8 94.6 88.2 90.8 88.2 Gross NPL ratio (%) 3.32 3.76 2.96 3.32 2.96 Loan loss reserves (%) 109.6 107.8 126.9 110.7 126.6 Tier-1 capital ratio (%) 10.64 10.71 10.60 10.64 10.60 Total capital ratio (%) 16.24 15.85 15.68 16.24 15.68 Shareholders' funds Declined in tandem with reduction in absolute NPLs. A 15% YoY rise in impairment allowances lifted loan loss coverage to 127%. Source: Company data, RHB See important disclosures at the end of this report 2 Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) 22 January 2015 Figure 2: KTB’s quarterly results trend FYE Dec (THB bn) 1Q13 Net interest income Net interest margin (%) Cost-income ratio (%) 4Q13 1Q14 2Q14 3Q14 4Q14 15.02 15.70 16.37 17.39 16.82 17.53 17.49 17.47 2.76% 2.83% 2.93% 2.77% 2.89% 2.86% 2.74% 7.40 5.79 7.21 9.45 6.53 7.22 6.90 7.26 33.0% 26.9% 30.6% 35.2% 28.0% 29.2% 28.3% 29.4% 22.43 21.49 23.58 26.84 23.35 24.74 24.39 24.73 Operating income Overhead expenses 3Q13 2.72% Non-interest income Non-II/total income (%) 2Q13 (10.31) (9.09) (9.31) (10.88) (11.49) (10.30) (10.25) (11.60) 46.0% 42.3% 39.5% 40.5% 49.2% 41.6% 42.0% 46.9% Pre-impairment profit 12.12 12.40 14.26 15.96 11.86 14.45 14.14 13.13 Impairment allowance (1.62) (4.15) (3.41) (3.14) (1.78) (5.36) (2.82) (3.69) 41 102 82 74 41 120 63 80 Credit cost - annualised (bps) Pretax profit 10.50 8.26 10.85 12.82 10.09 9.08 11.31 9.43 Tax (1.95) (1.68) (1.89) (2.40) (1.79) (1.54) (1.98) (1.41) Effective tax rate (%) 18.6% 20.3% 17.4% 18.7% 17.8% 17.0% 17.5% 15.0% - - - (0.00) - - 0.00 (0.00) 8.55 6.58 8.96 10.42 8.30 7.54 9.33 8.02 Minority interest Net profit Source: Company data, RHB Figure 3: KTB’s quarterly pre-impairment operating profit (THB bn) 18.0 15.96 16.0 14.0 14.45 14.26 12.12 12.40 1Q13 2Q13 14.14 13.13 11.86 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 3Q13 4Q13 1Q14 2Q14 3Q14 4Q14 Source: Company data, RHB Revisions to earnings forecasts Given slower-than-expected progress in government-led infrastructure projects and slow recovery in the export sector, we downgrade our net profit estimates by 5-6% for FY15-16 after: i) lowering our loan growth assumptions to 6%/8.5% for FY15-16 from 12%/11% respectively, ii) factoring NIM compression from higher deposit costs, and iii) lower non-interest income growth. We now expect earnings to grow by 10% (instead of 17%) in FY15 and 12% (instead of 13%) in FY16. We have also introduced FY17 earnings estimates. Figure 4: KTB - revisions to earnings forecasts FYE 31 Dec Net Profit (THB m) Prev. Revised % Chg 2015F 38,437 36,414 (5.3) 2.75 2.60 (5.3) 1.12 1.05 2016F 43,510 40,832 (6.2) 2.90 2.92 0.6 1.20 1.15 2017F new 45,375 new 3.03 n.m. new 1.20 n.m. Prev. FD EPS (THB) Revised % Chg Prev. DPS (THB) Revised % Chg (6.2) (4.2) n.m. Source: RHB See important disclosures at the end of this report 3 Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) 22 January 2015 Valuation The downward revision in earnings led to a lower TP of THB24.40 (from THB26.00) as ROE assumption used in the GGM was lowered to 15.4% from 15.8% while weighted average cost of capital was a higher 12.8% (from 12.6%). Long-term growth assumption was maintained at 5.5%. Our revised TP implies a FY15F P/BV of 1.35x (historical mean: 1.2x) and a FY15F P/E of 9.4x (historical mean: 8.8x). Risks Downside risks that could impede the stock from reaching our TP are: i) potential delays in the execution of approved infrastructure projects, ii) a