Anatomy and Physiology - Collierville High School

Cell Division and the Cell Cycle
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_____ 1. Cell division is basically the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
_____ 2. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
_____ 3. Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus of the cell divides.
_____ 4. DNA replication results in identical chromosomes.
_____ 5. A cell spends most of its life in growth phase 1 of the cell cycle.
_____ 6. The S checkpoint, just before entry into S phase, makes the key decision of whether the cell should divide.
_____ 7. The correct order of phases of the cell cycle is G1 → S → G2 → M.
_____ 8. Interphase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.
_____ 9. In prokaryotic cells, all organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, divide prior to cell
division.
_____ 10. Bacteria divide cells by binary fusion.
_____ 11. A mass of abnormal cells is called a tumor.
_____ 12. Organelles are made during growth phase 2.
_____ 13. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.
_____ 14. If the cell cycle is not regulated, cancer may develop.
_____ 15. Mitosis occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Critical Reading
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________
Read these passages from the text and answer the questions that follow.
The Cell Cycle
Cell division is just one of several stages that a cell goes through during its lifetime. The cell cycle is a repeating series of
events, including growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division. The cell cycle in prokaryotes is quite simple: the cell grows,
its DNA replicates, and the cell divides. In eukaryotes, the cell cycle is more complicated.
1 Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
The diagram in the figure below represents the cell cycle of a eukaryotic cell. As you can see, the eukaryotic cell cycle has
several phases. The mitosis phase (M) actually includes both mitosis and cytokinesis. This is when the nucleus and then
the cytoplasm divide. The other three phases (G1, S, and G2) are generally grouped together as interphase. During
interphase, the cell grows, performs routine life processes, and prepares to divide. These phases are discussed below.
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle. This diagram represents the cell cycle in eukaryotes. The G1, S, and G2 phases make up interphase
(I). The M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis. After the M phase, two cells result. (Image courtesy of CK-12
Foundation and under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0.)
Interphase of the eukaryotic cell cycle can be subdivided into the following three phases, which are represented in the
figure above:
• Growth Phase 1 (G1): During this phase, the cell grows rapidly, while performing routine metabolic processes. It also
makes proteins needed for DNA replication and copies some of its organelles in preparation for cell division. A cell
typically spends most of its life in this phase.
• Synthesis Phase (S): During this phase, the cell’s DNA is copied in the process of DNA replication. • Growth Phase 2
(G2): During this phase, the cell makes final preparations to divide. For example, it makes additional proteins and
organelles.
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Cancer is a disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated. This may happen because a cell’s DNA
becomes damaged. Damage can occur because of exposure to hazards such as radiation or toxic chemicals. Cancerous
cells generally divide much faster than normal cells. They may form a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor. The rapidly
dividing cells take up nutrients and space that normal cells need. This can damage tissues and organs and eventually lead
to death.
Questions
1. What is the cell cycle?
2 2. What are the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
3. In which phase does a cell spend most of its life? What happens during this phase?
4. What is cancer? What may cause cancer to occur? What genes are associated with cancer? (not a specific cancer)
5. What is the S phase? What happens during this phase?
Multiple Choice
1. Which cells undergo cell division?
(a) prokaryotic cells only
(b) eukaryotic cells only
(c) cancer cells only
(d) both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
2. Cell division in eukaryotic cells is a complex process because of
(a) the multiple chromosomes.
(b) the nucleus.
(c) the many organelles.
(d) all of the above
3. Most routine metabolic processes occur during which phase of the cell cycle?
(a) growth phase 1
(b) the S phase
(c) growth phase 2
(d) the M phase
4. The correct order of the eukaryotic cell cycle is
(a) G1→G2→S→M.
(b) S→G1→G2→M.
(c) M→G1→S→G2.
(d) G1→S→G2→M.
5. The correct order of prokaryotic cell division is
(a) cytokinesis → DNA replication → chromosome segregation.
(b) DNA replication → chromosome segregation → cytokinesis.
(c) growth → DNA replication → mitosis.
d) DNA replication→ mitosis → cytokinesis.
6. Which cell cycle checkpoint determines whether the DNA has been replicated correctly?
(a) the cell growth checkpoint
(b) the DNA synthesis checkpoint
(c) the mitosis checkpoint
(d) the G2 checkpoint
3 7. What happens during mitosis?
