Total

Assoc. Prof. Ulaş SUNATA, PhD
BAUMUS, Center of Migration and Urban
Studies
Bahçeşehir University
 Migration
in historical perspective
and diaspora
 Social historical research
 Working on Circassian Diaspora in
Turkey – Position in Typology
 Fieldwork challenges
• Sampling
• Analysis
 Refugee-background
population
• as a vulnerable group
• as a hard-to-survey group
 Social
historical research
• Oral history  Unfolding history
 Intergenerational
social formation
 Historically grounded conceptual
generation framework
 Generations
• Kertzer’s categorization (1983)  Loizos (2007)
 generation as lineage connection
 generation as cohort
 generation as life course stage
 generation as subjectively experienced historical
period
• Mannheim (1952)  Berg & Eckstein (2009)

By Language Group
• Peoples speaking Caucasic languages
 Kartvelian peoples, Northeast Caucasian peoples
and Northwest Caucasian peoples
• Peoples speaking Turkic languages
• Peoples speaking Indo-European languages
• Peoples speaking Semitic languages
• Kalmyk people







Abkhaz
Abaza
Circassians:
Adyghe
Kabarday
Cherkess
Ubykh
 Target
group: Circassian Diaspora in Turkey
 Data Collection Method: Fieldwork (Oral
History, Semi-structured Interviews,
Participatory Observation), Focus Group
 Data Collection Period: May-September
2014
 Sample Size N1=342, N2=17
 Subject/sample selection: multi-stage
sampling -> geographical cluster sampling,
purposive sampling and snowball sampling
Dimensions of
typology
hard to sample
hard to identify
hard to find or to
contact
Problem
My techniques to solve
No sampling frame due to its
unknown size
Suspicion, distrust or even fear
towards outsiders due to its
vulnerability
but a rough estimate
qualitative research design
intermediary support (gatekeepers:
mukhtars and association administrative
people) and team composed of inside and
outside researcher
ethical reflexivity
Lack of interest
Full-roster categorization but highlighting
their subjective way used (self-definition
as Circassian)
No “objective” way of defining
ethnicity or member of diaspora
Gatekeepers’ choice of
respondents
hard to persuade to Fear of potential harm, stigma,
participate
mistreatment or exploitation
hard-to-interview
project leader decide who interviews to
who after emphasizing the project target
group and negotiation with gatekeepers
intermediary support
ethical reflexivity
Refusing participation due to
thinking themselves as ineligible training interviewers highlighting the
(insufficient informant)
importance of their life story and their
narratives
Aged people (hard of hearing)
Language barriers
Simultaneous translation not required
Population of Turkey according to language
Census 1935[19] Census 1945[20]
Language
Number
% Number
%
Turkish
Kurdish
Zazaki
Arabic
Greek
Census 1965[20]
Number
%
13,828,000 87.5 16,598,037 88.3 28,175,579 90.2
2,108,721
6.9
1.3
0.5
147,707
368.971
49.143
0.5
1.2
0.2
66,691
0.4
57,337
0.2
51,019
56,179
46,987
40,076
8,602
110,137
18,790,174
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.6
9,124
32,484
27,715
32,334
10,643
157,449
31,391,207
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.5
1,473,000
9.3
1,476,562
7.9
145,000
109,000
0.9
0.7
247,204
88,680
0.6
Circassian 92,000
Ladino
79,000
0.5
Armenian 77,000
0.5
Laz
Georgian
Abaza
others
Total
15,803,000
Main Distribution Line
1965 2014* 2014** East Marmara
1965 2014* 2014**
Sinop
25
17
27
Sakarya
71
55
42
Samsun 120
69
78
Bolu
69
1
1
Çorum
34
30
6
Düzce
67
14
Amasya
16
12
14
Kocaeli
14
2
5
Tokat
66
48
60
İstanbul
6
2
1
Yozgat
22
15
16
Yalova
6
5
Sivas
34
18
26 Subtotal
160 133
68
Kayseri
66
52
54
K. Maraş
24
20
3
Adana
17
12
8 South Aegean
1965 2014* 2014**
Gaziantep
2
2
Manisa
4
4
6
Hatay
3
1
3
İzmir
6
3
4
Subtotal
427 296
297
Aydın
10
7
6
Denizli
2
4
*
**
Muğla
1
1
South Marmara
1965 2014 2014
Bursa
32
25
23
Afyon
4
5
5
Bilecik
14
14
10
Antalya
2
Balıkesir
82
62
26
Burdur
1
Çanakkale
15
9
12 Subtotal
28
20
27
Subtotal
143 110
71
Inner Anatolia
Ankara
Eskişehir
Kütahya
Konya
Karaman
Niğde
Subtotal
1965 2014* 2014**
1965 2014* 2014** Other
6
4
2
Gümüşhane
3
39
23
25
Ordu
1
2
4
3
2
Erzurum
1
21
7
Urfa
1
2
Adıyaman
1
Muş
1
1
1
70
38
32 Subtotal
5
5
*
1965 2014 2014**
Türkiye Geneli
828
602
500
Şehir
Samsun
Samsun
Samsun
Samsun
Samsun
Samsun
Samsun
Samsun
Çorum
Tokat
Tokat
Sivas
Sivas
Sivas
Kayseri
Kayseri
Kayseri
Kayseri
Kayseri
Maraş
Maraş
Maraş
Maraş
Maraş
Maraş
Maraş
Adana
Adana
Adana
Adana
Düzce
Bilecik
Bilecik
Balıkesir
Balıkesir
Balıkesir
İlçe
Çarşamba
Terme
Terme
Çarşamba
Tekkeköy
Kavak
Havza
Havza
Mecitözü
Turhal
Merkez
Yıldızeli
Şarkışla
Şarkışla
Pınarbaşı
Pınarbaşı
Pınarbaşı
Pınarbaşı
Pınarbaşı
Göksun
Göksun
Göksun
Göksun
Andırın
Andırın
Andırın
Tufanbeyli
Tufanbeyli
Ceyhan
Ceyhan
Gölyaka
Bozüyük
Bozüyük
Bandırma
Bandırma
Bandırma
Köy
Kızılot
Ortasöğütlü
Sancaklı
Karakulak
Gölceğiz
Bükceğiz
Cevizlik
Meryemdere
Söğütyolu
Bahçebaşı
Tekneli
Kiremitli
Yeniyapan
Tavladere
Hilmiye
Kaynar
Aşağıborandere
Karaboğaz
Altıkesek
Mehmetbey
Yantepe
Karaahmet
Büyükçamurlu
Altınboğa
Yeşiltepe
Akifiye
Kayapınar
Akpınar
Karamezar
Hamdilli
Çay
Alibeydüzü
Poyra
Yenisığırcı
Emre
Yeniziraatli
Nüfus
500+
250-500
250-500
250-500
250-500
50100-150
50100-150
150-250
50-100
100-150
5050150-250
500+
100-150
150-250
50-100
100-150
250-500
150-250
50-100
100-150
150-250
500+
100-150
250-500
250-500
500+
250-500
50150-250
150-250
250-500
150-250
Köy tipi
Homojen
Homojen
Karma
Karma
Karma
Heterojen
Homojen
Homojen
Karma
Karma
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Heterojen
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Karma
Homojen
Homojen
Karma
Karma
Karma
Homojen
Homojen
Heterojen
Karma
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Homojen
Etnik_Cogunluk
Şapsığ
Şapsığ
Şapsığ, Türk
Abzeh
Abzeh
Ubıh, Abzeh
Abaza
Abzeh
Besleney, Türk
Abzeh, Bulgar muhacir
Kabardey
Kabardey
Abhaz, Abaza
Abaza, Abhaz
Kabardey
Hatukay
Kabardey, Çeçen
Kabardey
Abaza
Abzeh
Kabardey, Türk
Kabardey
Ubıh
Kabardey, Türk
Kabardey, Türk
Ubıh, Abzeh, Türk, Kürt
Kabardey
Abaza
Şapsığ, Ubıh, Kabardey
Türk, Ubıh, Abzeh, Şapsığ
Abaza
Çemguy
Hatukay
Kabardey
Şapsığ
Şapsığ
Etnik_Azınlık
Kabardey, Ubıh
Türk
Türk, Gürcü, Laz
Türk, Şapsığ, Dhişo
Abhaz, Kabardey
Besleney
Abzeh, Sımha, Alevi
Türk, Kabardey, Kürt
Abzeh, Abaza, Türk
Abaza, Türk, Kürt, Alevi
Kabardey, Türk, Çingene
Türk, Avşar, Abzeh
Hatukay, Türk
Kabardey, Abaza, Avşar, Bulgar muhacir, Türkmen
Abaza, Hatukay
Kabardey
Kabardey
Türk, Ubıh, Abaza, Çeçen
Kabardey, Abzeh, Türk
Abhaz, Ubıh
Ubıh, Abzeh, Abaza, Şapsığ
Türk, Kürt
Avşar, Arap, Kürt, Alevi, Cerit, Türkmen
Türk, Laz, Karadenizli
Abaza
Bulgar muhacir
Muhacir, Manav, Laz, Arnavut
Muhacir