sharper-thanexpected decline in NIM should the bank’s strategy to rebalance its loans mix prove unsuccessful, and iii) sharper-than-expected deterioration in asset quality, which would result in higher credit cost. Figure 5: KTB’s 12-mth forward consensus P/Es 25.0x Fwd PER Mean +1 sd Figure 6: KTB’s 12-mth forward consensus P/BVs 2.0x -1 sd Fwd PBV Mean +1 sd -1 sd 25.0 ROE (% RHS) 1.8x 20.0x 20.0 1.6x 1.5x 1.4x 15.0x 1.0x 10.0x 15.0 1.2x 1.2x 12.6x 0.9x 8.8x 10.0 0.8x 4.9x 5.0x 0.6x 5.0 0.4x See important disclosures at the end of this report Jul-14 Jan-15 Jul-13 Jan-14 Jul-12 Jan-13 Jul-11 Jan-12 Jul-10 Jan-11 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-06 Jan-07 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jul-04 Jan-05 - Jan-04 Jul-14 Jan-15 Jul-13 Jan-14 Jul-12 Jan-13 Jul-11 Source: Bloomberg, RHB Jan-12 Jul-10 Jan-11 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-06 Jan-07 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jul-04 Jan-05 0.2x Jan-04 0.0x Source: Bloomberg, RHB 4 Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) 22 January 2015 Financial Exhibits Profit & Loss (THBm) Dec-13 Dec-14 Dec-15F Dec-16F Dec-17F Interest income 111,403 118,625 128,030 137,120 147,770 Interest expense (46,921) (49,323) (54,435) (58,100) (62,950) Net interest income 64,481 69,302 73,595 79,020 84,820 Non interest income 29,849 27,908 30,968 34,136 37,500 Total other income 29,849 27,908 30,968 34,136 37,500 Total operating income 94,331 97,210 104,563 113,156 122,320 (39,586) (43,632) (46,341) (48,960) (51,620) 54,745 53,578 58,222 64,196 70,700 (39,586) (43,632) (46,341) (48,960) (51,620) Total costs x depn & amortn Operating EBITDA Total costs Operating profit 54,745 53,578 58,222 64,196 70,700 (12,311) (13,658) (14,350) (15,000) (15,700) Post-provision operating profit 42,434 39,921 43,872 49,196 55,000 Pre-tax profit 42,434 39,921 43,872 49,196 55,000 Taxation (7,923) (6,725) (7,458) (8,363) (9,625) Profit after tax 34,511 33,196 36,414 40,832 45,375 Total provision charges Minority interests (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) Profit after tax & minorities 34,511 33,196 36,414 40,832 45,375 Reported net profit 34,511 33,196 36,414 40,832 45,375 Recurring net profit 34,511 33,196 36,414 40,832 45,375 Source: Company data, RHB Balance Sheet Employment Dec-13 Dec-14 Dec-15F Dec-16F Dec-17F Net cust loans/assets (%) 65.8 66.7 66.5 68.1 69.5 Net earning assets / assets (%) 93.3 92.9 92.9 93.6 94.1 Non-earning assets/assets (%) 6.7 7.1 7.1 6.4 5.9 87.6 84.9 84.3 85.8 87.2 Net cust loans/cust deposits (%) Equity / assets (%) 8.2 8.5 8.7 9.0 9.3 Equity / gross cust loans (%) 12.0 12.2 12.5 12.6 12.8 Equity & provns / gross cust loans (%) 14.2 14.7 15.1 15.4 15.6 Asset risk weighting (%) 70.9 71.5 71.0 71.0 71.0 Liquid funds / cust deposits (%) 39.3 36.9 36.8 34.5 32.6 Prov. charge / cust loans (%) 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 Provision charge / avg assets (%) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Reported NPLs / net cust loans (%) 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 SP chg / avg cust loans (%) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) GP charge / average cust loans (%) (0.5) (0.4) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) Total provn chg / avg cust loans (%) (0.6) (0.5) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) Reported NPLs / gross cust loans (%) 