(a) The nucleus of the cell divides.
(b) The cytoplasm of the cell divides.
(c) The cell divides.
(d) The DNA replicates.
8. Cell division in prokaryotic cells is called
(a) binary fission.
(b) binary fusion.
(c) mitosis.
(d) cytokinesis.
Match the vocabulary word with the proper definition.
Terms
a. binary fission
b. cancer
c. cell cycle
d. cell division
e. cytokinesis
f. DNA replication
g. growth Phase 1
h. growth phase 2
i. interphase
j. mitosis
k. synthesis phase
l. tumor
Definitions
_____ 1. the process in which one cell divides to form two daughter cells
_____ 2. the process in which all of the nuclear DNA is copied
_____ 3. a repeating series of events that describes the life of a cell
_____ 4. phase of the cell cycle that includes the G1, S, and G2 phases
_____ 5. the process by which bacterial cells divide
_____ 6. phase of the cell cycle in which the cell’s DNA is copied
_____ 7. occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated
_____ 8. phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows rapidly and performs many metabolic processes
4 _____ 9. phase of the cell cycle in which the cell makes final preparations to divide.
_____ 10. division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells
_____ 11. an abnormal mass of cells
_____ 12. the process in which the nucleus of the cell divides
Fill in the blank with the appropriate term.
1. Cancer is a disease that occurs when the _________________________ is no longer regulated.
2. During ____________, the nucleus of the cell divides.
3. ____________ consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
4. During the ____________ phase, the cell’s DNA is copied in the process of DNA replication.
5. Cell division in ____________ occurs by binary fission.
6. During mitosis, the ____________ are sorted and separated to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set.
7. During cytokinesis, the ____________ divides.
8. ______________ in the cell cycle ensure that the cell is ready to proceed before it moves on to the next phase of the
cycle.
9. After cell division, the new cells are referred to as ______________ cells.
10. Chromosome _______________ refers to the two chromosomes separating and moving to opposite ends of the cell.
11. In eukaryotes, the first step in cell division is _______________, and the second step is cytokinesis.
12. The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory __________________ at three key checkpoints.
True or False
_____ 1. A chromatid is made of two identical chromosomes.
_____ 2. There may be thousands of genes on a single chromosome.
_____ 3. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis.
_____ 4. Female human cells have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
_____ 5. Mitosis occurs in the following order: prophase - metaphase - telophase - anaphase.
5 _____ 6. The process in which the cell divides is called mitosis.
_____ 7. During mitosis, DNA exists as chromatin.
_____ 8. A gene contains the instructions to make a protein.
_____ 9. Chromosomes form during metaphase.
_____ 10. Mitosis is the phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle that occurs between DNA replication and the second growth
phase.
_____ 11. Sister chromatids are identical.
_____ 12. Chromatids separate during anaphase.
_____ 13. Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins. _____ 14. Human cells have 64 chromosomes.
_____ 15. Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division.
Read these passages and answer the questions that follow.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are the form of the genetic material of a
cell during cell division. During other phases of the cell cycle, DNA is not coiled into chromosomes. Instead, it exists as a
grainy material called chromatin.
Chromatids and the Centromere
DNA condenses and coils into the familiar X-shaped form of a chromosome only after it has replicated, as seen in the
figure below. Because DNA has already replicated, each chromosome actually consists of two identical copies. The two
copies are called sister chromatids. They are attached to one another at a region called the centromere.
Chromosome. After DNA replicates, it forms chromosomes like the one shown here. (Image copyright Cre8tive Images,
2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com. Text added by CK-12 Foundation.)
Chromosomes and Genes
The DNA of a chromosome is encoded with genetic instructions for making proteins. These instructions are organized
into units called genes. Most genes contain the instructions for a single protein. There may be hundreds or even thousands
of genes on a single chromosome.
Human Chromosomes
Human cells normally have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent. There are 23 chromosomes in
each set, for a total of 46 chromosomes per cell. Each chromosome in one set is matched by a chromosome of the same
type in the other set, so there are actually 23 pairs of chromosomes per cell. Each pair consists of chromosomes of the
same size and shape that also contain the same genes. The chromosomes in a pair are known as homologous
chromosomes.
