Esomeprazole
Transcription
Esomeprazole
14/5/2015 Martindale MICROMEDEX® Esomeprazole MARTINDALE The Complete Drug Reference See also Gastrointestinal Drugs Esomeprazole Physical And Pharmaceutical Properties Name Status:BAN, rINN Synonyms: Esomepratsoli;Esomeprazol;Ésoméprazole;Esomeprazolum;H 199/18;Perprazole Chemical Name: 5Methoxy2{(S)[(4methoxy3,5dimethyl2 pyridyl)methyl]sulfinyl}benzimidazole Molecular Formula: C17H19N3O3S Molecular Weight:345.4 CAS Registry: 119141887 ATC:A02BC05 Proprietary Names Adikan (Rossmore, Arg.) ,Cor (Prater, Chile) ,CucidES (Cubit, India) ,EsCare (Zee, India) ,Esocool (PC India, India) ,EsOD (Piramal, India) ,Esofag (Micro, India) ,EsofagD (Micro, India) ,Esoflo (IntraLabs, India) ,Esomax (Eurofarma, Arg.) ,Esomep (InnoGen, Philipp.) ,Esomepra (Sidus, Arg.) ,Esonexa (Farmak, Ukr.) ,Esorest (Centaur, India) ,Esoriv (East African, India) ,Esotrax (Cadila, India) ,Esoxium (Cipla, Ukr.) ,Esoz (Galeno, Venez.) ,Esoz (Glenmark, India) ,EsozD (Glenmark, India) ,Espra (Zydus, India) ,Ezolong (Synmedic, Ukr.) ,Ezoran (Ranbaxy, Ital.) ,Izra (Unichem, India) ,IzraD (Unichem, India) ,Neksium (AstraZeneca, India) ,Neoren (Medipharm, Chile) ,Nepramel (Clonmel, Irl.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Philipp.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Singapore) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Venez.) ,Nexomep (Sandoz, Turk.) ,Nexpro (Torrent, India) ,NexproRD (Torrent, India) ,Nexstep (Mentis, Turk.) ,Nuloc (Alkem, India) ,OmidecES (Daksh, India) ,Omipure (Mankind, India) ,Sompraz (Sun, India) ,Ulsan (Maver, Chile) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Ital.) ,Zomel (Saval, Chile) Esomeprazole Magnesium Physical And Pharmaceutical Properties Name Status:BANM, USAN, rINNM Synonyms: Esomeprazol magnésico;Ésoméprazole magnésique;Ésoméprazole Magnesique;Esomeprazolum magnesicum;Magnesii Esomeprazolum Molecular Formula: C34H36MgN6O6S2,3H2O Molecular Weight:767.2 CAS Registry: 217087097 Pharmacopoeias:In Eur. (see About Martindale) and US. Ph. Eur. 8 (Esomeprazole Magnesium Dihydrate). A white or slightly coloured, slightly hygroscopic powder. It shows polymorphism. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in methyl alcohol; practically insoluble in heptane. Store in airtight containers. Protect from light. Ph. Eur. 8 (Esomeprazole Magnesium Trihydrate). A white or slightly coloured, slightly http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/8BE3ED/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/D… 1/8 14/5/2015 Martindale MICROMEDEX® hygroscopic powder. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in methyl alcohol; practically insoluble in heptane. Store in airtight containers. Protect from light. USP 36 (Esomeprazole Magnesium). A white to slightly coloured powder. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in methyl alcohol; practically insoluble in heptane. Store in airtight containers. Protect from light. ATC:A02BC05 Proprietary Names Aspaxa (AstraZeneca, Belg.) ,Aspaxa (AstraZeneca, Hung.) ,Axagon (Simesa, Ital.) ,Axanum (AstraZeneca, Cz.) ,Axanum (AstraZeneca, Ger.) ,Axanum (AstraZeneca, Mex.) ,Axanum (AstraZeneca, Neth.) ,Axanum (AstraZeneca, Norw.) ,Axanum (AstraZeneca, Switz.) ,Axiago (Beta, Spain) ,Ceso (Comed, India) ,Cronopep (Biotoscana, Chile) ,Emanera (KRKA, Cz.) ,Emanera (KRKA, Denm.) ,Emanera (KRKA, Pol.) ,Emazole (Rowex, Irl.) ,Emezol (Andromaco, Chile) ,Emozul (Consilient, UK) ,Emozul (KRKA, Cz.) ,Emozul (KRKA, Hung.) ,Emprozal (1A, Denm.) ,Epral (Laboratorios Chile, Chile) ,Eprasol (Hexal, Denm.) ,Escadra (KRKA, Denm.) ,Esobax (Ranbaxy, Neth.) ,Esodec (KRKA, Denm.) ,Esogasec (Aristo, Cz.) ,Esogastrosedol (Nova Argentia, Arg.) ,Esolen (Torrent, Port.) ,Esomac (Cipla, India) ,Esomel (KRKA, Denm.) ,Esomep (AstraZeneca, Switz.) ,Esomeprazole Magnesium DelayedRelease Capsules USP 36,Esompro (Sandoz, Denm.) ,Esomylan (Generics, Cz.) ,Esopral (Bracco, Ital.) ,Esopral (Euro Registratie, Neth.) ,Esopral (Farmagon, Norw.) ,Esopral (Orifarm, Denm.) ,Esoprazol (Bago, Arg.) ,Esotar (KRKA, Denm.) ,Esovip (Celtis, Turk.) ,Esoxium Combi (Cipla, Ukr.) ,Espeyen (Specifar, Ital.) ,Essec (KRKA, Denm.) ,Estab (Indoco, India) ,Eudresc (KRKA, Denm.) ,Exicross (Biocross, Chile) ,Ezoclip (Ranbaxy, Port.) ,Ezolemito (Mithridatum, Port.) ,Ezolodisa (Mithridatum, Port.) ,Ezoret (KRKA, Denm.) ,Helides (Zentiva, Cz.) ,Helides (Zentiva, Pol.) ,Hydresc (KRKA, Denm.) ,Ignis (Alembic, India) ,Inexium (2care4, Denm. ; Europharma, Denm.) ,Inexium (AstraZeneca, Fr.) ,Inexium (Farmagon, Norw.) ,Lucen (Malesci, Ital.) ,Mesopral (Polpharma, Cz.) ,Moproc (Ethypharm, Cz.) ,Neutraflux (Stedman, India) ,Nexiam (AstraZeneca, Belg.) ,Nexiam (AstraZeneca, S.Afr.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Arg.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Austral.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Austria) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Braz.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Canad.