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 Total provisions / gross cust loans (%) 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 66.2 83.9 84.2 84.5 85.3 Total provisions / reported NPLs (%) Source: Company data, RHB See important disclosures at the end of this report 5 Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) 22 January 2015 Financial Exhibits Balance Sheet (THBm) Dec-13 Dec-14 Dec-15F Dec-16F Dec-17F 1,711,090 1,897,995 2,014,880 2,186,000 2,370,000 Securities - total 241,783 262,116 285,500 298,500 314,500 Other interest earning assets 448,572 456,541 481,140 485,500 488,000 2,401,446 2,616,652 2,781,520 2,970,000 3,172,500 Total gross loans Total gross IEAs Total provisions (61,807) (71,146) (79,696) (89,146) (98,346) Net loans to customers 1,649,283 1,826,849 1,935,184 2,096,854 2,271,654 Total net IEAs 2,339,639 2,545,506 2,701,824 2,880,854 3,074,154 Cash & accrued interest 55,337 79,779 84,097 65,384 53,046 Tangible fixed assets 26,799 27,745 29,150 30,850 32,500 3,848 4,188 4,188 4,188 4,188 81,210 82,133 90,237 97,087 103,492 Intangible assets Other assets Total non-IEAs 167,194 193,845 207,672 197,509 193,226 Total assets 2,506,833 2,739,351 2,909,497 3,078,363 3,267,380 Broad deposits 2,084,770 2,313,656 2,460,312 2,607,500 2,765,500 138,696 109,691 109,850 110,620 110,850 2,223,466 2,423,347 2,570,162 2,718,120 2,876,350 Other non-interest bearing liabilities 77,276 83,852 87,625 83,785 87,180 Total non-IBLs 77,276 83,852 87,625 83,785 87,180 Total liabilities 2,300,743 2,507,198 2,657,787 2,801,905 2,963,531 Other interest-bearing liabilities Total IBLs Share capital Retained earnings reserve Other reserves Shareholders' equity Minority interests Other equity Total equity Total liabilities & equity 72,005 72,005 72,005 72,005 72,005 113,252 139,314 158,871 183,619 211,011 20,834 20,834 20,834 20,834 20,834 206,090 232,153 251,709 276,458 303,850 0 0 0 0 0 (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) 206,090 232,153 251,709 276,458 303,850 2,506,833 2,739,351 2,909,497 3,078,363 3,267,380 Source: Company data, RHB Key Ratios Dec-13 Dec-14 Dec-15F Dec-16F Dec-17F Cust deposit growth (%) 13.0 14.2 6.7 6.5 6.5 Broad deposit growth (%) 12.1 11.0 6.3 6.0 6.1 Growth in IBLs (%) 10.5 9.0 6.1 5.8 5.8 Return on IEAs (%) 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 Cost of funds (%) 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 Net interest spread (%) 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 Net interest margin (%) 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 Interest return on average assets (%) 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 17.7 15.1 15.1 15.5 15.6 Return on average equity (%) Return on average assets (%) 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 EPS growth (%) 25.5 (3.8) 9.7 12.1 3.7 Bv per share growth (%) 12.7 12.6 8.4 9.8 2.6 Operating profit growth (%) 17.6 (2.1) 8.7 10.3 10.1 Source: Company data, RHB See important disclosures at the end of this report 6 Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) 22 January 2015 SWOT Analysis Being 55% owned by the Government via the Financial Institutions Development Fund (FIDF), KTB has a captive position in current account, savings account (CASA) and government loans Competition from specialised financial institutions in the deposit market Risk of the bank being required to do national service during challenging times Resumption of