despite limitations of budget and time.
Interview types
• oral history interview,
• in-depth interview,
• introductory interviews
• village headmen (mukhtar) interview.


Information sheets and focus group
Participant profiles
• village community,
• opinion leader,
• village headmen (mukhtar)
• urban community.
Age Group
Number
Percentage
18-45
46-60
61-70
71-80
81-100
Unknown
Total
63
98
88
51
33
9
342
18,48%
28,74%
25,81%
14,96%
9,68%
2,64%
100,29%
Educational Background
Number
Percentage
Illiterate
Literate
Primary school graduate
29
24
143
8,5%
7,0%
41,8%
Secondary school graduate
High school graduate
College degree
Postgraduate education
Unknown
Total
29
44
56
12
5
342
8,5%
12,9%
16,4%
3,5%
1,4%
100,00%
Gender Form type
Male
128
Village
Community
(KA)
Opinion
57
Leader (KO)
58,72%
91,94%
Gender
Form type
Numb
er
90
Female Village
Community
(KA)
Opinion
5
Leader (KO)
Mukhtar (M) 35
& Mukhtar
representati
ve (Mv)
97,22%
1
Muhtar
representati
ve (Mv)
16
61,54%
Urban
Community
(SA)
Urban
Community
(SA)
Total
Number Percent
236
Total
10
106
Percent
Total
41,28% 218
8,06%
62
2,78%
36
38,46% 26
342
Gender Form type
Number
Male
68 (+ 1) 53,49%
KA (& M)
Percentage
KO (& SA) 26 (+ 6) 88,89%
Total
101
Gender Form type Number Percentage Total
Female KA
KO
Total
60
46,51%
129
4
11,11%
36
64
165
 Archive
• https://diasporakuzeybatikafkasya.wordpress.co
m/
 Generations?
 Quantitative
research?