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Chile) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, China) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Cz.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Denm.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Fin.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Ger.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Gr.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Hong Kong) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Hung.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Indon.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Irl.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Israel) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Ital.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Jpn) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Malaysia) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Mex.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Neth.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Norw.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Pol.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Port.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Rus.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Spain) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Swed.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Switz.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Thai.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Turk.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, UK) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Ukr.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, USA) ,Nexium 123 A (AstraZeneca, Canad.) ,Nexium Hp (AstraZeneca, Austral.) ,Nexium Hp (AstraZeneca, Swed.) ,Nexpro (Torrent, India) ,NexproRD (Torrent, India) ,Omyprex (Teva, Hung.) ,Prazectol (Zentiva, Cz.) ,Raciper (Ranbaxy, Hung.) ,Setarcos (Generis, Port.) ,Slodra (KRKA, Denm.) ,Tausolex (Mepha, Port.) ,Ulcratex (Recalcine, Chile) ,Ultrex (Beta, Arg.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Arg.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Austral.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Belg.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Canad.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Chile) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Cz.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Denm.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Fin.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Hung.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Irl.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Israel) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Malaysia) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Mex.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Neth.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Norw.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, NZ) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Port.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Singapore) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Spain) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Swed.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, Switz.) ,Vimovo (AstraZeneca, UK) ,Vimovo (Horizon, USA) ,Zivand (Generis, Port.) ,Zolex (Regiomedica, Neth.) ,Zomel HP (Saval, Chile) Esomeprazole Potassium http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/8BE3ED/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/D… 2/8 14/5/2015 Martindale MICROMEDEX® Physical And Pharmaceutical Properties Name Status:BANM, USAN, rINNM Synonyms: Esomeprazol potásico;Ésoméprazole Potassique;Kalii Esomeprazolum Molecular Formula: C17H18KN3O3S Molecular Weight:383.5 CAS Registry: 161796845 ATC:A02BC05 Esomeprazole Sodium Physical And Pharmaceutical Properties Name Status:BANM, USAN, rINNM Synonyms: Esomeprazol sódico;Ésoméprazole Sodique;Natrii Esomeprazolum Molecular Formula: C17H19N3NaO3S Molecular Weight:368.4 CAS Registry: 161796787 ATC:A02BC05 Proprietary Names Axagon (Simesa, Ital.) ,Demoel (Bluelife, Port.) ,Esmara (Dincsa, Turk.) ,Esomep (AstraZeneca, Switz.) ,Esoz (Glenmark, India) ,Lucen (Malesci, Ital.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Arg.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Austral.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Austria) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Braz.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Chile) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, China) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Denm.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Fin.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Ger.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Hong Kong) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Indon.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Irl.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Israel) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Ital.