government investments in major infrastructure projects would result in greater lending opportunities Loan loss reserve ratio of 127% (Dec 2013) is lower than the 140% of other large Thai banks Tier-1 capital ratio of 10.6% at end-Dec 2014 is weaker than major Thai banks' c.14-15% P/E (x) vs EPS growth P/BV (x) vs ROAE 12 35% 10 1.8 18% 1.6 18% 1.4 17% 1.2 17% 1.0 16% 0.8 16% 0.6 15% 0.4 15% 0.2 14% 0.0 14% 28% 8 20% 6 13% 4 5% P/E (x) (lhs) EPS growth (rhs) Source: Company data, RHB P/B (x) (lhs) Jan-17 Jan-16 Jan-15 Jan-17 Jan-16 Jan-15 Jan-14 -10% Jan-13 0 Jan-14 -3% Jan-13 2 Return on average equity (rhs) Source: Company data, RHB Company Profile Krung Thai Bank (KTB) is Thailand's second-largest commercial bank and the largest state-owned bank by asset size. Traditionally a corporate lender, KTB is diversifying into small and medium enterprise (SME) and retailing lending, and growing its non-interest income via offerings of remittances services, cards, bancassurance and forex products. See important disclosures at the end of this report 7 Krung Thai Bank (KTB TB) 22 January 2015 Recommendation Chart Price Close 26.0 25.1 20.5 25.5 28.3 32.8 22.1 27.1 26.8 22.1 16.1 18.4 Recommendations & Target Price na 32.1 22.1 17.1 12.1 Buy 7.1 Jan-10 Neutral Sell Apr-11 Trading Buy Aug-12 Take Profit Not Rated Nov-13 Source: RHB, Bloomberg Date Recommendation Target Price Price 2015-01-06 Buy 26.0 21.4 2014-10-22 Buy 26.0 22.5 2014-10-08 Buy 26.0 23.2 2014-09-09 Buy 25.1 23.9 2014-07-22 Buy 25.1 22.2 2014-04-29 Buy 25.5 18.2 2014-04-08 Neutral 20.5 18.7 2013-07-24 Buy 28.3 19.0 2013-07-08 Buy 28.3 18.9 2013-04-23 Buy 32.8 24.2 Source: RHB, Bloomberg See important disclosures at the end of this report 8 RHB Guide to Investment Ratings Buy: Share price may exceed 10% over the next 12 months Trading Buy: Share price may exceed 15% over the next 3 months, however longer-term outlook remains uncertain Neutral: Share price may fall within the range of +/- 10% over the next 12 months Take Profit: Target price has been attained. 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DMG & Partners Research Guide to Investment Ratings Kuala Lumpur Hong Kong Singapore Malaysia Tel : +(60) 3 9280 2185 Fax : +(60) 3 9284 8693 19 Des Voeux Road Central, Hong Kong Tel : +(852) 2525 1118 Fax : +(852) 2810 0908 Tel : +(65) 6533 1818 Fax : +(65) 6532 6211 Buy: Share price may exceed 10% over the next 12 months Trading Buy:Malaysia Share price may exceed 15% over theRHB nextOSK 3 months, however longer-term outlook remains uncertain Research Office Securities Hong Kong Ltd. (formerly known DMG & Partners Neutral: Share mayInstitute fall within months as 12 OSK Securities Securities Pte. Ltd. RHB price Research Sdn the Bhdrange of +/- 10% over the next Take Profit: Target price One, has RHB beenCentre attained. Look to accumulate at lower Honglevels Kong Ltd.) Level 11, Tower 10 Collyer Quay Sell: Share price may more than 10% over the next 12 months Jalanfall TunbyRazak 12th Floor #09-08 Ocean Financial Centre Lumpur World-Wide House Singapore 049315 Not Rated: Stock isKuala not within regular research coverage DISCLAIMERS Phnom Penh This research is issuedJakarta by DMG & Partners Research Pte Ltd and it is forShanghai general distribution only. It does not have any regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any specific recipient of this research report. 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