6 Questions
1. What is a chromosome? What is it made out of?
2. What are homologous chromosomes? How many homologous pairs are in a human cell?
3. What is the main difference between chromatin and chromosomes?
4. Why do chromosomes look like an “X”?
5. What is a gene?
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Why is it necessary for the DNA to replicate prior to cell division?
(a) so that each daughter cell will have
(b) so that each daughter cell will have
(c) so that each daughter cell will have
(d) so that each daughter cell will have
2. Why do chromosomes have an X-shape?
(a) because they are made of two sister
(b) because they are made of two sister
(c) because they are made of two sister
(d) because they are made of two sister
3. Chromosomes form during what part of the cell cycle?
(a) prophase of mitosis
(b) the end of the G2 phase
(c) right after S phase and DNA replication
(d) during cytokinesis
4. The correct order of phases during mitosis is
(a) telophase→prophase→metaphase→anaphase
(b) prophase→anaphase→metaphase→telophase
(c) prophase→metaphase→telophase→anaphase
(d) prophase→metaphase→anaphase→telophase
5. How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell?
(a) 23
(b) 32
(c) 46
(d) 64
6. When do the sister chromatids line up at the equator of the cell?
(a) metaphase
(b) anaphase
(c) prophase
(d) telophase
7 7. Which of the following statements concerning cytokinesis is correct? (1) cytokinesis occurs in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, (2) cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm splits in two, (3) in plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation
of a cell plate.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 1, 2, and 3
8. During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate?
(a) prophase
(b) telophase
(c) anaphase
(d) metaphase
Match the vocabulary word with the proper definition.
a. anaphase
b. centromere
c. chromatid
d. chromatin
e. chromosome
f. cytokinesis
g. gene
h. homologous chromosomes
i. metaphase
j. mitosis
k. prophase
l. telophase
_____ 1. division of the nucleus
_____ 2. region of the chromosome where sister chromatids are attached
_____ 3. division of the cytoplasm
_____ 4. phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids
_____ 5. coiled structures made of DNA and proteins
_____ 6. phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide
_____ 7. a segment of DNA with the genetic instructions to make a protein
_____ 8. two copies of replicated DNA that make a chromosome
_____ 9. the first and longest phase of mitosis
_____ 10. uncoiled DNA
_____ 11. a pair of the same chromosome
_____ 12. phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin
True or False
_____ 1. The basic types of reproduction are asexual reproduction, binary reproduction and sexual reproduction.
_____ 2. Sexual reproduction always involves two parents.
_____ 3. Asexual reproduction always involves two parents.
_____ 4. Meiosis starts with one cell and ends with four.
8 _____ 5. “Crossing-over” can occur in meiosis I but not meiosis II.
_____ 6. Prokaryotes go through meiosis I and eukaryotes go through meiosis II.
_____ 7. A zygote is the first cell of a new organism.
_____ 8. Meiosis I and mitosis are very similar.
_____ 9. In humans, a gamete will have 23 chromosomes.
_____ 10. In binary fission, parent and offspring are identical.
_____ 11. In sexual reproduction, parents and offspring are never identical.
_____ 12. Gametes are diploid, a zygote is haploid.
_____ 13. Egg and sperm are diploid gametes.
_____ 14. Meiosis is involved in the production of gametes.
_____ 15. Starfish can reproduce by fragmentation - that is, a whole new fish can grow from just a single arm.
Read these passages and answer the questions that follow.
Meiosis
The process that produces haploid gametes is meiosis. Meiosis is a type of cell division in which the number of
chromosomes is reduced by half. It occurs only in certain special cells of the organisms. During meiosis, homologous
chromosomes separate, and the haploid cells that form have only one chromosome from each pair. Two cell divisions
occur during meiosis, and a total of four haploid cells are produced. The two cell divisions are called meiosis I and
meiosis II.
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I begins after DNA replicates during interphase. In both meiosis I and meiosis II, cells go through the same four
phases as mitosis. However, there are important differences between meiosis I and mitosis.
Meiosis I
1. Prophase I: The nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the chromosomes condense. Centrioles start moving
to opposite poles of the cell, and a spindle begins to form. Importantly, homologous chromosomes pair up, which
is unique to prophase I. In prophase of mitosis and meiosis II, homologous chromosomes do not form pairs in this
way.