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Mex.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Neth.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Norw.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Pol.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Port.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Singapore) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Spain) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Swed.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Switz.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Thai.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Turk.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, UK) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Ukr.) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, USA) ,Nexium (AstraZeneca, Venez.) Esomeprazole Strontium Physical And Pharmaceutical Properties Name Status:USAN, rINNM Synonyms: Esomeprazol estroncio;Ésoméprazole Strontium;FM0F67 Molecular Formula: (C17H18N3O3S)2Sr,4H2O Molecular Weight:848.5 CAS Registry: 934714360 Adverse Effects and Precautions http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/8BE3ED/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/D… 3/8 14/5/2015 Martindale MICROMEDEX® As for Omeprazole, Omeprazole Sodium. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 201310 17) General references. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) 1. Davies M, et al. Safety profile of esomeprazole: results of a prescriptionevent monitoring study of 11 595 patients in England. Drug Safety 2008; 31: 31323. (PubMed id:18366242) Effects on the cardiovascular system. For discussion of cardiac effects ostensibly seen with esomeprazole, see under Omeprazole, Omeprazole Sodium. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 201310 17) Effects on the kidneys. For reports of interstitial nephritis associated with esomeprazole see Omeprazole Sodium. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) Effects on the skin. For mention of exacerbation of vitiligo with esomeprazole, see Omeprazole Sodium. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) Fever. For a report of hyperpyrexia associated with esomeprazole, see Omeprazole Sodium. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) Porphyria. The Drug Database for Acute Porphyria, compiled by the Norwegian Porphyria Centre (NAPOS) and the Porphyria Centre Sweden, classifies esomeprazole as possibly porphyrinogenic; it should be used only when no safer alternative is available and precautions should be considered in vulnerable patients.1 (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) 1. The Drug Database for Acute Porphyria. Available at: http://www.drugsporphyria.org (accessed 03/10/11) Interactions As for Omeprazole, Omeprazole Sodium. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 201310 17) References. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) 1. Andersson T, et al. Drug interaction studies with esomeprazole, the (S)isomer of omeprazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40: 52337. (PubMed id:11510629) Pharmacokinetics Esomeprazole is rapidly absorbed after oral doses and peak plasma levels occur after about 1 to 2 hours. It is acid labile and an entericcoated formulation has been developed. Bioavailability of esomeprazole increases on repeated dosage to about 68 and 89% for doses of 20 and 40 mg respectively. Food delays and decreases the absorption of esomeprazole, but this does not significantly change its effect on intragastric acidity. Esomeprazole is about 97% http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/8BE3ED/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/D… 4/8 14/5/2015 Martindale MICROMEDEX® bound to plasma proteins. It is extensively metabolised in the liver by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2C19 to hydroxy and desmethyl metabolites, which have no effect on gastric acid secretion. The remainder is metabolised by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A4 to esomeprazole sulfone. With repeated dosage, there is a decrease in firstpass metabolism and systemic clearance, probably caused by an inhibition of the CYP2C19 isoenzyme. However, there is no accumulation during once daily use. The plasma elimination halflife is about 1.3 hours. Almost 80% of an oral dose is eliminated as metabolites in the urine, the remainder in the faeces. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) References. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) 1. Andersson T, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies with esomeprazole, the (S)isomer of omeprazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001; 40: 41126. (PubMed id:11475467) 2. Sostek MB, et al. Effect of timing of dosing in relation to food intake on the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 64: 38690. (PubMed id:17425628) Metabolism. As for omeprazole (Omeprazole Sodium), the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2C19 is involved in the metabolism of esomeprazole, and individuals who are deficient in this enzyme are poor metabolisers of esomeprazole. However, there is some suggestion that the metabolism of esomeprazole is less dependent on this genotype, as there may be a metabolic shift towards the CYP3A4mediated pathway.1 (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) 1. Schwab M, et al. Esomeprazoleinduced healing of gastroesophageal reflux disease is unrelated to the genotype of CYP2C19: evidence from clinical and pharmacokinetic data. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 78: 62734. (PubMed id:16338278) Uses and Administration Esomeprazole is the Sisomer of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (Omeprazole Sodium) and is used similarly in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and NSAIDassociated ulceration (Gastrointestinal Drugs), in gastrooesophageal reflux disease (Gastrointestinal Drugs), and the ZollingerEllison syndrome (Gastrointestinal Drugs). It is given as the magnesium, sodium, or strontium salts but doses are calculated in terms of esomeprazole. Esomeprazole magnesium 22.2 mg, esomeprazole sodium 21.3 mg, and esomeprazole strontium 24.7 mg are each equivalent to about 20 mg of esomeprazole. Usual oral doses in peptic ulcer disease, for Helicobacter pylori eradication as a component of a triple therapy regimen with amoxicillin and clarithromycin, are the equivalent of 20 mg esomeprazole twice daily for 7 days, or 40 mg once daily for 10 days. Oral doses of 20 mg daily, for 4 to 8 weeks, are used in the treatment of NSAIDassociated ulceration; a dose of 20 or 40 mg daily may also be used for prophylaxis in patients at risk of such lesions who require continued NSAID treatment. In the UK, the dose for treatment of severe (erosive) gastrooesophageal reflux disease is 40 mg once daily for 4 weeks, extended for a further 4 weeks if necessary; in the USA, where doses of 20 or 40 mg daily are permitted for initial treatment, a further 4 to 8 weeks of treatment may be considered for patients who do not heal after 4 to 8 weeks. For maintenance, or for symptomatic disease without erosive oesophagitis, doses equivalent to 20 mg of esomeprazole daily may be used in both countries. For the treatment of ZollingerEllison syndrome, the recommended initial oral dose of esomeprazole is 40 mg twice daily, which is then adjusted as needed. The majority of patients can be controlled on doses between 80 and 160 mg daily, although daily doses of 240 mg http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/8BE3ED/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/D… 5/8 14/5/2015 Martindale MICROMEDEX® have been given. Doses above 80 mg daily should be given in 2 divided doses. For doses in children, see Esomeprazole Strontium. PARENTERAL DOSAGE. Similar doses to the above may be given intravenously for gastrooesophageal reflux disease and NSAIDassociated ulceration. Esomeprazole is given as the sodium salt by slow intravenous injection over at least 3 minutes or by intravenous infusion over 10 to 30 minutes. For the prevention of rebleeding of gastric and duodenal ulcers after therapeutic endoscopy, 80 mg esomeprazole can be given as an intravenous infusion over 30 minutes, followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of 8 mg/hour over 72 hours. This parenteral treatment period is then followed by oral therapy; 40 mg is given once daily for 4 weeks. Doses of esomeprazole may need to be reduced in patients with hepatic impairment (see Esomeprazole Strontium). (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131031) References. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131023) 1. Maton PN, et al. Safety and efficacy of long term esomeprazole therapy in patients with healed erosive oesophagitis. Drug Safety 2001; 24: 62535. (PubMed id:11480494) 2. Keating GM, Figgitt DP. Intravenous esomeprazole. Drugs 2004; 64: 87582. (PubMed id:15059043) 3. Metz DC, et al. Comparison of the effects of intravenously and orally administered esomeprazole on acid output in patients with symptoms of gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22: 81321. (PubMed id:16225490) 4. Edwards SJ, et al. Systematic review: proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for the healing of reflux oesophagitis a comparison of esomeprazole with other PPIs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 74350. (PubMed id:16918878) 5. Morgner A, et al. Esomeprazole: prevention and treatment of NSAIDinduced symptoms and ulcers. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8: 97588. (PubMed id:17472543) 6. Blandizzi C, et al. Clinical efficacy of esomeprazole in the prevention and healing of gastrointestinal toxicity associated with NSAIDs in elderly patients. Drugs Aging 2008; 25: 197 208. (PubMed id:18331072) 7. McKeage K, et al. Esomeprazole: a review of its use in the management of gastric acid related diseases in adults. Drugs 2008; 68: 15711607. (PubMed id:18627213) 8. Sung JJY, et al. Peptic Ulcer Bleed Study Group. Intravenous esomeprazole for prevention of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 45564. (PubMed id:19221370) Administration. Invitro studies found that almost the entire contents of an esomeprazole capsule is deliverable through small calibre and standard sizes of nasogastric and gastrostomy tubes.1,2 (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) 1. White CM, et al. Delivery of esomeprazole magnesium entericcoated pellets through small caliber and standard nasogastric tubes and gastrostomy tubes in vitro. Am J HealthSyst Pharm 2002; 59: 20858. (PubMed id:12434721) 2. Shah SA, et al. Delivery of esomeprazole magnesium through nasogastric and gastrostomy tubes using an oral liquid vehicle as a suspending agent in vitro. Am J HealthSyst Pharm 2006; 63: 18827. (PubMed id:16990636) Administration in children. Esomeprazole is given orally to children for the treatment of gastrooesophageal reflux http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/8BE3ED/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/D… 6/8 14/5/2015 Martindale MICROMEDEX® disease and erosive oesophagitis,1,2 and for duodenal ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori. For gastrooesophageal reflux disease, children aged from 1 to 11 years and weighing 10 kg and over are given 10 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks. In erosive oesophagitis, doses are based on bodyweight and given once daily for 8 weeks: 10 kg up to 20 kg: 10 mg ≥ 20 kg: 10 or 20 mg For the eradication of H. pylori in duodenal ulceration in children over 4 years of age, oral esomeprazole is given with amoxicillin and clarithromycin for 1 week; doses are according to weight: < 30 kg: 10 mg twice daily ≥ 30 kg: 20 mg twice daily Regardless of indication, children from 12 years of age may be given adult doses, see Esomeprazole Strontium. For doses in children with hepatic impairment, see Esomeprazole Strontium. Esomeprazole is unlicensed in children under 1 year of age; however, a pharmacokinetic study in preterm and term neonates with gastrooesophageal reflux disease found oral esomeprazole 500 micrograms/kg once daily for 7 days reduced oesophageal acid exposure and gastric acidity but had no effect on bolus reflex characteristics, findings that were consistent with those reported in adults. Systemic exposure to esomeprazole was proportionally higher in neonates compared with older infants.3 For findings from a review regarding the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors in infants, children, and adolescents, see Administration in Children, under Omeprazole, Omeprazole Sodium. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131031) 1. Croxtall JD, et al. Esomeprazole: in gastroesophageal reflux disease in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs 2008; 10: 199205. (PubMed id:18454572) 2. Guimarães EV, et al. Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease and erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients: focus on delayedrelease esomeprazole. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2010; 6: 5317. (PubMed id:21063463) 3. Omari T, et al. Pharmacodynamics and systemic exposure of esomeprazole in preterm infants and term neonates with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2009; 155: 2228. (PubMed id:19394048) Administration in hepatic impairment. No dosage adjustment of esomeprazole is considered necessary for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (ChildPugh Classes A and B, respectively). In severe hepatic impairment (ChildPugh Class C), US licensed product information recommends that a daily dose of 20 mg, orally or intravenously, should not be exceeded. In the UK, licensed product information specifies a maximum daily intravenous dose of esomeprazole 20 mg in those aged 18 years and over, although when given for prevention of rebleeding of gastric and duodenal ulcers after endoscopy in those with severe hepatic impairment, an initial intravenous infusion of 80 mg over 30 minutes, may be followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of 4 mg/hour over about 72 hours. A maximum daily oral dose of esomeprazole 20 mg is recommended in patients from 12 years of age, and 10 mg in those aged 1 to 11 years. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) Administration in renal impairment. Although no dosage adjustment is considered necessary in patients with renal impairment, UK licensed product information advises caution in those with severe renal impairment, as experience in these patients is limited. (Last reviewed: 20131011; last modified: 20131017) http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/8BE3ED/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/D… 7/8 14/5/2015 Martindale MICROMEDEX® © The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2015 ©2015 Truven Health Analytics Inc. http://www.micromedexsolutions.com/micromedex2/librarian/ND_T/evidencexpert/ND_PR/evidencexpert/CS/8BE3ED/ND_AppProduct/evidencexpert/D… 8/8