2. Metaphase I: Spindle fibers attach to the paired homologous chromosomes. The paired chromosomes line up
along the equator of the cell. This occurs only in metaphase I. In metaphase of mitosis and meiosis II, it is sister
chromatids that line up along the equator of the cell.
3. Anaphase I: Spindle fibers shorten, and the chromosomes of each homologous pair start to separate from each
other. One chromosome of each pair moves toward one pole of the cell, and the other chromosome moves toward
the opposite pole.
9 4. Telophase I and Cytokinesis: The spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. The cytoplasm of the
cell divides, and two haploid daughter cells result. The daughter cells each have a random assortment of
chromosomes, with one from each homologous pair. Both daughter cells go on to meiosis II.
Meiosis II
1. Prophase II: The nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle begins to form in each haploid daughter cell from
meiosis I. The centrioles also start to separate.
2. Metaphase II: Spindle fibers line up the sister chromatids of each chromosome along the equator of the cell.
3. Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
4. Telophase II and Cytokinesis: The spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. The cytoplasm of
each cell divides, and four haploid cells result. Each cell has a unique combination of chromosomes.
Questions
1. Define meiosis.
2. Is the DNA replicated after meiosis I? Why or why not?
3. Describe the main difference between metaphase I and metaphase II.
4. State the phase where each of the following processes occurs: (a) sister chromatids separate, (b) homologous
chromosomes form pairs, (c) two haploid cells form.
5. What is final product of meiosis?
Multiple Choice
1. After meiosis there are
(a) two haploid cells.
(b) two haploid gametes.
(c) four haploid cells.
(d) four haploid gametes.
2. Which of the following is a form of asexual reproduction?
(a) fragmentation
(b) meiosis
(c) binary fusion
(d) bubbling
3. Which of the following is true about a zygote? (1) A zygote is the first cell of a new organism. (2) A human
zygote has 23 pairs of chromosomes. (3) A zygote is produced through fertilization.
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, and 3
4. Differences between meiosis I and meiosis II include:
(a) how the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell during meiosis I or meiosis II.
(b) the pairing of chromosomes in meiosis I but not meiosis II.
(c) the amount of DNA in a cell at the end of meiosis I or meiosis II.
10 (d) all of the above
5. Because of when the chromosomes pair up during meiosis, crossing-over must occur during
(a) prophase II. (b) metaphase II.
(c) prophase I. (d) anaphase I.
6. Homologous chromosomes separate during
(a) metaphase I.
(b) anaphase I.
(c) anaphase II.
(d) telophase II.
7. A life cycle in which organisms switch back and forth between diploid and haploid stages
(a) is a haploid life cycle.
(b) is a diploid life cycle.
(c) is an alternation of generations life cycle.
(d) does not exist.
8. The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during cell division is known as
(a) meiosis.
(b) independent assortment.
(c) genetic variation.
(d) crossing-over.
Match the vocabulary word with the proper definition.
a. asexual reproduction
b. crossing-over
c. diploid
d. egg
e. fertilization
f. gametes
g. gametogenesis
h. haploid
i. life cycle
j. meiosis
k. sexual reproduction
l. zygote Definitions
_____ 1. the process in which two gametes unite
_____ 2. the swapping of genetic material during meiosis
_____ 3. a type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half
_____ 4. series of life stages and events of a sexually reproducing organism
11 _____ 5. involves a single parent
_____ 6. involves two parents
_____ 7. having half the number of chromosomes
_____ 8. having twice the number of chromosomes
_____ 9. a diploid cell
_____ 10. a haploid cell
_____ 11. the development of haploid cells into gametes
_____ 12. reproductive cells that unite to form an offspring
Fill in the blank with the appropriate term.
1. When cells divide during meiosis, homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed to daughter cells, and different
chromosomes segregate _________________ of each other.
2. Crossing-over is the exchange of ____________ material between homologous chromosomes.
3. A human egg cell has ____________ chromosomes.
4. Binary fission, fragmentation, and ____________ are types of asexual reproduction.
5. Meiosis is a type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by ______________.
6. A human zygote has ____________ chromosomes.
7. Meiosis begins with one cell, and ends with ____________ cells.
8. Male gametes are called ____________, and female gametes are a(n) ____________ cell.
9. During ____________, spindle fibers attach to the paired homologous chromosomes.
12